Khao Sat Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den Trich Ly Dau Gac

Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
CHNG 1
M U
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
1.1 Dn nhp
Ngy nay x hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng
cao. Nhng thc phm chc nng c gi tr dinh dng cao cng c nhiu ngi ch
n v tri Gc l mt trong nhng loi thc phm chc nng . Tht vy, trong tri Gc
m c bit l du Gc cha nhiu cht c hm lng dinh dng cao v c kh nng phng
chng bnh tt. Du Gc c cha nhiu caroten, tin vitamin A rt cn thit cho kh nng
nhn tt ca mt, kch thch tnh min dch v tng sc khng cho c th, c tc dng
chng oxy ho. Lycopen l cht chng oxy ho hng u c kh nng bo v c th chng
li cc bnh thoi ho, suy gim min dch v c cc chng bnh ung th (Tangboditham
(1998), c trch dn bi Phm Hu Yn Phng (2004)). Vitamin E mang cc c im
chng oxy ha, ngn chn tc ng c hi ca cc gc t do, l vitamin chng lo ho
(Cossut v cng s, 2001). Hai acid bo khng bo ho linoleic v -linolenic l nhng axit
bo thit yu. Chng tham gia vo thnh phn mng t bo v dy lin kt gia cc t bo
no, l tin thn ca omega 3 (3) v omega 6 (6) (Cossut v cng s, 2001).
Tuy nhin vic sn xut v tiu th du Gc Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii cn
cha ph bin. Chnh v l do trn nn chng ti thc hin ti Kho st cc yu t nh
hng ln hiu sut trch ly du Gc gp phn nghin cu vic trch ly du Gc t hiu
qu hn v nng cao gi tr ca tri Gc Vit Nam.
1.2 Mc ch ca ti
Nghin cu s nh hng ca cc thng s k thut ln hiu sut trch ly bng

phng php ngm chit.
1.3 Yu cu ca ti
Xc nh nhng thng s ti u nht cho qu trnh trch ly (loi dung mi, nhit , thi
gian trch ly)
Xc nh mt s ch tiu cht lng ca du Gc.

Tnh ton gi thnh ca du Gc thu c.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN
TI LIU
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
2.1 Tng qut v tri Gc
2.1.1 c im nng hc
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Gc) thuc h Cucurbitaceae, ging

Momordica v loi Cochinchinensis. Cy ny c nh danh l Muricia Cochnchinensis
vo nm 1790 bi Loureiro. Sau , nm 1826 Sprengel kt lun rng cy gc thuc
ging Momordica v i tn thnh Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Berley
(1937) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)). Loi cy ny c mt cc nc Nam ,
nh Trung Quc, Min in, Lo, Campuchia, n (Perry (1980) c trch dn bi
Vng L Thu (2002)).
Gc l loi cy thn tho dy leo hng nm thuc chi mp ng, l loi n tnh
khc gc (dioecious) cui ng sau khi thu hoch qu ngi ta cht n tn gc, sang xun
cy li leo ln ti tt. T gc mc ra nhiu thn mi, mi dy c nhiu t, mi t c l.
L Gc nhn mc so le, hnh thy chn vt, chia thy kh su, l to di t 10 25cm, mt
trn xanh lc thm, pha di mu xanh nht. Hoa Gc mu vng nht, n tnh, n vo
thng 5, 6 pha Bc, trong Nam c nhiu v (Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999). Trung
bnh, cn khong 18 20 ngy qu c th chn t khi n hoa ci xut hin. Mt cy c th
cho khong 30 60 qu trong mt nm (WHO (1990) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu
(2002)).
Qu Gc hnh trn hay hnh bu dc, c chiu di t 6 10cm v chiu rng l 4
6cm. Loi qu ny c mu xanh lc, c gai, khi chn chuyn dn t mu vng sang mu .
Bn trong lp v l lp tht vng, mm, k tip l nhng ht gc c bao bc bi mng mu
mu, xp hng dc. Ht Gc mu en, hnh trn dt ging con ba ba nh, c rng ca
(Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004), trong ht c nhn trng cha nhiu du. Vit
Nam, trng lng qu khong 500g 1600g (Vng L Thu, 2004). Mt kg qu Gc bao
gm khong 190g mng v 130g ht. Mng ht khi chn c v thm d chu hoc khng c
mi (Vng L Thu, 2002). Tt c cc b phn ca Momordica cochinchinensis u c th
c s dng trong y hc truyn thng ( Tt Li, 1991).
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
Hnh 2.1 Gin Gc
Hnh 2.2 Hoa Gc
Hnh 2.3 Tri gc

C 2 loi Gc c trng ph bin Vit Nam l:
Gc Np: Tri to, nhiu ht, gai to, t gai. Khi chin chuyn sang mu cam rt p.
B tri ra, bn trong cm vng ti, mng bao bc ht c mu ti rt m.

Gc T: Tri nh, c t ht, gai nhn. Tri chin b ra bn trong cm c mu vng v
mng bao bc ht thng c mu nht hoc mu hng khng c ti nh

Gc np.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
Hnh 2.4 Tri Gc Np
Hnh 2.5 Tri Gc T
Do , ta thng chn Gc Np ch bin thc phm v Gc Np tri to, khi chn

nhiu cm v c mu sc p, cht lng tt.
2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v phn phi
Vit Nam, trc y Gc mc hoang d hay c trng mt s gia nh nu

xi hay s dng cho y hc truyn thng. Hin nay ngi ta bt u trng trt quy m cng
nghp thu ly du t mng Gc, mu v du t ht Gc, ch bin cc thc ung dinh
dng cng nh cc sn phm khc. Gc c trng nhiu vng Trung Du v ng Bng
Bc B. Dc theo sng Tin trng Gc rt tt, c dy Gc lu nm gc to ng knh n 15
20 cm. Trn din tch 5 m2 dy Gc c th cho 100 200 qu/nm.
Trn th trng gi ca Gc ti khong 6.000 n 10.000 VN/kg c khi ln n
25.000 VN/kg. Vo ma kh (c bit thng 11), c rt nhiu loi qu ny, ngc li vo
ma ma gi Gc tng cao do tnh trng khan him (Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004).
Ngy nay Gc c s dng nhiu trong sn xut cng nghip.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
2.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tri Gc
Mng ti ca qu Gc chn c cc thnh phn:

Bng 2.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng ti ca qu Gc chn
S th t
1
Thnh phn
Nc
Gi tr (%)
77
Protein
2,1
Lipide
7,9
Glucide
10,5
1,8
Mui khong
0,7
- Caroten
0,046
Lycopen
0,038
(Ngun www.gactuoikieuphuong.com)
2.1.4 Gi tr ca tri Gc trong i sng
Trong gia nh, tht Gc c s dng ch yu nhum mu cc loi xi, ch bin

cc mn n, va c tc dng thay phm mu trong ch bin thc n va c tc dng phng
chng suy dinh dng, thiu vi cht, tng sc khng cho tr em, lm ko gm Gc, sa
chua Gc, bt Gc dinh dng
Gn y qu Gc bt u c tip th ra ngoi khu vc Chu trong dng nc
p tri cy b dng v dng du Gc do n c cha hm lng tng i cao cc dinh
dng thc vt. (www.laodong.com.vn)
Trong m phm cng c th dng Gc. Gc c th thay th Sudan mt loi cht to
mu cho thc phm v m phm ang thc s l mi lo ngi cho nhiu ngi tiu dng vi
nguy c gy ung th cao. Vit Nam vic chn mt cht to mu an ton khc thay th cho
Sudan khng kh khi du ca tri Gc hon ton c th thay th cho phm mu ha hc c
hi. (www.vnmedia.vn)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
Ngoi vic s dng trong m thc, Gc cn c s dng trong y hc. Cc hng dc
phm ca M gi tri Gc l Fruit from Heaven (loi qu n t thin ng). Thc t,
nghin cu ti M cho thy cc hp cht ca Beta caroten, Lycopen, Alphatocopherol
trong du Gc c tc dng lm v hiu ho 75% cc cht gy ung th ni chung, nht l ung
th v ph n.
Du Gc dng b sung vitamin A cho tr con chm ln, kh mt, qung g, km
n, mt mi, hoc dung bi vt thng, vt bng. Ht gc cha mn nht, trng ht, quai b,
sng v, tc tia sa (www.dantri.com.vn)
R Gc cha t thp, sng ph chn vi liu dung 4g/ngy.Gc dy Gc phi hp vi
mt vi v thuc em sc ung hoc dng ngoi ngm ru xoa bp cng cha phong thp,
sng chn.
2.2 Tng qut v Du Gc
2.2.1 Thnh phn ho hc
2.2.1.1
Thnh phn ch yu
Triglyceride l thnh phn ch yu ca du m cha t 95 n 98% ca ht du. Cu

to ho hc l este ca ru 3 chc vi cc acid bo.
CH2 OH
CH OH
R1COOH
+
R2COOH
CH2OCOR1
CHOCOR2
CH2 OH
R3COOH
CH2OCOR3
Glycerol
Axt bo
Triglyceride
3H2O
Triglyceride dng ho hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

Khi lng phn t tng i ca triglyceride kh cao nn khng bay hi ngay c
trong iu kin chn khng cao. nhit trn 240 2500C, p sut 1atm triglyceride s b
thy phn thnh cc sn phm bay hi ca s phn hu ho hc. V vy ngi ta phi kh
mi du trong iu kin chn khng v nhit cao.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thu phn, khi c nc v nhit , triglyceride s b
phn ct mi lin kt este v b thu phn to thnh acid bo t do, do vy acid bo t do
bao gi cng c trong cc loi du thc vt.
Tn ti khong 20 axt bo trong t nhin, chng khc nhau bi s lng ca cc ni
i.
Bng 2.2 Mt vi acd bo quan trng ca du Gc
2.2.1.2
S th t
1
2
3
Axt bo
Palmitic
Stearic
Olic
Linolic
Linolnic
Arachidonic
K hiu
16 : 0
18 : 0
18 : 1(n-9)
18 : 2
(n-6; n-9)
18 : 3
(n-3; n-6; n-9)
20 : 4
(n-6; n-9; n-12; n-15)
Cc thnh phn ph
a) Acid bo t do
Acid bo t do l cc loi acid bo khng nm trong lin kt gia este v diglyceride

