Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Any project of work cannot be accomplished to ones satisfaction with proper guidance and total co-operation of all these involved in this project. I convey my deep regards to all of them. I express my sincere thanks to my trainer Mr. Batra for guiding me right from the inception till the successful completion of my training. I sincerely acknowledge him for extending their valuable guidance, support for literature, critical reviews of training and the report and above all the moral support that had provided to me with all stages of this training. I would also like to thanks the supporting staff of the HYDRO POWER STATION for their help throughout the training.
PAGE INDEX
Topic
Page No.
1. 2.
:
:
3 3
3.
:
:
4 4
5 6 7 7
4.
4.1 4.2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION OF RPS HPS COST AND OPERARATIONAL STATISTICS OF RPS HPS
:
:
4.3 4.4
: :
9 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 15 15 15 17
4.5 5. 5.1
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8
SELECTION OF SITE
MAJOR ELEMENTS
STORAGE RESERVOIR
DAM FOREBAY TRASHBACK SPILWAY PENSTOCK TAIL RACE DRAFT TUBES HYDRAULIC TURBINES
:
:
: : : : : : : :
:
: : :
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF TURBINE : LEVEL OF EQUIPMENTS MOUNTED ON UNIT CONTROL BOARD : :
18 19 20 21 21 21 22 22 24 25
6.
6.1 6.2 6.3
POWER TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER RATING GOVERNING SYSTEM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
MAIN COMPONENTS OF GENERATOR
:
: : :
:
6.3.1
7. 7.1
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
HYDRAULIC POWER INDUSTRIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS 7.3 SMALL SCALE HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 ADVANTAGES ECONOMICS GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS RELATED ACTIVITIES
:
:
7.2
28
: : : : :
28 29 29 29 30
7.8 7.9
30
30
31 33
8.
8.1
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS WITH THEIR SPECIFICATION
8.1.1 8.1.2 ALTERNATOR ALTERNATOR RATING
:
: :
33 33 33 34 35 36
8.2
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
8.2.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATING
:
:
8.3 8.4
: :
:
36 36 38 38 40 40
9.
9.1 9.2 9.3
:
: : :
9.4 9.5
: :
41 41 44 44 44 44
: :
10.
10.1
FIREPROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM MULTIFIRE SYSTEM
:
:
: :
10.1.1 10.1.2
10.2 10.3
45 45
TABLE INDEX
Table
Page No.
4.1 Parameters related to RPS HPS 5.1 Francis hydraulic turbine 5.2 Design and manufacture of turbines 5.3 Level of equipment 6.1 Transformer rating 8.1 Alternator Rating 8.2 Current Transformer Rating (Victrans Engineers) 8.3 Current Transformer Rating (General electric)
: : : : : : :
9 17 18 19 21 33 35
35
FIGURE INDEX
Figure
Page no.
3.1 Hydroelectric dam 5.1 Inside a hydroelectric plant 5.2 Impulse turbine v/s Reaction turbine 5.3 Francis turbine 7.1 Hydroelectric power 7.2 Generator 9.1 SF6 circuit breaker 9.2 Cross section of SF6 circuit breaker
: : : : : : : :
5 11 16 17 24 25 39 42
ABSTRACT
Practical knowledge is very important in every field one must be familiar with the problem related to that field, so that he may solve them and become a successful person. After the successful completion of study an engineer has to serve a industry, may be public or sector or self owned. To be a good engineer, one must be aware of industrial environment, working in industry, labor problem etc. so as to tackle technical problems successfully. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, our engineering curriculum provides training course of 45 days. I have undergone my 45 days training at Rana Pratap Sagar Hydro Power Station, Rawatbhata. This report has been prepared on the basis of knowledge acquired by me during the period at the power station.