PowerPoint Template

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI
BI GING
Mn hc:
THY LC V MY THY LC
Ging vin: Nguyn ng Phng
B mn Thy lc Thy vn
Khoa Cng trnh
DT: 0904222171
Website: hydr-uct.net
2
Thy lc v My thy lc
GII THIU MN HC
Tn mn hc:
THY LC V MY THU LC
M s: COT501.2
S tn ch hc phn: 2
Phn b s gi hc ca hc phn:
L thuyt : 21.
Th nghim: 9.
Tho lun : 18
Chng trnh o to chuyn ngnh: Cc
lp thuc khoa C kh
3
Thy lc v My thy lc
NI DUNG MN HC
Thy lc v my thu lc l mn khoa hc
ng dng, nghin cu cc quy lut cn bng,
chuyn ng ca cht lng v ng dng cc quy
lut gii quyt cc bi ton tnh ton thit k
cc cng trnh lin quan.
ng thi trang b cho sinh vin cc kin
thc c bn v mt s loi my thu lc thng
dng.
4
Thy lc v My thy lc
NI DUNG MN HC
Chng trnh hc gm 2 phn:
Phn 1: Thy lc (gm 4 chng):
Chng 1: M u.
Chng 2: Thy tnh hc.
Chng 3: C s ng lc hc cht lng
v cc phng trnh.
Chng 4: Tn tht nng lng
- Sc cn thy lc.
Phn 2: My thy lc (gm 2 chng):
Chng 1: Khi nim my thy lc.
Chng 2: My bm
5
Thy lc v My thy lc
PHN I: THY LC
CHNG 1. M U
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG V MN HC
Thy lc v my thu lc l mn khoa hc ng
dng, nghin cu cc quy lut cn bng, chuyn
ng ca cht lng v ng dng cc quy lut gii
quyt cc bi ton tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh
lin quan.
ng thi trang b cho sinh vin cc kin thc
c bn v mt s loi my thu lc thng dng.
C s l lun ca thy lc hc l vt l, c hc
l thuyt, c hc cht lng l thuyt..
-Phng php nghin cu: Kt hp cht ch
gia phng php nghin cu l thuyt vi thc
nghim.
6
Thy lc v My thy lc
CHNG 1. M U
1.2. MT S TNH CHT VT L C BN CA
CHT LNG
1. Tnh lin tc
2. Tnh c khi lng v trng lng.
Khi lng ring:
tb
M
V

A
=
A
Trng lng ring: = .g

i vi nc nhit 4
0
C v p sut 1 atm:
= 1000 kg/m
3
.
= 9810 N/m
3
.
T trng, t khi: o = /
N
= /
N

7
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Tnh thay i th tch do thay i nhit hay p sut.
a) Do thay i p sut:
1
p
V
V p
|
A
=
A
|
p
- h s co th tch do thay i p sut
Khi p = 1 500 at v t = 0 20
0
C th: |p = 5.10
-5
(cm
2
/KG)
b) Do thay i nhit :
1
t
V
V t
|
A
=
A
Vi iu kin p sut bnh thng, i vi nc:
t = 410
0
C: |
t
= 14.10
-5
(1/t
0
)
t =1020
0
C: |
t
= 15.10
-5
(1/t
0
).
Ty theo | cht lng c chia thnh cht lng chu nn
v khng chu nn:
| = 0 ( = const): cht lng khng chu nn.
| 0 ( const): cht lng chu nn.
8
Thy lc v My thy lc
4. Tnh nht ca cht lng
Th hin sc dnh phn t gia cc phn t cht lng
hay gia cht lng vi cht rn. S lm ny sinh ra ng sut
tip, gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng vi nhau gi l tnh
nht. Theo Niutn ng sut tip sinh ra khi c s chuyn ng
tng i gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng vi nhau
du
dn
t =
: H s nht ( nht)
N.s/m
2
hoc Poaz (P), 1P = 0.1Ns/m
2
Ngoi h s nht ng lc cn dng
h s nht ng hc v = /
(m
2
/s, Stc St) 1St=1cm
2
/s
0: Cht lng thc
= 0 v =const: Cht lng l tng
9
Thy lc v My thy lc
1.3. LC TC DNG V NG SUT
Lc khi: L lai lc th tch tc ng ln tt c cc phn
t cht lng nm trong khi cht lng m ta xt.
Lc mt: L ngoi lc tc dng ln b mt ca th tch
cht lng ta xt hoc tc dng ln b mt nm trong khi
cht lng ta xt.
ng sut: di tc ng ca lc tc dng to ra ng sut
ti cc im trong cht lng gm ng sut php v ng
sut tip c th hin bng tenxo ng sut:

o
x
t
xy
t
xz

t
yx
o
y
t
yz

t
zx
t
zy
o
z

10
Thy lc v My thy lc
CHNG II. THY TNH HC
2.1. P SUT V P LC THY TNH
1. p sut v p lc thy tnh
0
lim
P
p
e
e

=
P - p lc
p - p sut thy tnh
2. Tnh cht ca p sut thy tnh
p sut thy tnh c hai tnh cht sau:
p sut thy tnh tc dng thng gc vi
din tch chu lc v hng vo din tch
y.
p sut thy tnh ti mi im bt k
trong cht lng bng nhau theo mi
phng.
11
Thy lc v My thy lc
2.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CN BNG LE
z
x
y
dx
dy
dz
M
p -
p
x
dx
2
p +
p
x 2
dx
12
Thy lc v My thy lc
1. Thit lp phng trnh
Gi p - p sut thy tnh.
F(F
x
,F
y
,F
z
) - lc khi n v.
Cn bng lc tc dng ln khi cht lng theo cc
phng ta c phng trnh vi phn cn bng le tnh:
) 1 2 (
0
z
p 1
F
0
y
p 1
F
0
x
p 1
F
z
y
x

=
c
c

=
c
c

=
c
c

13
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. iu kin cn bng:
Nhn nhng phng trnh trong h (2-1) ring bit vi
dx, dy, dz ri cng v vi v ta c:

0 dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p 1
) dz F dy F dx F (
z y x
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

+ +
dp dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Nhn xt: V phi ca phng trnh (2-2) l vi phn
ton phn ca hm p. Nh vy, phng trnh ch c ngha
nu v tri ca n cng phi l vi phn ton phn ca hm s
no .
) 2 2 ( 0
dp
) dz F dy F dx F ( : Hay
z y x
=

+ +
14
Thy lc v My thy lc
Lc khi tha mn phng trnh (2-3) gi l lc khi c th.
Khi :

) 3 2 ( ) U ( d ) dz F dy F dx F ( Vay
z y x
= + +
) 4 2 ( 0
dp
dU =

+
3. Mt ng p, mt ng th:
Mt ng p l mt m mi im trn c p sut
gi gi tr khng i (p=const).
Mt ng th l mt m mi im trn hm th gi
gi tr khng i (U=const).
Nh vy t phng trnh (2-4) c th nhn thy khi
cht lng trng thi cn bng th mt ng p ng thi
cng l mt ng th.
15
Thy lc v My thy lc
2.3. CN BNG TRONG TRNG TRNG LC.
1. Phng trnh c bn thy tnh.