Acid bo lm cho du b chua.
Cht bo b thu phn l do enzyme Lipase c trong nc.
b) Mono v di glyceride
Gm u a nc v mt u k nc. Trong cng ngh thc phm n c s dng
nh mt cht nh ha. Tuy nhin, n cng gy kh khn cho vic phn ly gia du v nc
trong qu trnh tin luyn ha hc, thc y phn ng oxi ha cht bo.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Bo co ti:
c) Cc phospholipide
Hm lng phospholipide trong du Gc dao ng t 0,25 3%.
Cu to ca phospholipide:
Phosphooipit ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht, chuyn ho

cc cht bo, trong qu trnh thm thu qua mng t bo, thng c s dng trong y
dc, trong thc phm.
Hp cht in hnh l Lecithin v Cephalin hm lng phosphatid c trong du m t
0,5 3%.
d) Cc sterol
L nhng rc cao phn t c cu to phc tp v phn b rng ri, tan tt trong du
Gc. Trong t nhin chng c th tn ti dng este. Hm lng ca chng dao ng t 0,42,9% (ch yu l tocopherol). Cc srerol cha trong du Gc ch yu l Phirosterol.
e) Cc vitamin
a s l vitamin A, D, E, K v cc vitamin c kh nng ho tan cht bo. Ngoi ra c
mt s hp cht c kh nng to ra sinh t thng gi l tin sinh t - Caroten: tin
vitamin A v Egosterol: tin vitamin D.
Trong c tocopherol (40 - 250mg%) c hot tnh vitamin E c tc dng chng oxy
ha cho du rt tt, du c hm lng tocopherol cao bo qun tt hn du c hm lng
tocopherol thp.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
10
Bo co ti:
Vitamin E t nhin c ngun gc thc vt hay ng vt. Du thc vt c cha nhiu
tocophrol v tocotrinol hn. Trong du thc vt, cc dng vitamin thgn gp nht l tocophetrol v - tocophrol (Cuvelier v cng s, 2003)
Vitamin E thuc h tocophrol, h ny gm 4 dng: - tocophrol, cn gi l
vitamin E, - tocophrol, - tocophrol hay - tocophrol.
Ngoi ra, nhng cht ny c s tng ng v cu trc vi phn t thuc h
tocotrinol: - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol hay - tocotrinol (Pennock v
cng s (1964), trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cu trc ha hc ca cc tocophrol bao gm mt vng chromanol mono-, di- hay trimethyl, c ni vi mt chui 16 cacbon bo ha cnh bn (chui phytyl) (Fernoholx
(1938) c trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cc tocophrol khc nhau bi s lng v s sp xp cc nhm metyl xung quanh
vng benzene ca nhn chromanol (Hnh 2.6)
Cu trc ho hc ca cc tocotrinol cng bao gm mt vng chromanol mono , di
hay tri methyl vi chui cacbon cnh bn, nhng cu trc ny cha 3 nhm ni i 3 v
tr 3, 7 v 11 (Hnh 2.7).
Hnh 2.6 Cu trc ha hc

ca 4 loi Tocopherol
Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ha hc

ca 4 loi Tocotrienol
f) Cc cht mu t nhin
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
11
Bo co ti:
Du m ni chung v du Gc ni ring c mu sc l do s tn ti mt s cht c
tnh tan trong du (y c gi l cht khng x phng ho).
Carotenoid
Carotenoid l nhng sc t t nhin, c mt rng ri trong t nhin v l ngun gc
ca cc mu chi sang (vng, cam v ) ca nhiu tri cy n c (cam, du) ca cc
loi rau (c rt, c chua, gc) ca cc loi nm, ca hoa, to, vi khun, chng cng c mt
trong cc sn phm ng vt.
Thut ng carotenoid bao gm hai phc hp gn tng t nhau: mt mt l cc
carotin, hydrocacbon khng bo ha v mt khc l nhng ng phn b oxy ha ca hp
cht ny hay cn gi l cc xanthophil. Hn 600 carotenoid c c lp t nhng sn
phm t nhin (Faure v cng s, 1999).
Trn phng din ha hc, l cc chui vi u mi chui c nhn dng vng
mang nhiu nhm chc khc nhau (ru, axit ); nhng cht thng thng nht l
caroten v lycopen nhng cc cht khc cng c s dng nh cht mu thc phm: caroten, - caroten, bixin, norbin, capstin, - apo 8 carotenan, ester ethylic ca axit
apo 8 carotenoid. Chng l nhng hp cht ha tan trong du m, mu sc thay i t vng
n .
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cc carotenoide chnh v cc xanthophil
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
12
Bo co ti:
- caroten tn ti di dng bt tinh th, khng ha tan trong nc v trong ru, t
ha tan trong du thc vt. Trong cloroform, hp ph quang ph cc i nm gia 446

v 496 nm. Dng carotnoit ny mang hot ng ca vitamin: 1g - caroten tng ng 1,67
triu U.I vitamin A v hot ng vitamin ca 0,6 g - caroten gn bng 0,3 g vitamin A.
Tin vitamin A ny rt nhy cm vi khng kh, nhit nh sng v m (De Saint
Blanquat,1984).
Lycopen
L mt cht mu ca tri cy chn, c bit trong mng qu Momordica
cochinchinensis. N th hin hp ph quang ph cc i 446, 472 v 505 nm (i vi
dng trans); Hp cht ny ha tan trong chloroform v bezen, gn nh khng ha tan trong
methanol v tanol (De Saint- Blanquat,1984).
Du Gc nhiu lycopen n mc c th t kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th, y l cht
carotenoit c kh nng chng lo ho rt mnh v v hiu ha 75% cc cht gy ung th.
y cng l carotenoit duy nht c kh nng ngn nga c chng nhi mu c tim v bo
v Gen khi b tn thng (c th khng t tng hp c cht ny)
Xanthophil
L cc sc t rt gn vi carotnoit, thng thng vi s thay th gc hydroxin hay

xton trn nhn (Hnh 2.8). Chng phn tn trong cc l cy v trong cc cnh hoa vi hm
lng gn 10% so vi cht mu c . Kh nng ho tan ca n trong tanol ln hn
carotnoit (Linden v Lorient, 1994)
2.2.2 Tnh cht
2.2.2.1
Tnh cht vt l
Du Gc l mt cht lng mu sm.

a) T trng:
T trng ca du Gc nh hn nc, ddu = 0.46 0.97 200C cn dnc = 1 200C. T
trng ca du Gc tng vi gim khi lng phn t v tng theo bt bo ha c trong
chui.
b) Ch s khc x:
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
13
Bo co ti:
Ch s khc x D = 1.474 1.748, ch s khc x cng ln, mc khng no cng
ln.
c) nht:
Du Gc c tnh nht, nhit cng cao tnh nht cng gim.
d) Tnh tan:
Du Gc ha tan tt trong ether du ha, etanone, chlorofom v axeton, khng tan

trong nc v cn lnh. (Ng Th Thu, 2004).
e) Nhit dung ring:
Nhit dung ring ca du Gc trung bnh C = 0.4 0.5
2.2.2.2
Tnh cht ha hc
a)
Phn ng thy phn
Vi s hin din ca nc hoc hi nc, du b thu phn gii phng acid bo v

glyxerin. Phn ng c xc tc axid v c hay enzim. Thc cht qu trnh thu phn xy ra
qua 3 giai on, trong mi giai on l mt phn ng thun nghch.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
14
Bo co ti:
Giai on 1:
CH2OCOR1
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOCOR2
CH2OCOR3
Triglyceride
+ R1COOH
CH2OCOR3
Diglyceride
Giai on 2:
CH2OH
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOCOR2
CH2OCOR3
Diglyceride
+ R3COOH
CH2OH
Monoglyceride
Giai on 3:
CH2OH
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOH
CH2OH
Monoglyceride
+ R2COOH
CH2OH
Glycerin
b)
Phn ng x phng ho
Tc dng x phng ho iu kin t0, p, xc tc thch hp.