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In the second stage CHAMBAL RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT a masonry dam at RAWATBHATA RANA PRATAP SAGAR DAM in district Chittorgarh. The dam and Hydro Power Plant constructed in the second stage of the Chambal project and was named RANA PRATAP SAGAR DAM and Hydro Power Plant in the memory and honor of the great warrior of Mewar, the legendary Maharana Pratap. The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is the part of Chambal Project. There are three hydroelectric power stations: First at Gandhi Sagar , Second at Rawatbhata Rana Pratap Sagar and third at Jawahar Sagar. RPS is balancing reservoir between G.S. upstream and J.S. downstream. This is followed by the Kota Barrage and water diverted from it is extensively used for irrigation purpose in parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The RPS dam was constructed between 1965 to 1968 and dedicated to the nation by former Prime Minister Late Smt. Indira Gandhi . There are four dams in cascade on Chambal River in the stretch of 70 kms as riverbed drops by about 120 meters between Gandhi Sagar and Kota. Kotan Thermal Power Station of 1060MW(e) is located at upsteam of Kota barrage. This dam is used for both irrigation and generation of electricity. The total dam length is about 1km and 25 feet wide. RPS hydro power plant consists of four units of each 43 MW. This plant serves electricity to Kota, Bhilwara and Gandhi Sagar. The generated
voltages are 11KV and transmission voltage is 132 KV. AT the discharge water side a tunnel is constructed for raising the effective head of water. RPS consists of four vertical type generator build specification no. GS/2/1962 CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC EN1607080 parts list 117L456. The direct connected exciters are build by CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC EN101213. These machines are designed in accordance with ASA standard British Standard.
Western regional grid Southern regional grid Eastern regional grid North-East regional grid
Rajasthan is connected to the Northern regional grid where as Madhya Pradesh is connected to the western regional grid. Northern region is the largest region among the five regions of the country in terms of geographical area as well as the number of consumption. Following is the balance sheet of generation and load with their sources and demandsGeneration Hydel 32% Thermal 55% Gas 10% Nuclear 3% Table 3.1 Demands Agriculture 40% Industrial 38% Domestic 22%
At RPS HEPS, vertical turbine rotates at 125 rpm by the water velocity. Generator is directly coupled with the turbine, giving output of 43MW(e) at 11KV voltage 50 Hz frequency. Output voltage is step up to 132 KV by the transformer and transmitting to the Northern grid through several transmission lines which are going to Bhilwara (2 No), Jawahar sagar (1No) and Gandhi sagar (2No). The plant is operated and controlled from a centralized control room which is having all the information and parameters regarding different system of the plant and its equipments. Alarm systems are provide in C/R to take appropriate actions in case of any abnormal operation and taking the action accordingly. A small diesel generator set of 300KW capacity providing the emergency power supply to their plant equipments and being used for starting the units. The water after doing its work on the turbine, discharged in a fore bay form where it goes to the downstream of Chambal River through a big tunnel.
To provide dedicated power supply to the nearest Nuclear power station on priority basis whenever there is a problem in Northern grid for starting of the plant and for maintaining auxiliary power supply of their plant in order to meet the safety norms of Nuclear Stations To supply first power to the grid by the self-start in case of total collapsing of northern grid.
PARTICULARS
Location: -Attitude -Longitude -Altitude 24-53 North 75-35East 354 meter above MSL 9600Sq.Mile 76.55Sq.Mile 76.55Lakh acr. Ft 1162Ft. 1128.5Ft 1157.5Ft 4X43 MW 20Ft. 189Ft. 152Ft. 17;60X28 Ft. 4;9X11 Ft. 4840 Ft. 40 Ft. 14000cusecs 3750 Ft. 177 Ft. 11KV 132KV
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Water Storage Capacity Catchment Area Reservoir Capacity Max. reservoir level Min. Draw down level Full reservoir level Generating capacity Diameter of Penstock Maximum Head Minimum Head Crest Gate Sluce Gate Length of tunnel Diameter of tunnel Maximum Discharge Length of Top Portion Of Dam Maximum Height Of Dam Generator output Output Lines Voltage
21
198 Esq.
5.1.1 DAM
The function of dam is not only to raise the water surface of the stream but also to create an artificial head and to provide the poundage, storage or the facility of diversion into conduits. A dam is the most expensive & important part of a hydro-project . this dams total length is about 1 Km 25 feet wide and total height of dam is 177 feet.
