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Case Studies of the Pulsed ElectroElectrocoagulation Treatments

Professor Yuan-Shing Perng YuanDept. of Environmental Engineering, Dayeh University 886-911-382369 ysperng@mail.dyu.edu.tw
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2012/8/24

Introduction of the Laboratory L b t


Person in Charge: Prof. Yuan-Shing Prof Perng Establishing date: August, 2003 Missions: 1. Enhancing the competitiveness of the paper
industry, industry elevating the international standing of paper research. 2. Development of renewable energies. 3. Special 3 S i l wastewater treatment technologies h l i

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Education of Prof. Perng g


Post-doc Fellow, Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (1993) Ph.D., Chemical Engineering and Pulp and Paper Eng, University of British Columbia (UBC) (1988-93). (1988 93) Doctoral student, Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse (1987) MSc., Chemical Eng., University Utah, USA (1981-82) MSc., Chemical Eng., National Taiwan University (1979, g, y( 81)) BSc. Chemical Eng., National Chengkung University (1975-79)
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Experience of Prof. Perng


Professor, Dept. of Environ. Eng., Dayeh Univ. (2008 to present) Associate Prof., Dept. of Environ. Eng., Dayeh Univ. (2003-08) Technical Vice President, United Paper Inc. (2003). Mill Manager, Taitung Mill, Yuen Foong Yu Paper Co. (2002-03) Assistant Manager, R&D and operation of P&W paper, LongCheng Paper Co (1996-2001) Co. (1996 2001). Head, Renewable Energies Laboratory, Industrial Technology Research Institute (1993-96) QC and Technology Chief, Taipei Paper Mill, The Retired Servicemen Administration, Executive Yuan (1983-87) Planning Engineer, Shih-Lin Paper Co. (1983) Engineer Shih Lin Co
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Experience of Prof. Perng (cont.) Prof (cont )


Board member, Long Cheng Paper Co. (2011 ) Long-Cheng (2011Board member, Yue-Ma Cultural Foundation (2004 - ) Consultant General, Epoch Technologies Inc. (1993 ) General Inc (1993Member & Convener, Paper Technical Committee for National Standards, Bureau of Standard, Measure, and Inspection, Ministry of Economic Affairs (1997 - )

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Research Focuses Foc ses


1. Applications of nanomaterials in the pulp and paper domain 2. Development of specialty chemicals and special functional papers. 3. Applications of nanometerials in water treatment. 4. Applications of electrochemistry in water treatment. 5. R&D on woody biomass conversion to energy (biodiesel/bioethanol).
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Outline
Introduction p g, y The Laboratories of Dept. Environ. Eng., Dayeh University and the Pilot-scale Experimental System Case studies of the Pulsed Electro-Coagulation (EC) Automatic Wastewater Treatment System. Applicable Industries

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INTRODUCTION

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History of Development
In 1889, England first applied electro- chemistry technology to water treatment. S Several electrochemistry technologies are gradually l l h i h l i d ll developed and used in wastewater treatments: Electro-oxidation Electro oxidation Electro-sedimentation Electro-coagulation Electro-flotation

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Advantages of Electrochemistry
Multiple applications Electrochemistry utilizes mainly direct or indirect oxidation-reduction reactions to effect solution concentration, dilution, or sterilization. It is capable of treating pollutants existing in gas, liquid or solids. E Energy efficiency ffi i At the same treatment effectiveness, electrochemical processes can be carried out at low temperatures. For instance, incineration. It mainly through uneven current distribution, voltage differential, and certain auxilliary reactions to reduce energy consumption to a minimum.
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Advantages of Electrochemistry
Self-induced reactions
In electrochemical processes, there are self-induced p variation system, such as potential at the electrodes, currents in the cell etc.

C f Cost factor
In general, the design, construction, and periphery equipment of an electrochemical reactor are quite easy and not costly.