Xt lc khi l trng lc tc ng ln khi cht lng khi :
F
x
= F
y
= 0, F
z
= -g
Thay cc lc khi n v vo phng trnh le tnh trn ta
c:
M
g
z
z
o
p
o
h
z
y
x
16
Thy lc v My thy lc
(3-1) gi l phng trnh c bn thy tnh dng 1 hay quy
lut phn b ASTT.
Thay z = z
o
, p = p
o
vo (3-1), sau khi bin i ta c:
p = p
o
+ (z
o
- z) = p
o
+ h (3-2)
(3-2) gi l phng trnh c bn thy tnh dng 2 l phng
trnh i tnh p sut ti mt im.
trong
p
0
: p sut ti mt phn chia cht lng.
h: su t mt phn chia cht lng n im cn tnh
p sut.

) 1 3 ( C
p
z =

+
17
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Mt ng p:
Thay p = const vo (3-1), ta c:
z = C
1
(3-3)
(3-3) l phng trnh mt ng p.
3. Phn loi p sut
p sut tuyt i: p
t
= p
0
+ h
p sut d:
Khi p
t
> p
a
th: p
d
= p
t
- p
a
> 0
(p
a
= 1atm l p sut kh tri iu kin bnh thng)
Khi p
0
= p
a
th p
d
= h
p sut chn khng:
Khi p
t
< p
a
th p
ck
= p
a
- p
t
> 0
p sut ti mt im c th o bng chiu cao ct
cht lng k t im ang xt n mt thong ca ct cht
lng : h = p/
18
Thy lc v My thy lc
4. ngha:
V mt hnh hc
z: cao v tr
p/ : cao p sut
Kt lun: Tng cao v tr v cao p sut l khng
thay i
V mt nng lng
z: V nng n v
p/: p nng n v
Kt lun: Tng v nng n v v p nng n v l khng
thay i.
19
Thy lc v My thy lc
5. BIU P SUT - P LC
T cng thc (3-2) biu din s thay i p sut trn mt
din tch ta s c biu phn b p sut. Nu biu
din cao p sut th ta c biu phn b p lc.
Biu phn b p sut. Biu phn b p lc.
20
Thy lc v My thy lc
6. nh lut Pascal.
p
1
= p
0
+ h p
2
= (p
0
+p') + h
Hay p
2
- p
1
= p'

p sut do ngoi lc tc ng trn b mt cht
lng c truyn i nguyn vn ti mi im trong
cht lng.
P
1
p
o
P
2
p
o
+ p'
21
Thy lc v My thy lc
Kch thy lc


P
2
P
1
1
2
1 2
1 2
1
1
2 2
S
S
P . P Hay
P S
S
P
S ' p P
q =
> = =
- Hiu sut my, < 1.

22
Thy lc v My thy lc
23
Thy lc v My thy lc

24
Thy lc v My thy lc
2.4. P LC CHT LNG LN THNH PHNG
p lc ln thnh phng l tng hp ca cc lc song
song v cng chiu. Gi p lc tng hp l P. Ta cn xc nh
ln v im t ca P.
25
Thy lc v My thy lc
1. Xc nh ln ca p lc
Gi s mt hnh c din tch S nm trong mt phng
nghing mt gc o so vi mt phng ngang.
Trn din tch S ta ly mt din tch nguyn t dS v
cng nh, p lc nguyn t dP tc ng ln dS l:
dP = p.dS vi p = p
0
+ h
Tch phn biu thc trn ta s c p lc tng hp P
ca cht lng ln din tch S l:
P = p
c
.S = (p
0
+ h
c
).S (4-1)
Nu mt thong ca cht lng tip xc vi kh tri th:
p
c
= h
c
v p lc d P
d
ln din tch S l:
P
d
= h
c
.S (4-2)
26
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Xc nh im t ca p lc
p dng nh l Vanrinhng: Mmen ca hp lc i
vi mt trc bng tng mmen ca cc lc thnh phn i
vi trc .
Xt trong bi ton ca ta, ly mmen vi trc Ox:
}
=
S
d D d
y . dP y . P
Sau khi tch phn ta c:
) 3 4 (
S y
J
y y
C
C
C D
+ =
27
Thy lc v My thy lc
trong :
y
C
- to trng tm, h
C
= y
C
.sin
h
C
- su trng tm
J
c
l mmen qun tnh ca S ng vi trc song song
vi Ox v i qua trng tm C.
J
c
mt s hnh:
Hnh trn ng knh d: J
c
= d
4
/64
Hnh ch nht: J
c
= b.h
3
/12
(b; h: B rng v chiu cao)
Nh vy im t p lc lun su hn trng tm
hnh phng.
28
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Phng php gii
(phng php ny p dng cho hnh phng l hnh ch nht
c mt cnh song song vi mt thong)
- V biu phn b AS.
- Tnh p lc:
P =
p
.b (4-4)
- im t: i qua trng
tm biu phn b AS
+ Biu dng hnh thang:



+ Biu dng hnh tam gic:
A
B
h
1
h
2
P
h
2
h
1

D
3
a
h h
h h 2
AD
2 1
2 1
+
+
=
3
a
AD =
29
Thy lc v My thy lc
2.5. P LC CHT LNG LN THNH CONG

30
Thy lc v My thy lc
Ly trn AB mt phn t din tch dS, su h khi
:
dP = hdS
Phn tch dP ra lm 2 thnh phn dP
x
, dP
z:
dP
x
= dP coso (1)
dP
z
= dP sino (2)
Tch phn (1) v (2) s c p lc theo phng
ngang v phng thng ng:
1. p lc theo phng ngang:
P
x
= h
cx
.S
x
(5-1)
trong :
S
x
- hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox.
h
cx
- su trng tm din tch S
x
.
31
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. p lc theo phng thng ng:
P
z
= V (5-2)
trong :
V - vt th p lc.
P
z
mang gi tr dng khi p lc c xu hng i xung v
P
z
mang gi tr m khi p lc c xu hng i ln

3. p lc tng hp:
- Tr s:

- im t: i qua tm ca din tch chu lc S v to vi
phng nm ngang mt gc c:`
) 3 5 ( P P P
2
z
2
x
+ =
) 4 5 (
P
P
tg
x
z
= o
32
Thy lc v My thy lc
CHNG III. C S NG LC HC
3.1. KHI NIM
1 Cc phng php NC chuyn ng ca cht lng
a) Phng php Lagrange
Theo phng php ny ta nghin cu chuyn ng
ca tng phn t cht lng ring bit. Cc to ca phn t
cht lng i vi mi thi im ph thuc vo cc to ban
u v thi gian.
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
t , z , y , x f z
t , z , y , x f y
t , z , y , x f x
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 1
33
Thy lc v My thy lc
b) Phng php Euler
Theo Euler, chuyn ng ca cht lng c trng bi
vic xy dng trng vn tc tc l xy dng hnh nh ng
ca cht lng ti cc im khc nhau ca khng gian mi
thi im cho. Trong , vn tc ti tt c cc im v p
sut trong cht lng c xc nh di dng hm s:
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
=
t , z , y , x f p
t , z , y , x f u
t , z , y , x f u
t , z , y , x f u
4
3 z
2 y
1 x
34
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Chuyn ng n nh v khng n nh
Chuyn ng ca cht lng m c cc thng s ca
chuyn ng nh lu tc, p sut thay i theo thi gian gi
l chuyn ng khng n nh (khng dng)
Trng hp ngc li, nu vn tc v p sut ch thay
i theo to m khng i theo thi gian th chuyn ng
gi l n nh (dng)
Chuyn ng khng n nh Chuyn ng n nh
1
2
t
1
t
2
u?ng dng
Qu? d?o
1
t
1
t
2
u?ng dng
Qu? d?o
Q
35
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Qu o v ng dng
Qu o: l ng i ca phn t cht lng ring bit trong
khng gian.
Phng trnh qu o:
) 1 1 ( dt
U
dz
U
dy
U
dx
z y x
= = =
ng dng: l mt ng cong, m ti mt thi im cho
trc, i qua cc phn t cht lng c vc t lu tc trng vi
tip tuyn ca ng y
Phng trnh ng dng:
) 2 1 (
U
dz
U
dy
U
dx
z y x
= =
36
Thy lc v My thy lc
4. ng dng, dng nguyn t cht lng, dng chy
Qua tt c cc im ca mt ng cong khp kn v cng
nh ta v cc ng dng th tp hp cc ng dng ny
to thnh mt ng dng.
Ngi ta gi khi lng cht lng bn trong ng dng l
dng nguyn t cht lng.
Tp hp v s cc dng nguyn t trn mt mt ct hu
hn to thnh dng chy cht lng.
37
Thy lc v My thy lc
5. Mt ct t, chu vi t, bn knh thy lc.
Mt ct t: Din tch mt ct ngang vung gc vi
ng dng ca dng nguyn t, gi l din tch mt ct t
ca dng nguyn t.
Chu vi t: L chiu di ca phn tip xc gia cht lng
v thnh rn ca mt ct t, chu vi t k hiu l hay P.
Bn knh thu lc: R = S/P
38
Thy lc v My thy lc
6. Lu lng v lu tc trung bnh
Th tch cht lng chy qua din tch mt ct t dS ca
dng nguyn t trong mt n v thi gian gi l lu lng
th tch nguyn t, hoc n gin gi l lu lng nguyn t:
dQ = u.dS
Lu lng ca dng chy l th tch cht lng qua mt mt
ct t qua mt n v thi gian:
}
=
S
dS . u Q
Lu tc trung bnh ca dng chy:
S
dS . u
S
Q
V
S
}
= =
39
Thy lc v My thy lc
3.2. PHNG TRNH LIN TC
1. Vi dng nguyn t:
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho on dng
nguyn t:
u
1
.dt.dS
1
. = u
2
.dt.dS
2
.
Sau khi bin i ta c:
dQ = u.dS (2-1)
40
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Vi ton dng chy.
Tch phn biu thc (2-1) ta c:
Q = V.S (2-2)
trong :
Q - lu lng ton dng, m
3
/s.
V - lu tc trung bnh, m/s.
S - din tch mt ct ngang, m
2
.

41
Thy lc v My thy lc
3.3. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG
CHO CHT LNG L TNG


z
x
y
dx
dy
dz
M
p -
p
x
dx
2
p +
p
x 2
dx
42
Thy lc v My thy lc
Gi: p - p sut thy ng ti tm khi
F(F
x
, F
y
, F
z
) - lc khi n v.
U(u
x
, u
y
, u
z
) - lu tc ti tm khi
Cn bng lc tc dng v lc qun tnh theo cc phng:
) 1 3 (
dt
du
z
p 1
F
dt
du
y
p 1
F
dt
du
x
p 1
F
z
z
y
y
x
x

=
c
c

=
c
c

=
c
c

43
Thy lc v My thy lc
`
3.4. PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI CHO DNG
NGUYN T.
1. Vi cht lng l tng.
Nhn ln lt phng trnh le ng vi dx, dy, dz ri cng
v vi v, ta c:

) 1 ( dz
dt
du
dy
dt
du
dx
dt
du
dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p 1
) dz F dy F dx F (
z
y
x
z y x
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

+ +
Xt lc khi ch l trng lc:
Fx = Fy = 0; Fz = -g (2)
Vi chuyn ng n nh: p = f(x, y, z) nn ta c:
) 3 ( dp dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
44
Thy lc v My thy lc
v:
) 4 (
2
u
d dz
dt
du
dy
dt
du
dx
dt
du
2
z
y
x
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
Kt hp (1), (2), (3) v (4) ta c:
) 1 4 ( C
g 2
u p
z
2
= +

+
) 2 4 (
g 2
u p
z
g 2
u p
z : Hay
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+

+ = +

+
(4-1), (4-2) gi l phng trnh Bernoulli cho dng
nguyn t cht lng l tng, chuyn ng n nh.
45
Thy lc v My thy lc

u
1
p
2
Mat chuan nam ngang
z
1
p
1

D
u
o
n
g

d
o

a
p
D
u
o
n
g

n
a
n
g
2g
u
2
2g
2
2
hw
z
2
t
46
Thy lc v My thy lc

47
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Vi cht lng thc:
Do cht lng thc c tnh nht nn khi chuyn ng s
sinh ra sc ma st cn tr chuyn ng. V vy dng chy s
mt mt phn nng lng thng sc cn ma st.
Gi hw l tn tht nng lng n v dng nguyn t
khi dng nguyn t chuyn ng t mt ct 1 n mt ct 2,
khi ta s c phng trnh Bernoulli cho dng nguyn t
cht lng thc nh (4-3):
) 3 4 ( hw
g 2
u p
z
g 2
u p
z
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+ +

+ = +

+
48
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. ngha:
a) ngha nng lng:
z - th nng n v v tr.
p/ - th nng n v p sut.
z + p/ - th nng n v.
u
2
/2g - ng nng n v.

- c nng n v.

Vy c nng n v l hng s vi cht lng l tng
v gim dn vi cht lng thc.
g 2
u p
z
2
+

+
49
Thy lc v My thy lc
b) ngha hnh hc:
z - cao v tr.
p/ - cao p sut.
H
t
= z + p/ - ct p tnh.
H

= u
2
/2g - cao lu tc hay ct p ng.

- ct p ton phn.

