BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E

[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
27

CHU E: ANEHIT AXIT CACBOXYLIC

PHA N 1: ANE HIT

A. L THUYT

Mo t so co ng th c ca n lu y :

Te n anehit CTTQ
Anehit no n ch c C
n
H
2n+1
CHO ( n>1)
Anehit n ch c C
m
H
2m
O ( m = n + 1)
Anehit kho ng no n ch c
( co mo t lie n ke t t )
C
x
H
y
CHO, RCHO
Anehit a ch c no C
n
H
2n-1
CHO ( n>2)
To ng qua t
C
n
H
2n-2a-x
(CHO)
x

V i a: so lie n ke t t
k: so nho m -CHO

Mo t so lu y khi gia i toa n anehit:
- Ne u ba i toa n ye u ca u xa c nh co ng th c anehit cha ro n ch c hay a ch c, no
hay kho ng no, tr c he t pha i xa c nh so nho m ch c CHO trong pha n t anehit th ng
ba ng ca ch d a va o pha n ng tra ng gng, sau o m i i xa c nh pha n go c H.C no hay
kho ng no.
- Ne u la ba i toa n xa c nh anehit n ch c th tr c he t pha i gia s anehit na y
kho ng pha i la HCHO, sau khi gia i xong pha i th la i tr ng h p neu la HCHO xem co
phu h p ie u kie n ba i toa n a cho kho ng.
- Pha n ng tra ng gng xa y ra v i anehit n ch c th 1mol anehit luo n cho ra 2
mol Ag (rie ng HCHO cho c 4 mol Ag). Do o :
+ Ne u mo t ho n h p 2 anehit n ch c th c hie n pha n ng tra ng gng ta o ra Ag v i
t le n
Ag
> 2n
anehit

Cha c cha n pha i co HCHO
+ Ne u ba i toa n cho mo t anehit n ch c th c hie n pha n ng tra ng gng ta o ra Ag
v i t le n
RCHO
: n
Ag
= 1:4
Ke t lua n la c HCHO
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
28
+ i vi andehit a chc th n
Ag
> 2n
anehit

+ Ngoa i anehit co n co 1 so cha t kha c cung ta c du ng c v i dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
.
Cha ng ha n ca c ankin-1 ta o ra ke t tu a va ng.
- Pha n ng co ng h p H
2
cu a anehit kho ng no cho ra r u no ba c 1 luon co t le
2
H
n
p
> 2n
andehit.
-Ne u hidrat hoa 1 hirocacbon ta o ra anehit th hidrocacbon o la C
2
H
2

CH CH + H
2
O
2+
0
,
Hg
80
CH
3
CHO
B. CC DNG BI TP V ANHIT
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh phn ng - hon thnh s chuyn ha - iu ch
Yu cu :
- Cn nm vng tnh cht ha hc ca cc hp cht v hidrocacbon, ancol
- Nm c mt s phn ng c bn (iu kin phn ng) minh ha cho tnh cht ha
hc .
- Chn lc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh thc hin chui phn ng hay iu
ch.
V d 1: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng biu din s chuyn i sau:
Anehit axetic
) 1 (
Natri axetat
) 2 (
Metan
) 3 (
Anehit fomic
) 4 (
Ru
etylic
) 5 (
Fomanehit
) 6 (
Glucoz
) 7 (
Ru etylic
) 8 (
Butaien 1,3-cao su
buna.
Hng dn gii
1. CH
3
CHO + 2Cu(OH)
2
+ NaOH
0
t

CH
3
COONa + Cu
2
O + 3H
2
O
2. CH
3
COONa + NaOH
0
t ,CaO
Na
2
CO
3
+ CH
4

3. CH
4
+ O
2

0
600 C,NO
HCHO + H
2
O
4. HCHO + H
2

0
t ,Ni
CH
3
OH
5. CH
3
OH + CuO
0
t

HCHO + Cu + H
2
O
6. 6HCHO
2
Ca (OH)
C
6
H
12
O
6


7. C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2


8. 2C
2
H
5
OH C CH
2
=CH- CH=CH
2
+ 2H
2
O + H
2


9. n CH
2
=CH- CH=CH
2
0
t ,Na
CH
2
-CH = CH CH
2

n
V d 2: T metan hy vit cc ptp iu ch nha phenol fomanehit (cc ha cht v
c, xc tc v iu kin cn thit coi nh l c )
Hng dn gii
Lu :
+ Lp qu trnh iu ch di dng s chui phn ng
Ln men ru
Al
2
O
3
, 450
o
C
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
29
+ Chn cch iu ch ngn gn, c th qua nhng ptp n gin
CH
4
+ O
2

