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MC LC

Chng 1 : Kin thc c bn in
1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in 4
1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in 9
1 - 3 Cun dy c li st 12
1 - 4 in v t 14
1 - 5 Vt liu cch in 15

Chng 2 : Nhng vn c bn ca h thng cp in
2 - 1 Truyn ti in 17
2 - 2 Dy ci 22
2 - 3 in qung 29
2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh 31
2 - 5 Cp in v thng tin 40
2 - 6 Nhng vn khc 42

Chng 3 : Kh c in
3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in 45
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s 47
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in 50
3 - 4 u tip xc 53
3 - 5 B ngt mch du 57
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh. B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch
chn khng 64
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao 67
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in 72
3 - 9 Cu ch 76
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng 83
3 - 11 Nam chm in 85
3 - 12 B tip xc 89
3 - 13 Rle 95
3 - 14 B in khng 101
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in 105

Chng 4 : My bin p
4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p 109
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p 116
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p 128
4 - 4 o th my bin p 134
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p 139
4 - 6 B iu chnh in p v b h cm 147

Chng 6 : ng c in khng ng b
6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca ng c in khng ng b 156
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b 164
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc 169
lop thuc hanh thiet ke M&E tai Tp.HCM
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- Trang 2 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng 175
6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp 181
6 - 6 Mt mt pha 185
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha 189
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt 190

Chng 8 : Kt cu, cng ngh v nhng vn khc ca my in
8 - 1 Kt cu ca my in 195
8 - 2 Li st 201
8 - 3 Cun dy 203
8 - 4 trc 209
8 - 5 B i chiu, vnh gp v chi in 212
8 - 6 o kim my in 214
8 - 7 Nhng vn khc 217

Chng 9 . ng dy in lc
9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in 221
9 - 2 Dy dn 225
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng , ngoi tri 230
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh 236
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in 239
9 - 6 u ni cp in 242
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in 244

Chng 10 : Tip t v an ton in
10 - 1 Kin thc c bn phng in git 249
10 - 2 Tip t v tip "khng" 255
10 - 3 in tr tip t v an ton in 259
10 - 4 Thit b tip t 262
10 - 5 Bin php an ton 266

Chng 11 : K thut chng st
11 - 1 B thu li (B trnh st) 269
11 - 2 Kim thu li, dy thu li v khe h thu li 277
11 - 3 Chng st cho thit b in 279
11 - 4 Chng st cho ng dy 282
11 - 5 Chng st cho cng trnh kin trc 286
11 - 6 Lp t dy tip t thu li v vn an ton 287

Chng 12 : H s cng sut
12 - 1 Dng t in nng cao h s cng sut 290
12 - 2 Lp dt v vn hnh t in 292

Chng 13 : Chiu sng
13 - 1 n sng trng 294
13 - 2 n hunh quang 297
13 - 3 Cc ngun sng khc 302
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nhieu lop chuyen de mo MIEN PHI hang thang.

- Trang 3 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh 304

Chng 14 : c qui
14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui 307
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii 308
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui 309
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui 311

Chng 15 : Bo v bng rle v thit b t ng
15 - 1 Bo v qu dng in 313
15 - 2 Bo v vi sai v bo v chiu 315
15 - 3 Bo v th t khng 316
15 - 4 Ngun in thao tc 318
15 - 5 Thit b t ng 320

Chng 17 : K thut in t
17 - 1 Linh kin in t 322
17 - 2 Thirixto 325
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto 327
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v 329
17 - 5 Mch chnh lu 332
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc 340
17 - 7 n p ngun in 343

Chng 18 : ng h in
18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in 345
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng 355
18 - 3 ng h vn nng 363
18 - 4 ng h m ga m 369
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut 375
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km) 382
18 - 7 Cu in 384

Chng 19 : o th din
19 - 1 o in 385
19 - 2 Th nghim in 393

Chng 20 : Nhng vn khc
20 - 1 S b in kh 402
20 - 2 u ni, hn ni v nhit in 404
20 - 3 Xe in 407
20 - 4 Linh tinh 409





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- Trang 4 -
CHNG I
KIN THC C BN IN

1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in

1 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in xoay chiu bin i theo hnh sin, vy cng dng in v in
p m chng ta thng ni ly g lm chun?
p: Trong mch in xoay chiu, chng ta dng "Tr s hiu dng" lm
chun o; bng cch tnh nhit lng m dng in xoay chiu - pht ra khi qua
in tr bng vi nhit lng m dng in mt chiu pht ra khi chy qua cng in
tr, vi thi gian l nh nhau. Tr s ca dng in xoay chiu nh vy gi l tr s
hiu dng.