Vy ct p ton phn l hng s vi cht lng l tng
v h thp dn vi cht lng thc.
g 2
u p
z H
2
+

+ =
50
Thy lc v My thy lc
ng nng, ng o p:
ng o p:
c c trng bi dc o p:
dl
p
z d
J
p
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
ng nng: l ng lun i xung. c c trng bi
dc thy lc:
0
dl
g 2
u p
z d
J
2
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
Khi ng nng l ng thng: J = hw/l
51
Thy lc v My thy lc
3.5. PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI CHO TON
DNG CHT LNG THC CHY N NH
1 t vn
Phng trnh Bernoulli (4-3) ch p dng cho dng
nguyn t ca cht lng thc. Vic m rng tch phn vit
cho ton dng chy, m dng chy l tp hp ca v s dng
nguyn t gp mt s kh khn, l phn b vn tc khng
u ti mt ct t, c thnh phn vn tc hng ngang v
nh hng ca lc qun tnh ly tm. Do vy ch m rng
phng trnh Bernoulli cho ton dng chy khng u i dn
vi cc gi thit:
Cc ng dng gn l cc ng thng song song, thnh
phn nm ngang ca vn tc rt nh c th b qua, ta ch
xt thnh phn vn tc dc trc.
Mt ct t c coi nh mt phng, cc ng dng
vung gc vi mt ct t .
p sut phn b theo quy lut thu tnh.
52
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Phng trnh Bernoulli cho ton dng chy
Phng trnh Bernoulli biu din nh lut nng lng.
m rng phng trnh ngi ta nhn phng trnh
Bernoulli cho dng nguyn t vi dQ ri tch phn trn cc
mt ct. Khi phng trnh Bernoulli cho ton dng chy c
dng:
) 1 5 ( hw
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
z
12
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
+
o
+

+ =
o
+

+
vi - l h s sa cha ng nng hay h s Coriolis
( = 1.05 - 1.10 vi dng chy ri)
) 2 5 (
Q V
dS u
Q
g 2
V
dQ
g 2
u
2
S
3
2
S
2
=

= o
} }
53
Thy lc v My thy lc
y l phng trnh c bn v quan trng nht ca thu
lc. Mun vn dng phng trnh ny phi nm vng nhng
im sau:
Phng trnh Becnuli cho ton dng chy khng phi dng
cho bt k dng chy no m ch dng cho dng chy tho mn
5 iu kin sau: dng chy n nh, lc khi ch l trng
lc, cht lng khng nn c, lu lng khng i, ti
mt ct m ta chn vit tch phn dng chy phi l i
dn, cn gia hai mt ct dng chy khng nht thit
phi l i dn.
p sut p1 v p2 phi l cng loi.

1
,
2
l khc nhau. Nhng nu ti mt ct tnh ton dng
chy cng mt trng thi th coi chng bng nhau.
g 2
V
p
z
2
1
o
+

+
l ging nhau cho mi im trn cng mt mt ct
t nn khi vit phng trnh Bernoulli c th tu
chn im no trn mt ct t cng c.
54
Thy lc v My thy lc
3.7. PHNG TRNH BIN THIN NG
LNG CA TON DNG CHY N NH
Phng trnh bin thin ng lng vi vt rn c khi
lng m v vn tc khi tm l U:
u
1
u
2
1
1
1'
1'
2
2'
2'
2
Mat kiem tra
F
dt
u m d
dt
k d
= =
) (
55
Thy lc v My thy lc
Vi dng nguyn t:
) 1 7 ( ) u u ( dQ
dt
K d
u ) . dS . dt . u ( u ) . dS . dt . u ( K K
) K K ( ) K K ( K ' K K d
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
' 11 ' 22
2 ' 1 ' 11 ' 22 2 ' 1
=
= =
+ + = =

Vi ton dng: Tch phn phng trnh (7-1), ta c:
) 2 7 ( F ) V V ( Q
i 1 01 2 02
= o o


ng lng (QV) ca cht lng mang du (+) nu cht
lng i ra khi mt kim tra, mang du (-) nu i vo. Khi :
) 3 7 ( F V Q
i j j j
= o


56
Thy lc v My thy lc
KT LUN
Cc phng trnh cn ch :
Phng trnh lin tc: Q = V.S.
Phng trnh Bernoulli:
Phng trnh bin thin ng lng:
) 3 4 ( hw
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
z
12
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
+
o
+

+ =
o
+

+
) 3 7 ( F V Q
i j j j
= o


57
Thy lc v My thy lc
Chng 4. TN THT CT CHT LNG
4.1. NHNG DNG TN THT
tin nghin cu, tn tht c chia lm hai dng:
Tn tht dc ng: l tn tht sinh ra trn ton b
chiu di dng chy: h
d
Tn tht cc b: l tn tht sinh ra nhng ni c bit,
dng chy b bin dng t ngt: h
c

) 3 1 (
g 2
V
h
) 2 1 (
g 2
V
d
l
h
) 1 1 ( h h hw
2
d
2
d
d c
=
=
+ =

- h s ma st.
- h s tn tht cc b.
58
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.2 HAI CH TRNG THI CHY
Tnh cht ca dng chy cng nh trng tc v
phn phi p sut khc nhau tu thuc vo quan h tng
i ca lc nht v lc qun tnh ca dng chy. Chnh quan
h phn chia dng chy thnh hai ch khc hn nhau
khi nghin cu:
Dng chy trng thi chy tng.
Dng chy trng thi chy ri.
phn bit trng thi dng chy ngi ta dng s
Reynolds:

) 1 2 (
d . V
Re
v
=
Re 2000: dng chy trng thi chy tng
Re 4000: dng chy trng thi chy ri
59
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.3. PHNG TRNH C BN CA DNG CHY U
p dng phng trnh bin thin ng lng v
phng trnh Bernoulli cho mt on dng chy u, sau kho
bin i ta c phng trnh c bn dng chy u:
Mat chuan nam ngang
z
1
z
2
1
1
2
2
t
t
V
G
o
L
p
1
p
2
) 1 3 ( RJ
o
= t
R - bn knh thy lc.
J - dc thy lc, J=h
d
/L
60
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.4. DNG CHY TNG TRONG NG TR TRN
1. ng sut tip:
Theo phng trnh c bn dng chy u:
) 1 (
2
r
J
4
d
J RJ
o
o
= = = t
Vi mt phn dng chy u:
) 1 4 (
r
r
o
o
t = t
) 2 (
2
r
J = t
umax =uo
u
r
r
d
r
d
r
o
o
t
61
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Lu tc thc.
Theo cng thc Newton:
) 3 (
dr
du
= t
Kt hp (2) v (3), ta c:
) 2 4 ( C r
4
J
u
2
+

=
Thay iu kin bin: r = r
o
; u = 0, ta c quy lut phn b
lu tc thc l quy lut Paraboloit (4-3):
) 3 4 ( ) r r (
4
J
u
2 2
o

=
dr . r
2
J
du
dr
du
2
r
J

= =
) 4 4 (
0 u
r
4
J
u
min
2
o max

=
62
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Lu lng.