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Electro-coagulation (EC)
Utilize the anode electro-erosion and cathode electrolysis reactions. Uses cast i iron and aluminum as anode materials d l i d i l
Through electro-erosion, metal ions (Fe2+Al3+ produce metal hydroxides with the hydroxide ions formed on the cathodes. Metal hydroxides serve as coagulants to aggregate dissolved and colloidal organic/inorganic matters. matters Finally, the hydrogen gas bubbles released from cathodes float the flocs and remove pollutants.
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Electro-coagulation (EC)
The oxidative potentials of the Fe2+ or Al3+ ions released from anode are different, with the former lower than the latter, hence in reactors fitted with latter aluminum electrodes, the required voltage is higher than those of cast iron electrodes. g Oxidation-reduction reaction formulas are: E0 = 0.44V Fe Fe2+ + 2eAl Al3+ + 3eE0 = 1.66V

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History of Development in Taiwan


Many years ago, electrocoagulation has been tried to treat various wastewater streams:
EPN electro-flotation technology (B Li) l fl i h l (Bau-Li) Chunghwa Electro-flotation Association (2000) Electro-flotation treatment technology (Kuo ching) Electro flotation (Kuo-ching)

Bottlenecks encountered in commercialization:


Unable to resolve long-term operational instability problem. Maintenance and upkeeping
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History of Development in Taiwan


Jye-shi Environmental Eng. Co. produced the automatic pulsed electrocoagulation wastewater treatment systems which have been successfully applied to fabric dyeing, and electroplating industry, ind str and operated for long-period of time long period time. The systems are proven effective in treating these effluent streams to attain the new (more stringent) effluent discharging standards, but also recyclable and reusable in many circumstances.
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The Laboratories of Dept. Environ. Eng., Eng Dayeh University and the Pilotscale Experimental System

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Scientific Papers Published (3 SCI, 4 EI ) SC


Perng, Y.S., Wang, E.I.C.*, Hsieh, Y.C. (2011) Treatment of Pulp Mill DStage Bleaching Effluent Using a Pilot-Scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation System, Water Science and Technology (Reviewing, 2011) Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.T., Hsieh, Y.C. (2011) A Pilot-Scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation Treatment of Oxygen-Alkaline Extraction Stage Bleach Plant Effluent, APPITA J. 64(3):267-272 (SCI, IF 0.437; Ranking 12/21) Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.T., Chang, A.Y. (2009) Application of a Pilot-Scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation System to OCC-Based Paper Mill Effluent, Tappi J. 8(3):14-20 (SCI, IF 0.722; Ranking 8/21) Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.T., Chang, A.Y., Shih, C.Y. (2007) Pilot Treatment of OCC-based Paper Mill Wastewater Using Pulsed Electrocoagulation, Water Quality Research J. of Canada 42(1):63-71 (SCI, IF 0.708; Ranking 43/59)
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Scientific Papers Published (3 SCI, 4 EI ) SCI


Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.H., Lin, F.Y. (2008) Application of an Electrooxidation Treatment to Industrial Paper Mill Effluents in Lab, Taiwan J. For. Sci. 23(2):111-123 (EI) Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.H., Hsieh,Y.C., Chen, P.R., Chi, H.Y. (2007) Treatment of a Specialty Paper Mill Wastewater Using a Pilot-scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation Unit, Taiwan J. For. Sci. 22(3):355-366 (EI) Perng, Y.S., Wang, I.C., Yu, S.T., Gong, H.Y., Dinh, L.Y., Kuo, L.S (2006) Application of Nano-Silica to Paper Mill Sludge Dewatering, Taiwan J. For. Sci. 21(3):353-362 (EI) Wang, I.C., Perng, Y.S., and Wang, K.T. (2006) Decolorization Treatments of the Paper Industry Effluents, Taiwan J. For. Sci. 21(1):23-27 (EI)

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Experimental Flow Chart


Effluent Coagulant

Homogenizing tank

Pulsed EC reactor

Aeration tank

Flocculation tank

Sedimentation tank

(Flow

rate)

(Current)(Frequency) (Electrode material)

(Dosage)

Sludge Treated effluent

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A Laboratory Electro-Coagulation Reactor Unit

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Pilot-scale Electrocoagulation reactor

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Diagram showing the positioning of p pulsed EC unit electrode plates in a p


31cm

0.5 cm

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Reactions at the Anodes


Dissolution of iron from the electrode: Fe Fe2+ + 2e Release of oxygen: 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-

( ) (1) ( ) (2)

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Reactions at the Cathodes


Production of hydrogen gas: 2H2O + 2e- 2HO- + H2 Deposition of iron at the electrodes: Fe2+ + 2e- Fe

( ) (3) ( ) (4)

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Reactions in a Pulsed EC Reactor Unit


Fe2+ react with HO- to form Fe(OH)2 Fe2+ + 2HO- Fe(OH)2 ( ) ( ) (5) Most of the Fe(OH)2 oxidized to Fe(OH)3: ( ) ( ) ( ) (6) Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 Large amount of ferric hydroxide formed by ionic interaction cause effective flocculation of suspended p and colloidal particles.