5.1.2 FOREBAY
A for bay may be considered as an enlarged body of water just above the intake to store water temporarily to meet the hourly load fluctuations.
5.1.3 TRASHRACK
It is provided for preventing the debris form getting entry into the intakes from the fore bay. Manual cleaning or mechanical cleaning is used to remove the debris from trash rack. Trash rack is made up of steel bars and it is placed across the intake to prevent the debris form going into the intake.
5.1.4 SPILWAY
This is constructed to act as safety valve. It discharges the overflow water to the down streamside when the reservoir is full. A condition mainly arises during floods periods. These are generally constructed of concrete and provided with water discharge opening shut off by gates. There are 17 gates used for discharge the overflow water. The size of each gate is 60X28 Feet.
5.1.5 PENSTOCK
It is closed conduct, which connected the fore bay or surge tank to the scroll case of turbine. In case of medium heads power plants(like R.P.S)such unit is usually provided with its own penstock with its own penstock. Penstock is build of steel. The typical diameter of penstock is 20 feet.
level. The tunnel length is 4810 feet and average discharge through tunnel is 14000 cufeet/sec.
energy, which is further utilized to drive the alternators generate electrical energy. The RPS hydroelectric power plant is low head plant so FRANCIS TURBINE is used. It is a reactor turbine and is suitable for low and medium head power plant. Such turbines develop power partly due to velocity of water and partly due to difference in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets. Such a turbine essentially consists of guide apparatus. Consisting of an outer ring of stationary blades are fixed to the casing of the turbine and an inner ring consisting of rotating blades forming a runner. Number of blunders in a glide over the blades with a small and fairly constant velocity and exerts a pressure, varying form maximum at the top to a small value at the bottom. The water flows radically inwards and changes to a downward direction while passing through the runner. As the water passes over the rotating blades of the runner, both pressure as a velocity of water are reduced causing a reaction force during the turbine. After doing work, water is discharged to the tailrace through a closed tube of increasing cross section called the draft tube. The guide blades of the turbine are adjustable about the hinged point with the help of governing mechanism but dont rotate with the runner. The guide blades arranged in the casing around the runner, which give proper direction to water jets in such a way that the jet dont strike the runner vanes in opposite direction.
approximately atmospheric pressure. In a reaction turbine, the runner is completely submerged head in the inlet to the turbine runner is typically less than 50% of the total head available.
5.2.3TURBINE SPECIFICATIONSFRANCIS HYDRAULIC TURBINE KW Net head RPM No. of blades Designed by Built by Installed 52.00 49.7M 125 16 KMW and Johnson & co. ltd Marine industries ltd. Sorei, que 1969 Table 5.1
Head :1.80/25m Runner blades :4/5/6 Runner diameter: 700mm to 4000mm Arrangements Vertical simple or Double regulated Horizontal simple or Double regulated Inclined simple regulated Siphon intake Power: 100kw to 7mw
Head:15m/200m Head:100m/1000m Runner Diameter of the diameter:250m wheel till 1800mm m/ 3500mm Specific speed from 90 to 425 Arrangements Arrangements Vertical 3 jets/4 jets Vertical shaft Horizontal Horizontal shaft 1jet/2jets Semi spiral Double (horizontal casing or full 4 jets) spiral casing Power:100kw to Double francis 10mw (2 runners) Power:500kw to 15kw
Table 5.2
Equipments 60 ton EOT crane Entrance to penstock gate gallery 102kv switch yard including 9 circuit breakers, 3 SF6 breaker & associated equipments 33/11kv-1MVA transformer Entrance to bypass valve High head discharge pump house for emulsifier tank 125 ton EOT crane Machine shop Oil handing tanks 3.3/0.4 kv transformer of diesel 250KVA,400V diesel generator Control room Transformer yard High head discharge pumps for rainy season Dewatering pumps Station auxiliary transformer Air conditioning system Service boy and divisional store 11kv switch gear system 440V breaker and lighting system PLCC room Cable room Exciter and PMG of generator Sump pump for dewater the sump tank
1052 1040
Control room
1025
Machine hall
1006
Table 5.3
Power transformer is used for stepping up the voltage for transmission. Generally -Y connected power transformers are used. They are oil-immersed transformer. The transformer connection is generally shown by vector group. The vector groups of power transformers of RPS power plant are Yd11.