Ta c:
}
=
S
dS . u Q
Thay u theo (4-3) v dS = 2 trdr, sau khi tch phn ta c:
) 5 4 ( d
128
J
r
8
J
Q
4 4
0
t

= t

=
4. Lu tc trung bnh.
T Q = V.S, thay Q theo (4-5) v S = tr
2
ta c:
) 6 4 (
2
u
r
8
J
V
max
2
0
=

=
63
Thy lc v My thy lc
5. H s ma st.

T (4-6) ta c:
V
d g
l . 32
h
4
d
l
h
8
g
V
2
d
2
d

=
) 7 4 (
g 2
V
d
l
g 2
V
d
l
d . V
64
h Hay
2 2
d
=
v
=
Vy h s ma st ca dng chy tng trong ng tr trn:
) 8 4 (
Re
64
=
6. H s Coriolis.
) 9 4 ( 2
Q V
dS u
2
S
3
= = o
}
64
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.5. DNG CHY RI TRONG NG TR TRN
1. Lu tc.
Ux - lu tc thc, lun thay i theo thi gian.
Ux - lu tc trung bnh thi gian, c th thay i theo thi
gian hoc khng thay i.
U'x - lu tc mch ng
t
Ux
U
'
x
65
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. ng sut tip.
t = t
tng
+ t
ri
(5-1)
trong :
t - ng sut tip ca dng chy.
t
tng
- ng sut tip do tnh nht gy ra, c xc nh theo
cng thc ca Newton:
) 2 5 (
dy
du
g tan
= t
u - lu tc trung bnh thi gian.
y - khong cch t thnh ng n im ang xt.
t
ri
- ng sut tip do do hin tng li i, ko li (xo trn)
gia cc phn t cht lng khi chng chuyn ng hn
lon gy ra, c xc nh theo mt s cng thc ca cc
tc gi:

66
Thy lc v My thy lc
Theo Butxinetxco (1887):
) a 3 5 (
dy
du
roi
q = t
- h s nht ri
Theo Reynolds (1895):
) b 3 5 ( U U
'
y
'
x roi
= t
Theo Prandtl (1926):
) c 3 5 (
dy
du
l
2
2
roi

|
|
.
|

\
|
= t
l - di ng xo trn.
67
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Phn b lu tc thc.
Trong dng chy ri, coi ng sut tip do tnh nht
gy ra l rt nh, v vy theo Prandtl:
) 1 (
dy
du
. l
dy
du
l
2
2
roi
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
= t = t
l = k.y (2)
k - hng s Kappa, k = 0,4
) 3 ( u
0
*

t
= =

t
u
*
- lu tc ng lc.
t
o
- ng sut tip st thnh ng (y = 0)
68
Thy lc v My thy lc
Kt hp (1), (2) v (3), sau khi tch phn ta c:
) 4 5 ( C y ln
k
u
u
*
+ =
Theo (5-4) quy lut phn b lu tc dng chy ri
trong ng tr trn l quy lut Logarit, c lu tc ln nht
trc ng (y = r
0
):
) 5 5 ( C r ln
k
u
u
o
*
max
+ =
Kt hp (5-4) v (5-5):
) 6 5 (
y
r
ln
k
1
u
u u
o
*
max
=

69
Thy lc v My thy lc
4. Lp mng chy tng; thnh trn, thnh nhm thy lc.
A - chiu cao m nhm, ph thuc vo vt liu lm ng v
iu kin khai thc.

t
- chiu dy lp mng chy tng.
) 7 5 (
Re
d 30
t

= o
Mo nham
Loi roi
Lop mong chay tang
70
Thy lc v My thy lc
Phn bit cc khu vc dng chy ri:
a) Theo chiu dy lp mng chy tng:
*
t
> 4.A - lp mng chy tng ph kn cc m
nhm, gi l chy ri thnh trn.
Khi : = f(Re)
*
t
< A/6 - lp mng chy tng khng ph c
cc m nhm, gi l chy ri thnh
hon ton nhm hay khu sc cn bnh
phng: h
d
= f(v
2
).
Khi : = f(A/d)
* A/6 <
t
< 4.A - lp mng chy tng ph c mt
phn cc m nhm, gi l chy ri
thnh khng hon ton nhm.
Khi : = f(Re, A/d)
71
Thy lc v My thy lc
b) Theo s Reynolds gii hn:
* Theo Altshoul:
) 8 5 (
d
500 Re
d
10 Re
nham
tron

A
=
A
=
Khi :
Re < Re
trn
: chy ri thnh trn.
Re > Re
nhm
: chy ri thnh hon ton nhm.
Re
trn
< Re < Re
nhm
: chy ri thnh khng hon ton nhm.
72
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.6. CNG THC TNH TN THT DC NG
1. Cng thc tnh tn tht dc ng.

) 1 6 (
g 2
V
d
l
h
2
d
=
2. Cng thc tnh h s ma st:
a) Vi dng chy tng:
) 2 6 (
Re
64
=
Ch : Cng thc (6-2) ng cho dng chy trong ng tr
trn. Vi dng chy trong cc mt ct khc th phi
thay s 64 bng mt s khc (VD vi knh h th
thay 64 bng 24)
73
Thy lc v My thy lc
b) Vi dng chy ri:
Chy ri thnh trn:
- Cng thc ca Blariut (1912) khi 4000 Re 10
5
:
) 3 6 (
Re
3164 , 0
4 / 1
=
- Cng thc ca Conacop (1947) khi Re > 10
5
:
) 4 6 (
) 5 , 1 Re lg 8 , 1 (
1
2

=
74
Thy lc v My thy lc
Chy ri thnh hon ton nhm:
Cng thc ca Nicurats:
) 5 6 (
14 . 1
d
lg 2
1
2

|
.
|

\
|
+
A
=
Chy ri thnh khng hon ton nhm:
Cng thc ca Altshoul:
) 6 6 (
Re
68
d
11 , 0
2

|
.
|

\
|
+
A
=
75
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.7. CNG THC SEZI.

1. Cng thc Sezi.

) 1 7 ( RJ C V =
trong :
V- lu tc trung bnh.
J - dc thy lc.
C - h s Sezi, m
1/2
/s

76
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Mt s cng thc xc nh h s Sezi.
Cng thc ca Maninh:
) 2 7 ( R
n
1
C
6 / 1
=
n - h s nhm, n 0,02
R - bn knh thy lc.
Cng thc ca Phoocorayme:
) 3 7 ( R
n
1
C
5 / 1
=
n - h s nhm, n 0,03
Cng thc ca Pavolopxky:
) 4 7 ( R
n
1
C
y
=
R n n R n y y ) 1 , 0 ( 75 , 0 5 , 2 13 , 0 ) , ( + = =
77
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.8. TN THT CC B.
Tn tht cc b xy ra nhng ni dng chy b bin
dng hoc i phng. Cng thc tng qut c dng:
) 1 8 (
g 2
V
h
2
c
=
1. Dng chy t ngt m rng:
V1, S1
S2 > S1
V2 < V1
1
1
2
2
Khu xoy
Khu lu?ng chnh
78
Thy lc v My thy lc
Gi thit:
Chuyn ng n nh.
B qua lc ma st gia thnh ng v dng chy.
Coi p sut phn b u trn mt ct t 1-1 v 2-2.
S dng phng trnh bin thin ng lng, kt hp
vi phng trnh Bernoulli. Sau khi rt gn ta c:
) 2 8 (
g 2
V
1
S
S
g 2
V
S
S
1
g 2
) V V (
h
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
cdm

