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URBAN STRUCTURE
The arrangement of land use in urban areas Also refers to the urban spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility Models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting, developed by sociologists, economists, and geographers
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URBAN STRUCTURE
KEY THEORIES
1. CONCENTRIC ZONE
Burgess Hoyt
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SECTOR MODEL
SECTOR MODEL
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, radiating from the CBD (central business district) Also known as the HOYT MODEL Developed in 1939 by land economist HOMER HOYT States that a CITY DEVELOPS IN A SERIES OF SECTORS, not rings. Different areas attract different activities by chance or by environmental factors. As the city grows, activities within it grow OUTWARD in a wedge shape from the CBD.
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SECTOR MODEL
SECTOR MODEL
SECTOR MODEL
Timeframe Late 1930s Income and status divided society Housing areas reflect social segregation Assumptions Settlement develops along transport routes Towns radiate out from the CBD Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other Wealthy people choose the best sites
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SECTOR MODEL
CRITICISMS Old Does not make allowances for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries Generalized model In reality, most zones contain more than one land-use Doesn't consider the impact of urban renewal schemes Physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges
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MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
An ecological model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central business district. Each point acts as a growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as industry, retail, or high-quality housing. As these expand, they merge to form a single urban area. The CBD is not the only generator of change Some centers or nodes include:
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MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
Assumptions 1. Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists 2. Each nucleus acts as a growth point 3. Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area 4. Cities grow from various nuclei 5. Location of each nuclei reflects its economic needs., e.g. heavy industry locates close to the port 6. These different centers attract growth and encourage further development 7. All nuclei grow until they merge and form one large urban area
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MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
Difference among Concentric, Sector and Multiple nuclei models 1. MONOCENTRIC concentric, sector model; POLYCENTRIC multiple nuclei
2. Multiple nuclei MORE COMPLEX IN TERM OF LAND USE ZONES, e.g. industrial suburbs
3. Multiple nuclei ALLOWS the suburbanization, transport development, outward growth of city 4. Multiple nuclei model gives the idea of LAND USE PATTERN of a city only
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MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY
CRITICISMS
Too complex Negligence of height of buildings. Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones. Each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity and not homogeneity. Unawareness of inertia forces. No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy. The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.
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August Losch in Germany and Brian Berry and others in the U.S further developed concepts during the 1950s applies most clearly in regions such as the Great Plains, which are neither heavily industrialized nor interrupted by major physical features such as rivers or mountain ranges
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In regards to human geography, central place theory is another way to help predict how cities grow and develop. Nodal regions such as market areas and locations of resources and certain activities are also pointed out by central place theory. Central place theory helps in answering why certain consumer services are distributed in a regular pattern, as observed in actual cities.
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because range of central goods and services varies, tertiary centers are arranged in an orderly hierarchy:
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2.
3. 4.
At the top are regional metropolises that offer all services associated with central places, and that have large hinterlands At the bottom are small market villages and roadside hamlets that may contain nothing more than a post office, service station, or cafe Between the two extremes are central places of various degrees of importance Each high-ranked central place offers all goods and services of next lower ranked place, plus at least one or two more
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Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and range. Larger number of people required to support a hospital, university, or department store than a gasoline station, post office, or grocery store. People are willing to travel farther to consult a heart specialist, record a land title, or purchase a car than to buy a loaf of bread or mail a letter.
SUNBELT PHENOMENON Many Americans have moved south in the last decades. As cities grew and newer places were created, they seemed to follow a pattern consistent with the ideas of Central Place Theory.
o Phoenix rises in stature and other places nearby reflect the idea that it is a central place of a higher degree.
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The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the market area/hinterland. This is a large tributary trade area that is associated with central places that offer many services.
o EX: since people get services from the nearest location, consumers near the center of the circle obtain services from local establishments. The closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodal regions.
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RANGE
o o o o o The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service or purchase good A Convenience store has a small range, whereas a baseball stadium has a large range. The range is the radius of the circle drawn to outline a services hinterland To determine the range, geographers observe consumer behavior How far the typical customer is willing to travel for various services
o High-order goods
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Where most recent migrants are found Fringe contrasts with affluent and comfortable suburbs that ring North American cities Houses often built from scavenged materials Gives the appearance of a refugee camp Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation that was cut for fuel and building materials Streets unpaved, open trenches carry wastes, residents carry water from long distances, electricity is often pirated o Residents who work have a long commute o Many are transformed through time into permanent neighborhoods
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The larger poor areas reflect the influx of intraregional migrants (rural moving to urban areas) The industry in the city and even entering into the city to the core reflects the economic strength of many of these peripheral countries that now take on industrial work. The gentrification and middle class areas as well as the elite reflect an economy that is improving or allowing some to rise up (not what we see in the African City Model).
o o o o industry is on the opposite side of the elite the middle class are next to the elite separating them from the poor disamenity can reach all the way to the core but tends to stick to the outside gentrification is more likely near the CBD and elite area
Physical geography could also influence the distribution of classes like in Rio, where residents were attracted to the neighborhoods that had nice views of the Atlantic Ocean and beaches.
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Where it applies:
o Since Southeast Asian medium-sized cities are developing rapidly, aspects of the city are subject to change. However, as the city continues to develop, it is likely that the middle-class region will expand. o It is also important to note that the Southeast Asian City model does not explain why the areas were formed but rather points out trends and patterns.
no CBD is visible; however, several components of the CBD are present in separate areas in the city The focal point is the Port Zone reflecting a city oriented around exporting.
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Sector development is the encircling zone of ethnic and mixed neighborhoods, in which people have strong ethnic identities. Mining and manufacturing zones are found next to some parts of these ethnic neighborhoods. On the outermost part of many African cities, there are informal satellite townships, which are squatter settlements. These squatter settlements consist of poor neighborhoods, or shantytowns, in which people make home anywhere that is possible or open, no matter if it is public or private.
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References:
AP Human Geogprahy Class Wiki. Retrieved from lewishistoricalsociety.com.
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