CH2OCOR
CHOCOR
CH2OH
+
3H2O
CH2OCOR
RCOOH
+ 3RCOOH
CH2OH
+
NaOH
Phng trnh tng qut:

CH2OCOR
CHOCOR
CHOH
3NaOH
CH2OCOR
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
RCOONa
H2 O
CH2OH
CHOH
+ 3RCOONa
CH2OH
15
Bo co ti:
c)
Phn ng oxi ha.
Khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh, glyxerit, acid bo c th tc dng vi oxi ch yu theo
mch cacbon. Kt qu ca qu trnh oxi ho ny lm xut hin nhng cht mi c tnh cht
mi. Cc sn phm thng l peroxyt, cetoacid
Nu qu trnh oxi ha khng su, s thay i ch yu l tnh cht cm quan nh mi,
v ca du m. Nhng thay i ny gi l s i hng ca du m, thng xy ra khi bo
cc iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh oxi ho.
Trong mt s trng hp khc, qu trnh xi ha su th trong du m xut hin
nhng tnh cht ho, l mi. T du oxi ho mnh c th nhn c cc vt liu qu. Sn
phm ca oxi ha du c th chia lm 3 nhm:
Sn phm ca s phn hu gc cacbuahydro ca acid bo cha no.
Sn phm c cc nhm chc cha oxy.
Sn phm cha cc acid bo b polymer ho hoc trng hp, trong phn t ca

chng c cc nhm chc cha oxy.
d) Phn ng hydrogen ha
Trong cc iu kin thch hp (p sut cao, nhit cao v Niken xc tc) cc acid
bo khng bo ha s thc hin phn ng cng vi H 2 (Hydrogen) chuyn ni i thnh
ni n v chuyn ng phn t dng Cis sang Trans.
2.2.3 Gi tr ca du Gc
Ngi Vit Nam s dng mn qu ny lm thuc b cho ph n mang thai, cho con
b, phng nga v trnh thiu vitamin A, bnh kh mt, bnh qung g tr em. Bn
cnh , du Gc cn lm lnh nhanh chng cc vt thng, vt bng v l lot (V nh
Trc (1986) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)).
Bi Minh c v cng s (2004); Ng Th Thu (2004); Nguyn Cng Sut (2002)
ch ra rng du gc gp phn lm tng kh nng min dch, chng li s lo ha ca t
bo v chng li qu trnh oxy ha. Hn na, nhng tc gi ny cng ch ra vai tr loi b
cc tc ng c hi ca mi trng nh cc cht c ha hc, tia phng x.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
16
Bo co ti:
Nguyn Cng Sut (2003) cho rng thnh phn - carotene, lycopen v vitamin E
trong du Gc c tc ng trung ha 75% cc cht gy ung th, c bit i vi bnh ung
th v.
2.2.4 Phng php khai thc du Gc
Theo Tt Li (1991), hin nay c 3 phng php khai thc du Gc, tuy theo quy
m cng nghip v iu kin sn xut m la chn phng php thch hp, nhng trc khi
khai thc mng ca Gc phi c sy 60 700C v c nghin thnh bt.
2.2.4.1
Phng php truyn thng
Trong trng hp chng ta mun s dng du Gc trong gia nh hay trong mt thi
gian ngn, chng ta c th s dng m heo hay du u phng trch ly. u tin cc cht
ny phi un nng nhit 60 700C, tip theo bt Gc c a vo. Nh vo cng on
ny, cc lipit cha trong bt Gc ha tan trong m hay du u phng ri chng c tch ra
loi b b. Du ny c gi trong mt l kn trnh nh sng.
Nhc im: a thm c thnh phn Cholesterol vo trong du Gc (trong m heo
hay u phng c nhiu Cholesterol) nh hng n sc khe.

u im: d thc hin, khng i hi thit b phc tp v k thut cao.
2.2.4.2
Phng php trch ly bng dung mi
Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

hin bng khuyn tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v khuyn
tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu t dung mi)
Nhc im: s dng nhiu dung mi trong qu trnh trch ly nn nh hng n
sc khe.
u im: phng php ny c hiu sut trch ly cao hn, t gy nh hng n cc
nhng thnh phn c gi tr nh: - Caroten, Lycopen, Tocopherol (Vitamin E),

y l phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay trong sn xut cng nh trong
nghin cu.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
17
Bo co ti:
2.3 Tng qut v cng ngh trch ly cht bo
2.3.1 c im ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Da vo tnh ha tan tt ca du trong dung mi hu c nh xng, n Hexan hay
ether m ngi ta trch ly du ra khi bt nghin chng sy, s lng dung mi theo t l
thch hp.
2.3.2 Bn cht ca phng php trch ly cht bo
Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

hin bng khuch tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v khuch
tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu vo dung mi)
Lc u, dung mi ch ha tan lp du trn b mt bt. Sau mi thm su vo bn
trong, tip tc ha tan du trong cc ng mao qun to ra mixen (dung dch du trong dung
mi). Mixen c lm sch bng phng php lng, lc v ly tm. Chng ct mixen c
du th v dung mi thu hi.
Qu trnh ha tan du vo dung mi din ra cho n khi t n s cn bng nng
mixen cc lp bn trong v bn ngoi ca nguyn liu.Vic to ra s chch lch thng
xuyn n nh gia nng mixen trong nguyn liu vo bn ngoi nh dng dung mi
chuyn ng (do bm) mang nguyn liu trch ly.
(Ngun Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt trng H Cng Nghip
TP.HCM)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
18
Bo co ti:
2.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh trch ly
2.3.3.1
Nguyn liu
a) Mc ph v ca m:
Mc c hc hay l hc ca cc m nh hng ngc li trn nng sut trch ly.
y l mt nhn t c bn y nhanh v lm trit tin trnh trch ly bi dung mi. Vi cu
trc t bo hon ton b ph v, cc phn t c th tip xc hon ton vi dung mi (Kitrigin,
1976)
i vi kch c v dng cc phn t nguyn liu, tht r rng rng c mt mi li
nhn i khi thc hin cng vic trn cc phn t mn: qu trnh thm thu s nhanh hn.
Ngoi ra, vi kch c v hnh dng thch hp, qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc phn t trong
my trch ly s d dng hn. Du vy, nh ca cc phn t cng phi c gii hn: mt
kch c nh qu mc s lm gim kh nng thm ca lp vt liu rn vo dung mi, do lm
tt cc ng mao dn, cn tr tin trnh trch ly mt vi v tr, ni m dung mi khng th
thm qua.
Theo Kitrigin (1976), kch c ca cc phn t thch hp cho trch ly du t 0,5mm
n 9 mm.
b) m ca cc phn t:
m cao s lm chm qu trnh khuych tn v gy ra s dnh bt gia cc phn t.
Nc cn li trong nguyn liu s lin kt protin v cc cht ho nc khc, iu ny ngn
chn s thm ca dung mi, lm chm qu trnh khuych tn phn t v i lu.
Cc loi ht khc nhau c m thch hp ring trong trch ly bng dung mi. Theo
Kitrigin (1976), m thch hp ca ht hng dng t 8% n 10% trong xng, trong khi
m ca u nnh l 14% trong tanol (L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
19
Bo co ti:
2.3.3.2
T l dung mi v nguyn liu
Vi khi lng nguyn liu ban u c nh, khi lng dung mi gia tng, qu trnh
trch ly din ra nhanh chng v lng du cn li trong b s gim.
Bermardini (1997) ch ra rng lng dung mi c tm quan trng trn hm lng
dch trch ly n t l dung mi: ht du ( th tch: khi lng ) 18 : 1, i vi ht hng
dng, u phng, s gia tng trn t l ny lm hiu sut trch ly tng chm v nu t l trn
88 : 1 nng sut trch ly l mt hng s.
2.3.3.3
Nhit trch ly
Nhit tc ng phc tp, nhit gia tng lm tng hiu sut trch ly.
Nhng nhit qu cao s c tc ng ngc li bi vic lm bin tnh cc sn phm
cn trch ly.
2.3.3.4
Thi gian trch ly
S ko di ca thi gian ko theo s gia tng nng sut trch ly, nhng khng nn ko
di v iu ny s khng lm gia tng hiu sut ln bao nhiu, bi v du cn li trong b
ngy cng gim.
Theo Bernardini (1997), mt lng ln du c trch ly trong 4 gi trch ly u tin.
y l thi im kt thc qu trnh trch ly thch hp lng du ly ra tng i nhiu
nht m khng tiu hao nhiu nng lng v dung mi.
2.3.3.5
Loi dung mi
Nhiu dung mi nh benzen, etanol, propan, butan, freon, axetone, n Hexan, ether
du ha ... c s dng trch ly du Gc. Th nhng dung mi c s dng thng
thng nht l n Hexan.
Vic la chn dung mi da trn cc vn sau: hng s in mi, l mt du hiu
tt cho phn cc, im si, hay cc ch s khc nh kh nng trn ln vi cc dung mi
khc hay tnh d dng lm sch n (West, 1984 c trch dn bi Richard v Multon,
1992).
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
20
Bo co ti:
Trong thc t khng tn ti dung mi l tng, nhng chn la dung mi s dng
phi da vo cc yu cu sau y :
Gi thnh khng t: chi ph v s mt mt c gii hn.
Trch ly c chn lc v d dng.
Tr vi my mc v t h hng, hm lng bn thp.
Khng c kh nng chy n, t c
Bng 2.3 Cc loi dung mi c th s dng trch ly cht bo

S th t
1
Dung mi
N Hexan
Khi lng phn t

86,18
im si (OC)
69
Acetone
58,08
56,2
Diethyl ether
76,15
60
Cn
46,07
78,5
Cloroform
119,38
61,7
Tc chy ca dung mi
2.3.3.6
Thng s ny nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn phn t v i lu. Tc gia

tng lm tng chnh lch nng gia mixen trong nguyn liu v mixen t do. Nh vy,
chng ta c th rt ngn thi gian v lm tng hiu sut trch ly thng qua vic iu chnh tc
chy ca dung mi.
2.4 Cc phng php trch ly
2.4.1 Trch ly gin on (ngm chit)
Nguyn liu v dung mi c cho vo ngm mt thi gian nht nh chit mixen ra,
cho dung mi mi vo ngm chit v c th cho n khi nng mixen t n gi tr cn
bng.
Nhc im: thi gian di v nng mixen thp.
u im: nguyn liu tip xc trc tip vi dung mi nn d dng cho vic kho st
nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly. Thit b n gin, d s dng.

2.4.2Trch ly lin tc
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
21
Bo co ti:
y c xem l phng php ph bin hn do c hiu sut cao v thi gian ngn, n
c thc hin bng cch ngm nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng ngc chiu
hoc di ti lin tc, nhiu t dung mi hoc mixen long ln lp nguyn liu chuyn
ng.
Nhc im: H s s dung thit b thp (45%), c th d chy n hn khi dung mi
tip xc vi khng kh trong thit b, h thng tun hon dung mi phc tp, phi
dng bm nhiu.
u im: nng mixen cao, t l s dng dung mi v nguyn liu gim, ng thi
mixen thu c sch hn do n c t lc bi lp nguyn liu trch ly.