0
600 C,NO
HCHO + H
2
O
2CH
4

0
lln,1500 C
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

3C
2
H
2
600 C
C Br
+
Br
2
Fe
+
HBr
Br OH
OH
OH
+
NaOH
+
NaBr
n
+
nHCHO
H
+
t,xt
+
nH
2
O
n
CH
2

Mc ch:
- Rn luyn ngn ng ha hc
- Cng c tnh cht ca cc cht
- Rn luyn k nng vit ptp
Dng 2: Bi ton xc nh CTPT v thnh phn hn hp, thnh phn %, hiu sut


V d 1: Mt hn hp X gm 2 andehit n chc A, B c tng s mol l 0,25. Khi cho hn
hp X ny tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
d c 86,4g bc kt ta v khi lng dung dch bc
nitrat gim 77,5g
a. Hy tnh:
- Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. Bit M
A
< M
B

- Tnh thnh phn phn % v khi lng ca mi anehit A, B trong hn hp X.
b. Ly 0,05 mol andehit A trn vi 1 anhit C c hn hp Y. Hn hp Y tc dng vi
dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
d cho 25,92g Ag. t chy Y thu c 1,568l CO
2
(ktc).
Xc nh CTPT ca C. Bit C c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh.


Hng dn gii
Tm tt:
a)
2 anhit 86,4g Ag
hh X n chc AgNO
3
/NH3 d
A,B
khi lng AgNO
3
gim 77,5g
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
30
+ Xc nh CTPT ca A, B.
+ Tnh %A, %B.

b)
0,05 mol A dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
d 25,92g Ag
hh Y
Anhit C
t Y 1,568(l) CO
2
(ktc)
Xc nh CTPT ca C.
Phn tch:
a)
+ Tnh s mol Ag to thnh. T so snh vi s mol ca hn hp X D on trong
hn hp X c anhit HCHO khng?
+ Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca A, B. Da vo d kin bi ton lp h phng trnh
b)
+ Cha bit C l anhit n chc hay a chc nn CTCT ca C l: R(CHO)
x
x> 1.
+ Da vo d kin bi ton xc nh: x, R
Gii
a). Xc nh CTPT A,B
- t CTTQ ca A,B: R
1
CHO v R
2
CHO
- Ta c: n
Ag
=
108
4 , 86
= 0,8 mol
- So snh n
Ag
v 2n
hh

n
Ag
> 2n
hh
= 2.0,25 =0,5 mol
Trong hn hp X phi c anhit HCHO. V M
A
<M
B
A l HCHO
* Cch khc:
- dd AgNO
3
mt 86,4g Ag nhng khi lng ch gim 77,5g. Vy dd nhn 1 khi
lng ca 2 anhit l:
86,4 77,5 = 8,9g

X
M =
25 , 0
9 , 8
= 35,6
M
A
<35,6< M
B

- M M
A
< M
B
M
A
= 30
M
B
= 30

A l HCHO.
Ptp:
HCHO + 4AgNO
3
6 NH
3
+ 2H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 4NH
4
NO
3
+ 4Ag (1)
a mol 4a mol
R
2
CHO + 2AgNO
3
+3NH
3
+H
2
O R
2
COONH
4
+2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2Ag (2)
b mol 2b mol
-Gi a,b l s mol ca HCHO, R
2
CHO
n
Ag
= 4a + 2b = 0,8 (1

