Bien Tan Simovert

LI M U Trong nhng nm gn y khoa hc k thut v cng ngh pht trin rt mnh m, lnh vc in in t cng khng nm ngoi tro lu .
. Chnh kh nng pht trin mnh m nh vy lm nn qu trnh chuyn bin su sc c v l thuyt ln thc tin trong i sng khoa hc k thut v cng ngh. iu ny trc ht phi k n s ra i ngy cng hon thin ca cc b bin i cng sut. Vi kch thc nh gn, tc ng nhanh, cao, d dng ghp ni vi cc mch dng vi in t, vi x l hoc my tnh. Cc h truyn ng in t ng ngy nay thng s dng theo nguyn tc iu khin mch vng ni cp, cc mch iu khin thch nghi hay nguyn tc iu khin vect cho ng c xoay chiu. Phn ln cc mch iu khin ny dng cc b bin tnvi chng trnh phn mm linh hot, d dng thay i cu trc tham s hoc lut iu khin. V vy n lm tng tc ng nhanh v chnh xc cao cho h truyn ng. Chnh v l do ny m vic ch to chun ha cc h thng truyn ng hin i c nhiu c tnh lm vic khc nhau, d dng p ng theo yu cu ca nh sn xut. gii quyt cc vn trn v hiu r hn v cc b bin tn em hon thnh cun n vi ti: Nghin cu b bin i cng sut Simovert Masterdrives ca Siemens vi s hng dn ca thy gio Thc s ng Hng Hi Ni dung ca n gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v cc b bin i cng sut Chng 2: Nghin cu b bin i cng sut Simovert MasterDrives Chng 3: iu khin ng c khng ng b
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113.179.67.85 downloaded 30.NguyenTienLuc_DC1001.pdf at Sun Aug 12 14:39:19 ICT 2012
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CC B BIN I CNG SUT