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng c hai phng php. Giai on u, ngm
nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng. Giai on hai l ti dung mi sch hoc
mixen long ln nguyn liu. Nh vy, c th tn dng c nhng u im ca hai phng
php.
(Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM
2009)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
22
Bo co ti:
CHNG 3
VT LIU V
PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti

Thi gian: T ngy 04/05/2009 n ngy 15/06/2009
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
23
Bo co ti:
a im: Ti c s th nghim Trng Cao ng Cng Nghip Thc Phm Thnh Ph
H Ch Minh.
3.2 Vt liu nghin cu
3.2.1 Nguyn liu

Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b h
hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn (Hnh 3.1). Ni mua: Gc mua ti ch u
mi Nng Sn Hc Mn, TP.HCM
Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc Trc khi ch bin
Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc trc khi ch bin
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
24
Bo co ti:
3.2.2 Ha cht, dng c, thit b
Ha cht
3.2.2.1
Ha cht dng trong th nghim ch yu l dung mi dng trch ly. Chng ti s

dng 4 loi dung mi trch ly l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone v Cn.
Bng 3.1 Mt s thng tin v dung mi
Nhit
tinh
Ngun
n Hexan
Diethyl ether
Acetone
si (0C)
69
60
58,08
khit (%)
99,5
99,5
99,5
gc
TQ
TQ
TQ
Cn
78,5
98
VN
STT
Tn dung mi
1
2
3
4
3.2.2.2
Ni bn
Nm SX
ng T
2003
2003
2008
Hin Thnh,
qun 10,
2009
TP.HCM
Dng c, Thit b
Dng c: b Soxhlet, b bnh cu v ng sinh hn (Ph lc 26, trang 73)

Thit b: My iu nhit (Ph lc 26, trang 75)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
25
Bo co ti:
3.3 Phng php nghin cu
3.3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh trch ly du Gc c kho st trong ti
3.3.1.1 S cng ngh

Gc ti
X l
Phi, sy
To = 60 70oC
Thi gian = 7 8 gi
m ca bt = 8 10%
Nghin nh
Ry
Dung
mi
Trch ly
Dung mi
= 0.5 1mm
m ca bt = 8 10 %
T l nguyn liu:dung mi = 1:14
Thu hi dung mi
Du th
Hnh 3.2 S cng ngh trch ly du Gc bng dung mi
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
26
Bo co ti:
3.3.1.2
Thuyt minh s cng ngh
a) Nguyn liu
Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b h
hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn.
Qu Gc mua ti ch u mi nng sn Hc Mn.
b) X l
Qu Gc c ch bin thu ly mng Gc, bng cch: qu Gc c ch i, tch
mng , b ht.
c) Phi, sy
Sau khi tch ly mng, ta em mng Gc i phi lm gim m v rt ngn thi
gian trong qu trnh sy. Sau , mng Gc c em sy 60 700C trong vng 7 8 gi
n khi m t 8 10 %
d) Nghin nh v ry
Mng Gc sau khi sy t c m 8 10 %, c em i nghin nh ri ry
( kch thc l ry 0.5 1 mm ). Phn khng lt ry ta em nghin li v tip tc ry n khi
khng cn Gc trn ry t kch thc cn thit.
e) Trch ly
Bc 1: em cn 5g bt Gc c nghin nh gi vo giy lc (3gi x 5g) v cho
vo bnh cu.
Bc 2: ong dung mi v cho vo bnh cu (vi t l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 :
14), sau gn ng sinh hn ln.
Bc 3: tin hnh trch ly bng phng php ngm chit.
(Cu to ca h thng trch ly ph lc 26, trang73)
f) Thu hi dung mi
Sau khi trch ly xong ta thu c mt hn hp gm du v dung mi (Mixen). Tin
hnh thu hi dung mi bng b chng ct Soxhlet bng cch gia nhit 80 0C, dung mi c
nhit si thp hn nhit si ca du s bay hi qua h thng ng sinh hn. Sau dung
mi s c ngng t trong ng chit, ta ly c dung mi thu hi. Kt thc qu trnh thu
hi, ta thu c du th.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
27
Bo co ti:
3.3.2 Phng php b tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th nghim

hon ton ngu nhin. Trong ti th nghim ny, chng ti ch tp trung kho st cng
on trch ly du Gc (c th l hiu sut trch ly), cn cc cng on khc c c nh cc
thng s. Qu trnh nghin cu c b tr thnh ba th nghim chnh:
Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly.
Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly.
Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du cn
li trong nguyn liu.

Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu sut
3.3.2.1
trch ly
Du Gc tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc. Do vy, chng ti kho st 4
loi dung mi l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone, Cn. (Bng 3.1, trang 25)
a) Mc ch
Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi khc nhau ln hiu sut trch ly tm ra
loi dung mi cho hiu sut trch ly cao nht, nhng t nh hng n cht lng ca du
gc.
b) Phng php b tr th nghim
Th nghim 1 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th
nghim hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca dung mi ln hiu
sut trch ly bn mc nhit c nh khc nhau tm ra loi dung mi trch ly thch hp
nht. V cc dung mi c em kho st c nhit si chch lch khc nhau (t 50 0C n
800C) nn da trn c s , th nghim 1 c chia thnh 4 th nghim nh, c b tr nh
sau:
Th nghim 1.1: Kho st nh hng ca 4 loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch
ly nhit c nh l 50OC
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
28
Bo co ti:
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
1
2
3
(Loi dung mi)

Cn
Acetone
Diethyl ether
n Hexan
Yu t c nh
Nhit : 50OC
Kch thc phn t bt Gc: = 0,5 1mm
T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
ly nhit c nh l 60OC
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
1
2
3
(Loi dung mi)

Cn
Acetone
Diethyl ether
n Hexan
Yu t c nh
Nhit : 60OC
ly nhit c nh l 70OC
th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
70OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n
sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
(Loi dung mi)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Yu t c nh
29
Bo co ti:
1
2
Cn
Acetone
Nhit : 70OC
n Hexan
ly nhit c nh l 80OC
th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
80OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n
sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
Yu t c nh
1
2
(Loi dung mi)

Cn
Acetone
Nhit : 80OC
n Hexan
Th nghim 1 gm 16 nghim thc, mi nghim thc c lp li ba ln m bo

tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c loi dung mi tt nht v s dng
dung mi thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.
c) Cc ch tiu theo di
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo hiu sut
trch ly (H%).
Cch tnh ton H% (xem ph lc 22, trang 69)
d) Phng php x l s liu
Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft
Excel.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
30
Bo co ti:
Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
3.3.2.2
Khi tm c loi dung mi ti u nht th nghim 1, th nghim 2 chng ti kho

st su hn v nhit .
a)
Mc ch
Tm ra nhit trch ly ti u vi loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th

nghim 1) hiu sut trch ly cao nht nht.
Th nghim 2 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th nghim
hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch
ly cc mc nhit khc nhau l : 50 0C; 550C; 600C; 650C; 700C; 750C; 800C; 850C
tm ra nhit trch ly thch hp nht. Da trn c s th nghim 2 c b tr nh sau:
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Nghim thc
1
2
3
4
5
Yu t thay i
(Nhit )
50OC
55OC
60OC
65OC
70OC
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Yu t c nh
Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1
31
Bo co ti:
75OC
80OC
85OC
6
7
8

tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c nhit trch ly tt nht v s dng
nhit thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo
Hiu sut trch ly (H%).
Lng dung mi hao ht (%)
Cch tnh ton (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)

Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft
Excel.
3.3.2.3
Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng
du cn li trong nguyn liu
a) Mc ch
Tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du trong nguyn liu vi
loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th nghim 1) v nhit ti u nht (va kho st
th nghim 2), t tm ra thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly sao cho hiu
sut trch ly l cao nht v lng dung mi hao ht thch hp.
th nghim ny, kho st mi quan h gia hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu
vi thi gian trch ly cc mc thi gian khc nhau l : 60 pht; 90 pht; 120 pht; 150
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
32
Bo co ti:
pht; 180 pht; 210 pht; 240 pht; 270 pht; 300 pht tm ra thi im thch hp nht
dng qu trnh trch ly. Da trn c s th nghim 3 c b tr nh sau:
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Yu t thay i
(Thi gian: pht)
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Yu t c nh
Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1

Nhit : va kho st th nghim 2

tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta tm ra c thi im thch hp dng qu trnh
trch ly.
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo:
Lng du cn li trong nguyn liu theo thi gian (%)

Cch tnh ton cc ch tiu (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)
Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng trnh hi quy trn phn mm Microsoft
Excel tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du cn li trong nguyn
liu.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
33
Bo co ti:
CHNG 4
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
34
Bo co ti:
KT QU
V THO LUN
4.1 Kt qu kho st cc thng s k thut ca nguyn liu

4.1.1 Cc thng s vt l ca nguyn liu
Kt qu thu c c th hin trong Ph lc 1, 2 trang 51, 52 v Bng 4.1, 4.2 ch

ra cc s liu x l.
Bng 4.1 Kch c v cu ca qu Gc
Thng s
Gi tr
a (cm)
15,15 2,45
b (cm)
13,03 1,45
c (cm)
12,57 1,63
0,90 0,07
Vi
a
: Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
: Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
35
Bo co ti:
c
: Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)
: cao ca qu Gc
S liu Bng 4.1 ch ra rng qu Gc c hnh trn hoc elp, chiu di l 12

18cm, chiu rng 11 15cm v cu khong 0,83 0,97.
Khi lng qu t khong 0,6 1,4 kg. Mi qu bao gm khong 40 55% tht qu,
18 31% mng v 8 13% ht. iu ny c th hin trong Bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2 Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc
Thnh phn
Qu
Khi lng (g)