)
M n
hh
= a + b = 0,25 (2

)
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
31

T (1

) v (2

) a + b = 0,25 a = 0,15 mol

2a + b = 0,4 b = 0,1 mol
- Mt khc: m
X
= 8,9 = 0,15.30 + 0,1.M
B

M
B
= 44 R
2
l -CH
3

Vy CTPT A: HCHO, B: CH
3
CHO
Tnh thnh phn %
%HCHO =
9 , 8
30 . 15 , 0
.100 = 50,56%
%CH
3
CHO =
9 , 8
44 . 1 , 0
.100 = 49,44%
b). t CTTQ ca C: R(CHO)
n
(n>=1)
- pt (1) n
Ag
= 0,05. 4 = 0,2 mol
- n
Ag(chung)
=
108
92 , 25
= 0,24 mol
S mol Ag do C sinh ra:
n
Ag(C)
= 0,24 0,2 = 0,04 mol
R(CHO)
n
+ 2nAgNO
3
+ 3nNH
3
+ nH
2
O R(COONH
4
)
n
+ 2nAg + 2nNH
4
NO
3


n 2
04 , 0
0,04mol
n
R( CHO)n
=
2
1
n
Ag
=
n
02 , 0
(mol) (*)
t chy Y:
HCHO + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O

C
x
H
y
(CHO)
n
+
2
2
3
2
2
n y
x + +
O
2

o
t
(x+n) CO
2
+
y+n
2
H
2
O

n
02 , 0
(x+n).
n
02 , 0

n
CO2 (chung)
=
4 , 22
568 , 1
= 0,07 mol
n
CO2 (HCHO)
= n
HCHO
= 0,05 mol
n
CO2
= 0,07 0,05 = 0,02 mol
(x + n).
n
02 , 0
= 0,02

n
n x +
= 1
x = 0
CTTQ ca C: HOC-CHO

BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
32
Mc ch:
+ Rn luyn cho HS k nng tnh ton
+ K nng phn tch , bin lun cc trng hp xy ra t c cch gii thch hp
+ Bit suy lun t cng thc tng qut


V d 2: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 ankanal A, B (c trn theo t l s mol
n
A
: n
B
= 3: 1) thu c 56l CO
2
(ktc) v cn va s mol O
2
ng bng 3,25 ln s mol
hn hp.
Xc nh CTPT c th c ca A, B.


Hng dn gii:
Tm tt
A, B
hh X n
O2
= 3,25n
hh
56 l CO
2

n
A
: n
B
= 3:1


Xc nh CTPT ca A, B
Phn tch:
- t CTTQ ca A,B :
A: C
n
H
2n+1
CHO (a mol); B:C
m
H
2m+1
CHO (b mol)
- C 4 n (a, b, n, m) v 3 phng trnh (a = 3b; 56; 3,25) thiu 1 phng trnh, vy
ta tm 1 h thc lin h gia n v mt thng qua gi tr trung bnh n
- t CT chung ca A, B: C
n
1 2 + n
H CHO (n<
n
<m)
Gii
Ptp
C
n
1 2 + n
H CHO +
2
3 2 n +
O
2


o
t
(1+n ) CO
2
+ (1+n )H
2
O
n
CO2
= (1+ n )(a + b) =
4 , 22
56
= 2,5 mol (1)
n
O2
=
2
3 2 n +
(a + b) = 3,25 (a + b)
n = 1,5 (2)
Th (2) vo (1) a + b =1 mol
Mt khc : a = 3b

a + b = 1 a = 0,75 mol
a = 3b b = 0,25 mol
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
33
n =
b a
mb na
+
+
= 1,5
`na + mb = 1,5 (a + b) = 1,5
0,75n + 0,25m = 1,5
3n + m = 6 (n, m> 0)
Bin lun:

n 0 1 2
m 6 3 0



Vy : A: HCHO A: CH
3
CHO A:C
2
H
5
CHO
B: C
6
H
13
CHO B: C
3
H
7
CHO B: HCHO


V d 3: Chuyn ha hon ton 4,2g andehit A mch h bng phn ng trng gng vi
dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
(d) thu c hn hp mui B v cht rn C. Nu cho C tc dng vi HNO
3

to ra 3,792 lt kh NO
2
(27
0
C v 740mmHg). T khi hi ca A so vi nit nh hn 4.
Mt khc, khi cho 4,2g A tc dng vi 0,5mol H
2
(Ni, t
0
) thu c cht D vi H=100%.
Cho lng C ha vo nc thu c dd E. Cho1/10 lng dd E tc dng vi Na lm thot
ra 12,04 lt kh ( ktc)
a. Tm cng thc A,B,C,D,E
b. Tnh khi lng hn hp mui B, Bit rng cc cht trong B u c kh nng tc dng
vi NaOH to ra NH
3

c. Tnh nng % D trong dd E.