Cooling
Cooling water Cooler -55000 KVA 109 GPM Cooler-60000 KVA 150 GPM
The speed responsive elements usually fly ball mechanism or speed governor Control value or rally value to the either side of servomotor piston Servomotor along with fluid pressure operates piston to activate the turbine control mechanism The restoring mechanism or follow up linkage to hold servomotor in the required fixed position. When the input and output are equalized The fluid pressure supply require for the action of servomotor.
The field coils are lubricated strip wound, 27 turns per pole in class B installation. Resistance of the 48 posts field windings 0.196 ohms at 25 centigrade. Main bracket All rotating parts in addition to hydraulic thrust are supported through the thrust bearing by the main bracket has 4 arms resting on the edge of the turbine pit. At the end of each bracket arms are mounted two units of counted brackets and jacks. Housing and cooler Totally enclosed in an octagonal steel housing 38-1 across flats, with top flush with upper bracket arms. Approx. 120000CFM of ventilating air passes through the rim and between passes through the stator and finally through the air coolers before recycling. Air coolers are 8 inch mounted symmetrical around the machine. Maximum tested pressure is 10kg/cm square.
FIG7.1HYDROELECTRIC POWER
metal shaft in an electric generator, which is the motor that produces electricity. A coal-fired power plant uses steam to turn the turbine blades, where as a hydroelectric plant uses falling water to turn the turbine. The result is the same.
FIG7.2 GENERATOR
The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation. The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the
generator that carry electricity to your home and mines. The water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing in the water right below a dam when water is released. A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydro electric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a generator is based on the principle discovered by Faraday. He found that when a magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator, electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles and it is mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The ro is attached to the turbine shafts and rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This in turn causes the electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the waters outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock. Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At the times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water in to the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through the turbine. Pumped storage
schemes currently provide the only commercially important means of large scale grid energy storage and improve the daily load factor of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run of the river plant, since it is not possible to store the water. A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides, such sources are highly predictable and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs can also be dispatch able to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use waters kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels. A simple formula for approximately electric power production at a hydroelectric plant isP =hrgk, Where, P is power in kilowatts h is height in meters r is flow rate in cubic meters per second g is acceleration due to gravity k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1 Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern turbines. Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
7.4 ADVANTAGES
The upper reservoir and dam of the festiniog pumped storage scheme. 360 MW of electricity can be generated within 60 seconds of the need arising.
7.5 ECONOMICS
The major advantage of hydro electric is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increase in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal and no imports are needed. Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel fired generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation. When a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydro electric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation.
can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.
7.8 DISADVANTAGES
The power produced by the plant depends upon the quantity of water which in turn is dependant upon the rainfall, so if the rainfall is in time and proper and the required amount of water is collected, the plant will function satisfactory otherwise not. Hydro electric plants are generally situated away from the load centers. They require along transmissions lines to deliver power. Therefore the cost of transmission lines and losses in them will be more. Initial cost of plant is high. It takes fairly long time for the erection of such plants.
period of a hundred years, methane has a warning effect twenty one times that of carbon dioxide. More research into this aspect of hydro electric plants is required.
change. Utilities that primarily use hydro electric power may spend additional capital to build extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low water years. Hydro power is one of the three principle source of energy used to generate electricity, the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Hydro electricity has certain advantages over these other sources: it is continuously renewable thanks to the recruiting nature of the water cycle, and causes no pollution. Also ii is one of the cheapest sources of electrical energy. The electrical power obtained from conversion of potential and kinetic energy of water is called hydropower. PE=WZ Where PE is potential energy W is total weight of water Z is vertical distance travelled by water Power is the rate at which energy is produced or utilized 1 horsepower(hp) = 550 ftlb/s 1 KW = 738 ft lb/s
The generation of the electricity is at 11KV and transmitted on 132 KV. There are four transmission lines from the RPS power plant, two lines to Kota and other two to Bhilwara, two lines to Gandhi sagar and one industrial line.