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
khi S
1
<< S
2
(coi V
2
=0):
) 3 8 (
g 2
V
h
2
1
cdm
=
79
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Dng chy t ngt thu hp:
) 4 8 (
g 2
V
S
S
1 5 , 0 h
2
2
1
2
cdt

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V1, S1
S2 < S1
V2 > V1
khi S
1
>> S
2
(coi V
1
=0):
) 5 8 (
g 2
V
5 , 0 h
2
2
cdt
=
80
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.9. DNG CHY QUA L.
1. Phn loi l.
Theo chiu cao l: e
e < H/10: l nh
e > H/10: l to.
Theo chiu dy thnh l:
< (3 - 4)e: l thnh mng.
> (3 - 4)e: l thnh dy.
H
e
o
81
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Dng chy qua l nh, thnh mng, ct p khng i.
H
C
C
VC
1 1
0 0
Vit phng trnh
Bernoulli cho 1-1 v C-C ly
0-0 lm chun:
) 1 9 ( gH 2 V
C
=
trong :
H - ct p tc ng ln l.
- h s lu tc. Theo kt
qu th nghim 0.97.
Theo phng trnh lin tc:
) 2 9 ( gH 2 S Q =
- h s lu lng, = . 0,62.
- h s co hp, = S
C
/S 0,64.
82
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.10. DNG CHY QUA VI HNH TR,
GN NGOI, CT P KHNG I.
H
C
VC
1 1
0 0
C
V
2
2
1. Lu lng:
Vit phng trnh
Bernoulli cho 1-1 v 2-2 ly
0-0 lm chun:
) 1 10 ( gH 2 V =
) 2 10 ( gH 2 S Q =
trong :
H - ct p tc ng ln l.
- h s lu tc, 0.82.
- h s lu lng, = 0,62.
83
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Chn khng ti mt ct co hp:
Vit phng trnh Bernoulli cho 1-1 v C-C ly 0-0 lm
chun:
( ) ) 3 10 ( H 75 , 0 1 H
p p
h
2
C a
ck
~
(
(

+ o
|
.
|

\
|
c

=
trong :
- h s co hp, = S
C
/S 0,64
- h s tn tht vi, 0,06
84
Thy lc v My thy lc
4.11. TNH TON THY LC NG NG.
1. Khi nim.
Phn loi:
Theo kt cu c: ng ng n gin v ng ng phc tp
Theo quan im thy lc: ng ng di v ng ng ngn.
Cng thc tnh: Phng trnh Bernoulli, phng trnh lin
tc v cng thc tnh tn tht nng lng.
Vi ng ng di trong khu sc cn bnh phng th s
dng cng thc Sezi:
2
2
d
2
2
d
K
Q
l h
K
Q
l
h
J J K RJ CS Q = = = = =
trong :
K - moduyn lu lng, ph thuc kch thc ng (d)
v vt liu lm ng (n).
85
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. ng ng di ni tip.
Vit phng trnh Bernoulli cho hai mt thong ca b
cha, b qua tn tht cc b:
H
A
H
B
H
2
3
1

= = ) 1 11 (
K
l
Q h H
2
i
i
2
di
86
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. ng ng di song song.
B qua tn tht cc b v ct nc lu tc:
) 2 11 (
K
Q
l ...
K
Q
l ...
K
Q
l
K
Q
l h H
Q Q
2
n
2
n
n
2
i
2
i
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 di
i

= = = = = = =
=

H
A
H
B
H
1
2
3
A B
Q
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q
87
Thy lc v My thy lc
PHN II: MY THY LC
Chng 1: KHI NIM MY THY LC
1.1. MY THY LC - CC THNG S C BN
CA MY THY LC
1. Phn loi my thu lc.
Theo tnh cht trao i nng lng
- ng c thu lc.
- My bm.
- My thu lc thun nghch.
Theo nguyn l tc dng ca MTL vi cht lng:
- MTL cnh dn:
- MTL th tch:
88
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Thng s c bn ca my thu lc
a. Ct p:

B B
A A
) 1 1 (
g 2
v v p p
) Z Z ( e e e H
2
A A
2
B B A B
A B A B

o o
+

+ = = A =
H>0: my bm.
H<0: C thu lc.
H
t
- ct p tnh.
H

- ct p ng.
H = H
t
+ H

(1-2)

+ =
A B
A B t
p p
) Z Z ( H
g 2
v v
H
2
A A
2
B B
d
o o
=
89
Thy lc v My thy lc
b. Lu lng: Q (m
3
/s).
c. Cng sut.
Cng sut thu lc: l c nng m cht lng trao i vi
my trong mt n v thi gian.
N
TL
= .Q.H (1-3)
Cng sut lm vic: l cng sut trn trc ca my khi lm
vic:
- Vi my bm: N = N
TL
/q (1-4)
- Vi ng c: N = q.N
TL
(1-5)
q Hiu sut ca my (q < 1)

90
Thy lc v My thy lc
d. Hiu sut:
nh gi tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh my trao i
nng lng vi cht lng. Tn tht nng lng trong my
gm 3 loi:
Tn tht ct p ca dng chy qua my gi l tn tht
thu lc: hiu sut thu lc hay hiu sut ct p: q
H

Tn tht do r r cht lng lm gim lu lng gi l tn
tht lu lng: q
Q
.
Tn tht ma st ca cc b phn c kh ca MTL gi l tn
tht c kh: q
C

Vy: q = q
H
q
Q
q
C
(1-6)

th th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s MTL
gi l ng c tnh.
91
Thy lc v My thy lc
1.2. MY THY LC CNH DN.
6
3
2
4
1
7
9
8
5
6
9
Po
1
7
Po
4
3
2
8
5
1. Khi nim
B phn quan
trng v in hnh
nht ca MTL cnh
dn l bnh cng tc.
Bnh cng tc c
cu to bi cc bn
cnh (thng c dng
mt cong) gi l cc
cnh dn v cc b
phn c nh khc.
Bnh cng tc gn
cht vi trc, khi lm
vic s quay trong
mi trng cht lng.
92
Thy lc v My thy lc
Mt s loi BCT ca bm ly tm
93
Thy lc v My thy lc
Qu o chuyn ng ca cc phn t cht lng qua bnh
cng tc rt phc tp, n gin trong tnh ton ngi ta
thng gi thit:
Dng chy qua bnh cng tc bao gm cc dng nguyn
t nh nhau.
Qu o chuyn ng tng i ca cc phn t cht lng
trong bnh cng tc theo bin dng cnh dn.
iu kin c dng chy theo gi thit trn:
Bnh cng tc c s cnh dn nhiu v cng v mi cnh
mng v cng.
Cht lng lm vic l cht lng l tng.