Hng dn gii

Tm tt :
+ AgNO
3
/NH
3
(d)

Cht rn C 3,792 l NO
2


4,2g A

+ 0,5 mol H
2

Cht D dd E 12,04 l H
2


Phn tch:
+ Cha xc ng c A l andehit thuc dng no nn t CTTQ ca A l : R(CHO)
x

+ Da vo t khi M
A
/M
N2
<4 t bin lun xc nh gi tr x
+ So snh n
A
vi n
H2
(0,5 mol) xc nh ng cng thc phn t ca cht D
hh mui B
HNO
3

H
2
O
Ly 1/10 tc dng
Na
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
34
+ Cho E tc dng vi Na .T tnh n
H2
ri suy ra tng s mol cc cht trong E Tnh:
m
ct
, m
dd
, C%.
Tnh :
a. Tm cng thc A, B, C, D, E
b. Tnh khi lng hn hp B
c. Nng % ca D trong dd E
a. Tm cng thc A, B, C, D, E
t A: R(CHO)
x
(x>=1)
R(CHO)
x
+2aAgNO
3
+3aNH
3
+ a H
2
O R(COONH
4
)
x
+ 2aAg + 2a NH
4
NO
3
(1)
Hn hp B gm : R(COONH
4
)
X
, NH
4
NO
3 ,
AgNO
3
(d)
Cht rn C: Ag
Ag + 2 HNO
3
AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
R(CHO)
x
+ H
2
R(OH)
x


Ta c: n
NO2
=
PV
RT
=
740.3,792
0,082.760.(273+27)
= 0,15 mol
n
NO2
= n
Ag
= 0,15 mol
n
A
= n
NO2
=
1
2a
.n
Ag
=
0,15
2a
mol

M
A
=
075 , 0
. 2 , 4 x
= 56x


M
A
M
28
<4 56x < 4.28 x<2. Vy x=1
A l mt andehit n chc.
t CTTQ ca A l RCHO
t gc R l C
x
H
y
(y < 2x+2)
Ta c M
A
= M
R
+ 29 =56 M
R
=27 12x + y =27

=
=
3
2
y
x

Vy: CTPT A: C
2
H
3
CHO
CTCT: CH
2
=CH-CHO
Cng thc ca B: CH
2
=CH-COONH
4
(P) , NH
4
NO
3
(Q), c th c AgNO
3
d
CH
2
=CH-CHO + H
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH
n
A
=
56
2 , 4
=0,075 mol < n
H2
Sau phn ng H
2
cn d.
Cng thc ca D l: CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH
b. Tnh khi lng hn hp B
V B tc dng ht vi dd NaOH cho NH
3
nn B khng c AgNO
3
d
Vy m
B
= m
P
+ m
Q
= 89.0,075 + 80.2.0,075 =18,675g
c. Nng % ca D trong dd E
Nu cho ton b dd E tc dng vi Na th s mol H
2
to ra l:
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
35
n
H2
=
4 , 22
10 . 04 , 12
= 5,375 mol
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
2
1
H
2

C
3
H
7
OH + NaOH C
3
H
7
ONa +
2
1
H
2

Ta c: n
H2O
+ n
D
= 2n
H2
= 2.5,375 = 10,75 mol
n
H2O
= 10,75 0,075 = 10,675 mol
Nng d % D trong dd E l :
C% =
675 , 10 . 18 075 , 0 . 60
075 , 0 . 60
+
.100% = 2,29%































BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
36


PHA N 2: AXIT CACBOXYLIC

A. L THUYT
Mt s lu :
Cng thc chung: C
x
H
2x
O
2
(x 1)
CTTQ nht: C
x
H
y
(COOH)
z
hay C
n
H
2n+2-2k-x
(COOH)
x
, k l s lin kt t
+ Axit n chc: C
x
H
y
COOH
+ Axit no n chc: C
n
H
2n+1
COOH, n 0
+ Axit khng no n chc co 1 ni i: C
n
H
2n-2
COOH , n 2
+ Axit no a chc: C
n
H
2n+2-x
(COOH)
x