854 55C
Stator temperature raise measured by RTD rotor temperature raise measured by resistance.
VICTRANS ENGINEERS,NAGPUR(INDIA) High system voltage Frequency Insulation level Type Short time thermal current Ratio 145KV 50Hz 275/650KV C-1140 31.5KV 200-400/5-5.5A TABLE 8.2
GENERAL ELECTRIC,CANADA Type Ratio Cycles Max. continuous amp INS CLASS CAT no. CTP-15 3000-5amps 25-60 4500 at 35C 0.6Kr 4.0732XX3 TABLE8.3
connected to the main bus-bars of the switch gear installation and the secondary winding various indicating and metering instruments and relays are connected when the rated high voltage is applied the primary of PT. The voltage of 110 volts appears across the secondary winding. The ratio of the rated primary voltage to rated secondary voltage is known as transformers ratio. The potential transformers are rated for primary and secondary rated voltage, accuracy, class, no. of phases and system of cooling. Basically P.T.S are step down transformer. They are only used foe metering purpose. Its secondary voltage is about of 110 volts and these are connected in parallel with the line.
Miniature circuit breakers The circuit breakers are automatic switches, which can interrupt fault currents. The part of the circuit breakers connected in on phase is called the pole. A circuit Breakers suitable for three phase is called the pole. A circuit breaker suitable for three phase system is called a triple pole circuit breaker. Each pole of the circuit breaker comprises one or more interrupters or arc extinguishing chambers. The interrupters are mounted on the support insulators. The interrupter encloses a set of fixed and moving contact. The moving contacts can be drawn spark by means of the circuit breakers given the necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the circuit breakers. The arc produced by the separation of current carrying contact is interrupted by a suitable medium and by adopting suitable techniques for arc extinction medium.
SF6 can undergo considerable decomposition, in which some of the toxic products may stay inside the chamber in the form of the white dust.
Fig 9.1 SF6 circuit breaker If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it needs special attention during removal of the parts of the pole. This type of maintenance should be carried out only by the experts of the manufacturer.
9.5 COMMISSIONING
The outer surface of epoxy insulating tubes o the poles are to be wiped out with a clean and dry cloth. The wiring and connections of the auxiliary circuit are to be carefully examined. DC voltage should be checked to see whether it is suitable for coil and motor or not.
The opening closing coils are to be operated 15-20 times and the accuracy of relay circuit is to be checked before energizing the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is to be mounted with two MI2 bolts through its anchoring shoes. It should not move during operation. No excessive load should be exerted to the poles and if possible flexible cables are used. The incoming and outgoing contacts must have clean surfaces and their contact resistance should be as low as possible. When connecting the circuit breaker to protection system and auxiliary supply, the cable cross sections should be according to the table
given. The circuit breaker must be grounded through at least 16mm steel tape. After all, the following procedure must be performed Open the isolator of the circuit breaker Prepare the circuit breaker for closing operation by driving mechanism Close the isolator of circuit breaker firmly Send the closing signal to the circuit breaker
10.2 ISOLATOR
Isolator are not equipped with a quenching device and therefore are not used to open circuits carrying current, as the name implies solatores one portion of the circuit from another and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing. Isolators must not be opened until the circuit is interrupted by some other means. If an isolator is opened carelessly when carrying a heavy current, the resulting arc could easily cause a flash over the earth. Thus may shatter the supporting isolators and may even cause a fatal accident to the operator, particularly in high voltage circuits.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. http://www.rvunl.com/RPS.php 2. http://www.mannvit.com/HydroelectricPower/HydroelectricPowerPlants/ 3. http://services.indiabizclub.com/catalog/635880~gas+refilling+in+sf6+breaker~faridabad 4. http://mygreenchannel.org/