1 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi mc song song mt pin kh 1.5V vi mt pin kh 1.2V ct mch
ngoi, mt lc sau pht hin in p cc pin 1.5V nhanh chng st xung, ti sao?
p: Khi in th ca hai cc pin mc
song song khng bng nhau, th gia hai pin
c dng in vng (hnh 1 - 1 - 2). Nu in
th E
1
cao hn E
2
, tuy ngt mch ngoi,
gia hai pin vn sinh ra dng in vng:
02 01
2 1
o
r r
E E
I

=

r
01
, r
02
l in tr trong, khi dng in
I
o
chy qua r
01
, r
02
s lm tiu hao in nng ca pin c in th cao hn, cho n khi
in th E
l
bng E
2
th dng in vng I
o
s bng 0.
Cho nn hai cc pin (hoc ACCU) c in th khc nhau khng th mc song
song vi nhau.

1 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tr s c trn Ampe k tng ca mch in xoay chiu nh hn
tng cc tr s c c trn Ampe k cc mch nhnh?
p: Cng dng in c c trn Ampe k tng l tng vc t cng
dng in cc mch nhnh, ch khi h s cng sut cc mch nhnh bng nhau, th
tng vect cng dng in mi bng tng i s cng dng in cc mch
nhnh. Trong thc t, h s cng sut ca cc mch nhnh khng bng nhau, cho nn
cng dng in c trn Ampe k tng lun lun nh hn tng cng dng
in cc mch nhnh.

1 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b in tr (dng gia nhit) loi 3 pha u hnh sao, khi t mt
pha th dung lng ca n gim mt na?
dia chi : 38 tran khanh du - P. Tan Dinh - Q1 - Tp.HCM

- Trang 5 -
p: Vi s u dy th hin hnh 1 - 1 - 4, nu cn 3 pha th dung
lng ca n l:
r
U 3
I U 3 P
2
0

= =
Khi t 1 pha (pha C), lc :
I
c
= 0

r 2
U 3
r 2
U
IB IA

= = =
P
t
=
A B A
UI P P = + (hoc I
B
) =
r 2
U 3
r 2
U 3
U
2

=
Do :
2
1
P
P
=
t

Cho nn khi t mt pha, dung lng gim xung cn mt na so vi 3 pha.

1 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th no l cng sut ton phn (biu kin)? Cng sut tc dng (hu
cng)? Cng sut phn khng (v cng)?
p:
o Tch tr s hu hiu ca in p v cng trong mch in gi l cng
sut ton phn biu kin, tc S = UI.
o Cng sut ton phn nhn vi Cosin ca gc lch pha gia cng v in
p (tc h s cng sut) l cng sut tc dng (cng sut hu cng), tc P =
UIcos.
o Cng sut ton phn nhn vi sin ca gc lch pha gia cng v in p
gi l cng sut phn khng (v cng), tc Q = UIsin.
o Quan h gia 3 i lng l: S
2
= P
2
+ Q
2
hoc S =
2 2
Q P +

1 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng my hn ngn mch (hn bm im) hn thp l th dng
in cc ng , nhng khi hn bc l ln ng l th khng th dng in cc ng
. Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: in tr sut ca thp l ln hn in cc ng nhiu, khi lm ngn
mch do in tr ca thp l ti v tr hn ln hn nhiu so vi cc b phn khc ca
my hn im (tc I
2
R ca b phn thp l l ln nht), cho nn sinh nhit ln, nng
chy cc b m lin kt vi nhau.
Khi hn bc l vi ng l, in tr ti v tr hn lc ny thng nh hn in
cc. Kt qu b phn nng chy trc l in cc, khng th hn c. x l phi
s dng kim loi c in tr ln nhng phi c nhit nng chy cao hoc dng thi
than graphit (nhit nng chy cao) lm in cc. Lc ny phng php hn l li
dng nhit cao ca in cc h tr gia nhit, khin mt tip xc gia bc vi
ng nng chy trc, nh th mi hn c.