+ Axit khng no a chc: C
n
H
2n+2-2k-x
(COOH)
x

Mt s lu khi gii ton v axit cacboxylic:
1. Tnh axit
a. Phn ng vi kim loi
RCOOH + Na RCOONa + H
2
(n
a.c
= 2 n
H2
)
R(COOH)
x
+ x Na R(COONa)
x
+
x
/
2
H
2

(n
a.
n
H2
)
b. Phn ng trung ha vi baz
R(COOH)
x
+ x NaOH R(COONa)
x
+ x H
2
O (x 1)
Nu cho hn hp gm 2 axit tc dng vi NaOH m n
NaOH
> n
2 axit
=> c t nht 1
axit a chc.
V khi lng 1 mol mui Na hn 1 mol axit l 23 -1 = 22 g nn:
n
NaOH=
muoi axit
m - m
22

2. Phn ng este ha
+ Axit n chc RCOOH vi ru n chc ROH => este n chc RCOOR
+ Axit a chc R(COOH)
x
vi ru n chc => este R(COOR)
m
(vi 2 ru n chc
khc axit a chc c th cho ra 3 este)
+ Axit n chc RCOOH vi ru a chc R(OH)
m
=> (RCOO)
m
R
+ Axit a chc v ru a chc => este R
m
(COO)
mn
R
3. Cht hu c A C
x
H
Y
O
Z
khi t chy c: n
CO2
= n
H2O
A c dng C
n
H
2n
O
2
v cu
to phi c 1 lin kt t (nu mch h) hay dng mch vng.
Cht hu c A + mui cacbonat c cho ra CO
2
A c cha nhm COOH

B. BI TP
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh phn ng hon thnh s phn ng iu ch
V d 1:
1. Vit y cc pt phn ng cho dy chuyn ha sau:
Axetilen etanal acol etylic axit axetic etyl axetat natri axetat metan
metanal glucozo etanol.
Hng dn gii:
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
37
HCCH + H
2
O HgSO
4
, 80
O
C CH
3
CH=O

CH
3
CH=O + H
2
Ni, t
o
CH
3
CH
2
OH

CH
3
CH
2
OH + O
2



ln men gim
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O

CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
0
H2SO4, t
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ NaOH CH
3
COO-Na + CH
3
CH
2
OH

CH
3
COO-Na + NaOH
CaO, nung
Na
2
CO
3
+ CH
4


NO, 600
o
C
CH
4
+ O
2
HCHO + H
2
O

Ca(OH)2

6HCHO C
6
H
12
O
6


C
6
H
12
O
6

ln men ru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2


2. Cho cc cht ancol etylic (X), andehit axetic (Y), axit axetic (Z). Vit pt phn ng
theo s chuyn ha sau:
(1)
X Y
(2)
(3) (4)
Z

Hng dn gii:
(1) CH
3
CH
2
OH + CuO t
o
CH
3
CHO + Cu + H
2
O
(2) CH
3
CHO + H
2
Ni, t
o
CH
3
CH
2
OH

(3) CH
3
CH
2
OH + O
2

ln men gim
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
(4) 2CH
3
CHO + O
2
Mn
2+
,
t
o
2CH
3
COOH

V d 2: T axetilen, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit hy vit cc phng trnh
iu ch: CH
3
COOH, (COOH)
2
, HCOOH.
Hng dn gii:
a. HCCH + H
2
O HgSO
4
,80
O
C CH
3
CH=O

CH
3
CH=O + O
2
Mn
2+
2CH
3
COOH


b. HCCH + H
2
Pd, t
o
CH
2
=CH
2


BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
38
CH
2
=CH
2
+ [O] + H
2
O dd KMnO
4
HOCH
2
CH
2
OH

HOCH
2
CH
2
OH + 2CuO t
o

OHCCHO + 2Cu + 2H
2
O

OHCCHO + O
2
Mn
2+
HOOCCOOH

Dng 2: Bi ton xc nh CTPT axit, thnh phn hn hp, tnh thnh phn %, hiu
sut phn ng.