1.1. T VN in t cng sut l cng ngh bin i in nng t dng ny sang dng khc trong cc phn t bn dn cng sut ng vai tr trung tm. B bin i in t cng sut cn c gi l b bin i tnh (static converter) phn bit vi cc my in truyn thng (electric machine) bin i in da trn nguyn tc bin i in t trng. Theo ngha rng, nhim v ca in t cng sut l x l v iu khin dng nng lng in bng cch cung cp in p v dng in dng thch hp cho cc ti. Ti s quyt nh cc thng s v in p, dng in, tn s, v s pha ti ng ra ca b bin i. Thng thng, mt b iu khin c hi tip s theo di ng ra ca b bin i v cc tiu ha sai lch gia gi tr thc ca ng ra v gi tr mong mun (hay gi tr t). Trong cc b bin i cc phn t bn dn cng sut c s dng nh nhng kha bn dn, cn gi l van bn dn, khi m dn dng th ni ti vo ngun, khi kha th khng cho dng in chy qua. Khc vi cc phn t c tip im, cc van bn dn thc hin ng ct dng in m khng gy nn tia la in,khng b mi mn theo thi gian.Tuy c th ng ngt cc dng in ln nhng cc phn t bn dn cng sut li c iu khin bi cc tn hiu in cng sut nh, to bi cc mch in t cng sut nh. Quy lut ni ti vo ngun ph thuc vo cc s ca b bin i v ph thuc vo cch thc iu khin cc van trong b bin i. Nh vy qu trnh bin i nng lng c thc hin vi hiu sut cao v tn tht trong b bin i ch l tn tht trn cc kha in t, khng ng k so vi cng sut in cn bin i.Khng nhng t c hiu sut cao m cc b bin i cn c kh nng cung cp cho ph ti ngun nng lng vi cc c tnh theo yu cu, p 2
ng cc qu trnh iu chnh, iu khin trong mt thi gian ngn nht, vi cht lng ph hp trong cc h thng t ng hoc t ng ha. y l c tnh m cc b bin i c tip im hoc kiu in t khng th c c. ng dng: in t cng sut c ng dng rng ri trong hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip hin i. C th k n cc ngnh k thut m trong c nhng ng dng tiu biu ca cc b bin i bn dn cng sut nh truyn ng in, giao thng ng st, nu luyn thp, gia nhit cm ng, in phn nhm t qung m,cc qu trnh in phn trong cng nghip ha cht, trong rt nhiu cc thit b cng nghip v dn dng khc nhau...Trong nhng nm gn y cng ngh ch to cc phn t bn dn cng sut c nhng tin b vt bc v ngy cng tr nn hon thin dn n vic ch to cc b bin di ngy cng nh gn, nhiu tnh nng v s dng ngy cng d dng hn. Phn loi: Ta c th phn loi cc h thng bin i in t cng sut da vo tn hiu vo v ra l xoay chiu hay mt chiu: B chnh lu (AC DC) B nghch lu (DC AC) B bin i in xoay chiu (AC AC) B bin i in mt chiu (DC DC) Bin tn 1.2. B CHNH LU (AC DC) [1] 1.2.1. Cu trc mch chnh lu Chnh lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng dng in xoay chiu thnh nng lng dng in mt chiu Chnh lu l thit b in t cng sut c s dng rng ri nht trong thc t. S cu trc thng gp ca mch chnh lu nh hnh v. 3
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Hnh 1.1. S cu trc mch chnh lu Trong s c my bin p lm hai nhim v chnh l: Chuyn t in p quy chun ca li in xoay chiu U1 sang in p U2 thch hp vi yu cu ca ti. Ty theo ti m my bin p c th tng p hoc gim p Bin i s pha ca ngun li sang s pha theo yu cu ca mch van. Thng thng s pha ln nht ca li l 3 pha, song mch van c th cn s pha l 6, 12 Trng hp ti yu cu mc in p ph hp vi li in v mch van i hi s pha nh li in th c th b my bin p Mch van y l cc van bn dn c mc vi nhau theo cch no tin hnh qu trnh chnh lu. Mch lc nhm m bo in p (hoc dng in) mt chiu cp cho ti l bng phng theo yu cu 1.2.2. Phn loi Chnh lu c phn loi theo mt s cch sau y: a) Phn loi theo s pha ngun cp cho mch van: mt pha, hai pha, ba pha, 6 pha b) Phn loi theo mch van bn dn trong mch van. Hin nay ch yu dng hai loi van l Diode v Tiristor vi cc loi mch: Mch van dng ton Diode, gi l chnh lu khng iu khin Mch van dng ton Tiristor, gi l chnh lu iu khin
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Mch chnh lu dng c Diode v Tiristor, gi l chnh lu bn iu khin c) Phn loi theo s mc cc van. C hai kiu mc van: S hnh tia: s ny s lng van bng s pha ngun cp cho mch van. Tt c cc van u u chung mt u no vi nhau hoc catt chung, hoc ant chung S cu: s ny s lng van nhiu gp i s pha ngun cp cho mch van. Trong mt na s van mc chung nhau catt, na kia li mc chung nhau ant. 1.3. B NGHCH LU (DC AC) [2] 1.3.1. Chc nng, ng dng v phn loi a) Chc nng: Nghch lu l thit b bin i dng in mt chiu thnh dng in xoay chiu c tn s thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c lp Ngun mt chiu thng thng l in p chnh lu, cquy v cc ngun mt chiu c lp khc b) ng dng: nghch lu c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh cung cp in, cc h truyn ng xoay chiu, truyn ti in nng, luyn kim, giao thng c) Phn loi: - Theo s : nghch lu mt pha, nghch lu ba pha - Theo qu trnh in t xy ra nghch lu: nghch lu p, nghch lu dng, nghch lu cng hng. - Theo qu trnh chuyn mch: + Qu trnh chuyn mch cng bc: linh kin c kh nng kch ng v ngt (MOSFET, JBT, IGBT, GTO) + Qu trnh chuyn mch ph thuc: linh kin ch kch ng, qu trnh ngt ph thuc ngun hoc ti 5
1.3.2. B nghch lu p Cu to c bn: - Ngun in p mt chiu: C th l cquy, pin in, t ngun in p xoay chiu c chnh lu v lc phng - Linh kin b nghch lu: C kh nng kch ng v ngt nu qu trnh chuyn mch l cng bc, hoc Tiristor nu qu trnh chuyn mch l ph thuc + Cng sut nh v va: s dng cc kha BJT, MOSFET, IGBT + Cng sut ln: IGBT, GTO, Tiristor + b chuyn mch (chuyn mch cng bc) hoc Tiristor thng nu qu trnh chuyn mch ph thuc - Diode mc song song: To thnh mch chnh lu cu khng iu khin c chiu dn ngc li, cho php trao i cng sut o gia ti xoay chiu vi ngun mt chiu v hn ch qu p khi kch ngt linh kin (chc nng bo v linh kin) - in p ra c th gi khng i hoc thay i c tn s c nh hoc thay i c - in p ra l tng ca nghch lu phi c dng sin. Tuy nhin dng sng ra ca cc b nghch lu trn thc t khng c dng sin chun (do linh kin nghch lu l cc kha lm vic ch ng ct) v cha cc sng hi bc cao. Cc dng sng hi ny c th gy ra nhiu di dng lan truyn trong cp dn hoc dng tia do bc x sng in t, gy nh hng khng tt n ti, ngun v mng vin thng. V vy cc bin php s dng chng nhiu l cn thit: cc b lc ngun, thit b nghch lu c t trong t kim loi, s dng cp bc.
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Nghch lu p mt pha Trn hnh v 1.2 trnh by s b nghch lu in p mt pha
Hnh 1.2. B nghch lu in p mt pha Cc tiristor T1 T4 c ni theo s cu iu khin tng cp (T1, T4 v T2, T3). Cc t in C1, C2 lm nhim v chuyn mch. V d khi T1, T4 m cho dng in chy qua t in C1, C2 c np ti gi tr in p ngun. Khi m T2, T3 th C1 phng in qua T1, T2 cn C2 phng qua T3, T4. Nh vy dng qua T1, T4 gim ti khng, cc tiristor ny b ngt. Cc diode D1 D4 ngn cc t chuyn mch vi ti loi tr nh hng ca cc t ln ti. Cc diode D5 D8 to thnh mt cu ngc cho dng phn khng i qua t C0. V d: Nu trc y T1 T4 m, dng ti chy theo chiu mi tn (trn hnh v) th khi cho xung m T2 T3 dng ti do tc dng ca sc in ng t cm trong mch ti, khng th i chiu t ngt m vn gi chiu c trong mt khong thi gian t2 n t3. Trong khong thi gian t2, t3 dng chy qua D6 C0 D7. Cc in khng L1, L2 dng hn ch dng in phng ca C1, C2 khng qua tiristor cn kha (v C1 cn c th phng in trong mch D1 D5 L1 T2, cn C2 trong mch T3 L2 D8 D4). Nu khng c
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L1, L2 th dng in phng theo mch va ni s kh ln v qu trnh chuyn mch s gp kh khn. in p trn ti c dng ch nht nh hnh v:
Hnh 1.3. c tnh in p tm biu thc it(t) qua ti dng phng php bin i Laplace v bin i ngc. Khi m T1, do tc ng ca cun s cp bin p (nh bin p t ngu) nn t C np ti in p gn bng 2E. Khi m T2, tiristor T1 b ngt in bi t in C. h thng (hnh a) t np chuyn i cng hng trong mch C T2 L D1 ti in p 2E vi du m. p trn t khng th vt qu gi tr 2E bt k c cng hng mch ti do c phng ngc ca t qua nhng diode tng ng v ngun np. Thi gian ngt tiristor bng 1/4 chu k dao ng ring ca mch L C. Xung dng in chuyn np cng hng
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t in c bin tng i ln, iu nh hng ti vic xut hin tn hao ph trong cc phn t chuyn mch. gim cc tn hao ngi ta s dng s c bin p t ngu. Nu diode D1, D2 c ni vo cc u ra cun s cp bin p th mch chuyn np t in c ni ti cc u tn cng cun s cp. Trong trng hp ny nng lng phn khng tch t trong L on cui qu trnh chuyn mch khng b dn trong mch t tiu hao hoc bin i m c gi v ngun qua nhng diode v phn cun dy thch hp. H thng cho php a tr mt phn nng lng phn khng v ngun. Dng in p ra l sng ch nht, vic s dng in p ch nht trong nhiu trng hp gy ra hu qu xu v vy trong thc t ngi ta a thm phin lc (filter) ng cong in p c dng gn hnh sin hn. 1.3.3. B nghch lu dng Nghch lu dng l thit b bin i ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c tn s ty Nghch lu dng c cc c im sau y: - Dng ra gm dng ti v dng chuyn mch tiristor ca t in c dng ch nht, cn in p ph thuc vo thng s ca ti. - Ngun in cung cp lm vic nh ngun dng v th phi mc ni tip vi n mt cun khng ln. - Khi ti c tnh cm khng, cn bng cng sut khng thc hin bng t in chuyn mch v vy ti tng hp nht thit phi c c tnh dung khng. - c tnh ti c dng ng thng nghing 1.4. B BIN I IN P MT CHIU (DC DC) [1] 1.4.1. Khi qut chung v b bin i in p mt chiu B bin i in p mt chiu hay gi y l b bin i xung in p mt chiu, s dng cc ngt in bn dn s thch hp bin i p 9
ngun mt chiu thnh chui cc xung p, nh s thay i c gi tr trung bnh p ra. V th b bin i in p mt chiu cn c gi l b bm in p. ng ct in p ngun ngi ta thng dng cc kha in t cng sut v chng c c tnh tng ng vi kha l tng, tc l khi kha dn in (ng) in tr ca n khng ng k; cn khi kha b ngt (m ra) in tr ca n ln v cng (in p trn ti bng khng). Nguyn l c bn ca b bin i in p mt chiu c m t trn hnh 1.4
Hnh 1.4. S nguyn l v th ca b bin i xung p Trong khong thi gian 0 t1, kha K ng li, in p trn ti UR s c gi tr bng in p ngun (UR = E); cn trong khong thi gian t1 T, kha K m ra v UR = 0. Nh vy gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti s l: UR = thi gian kha K ng; h s iu chnh; T chu k ng ct ca kha K; 10