94
Thy lc v My thy lc
Chuyn ng ca cc
phn t cht lng qua bnh
cng tc c c trng
bi cc vn tc:
- vn tc tuyt i.

vn tc vng ca C
theo, c phng vung gc
vi hng knh.
U
W
C
U
R
R
l
l
W
C
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
o2
o1

u
vn tc tng i, tip tuyn vi bin dng cnh dn.


c
u
hnh chiu ca c ln phng u
c
m
hnh chiu ca c ln phng thng gc vi
u

w

+ = w u c
95
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Phng trnh c bn ca my thu lc cnh dn.
p dng phng trnh bin thin m men ng lng
vi trc ca my ta c phng trnh m men ca my thy
lc cnh dn v phng trnh ct p :
M = Q
LT
(6c
1
.R
1
coso
1
7 c
2
.R
2
coso
2
) (2-1)
Du trn ng vi bm, du di ng vi tuabin.
Cn bng cng sut thy lc v cng sut thc t khi
b qua cc tn tht ta c phng trnh ct p:

) 2 2 (
g
c u c u
H
u 1 1 u 2 2
LT


=
(2-2) gi l phng trnh c bn ca my thu lc cnh dn
hay phng trnh ct p ca MTL cnh dn.
Du trn ng vi bm, du di ng vi tuabin.
96
Thy lc v My thy lc
Khai trin phng trnh (2-2), vi my bm:
) 5 2 (
g 2
c c
H
) 4 2 (
g 2
w w
g 2
u u
H
) 3 2 (
g 2
c c
g 2
w w
g 2
u u
H
2
1
2
2

2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
t
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
lt

=
H
t
, H

- ct p tnh v ng.
Vy:
H
lt
= H
t
+ H

(2-6)
97
Thy lc v My thy lc
1.3. MY BM
1. Cng dng v phn loi:
Bm l MTL bin i c nng ca ng c thnh nng lng
vn chuyn cht lng hoc to ln p sut cn thit trong h
thng truyn dn thu lc.
Bom
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
y
1
1
2
4
AK
k
1
p
2
2
k
B? ht
1
CK
3 3
4
B? ch?a
4
Phn loi bm:
a) Theo nguyn l lm vic:
- Bm cnh dn.
- Bm th tch.
b) Theo cng dng:
- Bm cp nc ni hi.
- Bm du.
- .....
c) Theo phm vi ct p.
- Bm c ct p cao.
- Bm c ct p trung bnh.
- Bm c ct p thp.
98
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. Cc thng s c bn ca my bm:
Cc thng s ca bm gm: Q, H, N, q, [H
ck
].
Lu lng: Q
Ct p: l nng lng n v m bm truyn cho cht
lng:
) 1 3 ( y
g 2
v v p p
H
2
2
2
3 2 3
+

=
p
2
= p
a
- p
CK
; p
3
= p
a
+ p
AK
;
p
CK
; p
AK
tr s c trn chn khng k v p k.
Thay vo (2-1) ta c:
) 2 3 ( y
g 2
v v p p
H
2
2
2
3 CK AK
+

+
=
99
Thy lc v My thy lc
Mt khc theo phng trnh Bernoulli:
H
t
, H

- ct p tnh, ct p ng.
Hay
H = H
t
+ H

(3-4)
Biu din (3-3) trn th ta c
ng c tnh ca h thng hay
c li tuyn.

=
+

=
+

+ +

=
w
2
1
2
4

4
1 4
t
w
2
1
2
4
4
1 4
h
g 2
v v
H
z
p p
H
) 3 3 ( h
g 2
v v
z
p p
H
H

=
k
.
Q
2
H
Q
d
H
d

100
Thy lc v My thy lc
Cng sut v hiu sut.
N
LT
= QH (3-5)
Cng sut lm vic: N = N
LT
/q.
q - hiu sut bm.
Cng sut ng c: N
c
= K.N.
K h s an ton.
Ct p ht v chiu cao ht ca bm.
chnh lch p sut gia ming ht ca bm v
mt thong ca b ht l ct p ht ca bm:
) 6 3 (
p p
H
2 1
h

=

101
Thy lc v My thy lc
Nu p
1
= p
a
:
Vit phng trnh Bernoulli cho hai mt ct (1-1) v (2-2):
) 7 3 (
p p
H H
2 a
CK h

= =
trnh hin tng xm thc th ct p ht phi tho mn:
H
h
[H
CK
] - chiu cao chn khng cho php.
Vy chiu cao t bm cho php:
) 8 3 ( h
g 2
v
z
p p
H
w
2
2
h
2 1
h
+ + =

=

[H
CK
] tra bng ng vi p = 1at; t = 20
0
C.
) 9 3 ( h
g 2
v
] H [ ] z [
w
2
2
CK h
=


102
Thy lc v My thy lc
Chng 2. MY BM
2.1. BM LY TM.
6
3
2
4
1
7
9
8
5
6
9
Po
1
7
Po
4
3
2
8
5
1. Khi nim.
Kt cu:
Xt v mt cu to, bm
li tm bao gm cc b
phn ch yu sau:
1. Trc bm
2. Bnh cng tc
3. Cnh dn
4. Thn bm
5. ng ht
6. ng y
7. ng loa
8. Li ht
9. Kho mi bm

103
Thy lc v My thy lc
u im:
- Bm c nhiu loi cht lng.
- Phm vi s dng ln v nng sut cao.
+ Q = 2 70.000m
3
/h
+ N = 1 6.000kW.
+ n = 730 6.000v/ph
- Kt cu nh, gn, chc chn, lm vic tin cy.
- Hiu sut tng i cao: q=0,65~0,90
- Gi thnh tng i r.

104
Thy lc v My thy lc
Phn loi bm.
+ Theo ct p ca my bm:
- Ct p thp: H < 20mH
2
O.
- Ct p trung bnh: H = (20 60) mH
2
O.
- Ct p cao: H > 60mH
2
O.
+ Theo s bnh cng tc lp trong bm:
- Bm 1 cp (1 bnh cng tc).
- Bm nhiu cp: gm nhiu bnh cng tc lp ni tip nhau
to ra ct p ln hn.
+ Theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh cng tc:
- Bm 1 ming ht
- Bm 2 ming ht


105
Thy lc v My thy lc

106
Thy lc v My thy lc
Nguyn l lm vic.
Trc khi lm vic phi mi
bm cho thn bm v ng ht y
cht lng.
Bnh cng tc quay, cc phn
t cht lng trong bnh cng tc di
nh hng ca lc ly tm b dn t
trong ra ngoi, chuyn ng theo cc
mng dn v i vo ng y vi p
sut cao hn, y l qu trnh y.
ng thi, li vo ca bnh
cng tc to nn vng c p sut
chn khng v di tc dng ca p
sut trong b cha ln hn p sut
li vo ca bm, cht lng b cha
lin tc b y vo bm theo ng ht.
y l qu trnh ht ca bm. Qu
trnh ht v y ca bm l mt qu
trnh lin tc, to nn dng chy lin
tc qua bm.