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Reactions in a Pulsed EC Reactor Unit


Due to dipole induction, suspended and colloidal pollutant particles in wastewater and under a suitable field strength, will have realigned charges with regions of positive and negative domain. Charge interactions cause particles to coalesce and ca se aggregate. Upon aggregation of considerable numbers of minute particles, flocs will form, helped by the metal hydroxides (Fe(OH)3, or Al(OH)3) ).
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Phenomena inside the Aeration Tank


Due to contact with air bubbles, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)2) are oxidized to ferric ) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3): (7) 4 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 Because the freshly formed Fe(OH)3, minute suspended particles are entrapped to form flocs. The flocs suspend on the surface of the aeration tank.
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The Hypothetical Reaction Mechanism


Establishment of electrical field
The electrolysis cells operate at a high overpotential, the alternate electrode plates have opposite positive and negative charges which pulse or alternate with certain frequency. This create electrical fields in the reactor amenable t coupling of particles. bl to li f ti l

Coupling of impurities
Under suitable field strengths, impurities in wastewater strengths will be affected to have internal charge realigned, which facilitate the subsequent flocculation to take place. place
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The Hypothetical Reaction Mechanism


Aggregation of impurities
The polarized impurity particles will have the + charged end of particle A approaching the - charged end of particle d f i l hi h h d d f i l B. The mutual attraction between the particles cause them to collide and fuse together, becoming a new, larger particle. The new particle continue the induction and polarization process in the field and persistently become larger. This p process is called self-coagulation. g Through self-coagulation, a part of dissolved and colloidal impurities will precipitate as non-dissolved particles.
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The Hypothetical Reaction Mechanism yp


Formation of microflocs
In the aeration tank, the polarized impurity particles will collide with active ferrous/ferric ions and start a flocculation process and become microflocs. The dimensions of microflocs microflocs will increase persistently. In the meantime, entrainment of bubbles (air, oxygen or hydrogen) in the interstices of flocs form sponge-like floc structure structure.

Formation of macroflocs (w/wo adding flocculent)


Bubble-entrained microflocs fuse with each other through g the action of flocculent polymer and form macroflocs, causing them to precipitate.

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Case studies of the Pulsed ElectroCoagulation (EC) Automatic Wastewater Treatment System

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Introduction of the Electrocoagulation Facilities


The pulsed EC fully-automatic wastewater treatment system was developed from the principle of electrocoagulation and has been through long periods of full mill l i dh b h hl i d f f ll ill operations and improvements. It is a truly technologically advanced wastewater treatment facility. y The EC system:

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Control unit Wastewater inflow tank CIP system Reaction tank


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The Control Unit


The control unit contains PLC and EC controller The unit is in charge of the system operation, control, and the on-off of various valves. All operational data and parameters of the system can be accessed and modified through a touch activated screen. The operational electrical voltage can be adjusted according to the practical requirements of the client, and is designed to operate from 110 to 480 V and 50 and 60 Hz. The system can be linked to the periphery systems and serve to be the control center of the entire wastewater plant.

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Effluent Inflow Tank


Inflow tank serves as a temporary storage of wastewater to be treated. It is equipped with a system pump, with a frequency modulator to control pump and operate at a designated flow rate. There i a high- and l h is hi h d low-water l l control for level lf actuation of pumping action.

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The CIP (Clean-In-Place) System


The CIP system includes a CIP tank, CIP pump, CIP infeed pump, and a CIP supply and recirculation valve CIP system is mainly for cleaning of electrode plates
Electrodes in the reactor will develop a passivistic layer on the surfaces which hinder electricity flow and treatment effectiveness. Periodically the CIP procedure shall be carried out. Adding out detergent and acid pickling to the CIP tank to clean the electrodes. Cleaning agents can be recycled and reused. The system will y g g automatically discharge waste agents and fill in with fresh ones.

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Reaction Tank
The reaction tank is the heart of the system. Main reactions take place here. The inside fits with several sets of parallel cast iron/aluminum electrode plates, and secure with insulating shield to prevent shortcircuit through plate contact. Effluent is fed from bottom and overflows from the top at completion of treatment In the reaction tank, simultaneous oxidation, reduction, coagulation, and clarification proceed. The system is amenable to treat multiple effluent sources. A air jet is installed at the bottom of the tank to promote coagulation, flotation, and reducing formation of passivistic layer. Reaction tanks are dual equipped. During the CIP process, effluent is directed to the other tank so that treatment will not be interrupted.