Biu thc cho thy thay i in p trn ti c hai cch: 1. Thay i thi gian ng kha K, khi gi chu k ng ct khng i (phng php iu ch rng xung). 2. Thay i tn s ng ct (f = 1/T) v gi thi gian ng kha K khng i ( = const). Nh vy b bin i xung p mt chiu c kh nng iu chnh v n nh in p ra trn ph ti. N c nhng u im c bn sau: Hiu sut cao v tn hao cng sut trong b bin i khng ng k so vi b bin i lin tc chnh xc cao cng nh t chu nh hng ca mi trng, v yu t iu chnh l thi gian ng kha K ch khng phi gi tr in tr ca cc phn t iu chnh thng gp trong cc b iu chnh lin tc Cht lng in p tt hn so vi cc b iu chnh lin tc Kch thc gn nh Nhc im ca b bin i xung p: Cn c b lc u ra, do lm tng qun tnh ca b bin i khi lm vic trong h thng kn Tn s ng ct ln s to ra nhiu cho ngun cng nh cc thit b iu khin i vi cc b bin i cng sut trung bnh (hng chc kW) v nh (vi kW), ngi ta thng dng cc kha in t l cc bng bn dn lng cc IGBT. Trong trng hp cng sut ln (vi trm kW tr ln) ngi ta s dng GTO hoc Tiristor. 1.4.2. Phn loi C nhiu cch phn loi cc b bin i in p mt chiu: - Theo cch mc kha in t song song hay ni tip ta c: b bin i xung p ni tip v song song
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- Theo in p ra: b bin i xung p c in p ra nh hn in p vo v b bin i xung p c in p ra ln hn in p vo - Theo du in p: b bin i xung p khng o chiu v b bin i xung p c o chiu 1.4.3. S cu trc Cu trc b bin i in p mt chiu thng c dng nh hnh 1.5
Hnh 1.5 S gm cc phn t ch yu nh ngun N, b lc u vo L, kha in t (KT), b lc u ra (L0) v ph ti (PT) (ng c in mt chiu) Ngun mt chiu c th l cquy hoc b chnh lu B lc u vo thng dng mch LC hoc ch dng in cm. T C c th c thay th bng cc phn t tch tr nng lng nh cquy Kha in t (KT) ngy nay c dng ch yu l cc van bn dn iu khin hon ton B lc u ra (L0) c tc dng san phng dng in u ra ca b bin i 1.5. B IU P XOAY CHIU (AC AC) B iu chnh in p xoay chiu gi tt l iu p xoay chiu thc hin bin i in p xoay chiu v ln v dng sng nhng tn s khng thay i. 12
iu p xoay chiu thng c ng dng trong iu khin chiu sng v t nng, trong khi ng mm v iu chnh tc qut gi hoc my bm Trong b iu p xoay chiu, cc linh kin in t cng sut lm vic ch dn kha theo chu k ca in p ngun. S chuyn mch t dn sang kha mt cch t nhin ty theo du ca in p t trn cc linh kin. 1.5.1. B iu chnh in p xoay chiu mt pha thay i gi tr ca in p xoay chiu, ngoi phng php c in l my bin p, ngi ta c th dng cc b tiristor u song song ngc. Nh bin php ny vic iu chnh in p c linh hot hn (v cp, nhanh, d to cc mch vng t ng iu chnh). Kch thc ca b bin i gn nh v c gi thnh h hn nhiu so vi dng my bin p. Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l cht lng in p khng c tt v cn s dng thm b lc xoay chiu khc phc nhc im ny. Vic iu khin thi im ng m ca tiristor s to ra cc xung p trn ti nn b bin i cn c gi l b iu chnh xung p xoay chiu. S b bin i mt pha gm mt b tiristor u song song ngc (T1 v T2) v c mc ni tip vi ti (hnh 1.6). i vi b bin i cng sut nh v trung bnh (khong vi kW) c th thay th b tiristor bng triac.
Hnh 1.6. B iu chnh xung p xoay chiu
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Hnh 1.7. th dng in v in p khi ti thun tr
Hnh 1.8. th dng in v in p khi ti tr cm Cc tiristor T1 v T2 s c m ra trong tng na chu k khi c xung iu khin ng vi cc thi im t1 (m T1) v t2 (m T2). th dng dng
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in v in p trn ti trong trng hp ti l thun tr v tr cm tng ng nh trn hnh v 1.7 v 1.8 1.5.2. B bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha [2] Thng thng trong thc t ngi ta hay s dng b iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha (iu khin ng c khng ng b ba pha) iu khin nhit ca cc l in tr. Nu b bin i c ghp t ba b bin i mt pha v c dy trung tnh th dng qua mi pha s khng ph thuc vo dng cc pha khc
Hnh 1.9. B iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha Trn hnh 1.9 biu din s cc b bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha. B iu chnh in p xoayc hiu ba pha ni sao c dy trung tnh (hnh a nt t). Vi b ba pha c dy trung tnh, cc cp tiristor mc ngc nhau lm vic c lp vi nhau. Ta c th thc hin iu khin ring bit tng pha, ti c th i xng hoc khng i xng. Do cc pha lm vic c lp nhau nn c tnh ra ca cc pha ging nh b iu chnh mt pha, trong in p cc pha lch nhau 1200. Hot ng ca b iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba 15
pha ni sao khng c dy trung tnh (hnh a nt lin) l s hot ng tng hp ca cc pha. Vic iu chnh in p b bin i in p ba pha khng c dy trung tnh ph thuc vo gc v gc . Trng hp tng qut s c 6 on iu khin i xng v 6 on iu khin khng i xng. i xng khi c 3 tiristor dn, khng i xng khi 1 hoc 2 tiristor khng dn in. Vn t ra l phi tm cc on i xng v khng i xng trong mt chu k. Vic xc nh in p phi cn c vo chng trnh lm vic ca cc tiristor. Gi thit rng ti i xng v s iu khin m bo to ra cc xung m v gc m lch nhau 1200. Ngha l: A = , B = - 2/3, C = - 4/3 A = , B = - 2/3, C = - 4/3 Trong l gc iu khin, cn = + Khi m hoc ng mt tiristor ca mt pha no s lm thay i dng ca 2 pha cn li. Khi iu khin i xng in p trn cc pha ti l in p ca pha li cung cp n, cn ch khng i xng in p trn pha ti c xc nh bng in p dy ca li m ti thi im nghin cu cc tiristor mc vo. Mi mt on dn iT c bt u vi khong cch dch pha mi gc so vi im trung tnh ng vi in p pha na chu k dng v mt gc + trong na chu k m ri kt thc trong khong < . Gc m tiristor nm trong khong < < + . Thy rng gc t 0 + , khi tiristor pha B khng m, ti ca pha A v pha C ni vi nhau bng T1 v T6 vo in p gia pha A v pha C, kt qu l in p trn mi pha bng 0,5 UAC. Trong khong thi gian tip theo, khi T3 m xut hin ch ba pha i xng, ti 3 pha c np bi 3 in p pha. Khi T1 tc gy ra khong khng c dng ca pha A v in p trn ti ca pha ny cng khng c. M T2 sau gc li lm xut hin ch i xng, ch ny s tip tc cho ti t = , sau ngt T6 ti c np t pha A v B.
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nhng phn lm vic i xng, in p trn ti pha A trng vi in p np pha A l 6 ln trong mt chu k. Trong thi gian khng c dng (khong gia 2 na chu k dng in) th in p trn ti bng 0. ch khng i xng, pha A c ni vo li bng cc tiristor dn ca pha A v B, pha C cc tiristor tc. in p trn ti trng vi p dy nhng gim i mt na. Tng t nh vy khi tc cc tiristor ca pha B v dn cc tiristor pha C th in p bng na in p UAC. Khi tng gc , gc dn ca tiristor gim do tnh cht dn tng h ca cc dng tiristor, nhng gc m ln hn gi tr gc ti hn th s xut hin mt ch khc. Lc ny xut hin nhng khong thi gian khng c dng chy trong c 3 pha. Khi > th th tiristor m tng cp, gia cc khong dn ca chng xut hin vng khng c dng in, lc mch lm vic ch khng i xng.
1.6. BIN TN Bin tn l thit b bin i dng xoayc hiu vi tn s ca li in thnh dng xoay chiu c tn s khc vi tn s ca li Tn s ca li quyt nh tc gc ca t trng quay my in do bng cch thay i tn s dng in stato ta c th iu chnh c tc ng c. thc hin c vn ny ta dng b bin tn cung cp tn s ph hp vi ng c iu chnh tc b bin tn lm ngun cung cp cho ng c iu khin, yu cu b ny c kh nng bin i tn s v in p sao cho t s : U/f = const Bin tn c chia lm 2 loi: Bin tn trc tip v bin tn gin tip Cc loi bin tn dng van c s dng rng ri v chng c u im: - Kch thc nh nn din tch lp t khng ln - Trng lng nh - H s khuych i cng sut ln - C qun tnh nh
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1.6.1. Bin tn gin tip Cc b bin tn gin tip c s cu trc nh hnh 1.10 U1, f1 CL L NL U2, f2
Hnh 1.10. S cu trc bin tn gin tip B bin tn gm cc khu: chnh lu (CL), lc (L) v nghch lu (NL). Nh vy bin i tn s cn thng qua khu trung gian mt chiu, do n c tn l bin tn gin tip. Chnh lu dng bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, chnh lu c th khng iu chnh hoc iu chnh. Ngy nay a s chnh lu thng l chnh lu khng iu khin, v nu iu chnh in p mt chiu trong phm vi rng s lm tng kch thc ca b lc v lm gim hiu sut ca b bin i. Ni chung chc nng bin i tn s v in p c thc hin bi nghch lu thng qua lut iu khin. Trong cc b bin tn cng sut ln, ngi ta dng chnh lu bn iu khin vi chc nng lm nhim v bo v cho ton h thng khi b qu ti. Ngy nay bin tn gin tip c s dng kh ph bin v c th iu chnh tn s v in p ra trong phm vi kh rng. D dng to ra cc b ngun (dng, p) theo mong mun. Nhc im ca b bin tn gin tip l hiu sut thp (v qua hai ln bin i). Cng sut cng nh kch thc ca b bin i ln. Do tnh cht ca b lc nn bin tn gin tip c chia lm 2 loi: bin tn ngun dng v bin tn ngun p
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Bin tn ngun p
Hnh 1.11. Bin tn ngun p ba pha
Trn hnh 1.11 l bin tn ngun p ba pha B lc s dng t C ln u vo ca b nghch lu nn in p t vo b nghch lu xem nh ngun p, cng vi in cm L v t C lm phng in p chnh lu Ngoi ra t C cn to iu kin trao i cng sut phn khng Q gia ti vi b nghch lu v mch mt chiu bng cch cho php s thay i nhng trong thi gian ngn dng vo b nghch lu khng ph thuc vo b chnh lu Khi s dng b bm p hay phng php iu bin rng xung th c th s dng b chnh lu khng iu khin (dng Diode) i vi loi ny yu cu ca b bin tn l nng lng c truyn 2 chiu tc l ng c thc hin hm ti sinh th b chnh lu lm vic c c bn gc phn t
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Bin tn ngun dng
Hnh 1.12. Bin tn ngun dng ba pha Bin tn ngun dng ba pha c m t nh hnh 1.12 B lc l cun cm c cm khng ln c tc dng nh ngun dng cp cho b nghch lu. Dng in trong mch mt chiu c san phng bi L. Dng in ny khng th o chiu Ngoi ra cun L cn c tc dng o chiu cng sut phn khng ca ti trong mch mt chiu, cun khng ny cho php o chiu in p t vo b nghch lu m khng ph thuc vo b chnh lu, do vy ph hp vi vic hm ti sinh ca ng c. Tuy nhin ch iu chnh c dng v p ca ti theo phng php bin nn chnh lu s dng linh kin bn dn c iu khin 1.6.2. Bin tn trc tip ~ U1 , f1 ~ U2 , f2
mch van
Hnh 1.13. S khi bin tn trc tip
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Bin tn trc tip l b bin i m tn s c to ra bng cch ng ct thch hp mt dng in xoay chiu c tn s cao hn. T in p xoay chiu U1 c tn s f1 ch cn qua mt mch van l chuyn ngay ra ti vi tn s f2. Trong b bin tn trc tip chc nng chnh lu v nghch lu nm trn cng b bin i, khng s dng t chuyn mch m ch chuyn i mt ln nn hiu sut cao. Nhng thc t mch van rt phc tp vi s lng van ln, nht l vi mch 3 pha. Vic thay i tn s f2 kh khn v ph thuc vo f1. Bin tn c s dng vi phm vi iu chnh f2 < f1
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Chng 2
NGHIN CU B BIN I CNG SUT SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES

2.1 TNG QUAN V B BIN I SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES B bin i cng sut SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES l b bin i gin tip, c s khi c ch ra trn hnh v 2.1
Chnh lu
Lc
Nghch lu
Hnh 2.1. S khi ca b bin i Theo s ny b bin i c chia thnh ba khu nh sau: Khu chnh lu, khu lc, khu nghch lu - Khu chnh c nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha thnh in p mt chiu - Khu lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu v tip nhn nng lng tr v t ti - Khu nghch lu c nhim v bin i t in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu ba pha vi tn s v in p mong mun cung cp cho ti 2.2. MCH LC CA B BIN I S khi mch lc ca b bin i c ch ra trn hnh 2.2 in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip (50Hz) c chnh lu thnh ngun mt chiu nh b chnh lu (CL) khng iu khin hoc b chnh lu iu khin, sau c lc v b nghch lu (NL) s bin i thnh ngun in p xoay chiu ba pha c tn s bin i cung cp cho ng c.
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Hnh 2.2. S khi mch lc 2.2.1. Chnh lu v nguyn l hot ng - Chc nng v nguyn l hot ng Chc nng: Bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha thnh ngun mt chiu Theo s ta thy b chnh lu c s dng l b chnh lu cu 3 pha iu khin hon ton gm 6 Tiristor c cp in t ngun xoay chiu 3 pha hnh sin. u ra ca b chnh lu l ngun mt chiu c a vo b lc trc khi cp cho b nghch lu
Hnh 2.3. Chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin y l s chnh lu ba pha hai na chu k vi 2 nhm: Nhm catt chung: T1, T3, T5 Nhm ant chung: T2, T4, T6 Gc m c tnh t giao im cc na hnh sin Hot ng ca s (hnh 2.4)
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Hnh 2.4 Gi thit T5 v T6 ang dn, ti t1 = /6 + cho xung iu khin m T1. Tiristor ny s m v ua > 0. S m ca T1 lm cho T3 b kha mt cch t nhin v ua > uc. Lc ny T6 v T1 dn v in p trn ti l: u L = ud = u a - u b Ti t2 = 3/6 + cho xung mi m T2. Tiristor ny s m v khi T6 dn c in p ub ln ant ca t2 m ub > uc. S m ca T2 lm cho T6 b kha mt cch t nhinCc xung iu khin lch nhau /3 ln lt c a n cc cc iu khin theo th t nh sau: Thi im /6 + 3/6 + 5/6 + 7/6 + 9/6 + 11/6 + M T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Kha T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4
24
in p trung bnh trn ti c tnh theo cng thc: Ud = UL = = Trong l in p pha cc i, (2.1) l in p dy cc i
Nguyn l hot ng c th c gii thch nh sau: cho Tiristor dn in th phi gi thm tn hiu iu khin khi in p trn Ant dng v khi thay i gc iu khin th c th thay i c in p chnh lu. Nh vy trong mi thi im c 2 Tiristor 2 pha khc nhau c cng iu khin lm vic. Mi Tiristor dn 1200 nhng 600 n dn chung vi Tiristor pha ny cn 600 li n chung vi Tiristor pha khc. Khong dn ca 3 van c chung ant (T2, T4, T6) xy ra hon ton tng t. Vic chuyn dn t Tiristor pha ny sang pha khc da trn c s sau: Ti thi im in th dng trn cc ant ca 2 Tiristor bng nhau th Tiristor c in th tng s dn, cn Tiristor c in th gim s ngng dn. Cn nu in th m trn ant ca 2 Tiristor bng nhau th Tiristor no c in th gim s dn, tng ngng dn. Nu Tiristor c in th ant dng ang dn n s dn chung vi Tiristor no mc pha c in th m hn. Cn nu Tiristor c in th ant m ang dn n s dn chung vi Tiristor no mc pha c in th dng hn. Nh vy trong mt chu k, in p chnh lu gm 6 xung, mi xung c chiu di Vi s chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin th in p ra Ud t p mch (trong 1 chu k p mch 6 ln) do vn lc rt n gin, in p ngc ln mi van nh
25
2.2.2. B lc in p ra ca b chnh lu l iu chnh nhng khng bng phng m nhp nh, gi l s p mch. Do cho dng in p t thay i ta cn c b lc. B lc l phn t trung gian gia ngun chnh lu v ph ti in 1 chiu nhm san phng in p v dng in chnh lu. c tnh c bn ca b lc l cho php dng in c tn s no thng qua v ngn tr cc dng in tn s khc Thng dng hai loi b lc l b lc in cm v b lc t in. S mch ng lc s dng b lc t in. T C c mc song song vi ti 2.2.3. Nghch lu v nguyn l hot ng a) Nghch lu S mch nghch lu c ch ra trn hnh 2.6
Hnh 2.6. S cu trc nghch lu Mch ng lc: - Ngun 1 chiu: Ngun 1 chiu ny c th c to ra bi chnh lu do vy ta thy pha ngun 1 chiu cn c mt t in C nhm n dnh in p u ra cho chnh lu. 26
- H thng van ng lc S1 S6: l cc IGBT, cc van c Diode ngc, c mc song song nhau nh hnh 2.1. Cc van l cc phn t thc hin nhim v to ra dng v p u ra qua qu trnh chuyn mch. Do vy cc van ny yu cu phi lm vic tin cy mi trng khc nghit: Mi trng cng nghip c nhiu bin ng, kh nng chu dng p ln, tn s chuyn mch rt cao, thi gian tr nh.... - CXCBP: ng c xoay chiu ba pha, ly ngun trc tip t nghch lu, mi pha c ni vi mt nhnh van tng ng, l h thng in p ba pha sau iu ch U, V, W. Do cc u ra ca bin tn ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr + hoc Mch iu khin: L h x l tn hiu s, u vo ca h l cc tc ng iu chnh nhm thay i tn s theo yu cu. u ra ca h l tn hiu iu khin cc van S1S6, cc tn hiu iu khin ny ph thuc vo chng trnh x l bn trong h iu khin vi cc tn hiu u vo, do vy chng trnh x l trong h x l tn hiu s c vai tr c bit quan trng nh hng n cht lng ca bin tn. Vector chuyn mch - Nguyn tc ng m van: Trong qu trnh hot ng, ti mi thi im: - Ch c 3 van ng v 3 van m. - Khng c ngn mch ngun mt chiu. - Khng c h mch bt c pha no u ra pha xoay chiu. - T hp van v cc Vector c bn: Mi pha U,V,W c th nhn mt trong hai trng thi: 1 (Ni vi cc + ca UMC) hoc 0 (Ni vi cc - ca UMC). Do c ba pha (ba cp van bn dn) nn s tn ti 23 = 8 kh nng ni cc pha ca ng c vi UMC nh c th hin trong bng 2.1.
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Pha U V W
U0 0 0 0
U1 1 0 0
U2 1 1 0
U3 0 1 0
U4 0 1 1
U5 0 0 1
U6 1 0 1
U7 1 1 1
Bng 2.1: Cc t hp van c th c ca bin tn Cc t hp van v gi tr in p th hin trong bng (2.2)
No 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Van dn S1, S3, S5 S5, S6, S1 S6, S1, S2 S1, S2, S3 S2, S3, S4 S3, S4, S5 S4, S5, S6 S2, S4, S6
uA 0 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 1/3Ud -1/3Ud -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 0
uB 0 -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 1/3Ud -1/3Ud 0
uC 0 1/3Ud -1/3Ud -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 0
u 0
2 Ud e 3
2 Ud e 3
j 3
j0
j 2 Ud e 3 3
2 j 2 Ud e 3 3
2 Ud e 3
2 Ud e 3
2 3
Bng 2.2 T hp van v gi tr in p tng ng 28