LOP THUC HANH THIET KE M&E TAI TPHCM

- Trang 6 -
1- 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gi thit in p ngun l 220V, nu c hai bng n 110V 25W v 110V
100W, liu c th mc ni tip hai bng n ny vo mch in khng ( dng in
p 220V)? Sau khi mc nh vy th kt qu s ra sao?
p: Khng c. Bng n khc cng sut th khng th mc ni tip, nu
c mc th bng 25W s b chy.
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 25W l
110
25
= 0.23A; in tr l: 473
) 23 . 0 (
25
2
=
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 100W l A 91 . 0
110
100
= ; in tr l: 121
) 91 . 0 (
100
2
=
Khi hai bng n mc ni tip, u vi ngun 220V th dng in chy qua s l
khong A 37 . 0
121 473
220
=
+
. Cng dng in ny vt qu nhiu so vi dng in
nh mc ca bng 25W, do bng n ny s b chy (lc , in p hai u
bng n 25W l khong 0.37 x 473 = 175V ch khng phi l 110V).

1 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt phn dy in tr ca b in tr b ngn mch, khi a ngun in
vo, dy in tr b ngn mch khng nng, cn phn dy in tr khng b ngn
mch nng ln. Nhng vi mt cun dy qun trn li st b ngn mch mt s vng,
khi c dng xoay chiu chy qua, th cc vng dy b ngn mch li nng hn rt
nhiu so vi cc vng dy khng b ngn mch. Vy l ti sao?
p: Mt b phn b in tr b ngn mch, khi c in, dng in khng chy
qua dy in tr b ngn mch cho nn khng nng.
Cun y qun trn li st khi c b phn b ngn mch, tng ng nh cun
th cp ca bin th t ngu b ngn mch. Lc ny cng dng in chy qua b
phn b ngn mch ln gp nhiu ln so vi bnh thng, sinh ra nhit nng, lm tng
nhit .

1 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr xoay chiu v in tr mt chiu ca cng mt si dy
dn li khng ging nhau?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu thng qua dy dn, mt phn b dng in
trong tit din dy dn l khng ging nhau, cng gn tm dy dn th mt dng
in cng nh, gn b mt dy dn th mt dng in tng i ln. Hin tng
ny gi l hiu ng b mt. Khi tn s cng cao, th hin tng ngy cng th hin r
rng. Do kt qu ca hiu ng b mt ny m lm cho tit din hu hiu ca dy dn
gim, in tr tng. Khi dng in mt chiu thng qua dy dn, khng c hin tng
ny, cho nn trn cng mt dy dn, in tr xoay chiu ln hn in tr mt chiu.

1 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi qun cun in cm cao tn, ti sao phi dng dy nhiu si hoc dy
dn rng rut?
p: Khi qun cun cao tn, s dng dy dn nhiu si l nhm gim thiu nh
hng hiu ng b mt ca dng in xoay chiu tn s cao. S dng dy dn rng

- Trang 7 -
rut l nhm li dng y tit din hu hiu ca dy dn, tit kim kim loi mu.
V vi cun dy cao tn (c dng in cao tn chy qua) th hiu qu ca dy dn rng
rut cng ging nh dy dn c c cng ng knh ngoi.

1 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mch in nh hnh 1-1-11. Khi cm mt li st
vo trong cun cm L, n tr nn ti li. Ti sao?
p: Khi trong mch xoay chiu c u vi cun dy,
dng in trong mch in khng ch c quyt nh bi in
tr trong bng n v in tr trn cun dy, m cn lin quan
n in cm L trong cun dy, L cng ln th dng in s cng nh, khi cm li st
vo trong cun dy, L tr nn ln, v th bng n tr nn ti.