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Advantages of the Pulsed EC System


No other chemicals required
I addition to pH adjustment and anionic polymer In dditi t H dj t t d i i l necessary for making sludge cakes, no other chemicals are needed in the operation of the system.

Reduced sludge volume


Because there is no need for adding chemicals, the sludge produced is often one-half or less of a traditional treatment.

Reduced facility footprint


Traditional effluent treatments require large tract of land for storage ponds due to longer retention times. y p This system needs few ponds/tanks and reduces land requirement to at least one-half.
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Advantages of the Pulsed EC System


Low operation cost
Treating 1 ton of wastewater on average requires 0.5 to y g p 2 kW of electricity; 0.023-0.05 kg of iron plate, and 0.3 L of sulfuric acid.

Treated water is reusable


Wastewater treated by this system can meet the latest discharging standards of EPA. In many cases, the treated water attained reusable quality for our clients. clients

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Advantages of the Pulsed EC System


Simple to operate
The system has programmable logic control (PLC) unit with fully automatic control fully-automatic control. Operators need only to run the system through monitor control. Thus require least number of personnel and the expense of unnecessary human resource cost.

Simple to maintain, long service life


The system needs only periodical inspection and replacement of electrode plates. The system has a automatic plates cleaning system which kicks in when needed. Under normal and correct operation conditions, it can last for at least 15 years. years
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Treatment Efficiency of the EC Systems


In most effluent samples, the EC system is capable of attaining the following removal rates: COD 80 90% COD: 80~90% BOD: 90% or better Heavy metals: 90% or better Phosphates: 93% or better Fluorides: 95% or better SS: 95% or better Electrical conductivity: 50% or less
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Illustration of a Typical Treatment Flow Chart


Homogenizing (4 h) Aeration (2 h) Sand filter pH adjustment Flocculation (30 min) Pumping EC systen Sedimentation (2 h)

Discharge Cleaning water

RO system

Process reuse

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Products Display JC 50 Model Display-JC-50

Capacity: 2 t/h Dimensions: 2000*1800*2000 H (mm) Weight: ca. 1 ton (including electrode plates) l d l )

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Products Display JC p y JC-100 Model

Capacity: 4 t/h Dimensions: 3000*200*2000 H (mm) Weight: ca. 2 tons (including electrode plates)

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Products Display JC p y JC-250 Model

Capacity: 10 t/h Dimensions: 3500*2000*2000 3500 2000 2000 H (mm) Weight: ca. 2 5 tons (including ca 2.5 electrode plates)
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Products Display JC-500 Model p y

Capacity: 20 t/h Dimensions: 3500*4600*2000 H (mm) ( ) Weight: ca. 5 tons (including electrode plates) l t d l t )

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Products Display JC-750 Model


Capacity: 30 t/h Dimensions: 8000*3500*2000 H (mm) Weight: ca. 7.5 tons

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Partial clients list


1. San-shiang Fabric Inc.-250 CMD-Textile dyeing
2. Chuin-ta Banners Inc. -30 CMD-Banner printing and dyeing 3. Longheyunghsing Lted. Co. -1200 CMD-Textile dyeing 4. Shengchang Inc. -100 CMD-Metal surface treatment 5. 5 Chingchuan Inc -10 CMD-Printing and dyeing Inc. 6. Yuanbong Manufacturing Ltd. Co.-300 CMD-Metal surface treatment 7. 7 Jingli Ltd 20 CMD PCB printed circuit board Ltd.-20 CMD-PCB circ it 8. Chengming Enterprise Inc.-50 CMD-Metal surface treatment 9. Ligang Industrial Inc. -30 CMD-Hot dipping galvanizing treatment 10. Wanzong Enterprise Inc. -50 CMD-Metal surface treatment

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Partial clients list


11. Hanwei Photoelectric Inc. -30 CMD-Gallium-arsenic wafer manufacturing g 12. Jiesuen Enterprise Inc.-100 CMD-Metal surface treatment 13. Guigou Enterprise Inc. -250 CMD-Metal surface treatment 14. Dayah Chains Inc. -500 CMD-Metal surface treatment 15. Nienher Plastic & Metals (Shanghai) Ltd. Co.-500 CMDPlastic surface plating treatment p g 16. Chungsheng Scientific Ltd. Co.-100 CMD-Metal surface treatment 17. Beidey 17 B id ST Inc. -50 CMD Di manufacturing I 50 CMD-Disc f t i 18. Taiwan Forestry Research Inst.- Demo for paper industry effluent treatment
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Sanshiang Fabric Inc.