Ta xt mt trong tm kh nng (tr hai trng hp 0 v 7), v d kh nng th 4 trong bng 2.1 vi s ni trn hnh 2.7a. Ta d dng tnh c in p ri trn tng cun dy pha U, V v W (gi tr th hin trn hnh 2.7a). Trn mt phng phn b hnh hc ca ba cun dy pha, ta thy rng t hp van th 4 ny tng ng vi trng hp ta p t ln ba cun pha vector Us vi module 2UMC/3 nh trn hnh 2.7b. in p trn tng pha l hnh chiuca Us ln cc trc ca cun dy pha.
usu = -2UMC/3 usv = usw = UMC/3
us = 2UMC/3
Hnh 2.7 a) S ni ba cun dy pha theo kh nng th 4 ca bng 2.1 b) Vector khng gian ng vi kh nng th 4 ca bng 2.1 Tng t vi kh nng th 4, ta d dng sy dng c cc Vector in p tng ng cho tt c cc trng hp cn li (hnh 2.3). Cc Vector chun c th t theo bng 2.1: u0, u1, ..., u7. C hai trng hp c bit l u0 v u7 u0 c ba cun dy pha c ni vi cc u7 c ba cun dy pha c ni vi cc +
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ca UMC. Hai Vector ny c module bng khng v c vai tr quan trng trong chuyn mch.
Hnh 2.8. Cc Vector chun v h trc to to nn: 4 gc phn t: Q1...Q4, v 6 gc phn su: I ...VI Hnh 2.8 biu din cc Vector c bn u1 ...u6. Cc Vector c nhng c im sau: - C module khng i v bng 2UMC/3. - C phng c nh v lch nhau mt gc 600. - Chia mt phng hnh hc lm 6 phn, to ra 6 sector I ...VI. Vi nhng tnh cht trn ta c th s dng cc Vector chun ny to ra mt in p c bin no v v tr bt k trong mt phng. b) Nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu Da vo s nguyn l v nguyn tc chuyn mch ta thy rng cc pha U, V, W ch c th nhn cc gi tr in p +, - hoc bng 0. Nu ta thc hin chuyn mch theo th t cc t hp van sau th ta c mt h thng in p u ra ca bin tn nh biu din trn hnh 2.9 (Hai t hp van 1-3-5 v 6-2-4 tng ng vi gi tr in p bng 0. Trong phn phng php iu ch s phn tch k hn vai tr ca hai t hp van ny) 30
Bng 2.3 Vector chuyn mch v cc t hp van tng ng Vector U6 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 T hp van 1-6-5 1-6-2 1-3-2 4-3-2 4-3-5 4-6-5
Hnh 2.9 biu din h thng in p ba pha trn u ra ca bin tn, ta thy cch tnh cht sau: - H in p ba pha i xng, lch pha nhau mt gc 1200. - Ch c hai mc in p l: 2UMC/3 v UMC/3. - Mt chu k in p T c chia lm 6 khong thi gian tng ng vi cc t hp van. Trong mt khong thi gian ch c mt t hp van c php kch m theo nguyn tc, to nn cc mc in p 2UMC/3 hoc UMC/3 trn ba pha, dng in p l xung ch nht c bin thay i 6 ln trong mt chu k. Dng xung ny c cha nhiu sng hi bc cao. gim cc sng hi bc cao ny th ta cn tng tn s chuyn mch. Nu chia chu k in p T thnh cc chu k chuyn mch Ts nh sao cho dng ti (c tnh cm khng) gn nh khng thay i trong khong thi gian Ts, bng cch ng m cc trng thi cc Vector chun v hai trng thi khng trong mt chu k Ts th ta c th thay i c in p ra ca nghch lu v lm gim cc sng hi bc cao.
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Hnh 2.9. H thng in p u ra ca bin tn 2.3. IU CH VECT KHNG GIAN CHO NGHCH LU 2.3.1. Nguyn l ca phng php iu ch Vector khng gian Qua phn gii thiu v nguyn l hot ng ca bin tn bit khi chuyn mch ng vi cc t hp van c th th ta to ra c mt Vector in p quay u trong mt phng hnh hc nhng ch quay vi 8 v tr c nh trong khng gian, iu ny lm cho in p v dng in c cha nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Cng nh gii thiu v cc i lng Vector khng
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gian v biu din cc Vector khng gian trong h to stator: Khi ta biu din i lng in p bin thin vi tn s gc th ta c mt Vector quay u vi vn tc gc trong mt phng, i lng in p ny c cht lng rt tt, hnh sin, khng cha sng hi bc cao. Vy gim sng hi bc cao trong cc i lng u ra ca bin tn th ta phi to ra c i lng (Vector) quay u vi vn tc gc tng ng vi tn s mong mun u ra ca bin tn thng qua chuyn mch hay 8 Vector chun c sn. thc hin c yu cu ta phi to ra c mt Vector c v tr bt k trong khng gian t nhng Vector chun. Gi s ta phi thc hin mt Vector us c v tr nh trn hnh 2.11, Vector c th nm trong bt k Sector no, y ta xt trong Sector s 1. Us c th tch thnh tng ca hai Vector con up (Vector bn phi) v ut (Vector bn tri) ta theo hng ca hai Vector chun u1 v u2.
Hnh 2.10. Thc hin Vector bt k trong khng gian da trn cc Vector chun thc hin hai Vector up, ut ta thc hin tng ng hai Vector chun u1, u2 trong mt khong thi gian no trong phm vi mt chu k ct xung. Gi thit, ton b chu k l chu k c ch c dng thc hin Vector,
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khi ny module ti a ca Vector us khng vt qu usmax = 2UMC/3. T nhng iu trn ta c th rt ra nhn xt: - us l tng ca hai Vector bin up v ut: us = up + ut v u2 (cho ut) trong hai khong thi gian sau: (2.2) - Hai Vector bin c th c thc hin bng cch thc hin u1 (cho up)
Tp
Trong : Tx l chu k ct xung.
up u smax
Tx ; Tt
ut u smax
Tx
(2.3)
usmax l gi tr in p ln nht c th thc hin. Khi bit c khong thi gian cn thc hin to ra up, ut th ta phi gii quyt hai vn tip theo sau: +) Khong thi gian cn li T0 = Tx (Tp + Tt) ta thc hin Vector no? Xut hin khong thi gian T0 l do: Module in p yu cu thc hin nh hn usmax v vy Tp + Tt < Tx. Theo nguyn tc chuyn mch th khng c php h mch u ra nn ta cn thc hin mt trong hai Vector khng l u0 hoc u7. Bng cch ny, trn thc t ta thc hin php cng Vector sau y: us = up + ut + u0 (u7) =
Tp Tx
u1
Tt u2 Tx
T (Tp Tx
Tt )
u 0 (u 7 ) (2.4)
+) Trnh t thc hin cc Vector: Trnh t thc hin cc Vector phi m bo trong phm vi mt chu k ct xung th cc cp van t phi chuyn mch nht nhm trnh gy tn hao ng ngt van. V vy trong tng gc phn 6 th th t chuyn mch cng khc nhau v tun theo bng 2.4
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Sect No Vect up ut u0
I U1 U2 U7
II U2 U3 U0
III U3 U4 U7
IV U4 U5 U0
V U5 U6 U7
VI U6 U1 U0
Bng 2.4 Bng la chn cc v th t thc hin cc Vector 2.3.2. Cch tnh v thc hin thi gian ng ct van ca bin tn Vector, thut ton iu ch Vector khng gian (CVTKG) a) Cch tnh v thc hin thi gian ng ct van bn dn Theo nguyn l ca phng php iu ch Vector khng gian, thc hin mt Vector bt k trong khng gian th ta phi thc hin hai Vector up v ut, V hnh hc, c th tnh di cc vect phi, tri nh sau:
Up = 2 u s sin - 3 3
(2.5a) (2.5b)
Ut =
2 u s sin 3
l gc ch ra v tr tng i ca vect u trong gc phn su, tnh theo chiu ngc kim ng h. Thc ra, php iu ch vect khng gian to ra cc vect up, ut trong mi chu k tnh ton, hay cn gi l mi chu k ct mu Tx, nh l gi tr trung bnh theo thi gian tn ti ca cc vect U2, U3 nh sau:
Up =
Tp Tx
U1 ; U t =
Tt U2 Tx
(2.6)
2 di ca cc vect bin chun c gi tr l Ui = Ud , cn di ca 3

Vector us l Vector ra mong mun us =Uo , t cng thc (2.5ab) v (2.6) suy ra biu thc tnh ton cc gi tr thi gian iu ch nh cng thc (2.7). 35
Tp =Tx
Uo 2 U 2 sin - ; Tt =Tx o sin. Ui 3 3 Ui 3
(2.7)
Gi q=
Uo l h s bin iu, 0 q 1 , c th vit li biu thc tnh Ui 2 2 sin - ; Tt =Tx q sin. 3 3 3
ton thi gian nh (2.17).