1010,5 365,8
T l (%)
100
Tht qu
485,4 201,4
47,49 7,52
Mng ht
252,4 126,6
24,46 6,11
Ht
98,12 31,8
10,21 2,65
184,88 91,3
18,83 7,46
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
36
Bo co ti:
4.1.2 Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca nguyn liu
Thnh phn ch yu ca mng Gc bao gm nc vo cht bo. Hm lng lipide v

hm lng nc ca mng ht c th hin trong Bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3 Hm lng nc v du ca mng ti v mng kh trong qu Gc
Thnh
phn
Mng ti
Hm lng Hm lng
Hm lng
Mng kh
Hm lng
ng
nc
nc
du
8%
78,41%
9,33%
38.01%
Gi tr
Hm lng
Caroten
15,89 mg/100g
bt Gc
Mng Gc ti cha hm lng nc cao, chim khong 78,41%. Sau 7 gi sy, m

ca n gim cn 9,33% 0,28%. m ny, sau 5 gi trch ly Soxhlet, chng ti
xc nh c 36,6 39,9 % du. Nh vy, trch ly du Gc bng dung mi l mt phng
php thch hp.
4.2 Kt qu th nghim kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly
4.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly
Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly ca bn loi dung mi
cc mc nhit khc nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05) (Ph lc
10 v 11, trang 59)
cc mc nhit khc nhau, cn c kh nng trch ly thp nht, trong khi n
Hexan l dung mi trch ly c nhiu du nht. iu c m t c th th (Hnh
4.1). C th c th hin trong Ph lc 5, trang 57 v bng 4.4
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
37
Bo co ti:
Bng 4.4 Bng so snh hiu sut trch ly ca Cn v n Hexan cc nhit
khc nhau
Nhit
500C
600C
700C
800C
Cn
26,9529 %
35,8293 %
43,0542 %
52,3769 %
n Hexan
65,2071 %
68,7751 %
71,0507 %
80,6186 %
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn n Hexan l dung mi trch ly thch

hp nht trch ly du Gc.
90
80
70
Hi u su t (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cn
Axetone
Di ethyl ether
n-Hexan
50
60
70
80
Nhi t (oC)
Hnh 4.1 S thay i hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi theo nhng nhit
khc nhau
4.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
38
Bo co ti:
Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit khc
nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05). (Ph lc 12, trang 59)
Khi nhit cng tng th hiu sut trch ly cng tng:
T 50OC 80OC: hiu sut trch ly tng nhanh
T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm
Bi v, nhit cng cao th du cng linh ng nn du v dung mi d ha tan vo
nhau, lng du s trch ly ra nhiu hn. Mt khc, nhit gip cho qu trnh trch ly d dng
bng cch ph hy mng t bo bi vic lm bin tnh mng t bo v bi cc bt kh to
thnh, n lm tng kh nng ho tan ca bt Gc cn trch ly; Nhit cao lm gim nht
ca du nn vic chuyn du t t bo vo dung mi s d dng hn.
iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.2)
80
75
Hiu sut (%)
70
65
60
55
50
45
50
55
60
65
70
Nhit (oC)
75
80
85
4.2 S
thaykho
i hiu
sut dung
trch mi
ly hao
cc ht:
mc nhit khc nhau
Ngoi Hnh
ra, chng
ti cn
st lng
T 50OC 65OC: lng dung mi hao ht t
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
39
Bo co ti:
T 65OC 85OC: lng dung mi hao ht nhiu
iu c m t c th th (Ph lc 8, trang 58 v Hnh 4.3)
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
50
55
60
65
70
Nhit (oC)
75
80
85
Hnh 4.3 Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau
Vi kt qu nh trn, chng ti thy rng:
T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm, nhng lng dung mi hao ht qu
nhiu. iu ny nh hng n tnh kinh t.
T 55OC 80OC: lng dung mi hao ht khng nhiu, nhng hiu sut trch ly li
khng cao.
Nu nhit trch ly cao qu th hm lng - Caroten, lycopen, tocopherol

(vitamin E),trong du gc s gim.
Nu nhit trch ly thp qu th hiu sut trch ly khng cao, hm lng du trong
b cn nhiu.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
40
Bo co ti:
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 80OC l nhit trch ly ti u nht.
4.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du
cn li trong nguyn liu
Thi gian cng di th hm lng du cn li trong b cng t. Trong 4 gi u tin,
lng du ny n t cc t bo b ph v do qu trnh nghin. Khi thi gian cng tng th
hm lng du trong v ngoi t bo s cng i n trng thi cn bng. Khi t n trng
thi cn bng th qu trnh trch ly khng xy ra, do hiu sut trch ly s gim.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: hm lng du cn li trong b gim nhanh.
T 4 gi - 5 gi: hm lng du trong b gim chm
Lng du cn li (%)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
Thi gian (h)
4.5
Hnh 4.4 Lng du cn li cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian trch ly cng tng th lng dung mi hao ht cng nhiu.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng chm
T 4 gi - 5 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng nhanh
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
41
Bo co ti:
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
1
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
Thi gian (h)
4.5
Hnh 4.5 Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Ngoi ra, vn cn mt lng nh du sau 5 gi trch ly (gn 7%). Du Gc l mt sn

phm qu gi (2.000.000 VN/l), nh vy cn phi tnh ton mt cch k lng mi li kinh
t xc nh thi gian trch ly ph hp.
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 4 gi l thi gian trch ly thch hp nht
v cng chnh l thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly.
T chng ti xy dng phng trnh hi quy v mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly
v hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu. iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.6)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
42
Hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu (%)
Bo co ti:
60.00
50.00
y =1.762x2 - 21.681x +70.157

R2 =0.9926
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Thi gian trch ly (gi)
Hnh 4.6 Mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du

cn li trong nguyn liu
Kt lun chung:
Qua tt c nhng th nghim tin hnh kho st, chng ti nhn thy rng trch ly
du Gc t hiu qu tt nht th cc thng s ti u nht l:
Loi dung mi trch ly l
: n Hexan
Nhit trch ly
: 800C
Thi gian trch ly l
: 4 gi
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
43
Bo co ti:
4.3 Kt qu kho st tnh cht ca du Gc thu c
xc nh cc c im ho, l v cc thng s khc, trong qu trnh kho xc,

chng ti thu c 300g du Gc bn thnh phm.
Tnh cht vt l
Du Gc c dng lng mu sm, vi mt mi thm d chu v kh c trng. Sau
khi trch ly, du ny c cha trong chai thy tinh, mu nu, trnh nh sng. iu ny c
ch ra trong (Hnh 4.7)
Hnh 4.7 Du Gc sau khi trch ly
4.3.1 Cc ch tiu ho hc
Kt qu xc nh cc c tnh ho hc c ch ra trong Bng 4.4.

Bng 4.4 c tnh ho hc ca du Gc
Ch s
Gi tr
Acid
(mg KOH/1g)
1,62
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Peroxide
(m.eq
peroxide/1kg)
0,36
Caroten
(mg/100g)
14,29
44
Bo co ti:
4.3.2.1
Ch s Acid
Du Gc c ch s axit thp, gi tr ny cao hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh v

cng s (2004), nhng n li thp hn ch s axit ca cc du thng thng nh du u
nnh (max = 6), du hng dng (max = 4) (Codex Alimentarius Commission (1993) trch
dn bi ENSAI (2004)). Ngoi ra, ch s axit ca du Gc p ng c quy nh ca B Y
T Vit Nam (1998) ( 6).
Vy th, du Gc thu c c tinh sch v c kh nng n nh iu kin mi
trng.
4.3.2.2
Ch s Peroxide
Ch s peroxit l 0,36, gi tr ny thp hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng

s (2004) (8,48), gi tr ny tha mn quy nh ca B Y T (1998) ( 5).
4.3.2.3
Hm lng caroten ca du Gc
caroten th hin mnh m c tnh chng oxy ho, chim mt s lng ng k

trong du Gc thu c. Kt qu phn tch cho thy rng hm lng ca tin vitamin A ny
chim 0,12 % so vi lng du tng cng. Gi tr ny ngang bng gi tr ca du c m
Zagr v cng s (2003) s dng nghin cu chng li hin tng thiu vtamin A
Burkina. Nh vy, iu ny xc nhn thm mt ln na vai tr ca du Gc v tnh hiu qu
ca vic trch ly bng dung mi.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
45
Bo co ti:
CHNG 5
KT LUN
V NGH
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
46
Bo co ti:
5.1 Kt lun:
Kt qu thu c cho php chng ti kt lun rng:
Mng Gc thuc loi t du (36,6 39,9 %).
Kh nng trch ly ca cc dung mi khc nhau, n Hexan l dung mi thch hp nht
trch ly du Gc.
Nhit cng gia tng, lng du Gc c trch ly cng d dng. Tuy nhin, cn
trnh trch ly nhit qu cao s gy nh hng n cht lng du Gc v gy tht thot
dung mi nh hng n gi tr kinh t. V qua qu trnh kho st, chng ti chn nghim
thc 800C v t l dung mi : nguyn liu l 14 : 1 l thch hp nht.
Thi gian trch ly nh hng c ngha n nng sut trch ly. Nhng sau 4 gi ly
trch, vn cn gn 7% du trong b.
Sn phm du Gc l dng bn thnh phm. C cha mt hm lng caroten
(14.29mg/100g cht th), cng vi cc c tnh l ha (ch s axit: 1,62 ; ch s peroxyt
0,36) xc nhn tnh hiu qu ca phng php trch ly bng n Hexan.
5.2 ngh
Do gii hn v mt thi gian, iu kin trang thit b cng nh iu kin kinh t nn