Industry: Textile dyeing Effluent Quant.: 250 CMD Installation date: June, 2001 Pollutant sources: COD and reactive dyestuffs

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Chuinta Banner Co.


Industry: Banner printing and y p g dyeing Effluent quant.: 30 CMD Installation date: July, Pollutant sources: Acidic and dispersed dyestuffs

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Longhe Yunghsing Co.


Industry: Textile dyeing Effl. quant : Effl quant.: 1200 CMD Installation date: Feb. 2002 Pollutant sources: Acidic and dispersed dyestuffs. y
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Shengchang Electroplating

Industry: M t l f I d t Metal surface treatment Effluent quant.: 100 CMD quant : Installation date: Sept. 2002 Pollutant P ll t t sources: COD & heavy metals
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Chingchuan Enterprise
Industry: Textile dyeing y y g Effluent quant.: 10 CMD s a a o da e: Ja . 003 Installation date: Jan. 2003 Pollutant sources: dispersed dyestuffs p y

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Yuanbong Gifts
Industry: Metal surface treatment Effluent quant.: 300 CMD Installation date: Sept. 2003 Pollutant sources: COD and heavy metals

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Jingli Enterprise

Industry: Print circuit boards y Effluent quant.: 20 CMD Installation date: Sept. 2003 Pollutant sources: COD & Cu.

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Ligang Industry
Industry: Hot dipping galvanizing Effluent quant.: 30 CMD Installation date: June 2004 Pollutant source: Zn

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Taiwan Forestry Research Inst.) Inst )


Industry: Pulp and paper Effluent quant. : 6 CMD Installation date: June 2004

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Hanwei Photoelectric Inc. Inc


Industry: GaAr Wafer manufacturing Effluent quant.: 30 CMD Installation date: July 2004 Pollutant source: Arsenic g containing water

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Hongcheng Metals

Industry: Electroplating Effluent quant.:300 CMD Installation date: Jan. 2002

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Longheyunghsing Co. g y g g

Effluent volume: 1200 CMD Installation date: Feb.2002

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Wushing Foods Co.

Industry: Food processing Efffluent Efffl t quant.: 10 CMD t Installation date: May 2003

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Taiwan Zinc Co.

Effluent: 40 CMD Installation date: October 2003

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Chengming Enterprise

Industry: electroplating Effluent l Effl t volume: 50 CMD Installation date: Mar. 2004

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Mongyi Enterprise

Industry: textile dyeing Effluent volume: 1000 CMD Installation date: July 2004

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Dayah Chains

Effluent quant. 500 CMD Industry: Electroplating Installation date: Dec. 2005

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Nienhe Plastic & Metals

Industry: electroplating Effluent quant.: 500 CMD Installation date: May 2006

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Chungsheng Technology

Industry: electroplating Effluent quant.: 100 CMD Installation d t M h I t ll ti date: March 2006

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Beidey Technology y gy

Industry: Disk making Effluent quant.: 30 CMD Installation date: Apr. 2006

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EC treatment stages--1

Left: original effluent

Right: after treatment, sludge floats perng

In about 1 min, sludge in right floats and water become clean 70

EC treatment stages--2

In 2 min, sludge floats to top


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In 3 min,, all sludge floats to top, and the water clearas


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Treatment site: Chungtsen Co., Tainan

Left: original effluent, mid & right: post-EC effluent

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Treatment site: Chungtsen Dyeing

Left: original effluent; Mid & Right: Post EC sludge separation


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Treatment site: Nanya Plastic Shuling Mill

Left 1: original dyeing effluent; L2: chemical effluent; R2: Dyeing effluent; R1: Post biological treatment effluent.

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The above effluents after EC system treatments

Sludge Sl d separation and sedimentation i d di i

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Treatment site: Fengyuan Public Water Supply T t t it F P bli W t S l No. 2 Plant

921
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Treatment site: Fengyuan Public T t t it F P bli Water Supply No. 2 Plant

Left: effluent from a mud-flow Right: post-EC treatment water f ffl f d fl i h


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Sludge volume comparison


Source: Fengyuan Plant 2, Public Water Supply Co.