V d 1: Mt hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxylic no n chc A v axit acrylic
- Ly 1,44g X em t chy hon ton thu c 1,2096 lit CO
2
o kc
- Ly 1,44g X ha tan vo nc thnh 100ml dung dch Y, 10ml dung dich ny cn
dng 4,4ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M trung ha va .
Hy xc nh:
a. Cng thc cu to v gi tn axit
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng 2 axit trong hn hp X


Tm tt: t hon ton
Axit no n chc:C
n
H
2n
O
2
1,2096l CO
2
(kc)
14,4 g h
2
X
Axit acrylic:CH
2
=CH-COOH htan vo nc
100ml dd Y
10ml dd Y + 4,4ml NaOH va
Phn tch:
+ Tnh n hn hp t V CO
2

+ Tnh nNaOH lp h 3 phng trnh 3 n
+ 1,44g hn hp X
Hng dn gii:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca A, B
Ta c:
- Khi lng 2 axit: (14n + 32 )a + 72b = 1,44 (1)
- Hn hp X b t:
C
n
H
2n
O
2
+ (3n 2)/2 O
2
nCO
2
+ n H
2
O
a mol na mol
C
3
H
4
O
2
+ 3O
2
3CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b mol 3b mol

1,2096
S mol CO
2
: nCO
2
= = 0,054
22,4
na + 3b = 0,054 (2)
- Dung dch X tc dng vi NaOH:
BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
39
C
n
H
2n
O
2
+ NaOH C
n
H
2n-1
ONa + H
2
O
a mol a mol
CH
2
=CH-COOH + NaOH CH
2
=CH-COONa + H
2
O
b mol b mol
S mol NaOH cn dng trung ha 100ml dd X
nNaOH = a + b = 0,5.4,4.10
-3
.100/10 = 0,022 (3)
T (1),(2),(3) suy ra: a = 0,012 mol; b = 0,01 mol; n = 2
a. CTCT A: CH
3
-COOH
b. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng 2 axit:
%mCH
3
COOH

= %mC
3
H
4
O
2
= 50%


V d 2: Mt hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic no A, B hn km nhau 1 nguyn t
cacbon. Nu trung ha 14,64g X bng mt lng NaOH va th thu c 20,36g hn
hp Y gm 2 mui. Cn nu lm bay hi 14,64g X th chim th tch l 4,48l kh (ktc)
t chy hon ton 14,64g X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi
trong d th thu c 46g kt ta. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. Tnh phn trm khi lng
ca 2 axit trong X.


Tm tt:


NaOH va 20,36g hn hp Y (2 mui)
14,64g hn hp X
gm 2 axit no A,B lm bay hi 4,48l kh (ktc)

t hon ton CO
2
Ca(OH)
2
d 46g

Xc nh CTPT ca A, B; %mA, %mB
Phn tch:
+ Tnh n hn hp axit
m mui - m axit
+ Tnh nNaOH =
22
+ So snh n hn hp axit v nNaOH
Nu n hn hp = nNaOH A, B u n chc
Nu nNaOH > n hn hp trong hn hp X phi c mt axit a chc
+ Ca(OH)
2
d nCO
2
= nCaCO
3

Hng dn gii:
S mol hn hp 2 axit:

BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
40
n
hh
=
4 , 22
48 , 4
=0,2 mol

C thay 1H ( trong COOH) bng 1Na ( c COONa) th khi lng tng 22vc.
Vy s mol NaOH phn ng:
m mui m axit 20,36 14,64
nNaOH = = = 0,26 mol
22 22
Nhn xt: Nu A, B u n chc: nNaOH = n 2 axit = 0,2 mol
Nu A, B u a chc: nNaOH >2n axit = 2.0,2 = 0,4 mol
Ta c : 0,2 < 0,26 < 0,4 trong X c mt axit n chc v mt axit a chc
t cng thc chung ca 2 axit l C
x
H
y
O
z
gm C
x1
H
y1
O
z1
v C
x2
H
y2
O
y2
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x + y/4 z/2) O
2
xCO
2
+ y/2H
2
O
1 mol x mol
0,2 mol 0,46 mol
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 0,46 mol
x =
2 , 0
46 , 0
= 2,3
x
1
< x < x
2
x
1
= 2, x
2
= 3
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca A, B
Trng hp 1: A a chc, B n chc v u no
A: (COOH)
2
, B: C
2
H
5
COOH
Ta c:
mX = 90a + 74b = 14,64
nX = a + b = 0,2

a = - 0,1
b = 0,21 loi

Trng hp 2: A n chc, B a chc v u no
A: C
2
H
5
COOH, B: HOOC-CH
2
-COOH
Ta c:
mX = 60a + 104b = 14,64
nX = a + b = 0,2