Tp =Tx q
(2.8)
php bin iu thc hin c, cc thi gian phi, tri phi tho mn iu kin:
Tp +Tt
Tx
(2.9)
Khong thi gian cn li trong chu k ct mu T0 = Tx (Tp + Tt) phi p dng vect khng, U0 hoc U7. iu kin (2.9) ni ln rng vect in p ra phi nm trong vng trn tip xc vi cc cnh ca lc gic u c cc ng cho l cc Vector c bn. b) Thut ton iu ch Vector khng gian (SVM) C th tm tt li thut ton thc hin iu ch vect khng gian c tin hnh qua cc bc nh sau: Lng t l Vect in p ra mong mun, c th cho di dng to cc u
U0e j , hoc di dng to vung gc u (u ,u ) .
Xc nh v tr ca vect u ang thuc sect no trong su sect. La chn hai vect bin chun bn phi, bn tri v vect khng, thng qua la chn cc trng thi van ph hp. Tnh ton cc thi gian s dng cc Vect bin. S dng cc thit b iu khin s dng vi x l, phng php SVM c th p t mt cch chnh xc cc vect phi, tri, t xc nh chnh xc vect u trong mi chu k ct mu Tx. y l u im c bn ca SVM so vi PWM.
36
Cc thi gian tnh ton c s qua php bin i rng xung PWM dng i xng i vi mi na chu k ct mu Tx/2 c chuyn thnh tn hiu iu khin ng m cc van. Th t thc hin cc vect up, ut v u0, ng vi v tr ca vect u trong cc Sector, ti u v s ln ng ct cc van, cho trong bng (2.4). 2.3.3. Cc vng hn ch ca vng khng gian iu ch a) Vng hn ch ca module Vector iu ch [3] Nh gii thiu trong mc T hp van v cc Vector c bn, v quan st hnh 2.8 ta thy v tr hnh hc ca cc Vector chun i xng qua gc to . Theo v tr hnh hc cng vi nguyn l iu ch Vector khng gian ta thy c th iu ch mt Vector us bt k v gc pha v c module khng ln hn Vector bin chun, hay ni cch khc module ca us nm trong ng trn i qua cc nh ca cc Vector nh biu din trn hnh 2.11b, iu ny khng ng. Theo nguyn l CVTKG: thay v thc hin us ta thc hin tng hai Vector bng cch thc hin hai Vector bin chun tng ng trong tng thi gian Tp+Tt. Ta bit rng: tng c hng ca hai Vector bin khng ng nht vi tng v hng ca hai i lng thi gian. Xt T = Tp + Tt, thay (2.16) vo T v bin i ta c:
T
max
2 U0 Tx cos( -) 6 3 Ui
(2.10)
Trong : - U0 l di Vector iu ch. Gi tr ln nht l 2UMC/3. - Ui l di Vector bin chun c gi tr 2UMC/3. Gi s ta iu ch mt Vector us c module cc i 2UMC/3. Thay vo cng thc (2.19) ta thu c tng thi gian cn thc hin hai Vector chun Tmax:
T
max
2 Tx cos( -) 6 3
(2.11)
Vi l gc tng i trong cc Sector: 00 37
600
Kho st ta c hnh (2.11a)
Hnh 2.11. Khng ch module ca us khi p dng CVTKG a) Khng ch th hin qua thi gian b) Khng ch th hin trn khng gian Hnh 2.11a ta thy T > Tx, chnh v vy module ti a ca us khng bin thin theo ng trn i qua cc nh ca cc Vector m ch l hnh lc gic c nh l cc u mt ca cc Vector. b) Vng cm ca module in p iu ch Hnh 2.11b th hin gi tr gii hn ca Vector iu ch nm trong lc gic u c nh l cc u mt ca cc Vector u1... u6. Hai Vector khng l u0 v u7 c thi gian iu ch l T0, d dng nhn thy khi Vector us c module cng ln th T0 c gi tr cng nh, khi module t gii hn th T0 c gi tr bng khng, iu ny c ngha l ba cp van bn dn s lun phin nhau c mt cp: va ng (hoc ngt) lp tc s ngt (hoc ng). Do cc van bn dn ch t c trng thi ng ngt n nh sau mt khong thi gian no nn T0 khng c php nh hn thi gian ng ngt ca loi van m bin tn s dng. iu ny dn n gii hn v module ca us cng 38
nh i v xut hin vng cm in p nh c biu din trn hnh 2.12. Vng cm ny c phm vi ph thuc vo thi gian ng ngt ca van bn dn s dng trong bin tn v c tnh cht tin nh.
Hnh 2.12. Vng cm in p tin nh ca thut ton CVTKG
c) Vng cm v tr ca Vector khng gian Quan st chuyn ng quay trn ca Vector khng gian us ta thy: Khi us tin gn hoc ra xa mt Vector bin chun th Tp hoc Tt tin ti khng. i vi mt s cu trc phn cng th thi gian chuyn mch c a ti van bng mt chng trnh ngt, iu ny dn ti thi gian Tp v Tt khng c php nh hn thi gian phn ng ca chng trnh ngt. Vng cm v tr Vector c th hin trn hnh 2.13, vng cm ny khng mang tnh cht tin nh v c th c x l bi chng trnh u tin hoc t khu thit k phn cng, do vy trn nguyn tc ch tn ti vng cm in p nh hnh 2.12. Vng cm ny trong qu trnh m phng nu khng c x l th s lm xu i dng in p hoc dng in, xut hin thng bo li v gii hn d liu x l....
39
Hnh 2.13. Vng cm v tr v module ca Vector khng gian
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2.4. TNG QUAN H THNG IU KHIN 2.4.1. S tng quan S chn ni tng qut ca h iu khin c ch ra trn hnh 2.14
Hnh 2.14. S chn ni tng qut
41
2.4.2. S cng X101 X101 Di thit b u cui iu khin Cc kt ni sau y c cung cp trn di thit b u cui iu khin - 4 ty chn tham s u vo v u ra s - 3 u vo s - Thit b 24V. cung cp in p (ti a 150mA) cho u vo v u ra - 1 giao din ni tip SCom2 (USS/RS485)
u ni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K hiu P24 AUX M24 AUX DIO1 DIO2 DIO3 DIO4 DI5 DI6 DI7 RS485 P RS485 N M RS485
ngha Thit b cp in in th chun u vo s/ u ra 1 u vo s/ u ra 2 u vo s/ u ra 3 u vo s/ u ra 4 u vo s 5 u vo s 6 u vo s 7 Bus USS kt ni SCom2 Bus USS kt ni SCom2 in th chun RS485
Phm vi DC 24V/ 150 mA 0V 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA 24 V, 10 mA 24 V, 10 mA RS485 RS485
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2.4.3. S cng X102 X102 Di thit b u cui iu khin Cc kt ni sau y c cung cp trn di thit b u cui iu khin - in p 10 V aux. cung cp cho in th k bn ngoi - 2 u vo tng t, c th s dng nh dng hoc in p vo - 2 u ra tng t, c th s dng nh dng hoc in p ra u ni 13 K hiu P10 V ngha +10 V cung cp cho in k bn ngoi 14 N10 V -10 V cung cp cho in k bn ngoi 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 AI1+ M AI1 AI2+ M AI2 AO1 M AO1 AO2 M AO2 u vo tng t 1 Ni t, u vo tng t 1 u vo tng t 2 Ni t, u vo tng t 2 u ra tng t 1 Ni t, u ra tng t 1 u ra tng t 2 Ni t, u ra tng t 2 Phm vi +10 V 1.3 %, Imax = 5 mA -10 V 1.3 %, Imax = 5 mA 11 bit + sign in p: 10 V/ Ri = 60 k Dng: Rin = 250 k 10 bit + sign in p: 10 V/ Imax = 5mA Dng: 020 mA R 500
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2.4.4. S cng X103 X103 B m ha xung kt ni Kt ni cho mt b m ha xung (HTL n cc) c cung cp trn di thit b u cui iu khin
u ni 23 24 25 26
K hiu - Vss Track A Track B Zero pulse
ngha Ni t Kt ni cho ng dn A Kt ni cho ng dn B Kt ni xung s 0 Kt ni ng dn cho b iu khin Cp in cho b m ha xung
Phm vi
HTL n cc HTL n cc HTL n cc HTL n cc
27
CTRL
28
+ Vss
15 V, Imax = 190 mA
29
- Temp
Kt ni cc (+) KTY84/ PTC
KTY84: 0200 0 C PTC: Rcold 1.5 k
30
+Temp
Kt ni cc (-) KTY84/ PTC
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2.4.5. S cng truyn thng X300
X300 c chc nng truyn thng gia bin tn v cc thit b ngoi vi mun kt ni vi n thng qua mng truyn thng. Thit b ci t chng trnh hoc my tnh c ci t phn mm lin kt vi bin tn c th c kt ni qua X300 c tnh vt l ca cng truyn thng: s dng loi 9 chn, cng ci
Chn cm 1 2 3
Tn
ngha
Phm vi
n.c. RS232 RxD RS485 P Boot
Khng kt ni Nhn d liu thng qua RS232 D liu thng qua RS485 iu khin tn hiu cho chng trnh cp nht RS232 RS485 Tn hiu s, hiu qu thp 0V +5 V, Imax = 200 mA
5 6
M5V P5V
in th mc ti P5V Thit b 5 V. cung cp in p Truyn ti d liu thng qua RS232 D liu thng qua RS 485 Khng kt ni
RS232 TxD
RS232
8 9
RS485 N n.c.
RS 485
45
2.4.6. S cc chuyn mch Cc chuyn mch c s dng ci t cc tham s cho bin tn, c ch r bng di y.
Chuyn i S1 - Open - Closed S2 - Open - Closed S3 (1,2) - Open - Closed S3 (3,4) - Open - Closed S4 (1, 2, 3) - Jumper 1, 3 - Jumper 2, 3 S4 (4, 5, 6) - Jumper 4, 6 - Jumper 5, 6
ngha SCom1 (X300): Bus in tr cui - m in tr - ng in tr SCom2 (X101/10, 11): Bus in tr cui - M in tr - ng in tr AI1: Chuyn i dng / in p u vo - in p vo - Dng vo AI2: Chuyn i dng / in p vo - in p vo - Dng vo AO1: Chuyn i dng / in p ra - in p ra - Dng ra AO2: Chuyn i dng / in p ra - in p ra - Dng ra
46
2.4.7. Thit b giao tip vi ngi vn hnh Thit b ny c chc nng giao tip vi ngi vn hnh, t c th ci t cc tham s ban u hoc gim st v chnh nh cc tham s ca bin tn trong qu trnh hot ng Tham s u vo thng qua PMU (Power Management Unit) PMU tham s ha n v khi ng tham s, iu hnh b iu khin v hin th thit b chuyn i v bin i tn s trc tip trn b phn ca n. N l mt phn khng th thiu ca cc n v c bn. N c bn ch s, by on hin th v mt s phm ring
Raise key: Phm tng Reversing key: Phm o chiu On key: Phm m Toggle key: Phm lt (Phm bt/ tt) OFF key: Phm ng Lower key: Phm gim Seven segmen display: Hin th by on Drive statuses: Trng thi truyn ng Alams and faults: Bo ng v li Parameter numbers: S th t ca tham s
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Parameter indices: Ch s ca tham s Parameter values: Gi tr tham s
Phm
ngha Phm m
Chc nng - cp nng lng cho truyn ng (kch hot ng c khi ng) - Nu c li: hin th li
Phm ng
- Ngt in ra khi truyn ng bng OFF1, OFF2 hoc OFF3 (P554 n 560) thy theo tham s
Phm o chiu
- o chiu quay ca my. Chc nng ny c kch hot bi P571 v P572
Phm lt (Phm bt/ tt)
- chuyn i gia s th t tham s, ch s ca tham s v gi tr tham s trong cc dy s c ch th ( lnh c hiu lc khi phm c nh ) - Nu hin th li: Bo nhn li Vi gi tr hin th tng dn: - n nhanh = tng mt bc - n lu = tng nhanh Vi gi tr hin th gim dn:
Phm tng
Phm gim
- n nhanh = gim mt bc - n lu = gim nhanh
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Phm
ngha
Chc nng - Nu cp th t tham s c kch hot: cho tn hiu nhy li v pha trc gia tham s m cui cng c la chn v bo hin th (r000) - Nu hin th li: chuyn i sang cp th t tham s - Nu gi tr tham s c kch hot: cho chuyn dch cc hin th gi tr mt ch s bn phi nu tham s gi tr khng th hin th c bn ch s (nu v tnh c thm bt k ch s no bn tri th ch s y s nhp nhy)
P +
Gi phm bt / tt v n kha tng
- Nu cp th t tham s ang hot ng: Gi kha bt / tt v n kha gim cho tn hiu nhy trc tip bo hin th (r000). - Nu tham s gi tr c kch hot: cho chuyn dch cc gi tr hin th mt ch s bn tri nu tham s gi tr khng th hin th c vi bn ch s (nu v tnh c thm bt k ch s no bn phi th ch s y s nhp nhy)
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PMU c duy nht mt mn hnh hin th by on bn ch s, ba trong s m t cc yu t ca mt tham s S th t ca tham s Ch s Gi tr ca tham s Cc tham s ny khng th hin th cng mt lc. V l do ny phi chuyn i gia cc hin th bng cch nhn cc phm nhanh hoc lu. Sau khi la chn c tham s, vic iu chnh tham s c thc hin bng cch s dng phm tng hoc phm gim. Tham s u vo thng qua OP1S: Vn hnh iu khin panel (OP1S) l mt thit b u vo / ra ty m c th c s dng cho tham s v khi ng cc n v. OP1S s dng b nh EPROM. Bi vy n c th c s dng cho vic lu tr cc b tham s, nhng u tin b tham s phi c c ra t nhng n v ca b nh. Nhng tham s c lu tr c th cng c truyn (ti) t n v khc. OP1S v mt n v hot ng c lin kt vi nhau qua giao din s (RS485) s dng giao thc USS. Ko di trong sut s lin lc, OP1S gi chc nng chnh ngc li kt ni chc nng cc n v l ph. OP1S c th hot ng tc 9.6 kBd v 19.2 kBd, v c kh nng lin kt vi 32 slaves (a ch t 0 n 31). N c th s dng trong lin kt im im (v d nh trong thi gian ban u ca tham s) hoc h bus.
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Hin th OP1S Cc thit b giao tip ca OP1S bao gm: LED red: LED mu - Li LED green: LED mu xanh chy ON key: Phm bt OFF key: Phm tt Jog key: Phm y LCD (4 lines x 16 characters): LCD (4 hng x 16 k t) 9 pole SUB-D connector on rear of unit: 9 cc kt ni SUB-D pha sau Reversing key: Phm o chiu Raise key: Phm tng Lower key: Phm gim
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Key for toggling between control levels: Phm dng cho s o chiu 0 to 9: number keys: 0 n 9: Phm s Reset key: Phm reset Sign key: Phm cng / tr Kt ni OP1S: OP1S c th kt ni vi cc n v theo cc ng dn sau: Kt ni thng qua cp 3m hoc 5m (v d nh u vo thit b cm tay bt u m my) Kt ni qua cp v b chnh lu lp t trong thng my
Kt ni OP1S
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Phm
ngha Phm bt
Chc nng Kch thch truyn ng (kch hot ng c hot ng). Chc nng ny phi c kch hot theo phng php tham s ha
Phm tt
ngt truyn ng bng OFF1, OFF2 hoc OFF3, ty theo tham s. Chc nng ny phi c kch hot theo phng php tham s ha
Jog
Phm y
(ch c tc dng khi cc n v trong ch sn sng khi ng. Chc nng ny phi c kch hot theo phng php tham s ha
Phm o chiu
o chiu quay ca truyn ng. Chc nng ny phi kch hot theo phng php tham s ha
Phm lt (dch chuyn)
Chn menu cp v chuyn i gia s th t tham s, ch s tham s v gi tr
tham s trong dy ch th. Mc hin ti c hin th bng du nhy (con tr) trn mn hin th LCD dn in mt s u vo
Reset
Phm reset
tr li cc menu mc Nu hin th li, n s bo nhn li. Chc nng ny phi kch hot bng phng php tham s ha.
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Phm
ngha Phm tng
Chc nng hin th gi tr tng: n nhanh = tng mt bc n lu = tng nhanh Nu in tr gn ng c hot ng n s lm tng im t. Chc nng ny phi kch hot bng phng php tham s ha
Phm gim
hin th gi tr gim: n nhanh = Gim tng bc n lu = Gim nhanh Nu in tr gn ng c hot ng, n lm gim im t. Chc nng ny phi c kch hot bng phng php tham s ha
+/-
Phm cng/tr
Thay i du gi tr m c th c nhp S u vo
9 to
Phm s
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Chng 3 IU KHIN NG C KHNG NG B