th nghim vn cha c thc hin hon chnh. hon thin quy trnh ang nghin cu
chng ti c mt s ngh nh sau:
Kho st vi lng mu ln hn c kt qu tt hn.
Nghin cu cc thng s cc cng on kho st (hm lng carotenoid, hm
lng cc tp cht khng ha tan, )
S dng kt hp hai phng php trch ly gin on v trch ly lin tc c hiu
sut trch ly cao hn.
Nghin cu v vn tinh luyn du Gc.
Thit k bao b trch h hng cc cht : Beta caroten, lycopen, vitamin E
(Tocopherol), .
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
47
Bo co ti:
Ngoi ra, mt s hiu bit r rng v cc loi Momordica cochinchinensis, v hm
lng Carotenoide cc chn khc nhau tht cn thit t c ngun nguyn liu tt.
Cng tht quan trng nghin cu sy chn khng gim s mt mt cc cht
chng oxy ha.
nng cao gi tr ca qu Gc, cn nghin cu v s dng du Gc lm mu
thc phm hay thc phm chc nng, nghin cu ch bin cc sn phm t tht qu v phn
tch thnh phn ca b.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
48
Bo co ti:
PH LC
Ph lc 1
Kch c v cu ca qu Gc (Momodica Cochinchinensis)
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
49
Bo co ti:
Thng s
1
a (cm)
14,73
b (cm)
13,61
c (cm)
12,83
0,93
17,99
14,15
13,10
0,83
16,31
15,51
16,22
0,98
12,00
11,26
10,81
0,95
15,02
13,94
12,98
0,93
14,99
15,20
13,96
0,98
14,43
13,76
14,04
0,98
18,78
13,00
12,79
0,87
16,82
13,21
12,54
0,84
10
20,29
13,56
14,08
0,77
11
12,29
12,00
11,75
0,98
12
12,57
11,17
10,56
0,91
13
13,51
11,60
10,82
0,88
14
13,81
12,85
11,95
0,93
15
Trung bnh
Sai s
13,75
15,15
2,45
10,71
13,03
1,45
10,15
12,57
1,63
0,83
0,90
0,07
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
50
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 2
Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc
Tng
Qu
Tht qu
Mng ht
Ht
cng
(g)
1169,31
(g)
623,37
(%)
53,31
(g)
285,23
(%)
24,39
(g)
125,61
(%)
10,74
(g)
135,10
(%)
11,55
1314,17
653,35
49,72
390,70
29,73
98,75
7,51
171,37
13,04
1705,38
894,78
52,47
508,75
29,83
163,72
9,60
138,13
8,10
578,69
245,50
42,42
142,41
24,61
56,21
9,71
134,57
23,25
1044,56
675,46
64,66
177,79
17,02
86,10
8,24
258,54
24,75
610,27
250,62
41,07
145,77
23,89
85,41
14,00
128,47
21,05
1342,72
522,13
38,89
392,19
29,21
157,20
11,71
271,20
20,20
1364,22
629,30
46,13
382,30
28,02
84,84
6,22
267,78
19,63
1117,13
632,04
56,58
136,27
12,20
98,43
8,81
250,38
22,41
10
1410,90
569,05
40,33
365,58
25,91
85,03
6,03
391,24
27,73
11
604,14
253,28
41,92
189,78
31,41
54,72
9,06
106,36
17,61
12
605,12
300,54
49,67
104,33
17,24
70,35
11,63
129,90
21,47
13
750,15
400,12
53,34
234,75
31,29
95,00
12,66
20,28
2,70
14
820,05
340,14
41,48
214,64
26,17
120,11
14,65
145,16
17,70
15
Trung bnh
Sai s
720,44
1010,48
365,76
290,54
485,35
201,53
40,33
47,49
7,52
114,76
252,35
126,55
15,93
24,46
6,11
90,35
98,12
31,81
12,54
10,21
2,65
224,79
184,88
91,27
31,20
18,83
7,46
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
51
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 3
Kt qu so mu xc nh hm lng Caroten o bc sng 450nm
STT
OD
Hm lng Caroten
ng nghim
1
0,949
(mg/100g cht th)

16,60
0,885
15,60
0,840
14,60
0,766
13,60
0,721
12,60
0,657
11,60
0,598
10,60
0,532
9,60
0,483
8,60
10
0,429
7,60
11
0,368
6,60
12
0,322
5,60
13
0,250
4,60
14
0,192
3,60
15
0,146
2,60
16
0,080
1,60
17
0,034
0,66
18
0,020
0,33
19
0,012
0,16
20
0,000
0,00
Phng trnh ng chun l:

y = 17,497x + 0,0901
R2 = 0,9996
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
52
Bo co ti:
Hm lng Caroten (mg/100g cht th)
18
y = 17.497x + 0.0901
16
R = 0.9996
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
OD
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
53
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 4
Kt qu hm lng du Gc xc nh bng phng php Soxhlet
Loi Gc
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
39.3463
34.3452
38.7141
37.4685
1.5723
38.9107
43.6899
37.0970
39.8992
1.9663
36.9379
34.3337
38.6948
36.6555
1.2668
54
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 5
Hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi cc nhit khc nhau
Loi dung mi
50
60
70
80
Nhit (0C)
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Cn 980
Aceton
Dietyether
n_Hexan
22.4960
26.5920
31.7707
26.9529
2.6834
41.3973
32.8373
33.2533
35.8293
2.7866
43.5307
42.2453
43.3867
43.0542
0.4066
55.2640
52.5120
49.3547
52.3769
1.7072
55.2587
58.5920
60.3627
58.0711
1.4962
71.9253
63.0667
63.8080
66.2667
2.8374
65.5680
58.4640
67.5147
63.8489
2.7505
67.3120
68.6880
62.3200
66.1067
1.9346
68.2347
56.4373
53.7013
59.4578
4.4590
69.7973
69.1413
64.2987
67.7458
1.7339
72.9280
58.5920
64.1013
65.2071
4.1752
77.3920
65.1093
63.8240
68.7751
4.3244
70.9227
69.2587
72.9707
71.0507
1.0735
72.6453
84.5973
84.6133
80.6186
3.9867
55
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 6 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc nhit khc nhau

Nhit (0C)
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
50.1326
44.8431
42.9515
45.9757
2.1490
49.9174
50.9783
48.6814
49.8590
0.6637
63.4689
50.2177
50.8382
54.8416
4.3174
64.6449
55.1519
54.3662
58.0543
3.3031
65.4707
60.3613
55.3721
60.4014
2.9153
72.6518
64.8952
57.0785
64.8752
4.4956
73.9779
69.8694
71.4958
71.7810
1.1946
70.9372
73.4374
74.4583
737744
2.6750
Ph lc 7 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian(gi)
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
51.8692
48.8338
53.1771
51.2934
1.2864
60.3978
54.3597
54.8174
56.5250
1.9409
70.9428
64.8283
64.1362
66.6358
2.1628
65.3188
76.6322
74.5668
72.1726
3.4784
75.6567
78.3869
80.4523
78.1653
1.3888
86.9973
88.1907
78.3379
84.5086
3.1045
92.1962
91.8583
87.1172
90.3906
1.6396
92.5504
91.5422
92.9918
92.3615
0.4290
92.7411
92.4687
93.1117
92.7738
0.1863
56
Bo co ti:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
57
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 8
Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau
Nhit (0C)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
10.00
10.50
10.00
10.17
0.17
10.50
11.00
10.00
10.50
0.29
10.00
11.00
11.00
10.67
0.33
11.00
11.00
11.50
10.83
0.44
12.00
11.00
11.50
11.50
0.29
13.50
12.00
12.00
12.50
0.50
12.50
13.50
13.50
13.17
0.33
13.50
14.00
14.00
13.83
0.17
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Ph lc 9
Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian (h)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
12.00
13.50
14.50
13.33
0.73
15.00
16.50
15.00
15.50
0.50
15.00
17.50
17.00
16.50
0.76
18.00
18.50
18.00
18.17
0.17
19.00
18.50
18.50
18.67
0.17
19.50
19.00
19.50
19.33
0.17
21.50
22.00
21.50
21.67
0.17
32.00
31.50
32.00
31.83
0.17
37.00
38.50
37.00
37.50
0.50
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
58
Bo co ti:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
59
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 10
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
ANOVA
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA

nhit 700C v 800C
Sum ofca dung mi Mean
Squares
HS50
HS60
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
df
Square
2680.461
893.487
280.441
35.055
2960.902
11
2280.045
760.015
225.136
28.142
2505.181
11
Sig.
25.488
.000
27.006
.000
Ph lc 11
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
ANOVA
Sum ofca nhit ln
Mean
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA
hiu sut trch ly
Squares
HS70
HS80
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
df
Square
1268.086
634.043
53.297
8.883
1321.383
1196.699
598.350
135.303
22.551
1332.003
Sig.
71.379
.000
26.534
.001
Ph lc 12
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
HS
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Mean
Square
df
2404.011
343.430
469.503
16
29.344
2873.513
23
F
11.704
Sig.
.000
60
Bo co ti:
Ph luc 13
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
Multiple Comparisons
LSD
Dependent
Variable
HS50
HS60
(I) DUNGMOI
CON
(J) DUNGMOI
ACETON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
ACETON
CON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
DIETYETHER CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HEXAN
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
ACETON
CON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
DIETYETHER CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HEXAN
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
-31.1167*
4.834
-32.5033*
4.834
-38.2533*
4.834
31.1167*
4.834
-1.3867
4.834
-7.1367
4.834
32.5033*
4.834
1.3867
4.834
-5.7500
4.834
38.2533*
4.834
7.1367
4.834
5.7500
4.834
-30.4374*
4.331
-31.9165*
4.331
-32.9458*
4.331
30.4374*
4.331
-1.4791
4.331
-2.5084
4.331
31.9165*
4.331
1.4791
4.331
-1.0293
4.331
32.9458*
4.331
2.5084
4.331
1.0293
4.331
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.782
.178
.000
.782
.268
.000
.178
.268
.000
.000
.000
.000
.742
.578
.000
.742
.818
.000
.578
.818
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-42.2645
-19.9688
-43.6512
-21.3555
-49.4012
-27.1055
19.9688
42.2645
-12.5345
9.7612
-18.2845
4.0112
21.3555
43.6512
-9.7612
12.5345
-16.8978
5.3978
27.1055
49.4012
-4.0112
18.2845
-5.3978
16.8978
-40.4257
-20.4490
-41.9048
-21.9281
-42.9341
-22.9575
20.4490
40.4257
-11.4674
8.5092
-12.4968
7.4799
21.9281
41.9048
-8.5092
11.4674
-11.0177
8.9590
22.9575
42.9341
-7.4799
12.4968
-8.9590
11.0177
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
61
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 14
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
Multiple Comparisons
LSD
Dependent
Variable
HS70
(I)
DUNGMOI
CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HS80
CON
ACETON
HEXAN
Mean
(J)
Difference
DUNGMOI
(I-J)
Std. Error
ACETON
-20.7947*
2.433
HEXAN
-27.9965*
2.433
CON
20.7947*
2.433
HEXAN
-7.2018*
2.433
CON
27.9965*
2.433
ACETON
7.2018*
2.433
ACETON
-13.7298*
3.877
HEXAN
-28.2417*
3.877
CON
13.7298*
3.877
HEXAN
-14.5120*
3.877
CON
28.2417*
3.877
ACETON
14.5120*
3.877
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.025
.000
.025
.012
.000
.012
.010
.000
.010
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-26.7492
-14.8402
-33.9510
-22.0420
14.8402
26.7492
-13.1563
-1.2473
22.0420
33.9510
1.2473
13.1563
-23.2173
-4.2423
-37.7292
-18.7542
4.2423
23.2173
-23.9995
-5.0245
18.7542
37.7292
5.0245
23.9995
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
62
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 15 Kt qu so snh LSD ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
MultipleCom
parisons
Dependent Variable: HS
LSD
(I)
NHIETDO
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
(J)
NHIETDO
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
-3.8833
-8.8659
-12.0786
-14.4256
-18.8994
-25.8053
-31.6352
3.8833
-4.9826
-8.1953
-10.5423
-15.0161
-21.9220
-27.7519
8.8659
4.9826
-3.2127
-5.5598
-10.0336
-16.9394
-22.7694
12.0786
8.1953
3.2127
-2.3470
-6.8208
-13.7267
-19.5566
14.4256
10.5423
5.5598
2.3470
-4.4738
-11.3797
-17.2096
18.8994
15.0161
10.0336
6.8208
4.4738
-6.9059
-12.7358
25.8053
21.9220
16.9394
13.7267
11.3797
6.9059
-5.8299
31.6352
27.7519
22.7694
19.5566
17.2096
12.7358
5.8299
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Std. Error
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
Sig.
.393
.062
.015
.005
.001
.000
.000
.393
.277
.082
.030
.004
.000
.000
.062
.277
.478
.227
.037
.001
.000
.015
.082
.478
.603
.143
.007
.000
.005
.030
.227
.603
.327
.020
.001
.001
.004
.037
.143
.327
.138
.011
.000
.000
.001
.007
.020
.138
.206
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.011
.206
95%Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-13.2596
5.4930
-18.2421
.5104
-21.4549
-2.7023
-23.8019
-5.0494
-28.2757
-9.5232
-35.1816
-16.4290
-41.0115
-22.2590
-5.4930
13.2596
-14.3588
4.3937
-17.5716
1.1810
-19.9186
-1.1661
-24.3924
-5.6399
-31.2983
-12.5457
-37.1282
-18.3757
-.5104
18.2421
-4.3937
14.3588
-12.5890
6.1635
-14.9360
3.8165
-19.4098
-.6573
-26.3157
-7.5632
-32.1456
-13.3931
2.7023
21.4549
-1.1810
17.5716
-6.1635
12.5890
-11.7233
7.0292
-16.1971
2.5554
-23.1030
-4.3504
-28.9329
-10.1804
5.0494
23.8019
1.1661
19.9186
-3.8165
14.9360
-7.0292
11.7233
-13.8501
4.9025
-20.7559
-2.0034
-26.5859
-7.8333
9.5232
28.2757
5.6399
24.3924
.6573
19.4098
-2.5554
16.1971
-4.9025
13.8501
-16.2821
2.4704
-22.1121
-3.3595
16.4290
35.1816
12.5457
31.2983
7.5632
26.3157
4.3504
23.1030
2.0034
20.7559
-2.4704
16.2821
-15.2062
3.5463
22.2590
41.0115
18.3757
37.1282
13.3931
32.1456
10.1804
28.9329
7.8333
26.5859
3.3595
22.1121
-3.5463
15.2062
*. Themeandifferenceissignificant at the.05level.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
63
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 16
Phng php xc nh kch thc ca qu Gc
Chng ti chn ngu nhin 15 qu trong 3 ln mua kho st kch thc ca qu
gc. Dng thc kp, chng ti o chiu di (a), chiu rng (b), v chiu cao (c) ca qu.
cu c tnh theo cng thc :
Vi :
: cu ca qu Gc
: Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
: Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)
: Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)
Ph lc 17
Xc nh hm lng du trong bt Gc bng phng php Soxhlet
a.
Nguyn l
Xc nh hm lng du Gc bng cch trch ly trong b Soxhlet, vi dung mi l n
Hexan.
b.Phng php thc hin
Ly mu
Cn (chnh xc n 0,0001 g) khong 5g bt gc gi vo giy lc v cho vo trong
ng trch ly.
Trch ly
u tin, sy cc bnh cu Soxhlet nhit khong 1050C v ngui ti thiu 30
pht trong bnh ht m. Sau em cn bnh ( chnh xc cn 0,0001g) xc nh khi
lng ban u ca bnh.
Lp t h thng trch ly, cho vo mi bnh cu khong 200 ml dung mi, iu chnh
nhit .
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
64
Bo co ti:
Thc hin qu trnh trch ly n khi bt Gc kit du. Dng a thu tinh v giy lc
th xem du cn trong b hay khng. Nu kit du, khng c vt loang trn giy lc,
nu c vt loang, tip tc trch ly.
Sau khi trch ly ht du, ta ly cc gi bt Gc ra v tip tc thu hi dung hi. Thu hi
dung mi trong cng b Soxhlet n khi cn kit dung mi.
Sau em sy 900C trong 1 gi. ngui bnh trong bnh ht m trong 30 pht,
cn bnh c cha du thu c.
Thc hin th nghim vi 3 ln lp li.
c.Kt qu
Hm lng du, %, ca bt Gc bng:
(m1 m2)
m0
x 100
Vi:
m0
: khi lng mu (g)
m1
: khi lng du thu c v khi lng bnh (g)
m2
: khi lng bnh (g)
Ph lc 18
Xc nh hm lng ng trong nguyn liu
a)
Chun b mu
Cn v cho vo ci s 5 10g nguyn liu (mng gc ti). Nghin cn thn trong ci
s. Sau chuyn ton b hn hp vo cc thy tinh dung tch 250ml, trng cc cn, ci
chy 2 ln, mi ln khong 10ml thu hi ton b mu. Thm nc ct vo cc sao cho th
tch trong cc khong 60 70ml. un cch thy 70 80 0C trong 30 45 pht hoc khuy
bng my khuy t (tc 600v/pht, gia nhit 800C trong thi gian 10 20 pht). Lm
ngui cc ri chuyn sang bnh nh mc 100ml hoc 200ml, trng cc 2 ln, mi ln
khong 10ml nc ct ri thm nc ct cho ti vch mc. Lc mu qua giy lc vo cc
hay bnh kh, sch. Dung dch lc dng lm dung dch th nghim.
b)
Lm mu trng
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
65
Bo co ti:
Cho 10ml Feling A, 10ml Feling B, 20ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic, un si dung
dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic,
ng thi un si. Chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh
1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
Lm mu chnh
c)
Dng pipet cho dung dch mu vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 10ml Feling A, 10ml
Feling B, 10ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht,
cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Tip tc
chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi
mt mu xanh th dng li. Thm vi git xanh metyl, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam
gic khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
d)
Kt qu
D=
0,01(V V1)Vdm . 100

m . Vdd
10.(V V1)Vdm
m . Vdd
Vi:
D
: Hm lng ng kh ca mu (%)
: Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu trng (ml)
V1
: Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu chnh (ml)
Vdm
: Th tch bnh nh mc c s dng (ml)
Vdd
: Th tch dung dch th c ht ra thc hin phn ng (ml)
: khi lng mu (g)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
66
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 19
Xc nh hm lng caroten
a.
Nguyn l:
Loi cc sc t khc ca mu th bng cch hp th bi oxyt nhm (Al2O3). Mu sc
ca caroten cn li c so snh vi 1 dung dch mu K 2Cr2O7 bng my so mu bc

sng 450 nm.
Pha dung dch K2Cr2O7 2% trong nc ct:
b.
K2Cr2O7 tinh khit
:0,72g
Nc ct va
:1000ml
1 ml dung dch tng ng vi 0,00416g caroten.