6
3
2
4
1
7
9
8
5
6
9
Po
1
7
Po
4
3
2
8
5

107
Thy lc v My thy lc
2. L thuyt c bn v bm ly tm.
a. Phng trnh c bn.
Nh phng trnh c bn ca MTL cnh dn, nhng
trong bm ly tm ngi ta thit k sao cho o
1
= 90
0
, v vy
phng trnh c dng:

) 1 1 (
g
c u
H
u 2 2
LT
=
U
W
C
U
R
R
W
C
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
o2
o1

108
Thy lc v My thy lc
b. Ct p thc t.
Ct p tnh theo cc cng thc trn l ng vi cc gi
thit ca MTL. Trong thc t cc gi thit khng tho
mn. Do , ct p thc t phi nh hn ct p trn:
H = c
z
.q
H
.H
LT
(1-2)
c
z
h s k n s bnh cng tc c hn, c
z
0,8
q
H
hiu sut ct p. (q
H
= 0,70 0,90)
c. Lu lng ca bm ly tm.
Lu lng l thuyt: Q
L
= C
m
. t.D.b (2-6)
Lu lng thc t: Q = q
Q
Q
L
(2-7)
C
m
Hnh chiu ca vn tc tuyt i c ln phng
vung gc vi u.
D, b - ng knh v b rng bnh cng tc.
q
Q
- hiu sut lu lng, q
Q
= 0,95 0,98.

109
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. ng c tnh ca bm ly tm.
Cc quan h: H = f
1
(Q); N = f
2
(Q); q = f
3
(Q) biu th
c tnh lm vic ca bm:
Biu din di dng phng trnh gi l phng trnh
c tnh; biu din di dng th l ng c tnh.
Cc ng c tnh xy dng t tnh ton gi l ng
c tnh tnh ton. Nu xy dng t thc o gi l ng c
tnh thc nghim.
ng c tnh H = f
1
(Q) l ng c tnh quan
trng nht gi l ng c tnh c bn.
n = const: gi l ng c tnh lm vic.
n const: gi l ng c tnh tng hp.
Cng dng ca ng c tnh: bit c 1 cch tng
qut cc c tnh lm vic ca bm, cho php ta m rng
phm vi lm vic v s dng hp l cc ch lm vic khc
nhau ca bm.

110
Thy lc v My thy lc
Xy dng ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm:
CK
Luu luong ke
K
K
AK
Bom
1
2
H; N; ;[Hck]
Q
N
q
[Hck]
H
S th nghim ng c tnh thc nghim

111
Thy lc v My thy lc
4. im lm vic v s iu chnh bm ly tm.
im lm vic: Giao ca ng c tnh bm v ng c
tnh h thng l im lm vic.
H
DDT bom
Q
DDT he thong
Ha
A
H
Q
A
H
Q
A
B
B
n(B)
n(A)
hw
1
hw
2
iu chnh bm:
im lm vic iu chnh bng
kha
iu chnh s vng
quay

112
Thy lc v My thy lc
2.2. BM PITNG.
1. My thy lc th tch.
My thu lc th tch thc hin trao i nng lng
vi cht lng theo nguyn l nn cht lng trong mt th tch
kn di p sut thu tnh.
MTL th tch gm ba dng: Dng Pittong, dng Roto
v dng Pittong - Roto
Bt k MTL th tch no cng c th lm vic thun
nghch.
2. Cc thng s c bn ca my thy lc th tch.
a. Lu lng: l tng th tch lm vic ca my trong mt
n v thi gian.
Q
L
= q
L
.n (2-1)
q
L
lu lng ring ca my trong mt chu k lm vic
n s chu k trong mt n v thi gian.
Q
L
lu lng trung bnh l thuyt.

113
Thy lc v My thy lc
b) p sut: ct p ca MTLTT c to nn ch yu bi s
thay i p sut tnh ca cht lng khi chuyn ng qua my,
do thng dng p sut biu th kh nng ti ca my.
i vi MTLTT c chuyn ng tnh tin, p sut lm
vic p tc dng ln pittng to nn mt p lc P:
P = p.S (2-2)
S: din tch lm vic ca mt pittng
i vi MTLTT c chuyn ng quay, p sut lm vic
p tc dng ln rto to nn mmen quay M:
M = k
M
.p (2-3)
k
M
l hng s i vi mt my nht nh ph thuc
vo kt cu v kch thc my, gi l h s mmen. H s
mmen k
M
c th suy t cng thc tnh cng sut l thuyt
b qua cc tn tht:
) 4 2 (
2
q
k
L
M

t
=

114
Thy lc v My thy lc
c) Hiu sut v cng sut
Hiu sut ton phn ca my thy lc c xc nh
theo cng thc chung, nhng i vi MTL tn tht thy lc
tng i nh nn thng cho q
H
~ 1, do :
q = q
Q
.q
C
(2-5)
Cng sut lm vic ca bm thng c xc nh
bng cc thng s thy lc:
) 6 2 (
Q . p H . Q .
N
B

q
=
q

=
Cng sut lm vic ca ng c thng c xc nh
bng cc thng s c kh:
- Vi chuyn ng tnh tin: N

= P.v (2-7)
P: p lc trn pittng v: vn tc ca pittng

- Vi chuyn ng quay: N

= M.e (2-8)
M: mmen quay trn trc e: vn tc gc

115
Thy lc v My thy lc
3. Bm Pittng
a) Kt cu:
b) Nguyn l hot ng.
c) Lu lng bm
Lu lng trung bnh l
thuyt:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
B
A
L
) 9 2 (
60
n . L . S
60
n . q
Q
L
= =
Lu lng trung bnh l thuyt thc
t:
Q = q
Q
.Q
L
(2-10)
Lu lng tc thi:
Q
t
= S.v (2-11)
S - din tch Pitong.
L - hnh trnh Pitong.
n - s vng quay ca c cu quay, v/ph
v - tc Pitong.

116
Thy lc v My thy lc
Nhn xt: Qua phn phn tch tnh ton trn ta thy nng
sut ca bm pittng c th iu chnh c bng cc bin
php sau:
Thay i s vng quay ca trc ng c, hoc thay i s
chu k lm vic ca bm trong mt n v thi gian.
Thay i din tch lm vic ca pit tng bng cc c cu
c bit.
Thay i chiu di bc di chuyn ca qu nn (s) bng
cch thay i chiu di lm vic ca tay bin hoc thanh
truyn.
iu chnh bng kho (tit lu) tho bt cht lng t
bung y v bung ht ca bm.


117
Thy lc v My thy lc


118
Thy lc v My thy lc


119
Thy lc v My thy lc