3.1. CC PHNG PHP IU KHIN NG C KHNG NG B Hai phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay iu khin ng c khng ng b, l: + iu khin tn s ng c khng ng b + iu khin vect ng c khng ng b 3.1.1. iu khin tn s ng c khng ng b [4] iu khin tn s l mt phng php iu khin hin i cho php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b trn, rng v hiu qu. H thng iu khin tc vng h ng c bng iu chnh tn s ngun cp s ch thch hp nhng h thng truyn ng in khng yu cu cao v cht lng qu trnh qu v thng thng khi ng c lm vic ch xc lp. H thng iu khin h khng th p ng c khi h thng cn c qu trnh gia tc v gim tc nhanh v tn s ngun c th thay i qu nhanh vt qu tn s rto gii hn. vng ngoi im ti hn, dng in ng c s ln, nhng h s cng sut, momen ng c v hiu sut thp. iu khin c phn hi s cn thit cho h thng lm vic n nh trong ch xc lp khi in p ngun v ph ti thay i v c phn ng qu nhanh. Hnh 3.1.a l s khi ca h thng truyn ng in vi mch vng iu chnh mmen. Mch vng iu chnh mmen l mt khu chnh ca h truyn ng in xe in v l khi c bn ca h thng truyn ng in iu khin tc v v tr cht lng cao. Trn s 3.1.a, tn hiu mmen
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t Md c so snh vi tn hiu mmen thc M c xc nh t cc i lng o c nh dng in v t thng. Sai lch momen (Md M) l tn hiu vo ca b iu chnh momen, b iu chnh momen c chc nng b sai lch. Thng thng h thng iu khin phn hi h s khuych i ln, sai s h thng s rt nh, nhng t c cht lng qu trnh qu v xc lp cao th b iu khin cn c thit k thch hp sao cho hm truyn h kn ca h thng truyn ng in c cu trc mong mun. h iu chnh tc (s hnh 3.1.b), ngoi mch vng iu chnh momen bn trong, cn c mch vng iu chnh tc . Tn hiu t vo ca h thng l tn hiu t tc ng c d ( ln v chiu). Tn hiu d s c so snh vi tn hiu tc thc thng thng nhn c t mt my pht tc. Sai lch tc c t vo b iu chnh tc v tn hiu ra ca b iu chnh tc l tn hiu t momen Md. h truyn ng mt chiu mch vng iu chnh momen thc hin kh d dng do momen t l vi dng in phn ng khi t thng ng c khng i. Do mch vng dng in tc ng nhanh s cho php iu khin momen hiu qu v ng thi bo v qu ti trong ch xc lp. Ngc li, ng c khng ng b l mt i tng a bin v phi tuyn v dng in rto ng c lng sc khng th o c. Chnh v vy, trong khi h thng truyn ng in mt chiu c cu trc chun th hin nay c nhiu phng php iu khin ng c khng ng b ang c nghin cu v p dng nhm p ng cc yu cu cht lng khc nhau ca sn xut. H thng truyn ng ng c xoay chiu cht lng cao thng thng gm mt mch vng iu chnh momen v mt mch vng iu chnh trt, t thng khe h hoc dng in stato (bin v pha). cc h thng truyn ng , b bin i c hai u vo iu khin: tn hiu in p v tn s t l vi cc i lng u ra ca h thng truyn ng in.
56
B iu _ khin momen M
B bin i cng sut
ng c
Ti
a)
_
B iu khin tc
B iu _ khin momen M
B bin i cng sut
ng c
Ti
b) Hnh 3.1. S khi h truyn ng in a. H thng iu khin momen; b. H thng iu khin tc 3.1.1.1. iu khin in p tn s khng i S khi h thng truyn ng bin tn ng c khng ng b vi iu khin in p tn s hng s c trnh by trn hnh 3.4
Ld ~ U sd CL
U/f
NL
+ +
is sd
U0
Hnh 3.4. S khi h thng bin tn ng c iu chnh in p u cc Mch lc gm mt b chnh lu iu khin CL mt pha hoc ba pha, b lc v b nghch lu NL dng sng xung vung. Tn hiu tn s t sd khi b qua tn s trt s l tn hiu t tc . Tn hiu iu khin in p Usd
57
c tnh t tn hiu tn s nh khu t l vi h s G. ch lm vic xc lp, t thng khe h 0 s xp x t l vi t s Us/s nh mc. Tr s tn hiu in p t U0* tng ng vi tr s in p ban u U0 ca ng c m bo ng c to ra t thng khe h v momen ti tn s bng khng. ch lm vic xc lp, khi momen ph ti tng, trong vng c tnh lm vic n nh, trt s tng v trng thi lm vic n nh ca ng c tng ng vi s cn bng gia momen ng c v momen ph ti. Nu tn hiu tn s t ln hn tn s nh mc, in p b chnh lu s t gi tr ln nht v khng i, ng c s chuyn ch lm vic t vng momen khng i sang vng gim t thng: t thng khe h s gim, do momen ng c s gim khi cng gi tr dng in stato. 3.1.1.2. iu khin t thng khe h khng i a) Nguyn l iu chnh iu khin t thng khe h khng i, ng c khng ng b c kh nng sinh momen ln trong di iu chnh tc rng, ngay c di tn s thp khi nh hng ca in tr stato ln. duy tr c t thng khe h khng i trong di tc rng, sc in ng stato s c iu chnh t l vi tn s stato thay cho phng php iu chnh t l in p tn s khng i. Sc in ng stato Es c tnh theo cng thc: (3.1) T s thay th hnh T ca ng c khng ng b c: (3.2) trong : in cm t ha dng in t ha tn s gc ngun stato Cc biu thc trn cho thy t thng khe h t l vi t s Es/s, v do t l vi tch s LmIm. Do iu khint t thng khe h khng i s ng 58
ngha vi iu chnh t s Es/s khng i. Nu mch t ng c khng bo ha v Lm l hng s, t thng khe h s t l vi dng t ha. Trong thc t dng in t ha c th duy tr tr s nh mc (tng ng vi in p, tn s nh mc v ph ti nh mc). ch non ti, dng in t ha s c gi tr ln tng i so vi gi tr ch lm vic bnh thng ca ng c. Theo s thay th hnh T, dng in rto ng c Ir xc nh theo biu thc:
vi Xr = s.Lr in khng tn mch rto quy i v stato. Phng trnh 3.3 c vit li dng sau:
Biu thc (3.4) cho thy rng khi iu khin t thng khe h khng i, tc l t s Es/s khng i, dng in rto l hm ca tc trt sl v khng ph thuc vo tn s ngun cung cp. b) iu khin t thng khe h bng iu khin in p tn s Vi phng php iu khin in p tn s, ng c c th lm vic hai vng tc : vng tc di c bn v trn c bn. +) Vng tc di c bn Khi lm vic vi t thng khe h khng i, ng c s sinh ra momen nh mc . Do vng lm vic di tc c bn gi l vng momen hng s. Trong vng lm vic ny tn s trt f2 s l hng s ng vi ph ti nh mc. Tn hao cng sut trn in tr rto cng l hng s. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin lm vic thc t vng tc rt thp, ng c t lm mt do mc lm mt km i, ng c khng th lm vic vi ph ti nh mc nn momen ng c s gim.
59
+) Vng tc trn c bn: Tng tn s ngun in stato ln hn nh mc, tc ng c s tng ln hn nh mc, trong khi in p ng c s c duy tr gi tr nh mc. Do t s Us/fs s gim dn n t thng khe h gim. Momen ng c t l nghch vi bnh phng tn s stato ng c:
Dng in rto s t l vi trt:
Tng t nh vng lm vic di tc c bn, dng in rto ng c c tr s gii hn l dng in nh mc. do theo (3.6) ta c:
Tc rto ng c s tng t l vi tn s: (3.8) Do in p t vo ng c l hng s, t s fr/fs l hng s nn gi tr momen ln nht ca ng c trong vng lm vic trn tc c bn c biu din theo tn s v momen nh mctheo biu thc:
T (3.7) ta thy rng momen ng c ln nht t l nghch tn s ng nt t trn hnh 3.8, do cng sut ln nht s khng i v bng cng sut nh mc. V th vng iu chnh trn tc c bn gi l vng cng sut khng i. Nh minh ha trn hnh 3.8, gii hn trn ca tc ng c vng cng sut khng i s ng vi im tn s rto t n im ti hn v momen ng c s tng ng vi momen ti hn. Trong thc t, thng thng phi hn ch tn s rto gii hn nh hn tr s ng vi im ti hn 60
v khi ng c lm vic gn im ti hn, dng in ng c s tng v do tn hao ng cng s ln trong khi momen khng tng. ng thi, tc cao, t thng khe h gim, dng t ha nh. Khi duy tr dng in stato gn nh mc, dng in rto c th ln hn nh mc. Do ng c c th sinh ra momen v cng sut ln hn gi tr nh mc. Mt khc, do dng in t ha gim nn tn hao cng sut gim v iu kin lm mt tc cao cng c ci thin tt hn.
Hnh 3.8. c tnh c +) S khi h thng iu khin in p tn s Hnh 3.9 l s khi h thng iu khin kn in p tn s vi iu khin tn s trt v hn ch momen
61
Hnh 3.9. H thng iu khin in p tn s vi iu khin tn s trt Sai s gia tc t r v tc thc t vo b iu chnh tc c cu trc PI, u ra b iu chnh tc l tn hiu tc trt sl*. Tn hiu tc trt sl* c cng vi tn hiu phn hi tc t my pht tc s to ra tn hiu t tn s gc stato s (hoc tn s stato fs*) l tn hiu iu khin tn s chuyn mch nghch lu. ng thi tn hiu t in p stato Us* to ra nh khu to hm. Khu to hm thc hin tnh hm s Us (fs) m bo t thng khe h khng i. Do trt t l vi momen ca ng c nn s c th coi l mch vng iu chnh momen bn trong mch vng tc . Khi tn hiu t tc thay i nhy cp u ra b iu chnh tc c hn ch gi tr tng ng vi tn s trt ln nht, do dng in v momen ng c c hn ch mc cho php trong qu trnh gia tc. ng c s gia tc nhanh ln tc t, khi tn s trt s gim xung ti gi tr tng ng vi momen ph ti. Khi tn hiu t tc gim nhy cp, tn hiu tn s 62
trt u ra b iu chnh tc mang du ( - ), ng c s lm vic ch hm, nng lng ti sinh c tiu tn trn in tr hm ca mch mt chiu hay tr v li in nh b chnh lu iu khin ngc. 3.1.1.3. iu khin t thng khe h bng iu khin dng in tn s trt S h thng iu khin dng in tn s trt: s thc t s dng nghch lu dng in trnh by trn hnh v
Hnh 3.11. S cu trc h thng iu khin dng in tn s trt H thng gm 2 mch vng iu chnh dng in v tc . Mch vng iu chhn tc v mch to tn hiu tn s stato tng t nh s iu khin in p tn s vi u ra l tn hiu tc trt sld. Dng in t I ca mch vng iu chnh dng in c tnh t khi to hm m bo duy 63
tr t thng khe h khng i. Vi iu khin t thng khe h l nh mc, c th nng cao n nh v phn ng qu trnh qu h thng truyn ng in. ch lm vic trt ng c bng khng, momen ng c bng khng, dng in stato ng c c tr s nh nht to ra t thng khe h khi trt tng, dng in Id tng duy tr t thng khe h khng i, hoc tng ng vi iu khin in p tn s khng i. c tnh Is (sl) i xng qua trc tung, do h thng truyn ng in c kh nng lm vic c bn gc phn t. Mt dng khc ca s iu khin t thng khe h thng qua iu khin tn s - tn s trt c trnh by trn hnh 3.12.
Hnh 3.12. H thng truyn ng in iu khin trt s dng nghch lu dng in
64
S gm hai mch vng iu khin kinh in: mch vng iu chnh tc v dng in. B iu chnh dng in c chc nng iu khin dng in mch mt chiu Id thng qua b chnh lu iu khin. Tn hiu t ca mch vng dng in Id l u ra ca mch vng iu chnh tc . Tn hiu t trt sld c tnh t dng in mch mt chiu nh khu to hm. Tn hiu iu khin tn s stato c to ra bng cch cng hai tn hiu tc trt sld v tc ng c r. Nh vy t thng khe h c iu khin gin tip gi tr nh mc bng cch thay i tn s trt l hm ca dng in mt chiu ca b chnh lu Id. Khi ng c lm vic khng ti, sld xp x bng khng, dng in mt chiu c tr s ti thiu tng ng vi dng in t ha ca ng c. Gi tr nh nht ca dng in cng cn thit cho iu kin chuyn mch ca nghch lu dng in. Bin tn nghch lu dng in c u vit so vi nghch lu in p v kh nng hm ti sinh. Ch hm ti sinh s hnh 3.12 xy ra khi tc trt m c thc hin nh mt khu cm bin du. Khu cm bin du s pht hin s thay i du ca sai lch tc v lm thay i du ca sl* trong khi dng in Id lun lun khng thay i du. Trong ch hm ti sinh, nu tc trt c tr s ln hn gi tr ti hn, ng c s gim tc vi momen hm ln nht. Khi o th t pht xung (chuyn mch) ca b nghch lu, ng c s o chiu v h truyn ng in c th lm vic c bn gc phn t. Tng t nh s iu khin in p tn s, khu to hm Id (sl) hoc sl (Id) c tnh sn da vo cc thng s ca ng c bng cc mch phn ng tng t hoc cc thit b tnh vi x l. Quan h Id (sl) ph thuc vo cc tham s in tr v in cm ng c. Trong qu trnh lm vic, in tr c th thay i theo nhit , in cm s thay i theo ln dng in v mch t c th bo ha cc b do phn
65
b ca t thng tn. Do kh duy tr c t thng khe h khng i. Khi hm s Id (sl) c tnh sn theo cc thng s nh mc ca ng c. 3.1.1.4. iu khin momen H thng iu khin momen v t thng Trn hnh 3.14 l s khi h thng truyn ng in bin tn ngun p dng PWM iu khin tc vi iu khin c lp momen v t thng. H thng gm hai knh iu khin c lp: t thng khe h v momen ng c. Knh iu khin t thng s to tn hiu t bin in p stato Usd. Knh iu khin momen gm hai mch vng iu chnh tc v momen s to tn hiu t tn s stato. Mch vng iu chnh momen bn trong mch vng iu chnh tc s lm cho phn ng ca mch vng iu chnh tc nhanh hn v n nh hn
Hnh 3.14. S khi h thng iu khin momen T hai tn hiu t bin dng in v tn s, khi pht sng hnh sin s to ra ba tn hiu t dng in xoay chiu ba pha i xng. Dng in ba pha c o nh cc cm bin dng in v a v phn hi cho ba mch 66
vng iu chnh dng in xoay chiu vi b iu chnh dng c dng tr. Cc tn hiu u ra ca cc b iu chnh dng in l cc tn hiu iu bin ca mch nghch lu dng in PWM. 3.1.1.5. iu khin trt Nguyn l iu chnh Khi ng c lm vic vi trt nh hn trt ti hn, h s cng sut cos v hiu sut s cao. Ngc li khi trt ng c ln hn trt ti hn, h s cng sut v h s momen/dng in s thp. Trng thi lm vic vi trt ln xy ra khi ng c khi ng trc tip vi in p nh mc, dng in ng c s gp 5 6 ln nh mc, nhng momen khi ng c th nh hn nh mc. h thng iu khin tn s, lut iu khin tn s phi m bo cho ng c lm vic vi trt nh. Nh vy ng c s lm vic n nh vi h s cng sut v t s momen/dng in ln v s gim nh ti a dng in cho nghch lu. C hai phng php iu khin trt: iu khin trc tip v iu khin gin tip. phng php iu khin gin tip, trt c iu khin thng qua iu khin dng in stato v t thng khe h. Phng php ny yu cu phi c cm bin t thng l loi cm bin kh ch to v gi thnh t, v vy kh nng ng dng trong thc t b hn ch. Phng php iu khin trc tip t ra u vit hn phng php iu khin gin tip v chnh xc cao. h thng iu khin trc tip, phn hi tc c thc hin t mt my pht tc . Ni dung c bn ca phng php iu khin trt l tc gc ca ngun in stato c tnh t tc trt v tc rto ng c, trong tc trt c iu chnh: s = sd + r trong s, sd, r tng ng l tc t trng quay, tc trt v tc rto ng c c tnh theo i lng in (rad/s) 67
Hoc tn s ngun in stato c tnh theo: fs = fsl + pn/60 (3.10) vi n l tc quay ca ng c (vng/pht). Cng thc (3.10) cho thy rng h thng iu khin c xy dng vi tn hiu t l tn s trt fsl (hoc tc trt sl), tc phn hi pn/60 ly t my pht tc v tn s chuyn mch nghch lu fsd (hoc s) l tng ca tn s trt v thnh phn t l tc ng c. S khi c bn h thng iu khin trc tip trt trnh by trn hnh v 3.18
Hnh 3.18. S iu khin trt trong tn hiu t trt sld cng vi tc ng c to ra tn hiu t tn s gc stato sd. S h thng iu khin hon chnh vi hai mch vng iu chnh tc v dng in c th tham kho cc gio trnh truyn ng in. Do tc quay ng c kh ln, nn t c chnh xc cao, cn s dng my pht tc c chnh xc cao hoc my pht tc kiu xung. Khi sld m, tc gc sd s nh hn r mt lng sld, ng c khng ng b lm vic vi trt v lm vic trngt hi hm ti sinh tr nng lng v b bin i cng sut. Vi b bin tn ngun dng hoc bin tn trc tip, ng nng tch ly trong h thng c ti sinh tr v li in. cc b bin
68
tn c b chnh lu khng iu khin, nng lng d tha s tiu tn trn in tr hm ni trong mch mt chiu. Tr s trt ln nht c hn ch sao cho ng c lm vic vi trt nh hn tr s ti hn trng thi ng c v my pht. Nh vy ch lm vic n nh ca ng c c th gn im ti hn ng c t c t s momen trn 1 ampe ln v c tnh ng tt khi tc thay i tc thi. 3.1.2. iu khin vect ng c khng ng b [4] ng c khng ng b c s dng hng trm nm nay. So vi ng c in mt chiu, ng c khng ng b c nhiu u im hn v mt cu to, gi thnh, tin cy, tc cc i Tuy nhin vic iu khin ng c khng ng b phc tp hn nhiu khi ta so snh vi vic iu khin ng c in mt chiu. M hnh ng tng qut ca mt ng c khng ng b l mt phng trnh khng gian trng thi bc su, u vo stato l in p v tn s, u ra c th l tc quay ca rto, v tr rto, momen in t, t thng mc vng ca stato hay ca rto, t thng t ha, dng stato, dng rto Tng t nh ng c ng b, ngi ta cng c th s dng phng php iu khin vect iu khin ng c khng ng b. Chng ta bit rng nu s dng h trc ta gn vi vect khng gian ca t thng t ha, t thng stato hay t thng rto th biu thc xc nh momen in t s tng t nh biu thc xc nh momen in t ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp. Nh vy momen in t c th c in khin bng cch iu khin ring r hai thnh phn: thnh phn to t thng v thnh phn to momen ca dng in stato. iu khin vect c th c thc hin vi c h thng ng c khng ng b - bin tn ngun p hoc ng c khng ng b - bin tn ngun dng ln ng c khng ng b - bin tn trc tip. Bng phng php iu khin vect chng ta c th xy dng c mt h thng truyn ng in c cht lng iu khin rt cao c bn gc phn t. 69
Cc phng php iu khin vect ng c khng ng b: - iu khin vect ng c khng ng b ta theo t thng rto Mc ch ca iu khin vect ta theo t thng roto l iu khin c lp hai thnh phn: thnh phn to t thng roto v thnh phn to m men B bin i s dng trong phng php iu khin ny c th l bin tn p, ngun dng, bin tn trc tip hoc b ni tng. - iu khin vect ng c khng ng b ta theo t thng stato - iu khin vect ng c khng ng b ta theo t thng t ha 3.2. H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I CNG SUT SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES H thng bin i ca b bin i cng sut Simovert MasterDrives c ch ra trn hnh 3.19 v 3.20 (ph lc) bao gm iu khin c phn hi tc v iu khin khng c phn hi tc . H thng iu khin trong mi phn bao gm hai mch vng, l mch vng dng in bn trong v mch vng tc bn ngoi. Mch vng dng in c xy dng trn h dq, vi hai knh c lp, knh d iu khin t thng, knh q iu khin m men, mi knh u s dng b iu khin t l tch phn PI, vi cc tham s c th chnh nh c t ngi vn hnh hoc do b iu khin t tnh ton trong cc ch c bit. Tn hiu t cho knh iu khin q c ly t tn hiu ra ca b iu khin tc . B iu khin tc ca b bin i l b t l tch phn PI, tham s ca b PI c th c t bi ngi vn hnh hoc c tnh ton bi b iu khin trong cc ch c bit. H thng iu khin c th hot ng ch c phn hi tc hoc khng c phn hi tc . Cc thit b c s dng phn hi tc c th l Encoder mt knh, hai knh, c hoc khng pht hin chiu quay, hoc my pht tc. Khi khng s dng thit b phn hi tc th b iu khin c th t tnh c tc quay ca ng c thng qua khu nhn 70
dng tc . Ngoi ra b iu khin ca b bin i cn c khu iu khin v gii hn m men.
71
KT LUN
Trong thi gian 3 thng thc hin lm tt nghip em hon thnh ti : Nghin cu b bin i cng sut Simovert Masterdrives ca Siemens vi nhng cng vic sau: Tm hiu, nghin cu cc b bin i cng sut Tm hiu, nghin cu bin tn Simovert Masterdrives ca Siemens Mt s ng dng ca b bin tn dng trong iu khin truyn ng in v cung cp in Cc phng php iu khin ng c khng ng b Trong thi gian thc hin nghin cu v tin hnh lm n, c s hng dn nhit tnh v tn ty ca thy gio Thc s ng Hng Hi em hon thnh nhim v n tt nghip ca mnh. y l ti mang tnh cht ng dng khoa hc k thut, do vic kho st nghin cu i tng phi rt t m, chnh xc. Tuy nhin do khi lng cng vic kh ln, vn kin thc thc t cha su, v vy vic trnh by n khng th trnh khi thiu st. Em knh mong c s ch bo, gip ca thy c em c th hiu r hn v vn nghin cu ca mnh, tip cn tt c vi thc t cng nh ngy cng c th nm k hn v chuyn mn. Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong b mn: in t ng cng nghip trng i hc dn lp Hi Phng, c bit l thy gio Thc s ng Hng Hi nhit tnh tn ty gip em hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n Hi Phng, ngy thng nm 2010 Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Tin Lc 72
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh (2006), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut [2] GS TSKH Thn Ngc Hon, TS Nguyn Tin Ban (2007), iu khin t ng cc h thng truyn ng in, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut [3] Nguyn Phng Quang (2008), Truyn ng in thng minh, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut [4] Nguyn Vn Lin, Nguyn Mnh Tin, on Quang Vinh (2006), iu khin ng c xoay chiu cp t bin tn bn dn, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut
73