L: post EC sludge volume; R: sludge volume after PAC addition.


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Sludge volume comparison Source: Public water supply Fengyuan No. 2

2
L: Post EC sludge volume; R: PAC coagulated sludge volume

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Source: NTU Environmental Eng. Lab. Eng Lab

L: reservoir water after EC treatment; R: post secondary treatment

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Sources of comparison: Nanya Plastic Shoulin Mill

Left: EC sludge volume of the textile dyeing effluent; Mid: EC sludge volume after biological treatment; Right: EC sludge volume of a chemical plant.

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Applicable Industries
Textile dyeing Metal cutting and electroplating Meat processing plant Mining industry Public water supply system Animal h b d A i l husbandary Hi-tech. electronic industry Chemical industry

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Textile dyeing industry


Electrocoagulation system is particularly effective in removing colored substances. After the EC treatment, the effluent become practically colorless. Also, COD is colorless Also reduced. In some cases, the treated water can be reused. p y y The pulsed EC system, in addition to totally resolve the coloration problem, also offers benefits of reduced water and chemical costs.

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Metal cutting and electroplating industry


Metal cutting and electroplating effluents often contain a variety of metals. Traditional treatment methods often require adding different chemicals to deal with individual metals. These processes are neither convenient nor effective in removing rates. After the EC treatment, the Environmental Analysis Lab provided test reports with respect to chromium, mercury, lead, manganese, cadmium, silver copper arsenic lead manganese cadmium silver, copper, arsenic, and nickel having removal rates between 80 to 99%, thus is highly effective in dealing with metallic pollutants.
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Meat processing plants


The pulsed EC system can remove from the meat process plant effluent large volume of grease and bacteria, allowing the treated water to be used as cleaning water or for other purposes.

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Mining industry
Mine operators use EC system to remove suspended dirt, soil and coal particles in tailing. Untreated tailing water cant be used to cool coal mining facilities, and tailing cant be discharged to natural water bodies due to heavy fines imposed l b di d h fi i d by EPA.

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Public Water Supply System pp y y


Many water sources contain excessive amounts of calcium, magnesium, arsenic, nitrate or other harmful substances. Or, become muddy due to torrential rains, causing high water turbidity and unsuitable for supply to households. According to the actual water test results, the EC g , system is effective in removing the aforementioned minerals to a tune of ~90%. The system also reduces water turbidity in 20 min from 20,000 NTU to an t t bidit i i f 20 000 t acceptable level. Thus, not only cut down on reservoir needs but also ensure quality of water supply. q y pp y
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Animal husbandry industry y y


Animal industry (swine, cattle, chicken, and duck etc.) produce effluents containing large amount of coliform bacteria or other harmful pathogens (such as foot and mouth disease). Traditional treatment methods tend to be unstable during hot climate, thus causing troubles to the industry. In addition to effectvely remove COD, the EC system can destroy virus and bacterial to 99.9999% level. According to tests 99 9999% level by President Inc. Hsinyin mill, and Sanjiu, Jieshing Farms, the COD removal rates were between 80 and 96%, BOD 98.8% and SS between 92 to 98%.

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Hi-tech Electronic Industry y


Effluents of hi-tech electronic industry often contain various organic solvents and heavy metals. There are also metals certain recalcitrant effluents such as copper milling wastewater. According to actual test conducted at Changhsing Chemicals Inc., copper removal of a copper milling effluent reached 93%; another test for lead removal at Chihsheng Scientific Ltd, 97% of lead was removed. With regard to organic solvent, however, the removal rates were about 50 to 70%.

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Chemical Industry
There are many different streams of wastewater from chemical industry based on different product spectra. h i l i d t b d diff t d t t Traditional chemical or biological treatment either have to add different chemicals for different effluents, or very large ponds are required to achieve treatment efficiency. Also, the COD values are often unstable. According to the actual tests conducted at Maobao, Maobao Taiwan Jiehwa, and Fuying plants, the COD removal was ca. 80 to 90%; and the results were consistent, not varying according to the product spectra. i di t th d t t

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Household Wastewater
In most cases, after the EC treatment, the water quality will show marked improvements, allowing safe discharge into natural bodies of water. In addition, the EC system is both economical with regard to time and space req irements and the requirements, initial installation cost is often far cheaper than the traditional treatment systems. The savings on land systems and personnel represent additional boons.
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