a = 0,14 mol
b = 0,06 mol

%mA = 57,38%, %mB = 42,62%


BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
41




V d 3: Cho 2 axit cacboxylic A v B, nu cho hn hp 2 axit ny tc dng vi Na th thu
c mt cht kh C c s mol bng tng s mol ca A v B trong hn hp.
Nu trn 20g dd axit A nng 23% vi 50g dd axit B nng 20,64% thu c dd D.
trung ha dd D cn 200ml dd NaOH 1,1M
1.Tm CTPT ca A v B
2. Vit CTCT c th c ca Av B


Bi lm
Tm tt:
A +Na
hh B Kh C ( n
C
=
2
1
n
hh
)
+200ml NaOH1,1M
20g A 23% + 50g B 20,64% dd D dd E
1.Tm CTPT ca A v B
2. Vit CTCT c th c ca Av B
Phn tch:
+ Axit A v B cha bit no hay khng no, n chc hay a chc nn ta t
CTTQ ca 2 axit l : A : R
1
(COOH)
n
, B: R
2
(COOH)
m

+ Da vo h thc n
C
=
2
1
n
hh
. T bin lun cc gi tr n v m
+ Trn dd axit A v axit B c dd D t xc nh ng CTCT ca 2 axit A
v B.
Hng dn gii:
t CTTQ ca 2 axit l : A : R
1
(COOH)
n
, B: R
2
(COOH)
m
( n, m >=1)
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
R
1
(COOH)
n
+ nNa R
1
(COONa)
n
+
2
n
H
2
(1)
amol
2
n
a mol
R
2
(COOH)
m
+ mNa R
2
(COONa)
m
+
2
m
H
2
( 2)
bmol
2
m
bmol
R
1
(COOH)
n
+ nNaOH R
1
(COONa)
n
+ H
2
O (3)
amol an mol

BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
42
R
2
(COOH)
m
+ mNaOH R
2
(COONa)
m
+ H
2
O

(4)
bmol bm mol
Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca A, B
Ta c: n
H2
=
2
mb na +



hh
n = a+b
Theo gi thit: : n
H2
=
2
1
hh
n
2
mb na +
=
2
b a +

na + mb = a + b
Ch c 1 cp nghim duy nht tha mn iu kin :

=
=
1
1
m
n

Vy A v B u l 2 axit n chc
Ta c: m
A
= 20
100
23
= 4,6g
m
B
= 50
100
64 , 20
=10,32 g
m
hh
= m
A +
m
B
= 4,6 + 10,32 = 14,92 g
V y u l axit n chc nn : n
hh
= n
NaOH
= a + b = 0,2.1,1=0,2 mol

hh
M =
hh
hh
n
m
=
2 , 0
32 , 10 6 , 4 +
= 67,81
R
1
+ 45 < 67,81 < R
2
+45 ( gi s M
A
<M
B
)
R
1
<22,81<R
2

T suy ra : R
1
c 2 gi tr thch hp

=
=
15
1
1
1
R
R

Cha xc nh c gi tr ca R
2

Vy : A l: HCOOH v CH
3
COOH
Bin lun tm axit B:
*Trng hp 1: A l HCOOH
n
A
= 0,1 mol n
B
= 0,12 mol
M
B
=
12 , 0
32 , 10
= 86 B: C
3
H
5
COOH
*Trng hp 2: A l CH
3
COOH
n
A
= 0,076 mol n
B
= 0,144 mol
M
B
=
144 , 0
32 , 10
= 72 B: C
2
H
3
COOH
Vy : A : HCOOH v B: C
3
H
5
COOH
A : CH
3
COOH v B: C
2
H
3
COOH


BAI TAP HOA HO C THEO CHU E


[NHO M 1 HO A 2006]
2009
43
b. Vit CTCT
A: H-C-OH v CH
3
-COOH



B: CH
2
=C-COOH CH
3
-CH=CH=COOH CH
2
=CH-COOH


Tc dng ca bi tp ny:
+ Rn luyn k nng phn tch, k nng tnh ton v vit phng trnh phn ng.
+ Cng c li cch vit cng thc cu to.
+ Cch xc nh v t cng thc tng qut cho tng trng hp c th.

O
CH
3