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LI M U Trong nhng nm gn y khoa hc k thut v cng ngh pht trin rt mnh m, lnh vc in in t cng khng nm ngoi tro lu .

TNG QUAN V CC B BIN I CNG SUT

Nghch lu p mt pha Trn hnh v 1.2 trnh by s b nghch lu in p mt pha

Hnh 1.6. B iu chnh xung p xoay chiu

Hnh 1.7. th dng in v in p khi ti thun tr

Hnh 1.11. Bin tn ngun p ba pha

Bin tn ngun dng

Hnh 1.13. S khi bin tn trc tip

NGHIN CU B BIN I CNG SUT SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES

Bng 2.1: Cc t hp van c th c ca bin tn Cc t hp van v gi tr in p th hin trong bng (2.2)

uA 0 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 1/3Ud -1/3Ud -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 0

uB 0 -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 1/3Ud -1/3Ud 0

uC 0 1/3Ud -1/3Ud -2/3Ud -1/3Ud 1/3Ud 2/3Ud 0

Bng 2.2 T hp van v gi tr in p tng ng 28

usu = -2UMC/3 usv = usw = UMC/3

2 di ca cc vect bin chun c gi tr l Ui = Ud , cn di ca 3

Uo 2 U 2 sin - ; Tt =Tx o sin. Ui 3 3 Ui 3

Uo l h s bin iu, 0 q 1 , c th vit li biu thc tnh Ui 2 2 sin - ; Tt =Tx q sin. 3 3 3

ton thi gian nh (2.17).

U0e j , hoc di dng to vung gc u (u ,u ) .

Vi l gc tng i trong cc Sector: 00 37

113.179.67.85 downloaded 30.NguyenTienLuc_DC1001.pdf at Sun Aug 12 14:39:19 ICT 2012

Kho st ta c hnh (2.11a)

Hnh 2.12. Vng cm in p tin nh ca thut ton CVTKG

Hnh 2.13. Vng cm v tr v module ca Vector khng gian

Hnh 2.14. S chn ni tng qut

Phm vi DC 24V/ 150 mA 0V 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA/ 20 mA 24 V, 10 mA 24 V, 10 mA 24 V, 10 mA RS485 RS485

K hiu - Vss Track A Track B Zero pulse

ngha Ni t Kt ni cho ng dn A Kt ni cho ng dn B Kt ni xung s 0 Kt ni ng dn cho b iu khin Cp in cho b m ha xung

HTL n cc HTL n cc HTL n cc HTL n cc

Kt ni cc (+) KTY84/ PTC

KTY84: 0200 0 C PTC: Rcold 1.5 k

Kt ni cc (-) KTY84/ PTC

2.4.5. S cng truyn thng X300

n.c. RS232 RxD RS485 P Boot

Parameter indices: Ch s ca tham s Parameter values: Gi tr tham s

- o chiu quay ca my. Chc nng ny c kch hot bi P571 v P572

Phm lt (Phm bt/ tt)

- n nhanh = gim mt bc - n lu = gim nhanh

Gi phm bt / tt v n kha tng

Phm lt (dch chuyn)

Chn menu cp v chuyn i gia s th t tham s, ch s tham s v gi tr

ngha Phm tng

Chng 3 IU KHIN NG C KHNG NG B

B bin i cng sut

B bin i cng sut

Dng in rto s t l vi trt:

Hnh 3.12. H thng truyn ng in iu khin trt s dng nghch lu dng in

dng tc . Ngoi ra b iu khin ca b bin i cn c khu iu khin v gii hn m men.

TI LIU THAM KHO

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