Tin hnh xc nh:
c.
Cn chnh xc lng thc phm tng ng vi t 0,16mg 16,6mg caroten trong

100g cht th. Ct nh thnh tng ming 1 3mm. Nu l thc phm kh nghin vi 8 10g
ct sch. Nu l thc phm t, nghin vi 4 5g Al2O3 v nghin o k 2 3 pht.
Chuyn tt c vo bnh tam gic 150ml c nt mi v thm 40ml ether du ha, lc 2
3 pht, yn 5 pht. Co thnh bnh tam gic tt c cc cht c c th lng xung y
v mt thi gian va cho dung dch chit pha trn tr nn trong sut.
Nu mu sc ca ng th qu sm th pha long vi nc ct v kt qu cui cng
phi nhn thm h s pha long.
Tnh kt qu:
d.
Da vo phng trnh ng chun tnh hm lng caroten (ph lc 3, trang 54)

y = 17.497x + 0.0901
R2 = 0.9996
Vi :
x: (Kt qu o OD)
y: Hm lng carotene (mg/100g cht th)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
67
Bo co ti:
Bng Xy dng thang mu cho phng php xc nh hm lng Caroten
Cho vo 20 ng nghim cc dung dch nh sau:
Hm lng caroten (mg/100g cht
STT
DD Kali Bicromat
Nc ct
ng nghim
0,072 % (ml)
(ml)
10,0
0,0
th chit vi 40ml dung mi

16,60
9,4
0,6
15,60
8,8
1,2
14,60
8,2
1,8
13,60
7,6
2,4
13,60
7,0
3,0
11,60
6,4
3,6
10,60
5,8
4,2
9,60
5,2
4,8
8,60
10
4,6
5,4
7,60
11
4,0
6,0
6,60
12
3,4
6,6
5,60
13
2,8
7,2
4,60
14
2,2
7,8
3,60
15
1,6
8,4
2,60
16
1,0
9,0
1,60
17
0,4
9,6
0,66
18
0,2
9,8
0,33
19
0,1
9,9
0,16
20
0,0
10,0
0,00
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
th) nu phn tch trn 1g cht
68
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 20
Phng php xc nh ch s Acid
-Cn 2 3g du th + 5ml etanol + 2 git PP 1%
-Tin hnh chun bng dung dch KOH 0.1N n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu
hng nht.
Kt qu:
5.6 x V
P
V : l th tch KOH 0.1N dng chun (ml)
AV =
Trong :
P : khi lng du (g)

Ph lc 21
Phng php xc nh ch s Peroxide
Bnh 1: cn 2g du
Bnh 2: 2ml nc
- Thm vo mi bnh 15ml hn hp CH3COOH : CHCl3 (t l 2 : 1)
- Thm 2 git h tinh bt
-Thm 5ml KI bo ha
- yn khong 5 pht
- Sau em i chun bng Na2S2O3 0.002N cho n khi mt mu xanh.
Kt qu:
(V1 V2) x 0.0002538
x 100
m
Trong : V1: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 1 (ml)
X=
V2: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 2 (ml)

0.0002538: s g iod tng ng vi 1ml dung dch Na2SO3 0.002N
m: khi lng du (g)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
69
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 22
Phng php xc nh hiu sut trch ly
Sau khi loi b dung mi, du c sy kh 80OC cn trc tip trong bnh cu. Hiu
sut trch ly (%) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
H=
M1
M2
x 100%
Trong :
H : hiu sut trch ly (%)
M1 : khi lng du th (g)
M2 : khi lng du trong nghuyn liu ban u (g)
Ph lc 23
Phng php xc nh lng dung mi hao ht
Sau khi ngng t ta thu hi c dung mi v dng ng ong ong li th tch
dung mi thu hi c. Lng dung mi hao ht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
V=
V1 V2
V
x 100%
Trong :
V : Phn trm dung mi hao ht (%)
V1 : Th tch dung mi lc u (ml)
V2 : Th tiach1 dung mi sau khi thu hi (ml)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
70
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 24
Bng nh mc kinh t k thut cho 1 n v sn phm du Gc thu c (1 lt)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Tn chi ph
n v
Gc ti
kg
Dung mi( n-Hexan)
ml
in
kw
Nc
m3
Chi ph khc
Tng cng :
S lng
70,13
8.1
45
2
n gi
Thnh tin
(VN)
7.000
190.000
2.500
2.500
(VN)
490.910
1.539.000
112.500
5.000
50.000
2.197.410
Cch tnh:
Khi lng Gc ti cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc:
Ta c:
Hm lng du trong bt Gc l: 38,01%
100g bt Gc s trch ly c: 38,01 ml du
Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:
1 x 100
38,01
= 2,63 kg bt Gc
Mt khc, trong 40 kg Gc ti s c 1,5 kg Gc bt

Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:
2,63 x 40
= 70,13 kg Gc
1,5
ti
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
71
Bo co ti:
Lng dung mi cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc
Ta c:
T l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14

1g bt Gc cn 14ml dung mi
Lng dung mi cn dng trch ly 1 lt du Gc l
2,63 x 14 = 36,82 lt
Mt khc, phn trm dung mi hao ht trong qu trnh trch ly l 22%
Lng dung mi hao ht khi trch ly 1 lt du Gc l
36,82 x 22
100
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
= 8,1 lt
72
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 25 S trch ly du Gc bn thnh phm
Gc ti
Du Gc
X l
Trch ly
Sy kh
Xay nhuyn
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
Gi vo
giy lc
Ry
73
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 26 Cc thit b chnh c s dng trong ti
B trch ly Soxhlet
My xay
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
74
Bo co ti:
T sy
My so mu AQUALYTIC
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
75
Bo co ti:
My iu nhit
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
76
Bo co ti:
TI LIU THAM KHO

Cc sch tham kho:
1. Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM
2009.
2. Sch :Th nghim phn tch Thc Phm - Mc Xun Ho, V i Long, Hunh
Thi Nguyn - 6/2008.

3. Ti liu Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt L Phc Trung
4. L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996.Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong ch bin thc
phm - NXB Gio Dc, H Ni, 93-101 ; 248-254.

5. Ng Th Thy, 2004. Du Gc, thuc qy ca ngi Vit, trong tp ch Cy Thuc
Qu s 19/2004, 21.
6. Nguyn Cng Sut, 2002. Du Gc - Thc phm an ton Thn dc tr nhiu bnh
v lm p da. Trong Tr Thc Tr s 6/2002, 34-35.

7. Bi Minh c v cng s, 2004. Bt Gc v du Gc. Hm lng cao - caroten,
lycopen v - tocopherol m bo dinh dng bn vng, phng v iu tr HIV/AIDS.

Trong tp ch Cy Thuc Qy, s 17/2004, 20.
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thc phm. Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT ngy 4 thng 1998.

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Nng Nghip, H Ni, 123-156.

13. Nguyn Th Minh Th, 2004. Th nghim pht trin sn phm t mng ht Gc.
Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.

14. Nguyn Hu Thin, 7/2005. Nguyn cu s b trch ly du mng ht Gc
(Momordica Cochinchinensis) bng dung mi. Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc

Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
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Cc trang web tham kho:
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Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha
78

Khao Sat Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den Trich Ly Dau Gac

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Khao Sat Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den Trich Ly Dau Gac

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Bo co ti:

Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc

Gio vin hng dn:

Nghin cu s nh hng ca cc thng s k thut ln hiu sut trch ly bng

Xc nh mt s ch tiu cht lng ca du Gc.

Gio vin hng dn:

Gio vin hng dn:

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Gc) thuc h Cucurbitaceae, ging

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.1 Gin Gc

Hnh 2.2 Hoa Gc

Hnh 2.3 Tri gc

B tri ra, bn trong cm vng ti, mng bao bc ht c mu ti rt m.

mng bao bc ht thng c mu nht hoc mu hng khng c ti nh

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.4 Tri Gc Np

Hnh 2.5 Tri Gc T

Do , ta thng chn Gc Np ch bin thc phm v Gc Np tri to, khi chn

Vit Nam, trc y Gc mc hoang d hay c trng mt s gia nh nu

Gio vin hng dn:

Mng ti ca qu Gc chn c cc thnh phn:

Trong gia nh, tht Gc c s dng ch yu nhum mu cc loi xi, ch bin

Gio vin hng dn:

Triglyceride l thnh phn ch yu ca du m cha t 95 n 98% ca ht du. Cu

Triglyceride dng ho hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

Gio vin hng dn:

Acid bo t do l cc loi acid bo khng nm trong lin kt gia este v diglyceride

Gio vin hng dn:

Phosphooipit ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht, chuyn ho

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc ha hc

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ha hc

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cc carotenoide chnh v cc xanthophil

Gio vin hng dn:

ha tan trong du thc vt. Trong cloroform, hp ph quang ph cc i nm gia 446

L cc sc t rt gn vi carotnoit, thng thng vi s thay th gc hydroxin hay

Du Gc l mt cht lng mu sm.

Du Gc ha tan tt trong ether du ha, etanone, chlorofom v axeton, khng tan

Phn ng thy phn

Vi s hin din ca nc hoc hi nc, du b thu phn gii phng acid bo v

Gio vin hng dn:

Tc dng x phng ho iu kin t0, p, xc tc thch hp.

Phng trnh tng qut:

Gio vin hng dn:

Phn ng oxi ha.

Sn phm ca s phn hu gc cacbuahydro ca acid bo cha no.

Sn phm c cc nhm chc cha oxy.

Sn phm cha cc acid bo b polymer ho hoc trng hp, trong phn t ca

Phng php truyn thng

hay u phng c nhiu Cholesterol) nh hng n sc khe.

Phng php trch ly bng dung mi

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

nhng thnh phn c gi tr nh: - Caroten, Lycopen, Tocopherol (Vitamin E),

Gio vin hng dn:

2.3.1 c im ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

Gio vin hng dn:

Gio vin hng dn:

T l dung mi v nguyn liu

Thi gian trch ly

Bng 2.3 Cc loi dung mi c th s dng trch ly cht bo

Khi lng phn t

Thng s ny nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn phn t v i lu. Tc gia