Anehit-xeton

A- nh ngha Anehit l nhng hp cht hu cm phn t c nhm CHO lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H. Xeton l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 nguyn t C. B- Lp cng thc Nguyn tc lp cng thc: Cng thc Anehit(Xeton) = Cng thc Hidrocacbon tng ng n nguyn t H + n nhm chc CHO(>C=O). Andehit v Xeton l ng phn ca nhau nn cch lp cng thc phn t cng tng t nhau, andehit c nhm CH=O th khi lp cng thc ca xeton thay bng nhm >C=O. V d: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 1-H CnH2n + 1-CHO 1- Cng thc ca andehit no: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: CnH2n + 2 - Anehit no, n chc: CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 1H CnH2n + 1CHOn 0 - Anehit no, hai chc: CnH2n + 2 CnH2nH2 CnH2n(CHO)2 n 0 - Anehit no, m chc : CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 2-mHm CnH2n + 2m(CHO)m 2- Cng thc ca Anehit khng no: Anehit no, mt ni i, n chc: CnH2n CnH2n - 1H CnH2n - 1CHO n 2 3- Cng thc ca anehit n chc bt k: CnH2n + 1- 2kCHO hoc CxHyCHO hoc R-CHO Cch gi cng thc: CnH2n + 1- 2kCHO : Anehit tham gia phn ng ni i ca gc hidrocacbon (p cng H2, p cng Br2...), phn ng nhm CHO. CxHyCHO: Anehit tham gia phn ng chy, phn ng nhm CHO R-CHO: Anehit ch tham gia phn nhm CHO. 4- Anehit bt k: CnH2n + 2- 2k-m (CHO)m C- Danh php 1- Tn thng: - Tn Anehit = Anehit + Tn axit hu c tng ng V d: HCHO : anehit focmic ; CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic. - Anehit mch thng: Thm tin t nV d: CH3 CH2- CH2- CHO : Anehit n-butiric - Anehit mch phn nhnh cacbon gn cui mch: Thm tin t izoV d: CH3 CH2- CHO : Anehit izo-butiric CH3

VT

Anehit-xeton

2- Tn quc t: - Chn mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm CHO lm mch chnh. - nh s th t cc nguyn t cacbon trong mch chnh, bt u nguyn t cacbon trong nhm CHO. - Tn anehit (Xeton)= V tr nhm th+Tn nhm th + Tn mch chnh (tn quc t ca hidrocacbon tng ng) + al(on). V d:
4 3 2 1 3 2 1

CH3 CH2- CH2- CHO : Butanal metylpropanal

4 3 2 1

CH3

CH-

CHO

2-

CH3 CH3 CH - CH2- CHO : 3-metylbutanal

CH3 D- Mt s anehit, xeton thng gp 1- Anehit no, n chc: - Anehit focmic ; anehit axetic ; anehit propinic. - Anehit n-butiric ; anehit izo-butiric. Anehit no, a chc: - Glioxal : HOC CHO hay (CHO)2 Anehit khng no, mt ni i, n chc: - Propenal : CH2=CH-CHO Xeton: (CH3)2C=O axeton(hay propanon) Tnh cht ho hc ca anehit, Xeton Phn ng cng hidro (phn ng kh anehit) Ru no CH3CH=O + H-H CH3-CH2- OH CnH2n(CHO)2 + 2H2 CnH2n(CH2OH)2
Ni, to Ni, to

234E1-

CH2= CH-CH=O + 2H2

Ni, t
o

CH3-CH2- CH2- OH

(CH3)2C=O + H2 (CH3)2CH-OH Tng qut: Ni, t CnH2n + 2- 2k-m (CHO)m + (m+k)H2 CnH2n + 2-m (CH2OH)m 3- Phn ng cng nc, hidro xianua H2C=O + H2O H2C(OH)2 khng bn
o

VT

Anehit-xeton
(CH3)2C=O + HCN (CH3)2C(OH)(CN) (Xianohidrin) 3- Phn ng oxi ho - Oxi ho bng Brom hoc KMnO4: Ch mnh andehit c phn ng ny, xe ton kh b oxihoa nn khng p RCH=O + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBr - Oxi ho bng Ag2O, un nng (phn ng trng gng):
t HCHO + 2Ag2O CH3- CHO + Ag2O Tng qut: NH , t R-CHO + Ag2O Hay: R-CHO + 2AgNO3 +
o 3 o

NH3,

CO2 + H2O + 4Ag CH3- COOH + 2Ag R- COOH + 2Ag 3NH3 + H2O R- COONH4 + 2Ag +

2NH4NO3 - Oxi ho bng Cu(OH)2, un nng (phn ng to kt t gch Cu2O): CH3- CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH3- COOH + Cu2O + 2H2O Hay: CH3- CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH CH3- COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O - Oxi ho bng oxi:
5 O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 2 3n + 2 CnH2n+1-CHO + O2 (n+1)CO2 + (n+1)H2O 2 3n + 1 CnH2n-1-CHO + O2 (n+1)CO2 + nH2O 2 n H 2O n H 2O = 1 ; i vi anehit khng no: <1 i vi anehit no: nCO2 nCO2

CH3-CHO +

4- Phn ng gc Hidrocacbon Nguyn t H cnh nhm Cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng. V d khi c xc tc l Axit axetic th Br2 phn ng th vi Axeton: (CH3)2C=O + Br2 CH2Br-C(CH3)=O + HBr F- iu ch anehit

VT

Anehit-xeton
1- Oxi ho ru bc bng CuO, un nng: CH3 OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H2O CH3 CH2- OH + CuO CH3-CHO + Cu + H2O Tng qut: t R-CH2- OH + CuO R - CHO + Cu + H2O 2- Phng php ring iu ch anehit axetic:
o

to

to

HC CH + H-OH

CH3CHO

G- Mi lin h gia s cacbon, s hidro v s nhm chc S nguyn t H gc hidrocacbon 2. S cacbon + 2 S nhm chc Bi 1 a) C2
6

Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng ca cc qu trnh sau:

Cl2 (askt) H dd NaOH, to A H2 (Ni, to) HBr

CuO, to

Ag2O/NH3, to

b) CH3CH2CH=O M c)C6H5CH3 C6H5CH2-Br C6H5COOH d) C2H2 C2H2 CH3CH=O

N C6H5CH2-OH

C6H5CH=O

CH3CH2-OH

CH3COOH

CH3COONa

CH4

C2H CH3CH2-OH CH3CH2-Br Bi 2 Kh hon ton m gam mt anhit no n chc v mt anhit khng no n chc (u mch h) cn 0,25 mol H2. Sn phm c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,0375 mol H2. Phn 2: t chy hon ton thu c 0,2 mol CO2. Tm cng thc cu to hai anhit. Bi 3 Kh hon ton m gam hn hp hai anhit n chc A v B (u mch h) cn 0,25 mol H2. Sn phm c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,0375 mol H2. Phn 2: t chy hon ton thu c 0,2 mol CO2.

VT

Anehit-xeton
Tm cng thc cu to ca A v B. Bit rng mi phn t anhit cha khng qu mt ni i C=C. Bi 4 Hp cht hu c X ch cha mt loi nhm chc. Ho hi hon ton 2,9 gam X thu c 2,24 lt hi 109,2oC v 0,7 atm. Cho 5,8 gam X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 0,4 mol Ag. 1 -Tm cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to ca X. 2 -iu ch X t t n. 3-Vit phng trnh phn ng ca X ln lt vi: dung dch AgNO3/NH3 khi un nng; Cu(OH)2/NaOH un nng; H2 (Ni, to); dung dch KMnO4 long/H2SO4.

VT