1 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao t in u vo mch in xoay chiu th c dng in chy qua,
cn u vo mch in mt chiu th khng c dng in chy qua?
p: Khi u t in vo mch in xoay chiu, do s thay i mang tnh chu
k v chiu v ln ca in p xoay chiu, khin bn cc t in tin hnh np,
phng in theo chu k. Dng in phng v np in ny chnh l dng in xoay
chiu chy qua t in.
Khi u t in vo mch in mt chiu, do chiu ca in p mt chiu
khng thay i theo chu k, ch thi im u vo c dng in np nhng thi gian
rt ngn, np in xong s khng cn dng in chy qua. na, cho nn, dng in mt
chiu khng th chy qua t in.

1 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi u ni tip hai t in c in p nh mc bng nhau nhng
in dung khng bng nhau, phi chng c th t in p ngoi bng gp hai ln in
p nh mc ca mi t in?
p: Khng c gp i, v sau khi hai t u ni tip , s phn b in p
bn t t l nghch vi in dung C, tc C cng nh th in p bn t ca n cng cao.
Khi mc ni tip hai t in c dung lng khc nhau, nu in p ngoi gp hai ln
in p nh mc ca mt t in th t c C nh t s xy ra qu p.

1 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai t in C
l
- C
2
, trong C
1
l 16F 300V; C
2
l 8 F 300V, u
ni tip chng vi nhau s ng ngun in mt chiu 550V, nhn thy t 8F b nh
thng. Ti sao?
p: Khi ng dng t in u ni tip, th in p m n nhn c t l
nghch vi in dung gi thit in p trn hai t C
l
v C
2
l U
1
V U
2

Tng dung lng: F
3
16
8 16
8 . 16
C C
C . C
C
2 1
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
in lng trn cc t in: Q = CU = C
2
U
2
V 367 550 x
8
3 / 16
U
C
C
U
2
2
= = =

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- Trang 8 -
Qua c th thy, t in c in dung nh th in p nhn c ln hn gii
hn chu p ca n, cho nn b nh thng.

1 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi hai cun dy khng c li st (c cng quy cch) ln lt u vi in
p mt chiu 220V v in p xoay chiu 220V, cun dy no nng nhanh hn. Ti
sao?
p: Cn c vo nh lut Jun ta c : nhit lng pht ra t l thun vi bnh
phng cng dng in chy qua dy dn, t l thun vi in tr dy dn, t l
thun vi thi gian gia nhit.
Sau khi u vi in p mt chiu 220V, cng dng in trong cun dy
khng c li st ch do in tr ca cun dy quyt nh. Cn khi cun dy khng c
li st u vi in p xoay chiu 220V, cm khng ca cun dy s cn tr dng in
xoay chiu chy qua, cng dng in do tr khng ca cun dy quyt nh, cho
nn cng dng in xoay chiu nh hn dng in mt chiu. V th, cun dy
dn vi in p mt chiu s pht nhit nhanh hn cun dy u vi in p xoay
chiu.

1- 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy in p ca cng tc in t xoay chiu, nu s vng qun
khng i m tng tit din dy dn th c th. gim tng nhit ca cun dy.
Nhng vi cun dy mt chiu cng tng tit din dy dn nh vy, nhit li tng
cao. Ti sao?
p: in khng ca cun dy xoay chiu ln hn in tr rt nhiu, nn dng
in trong cun dy hu nh khng chu nh hng ca in tr. Khi tit in dy dn
tng, in tr R gim, th cng dng in I hu nh khng thay i, tn hao I
2
R
trn ng ca cun dy gim, cho nn nhit gim xung. Cng dng in ca
cun dy mt chiu do in tr R quyt nh (khi in p khng i), khi R gim, s
tng ln ca I t l nghch vi R, tn hao I
2
R mt mt tng ln theo t l nghch vi
bnh phng R, mt mt gim xung theo t l thun vi R, kt qu l tng ln theo t
l nghch vi R, cho nn nhit li c tng ln.
email : info@lopthietkedien.com

- Trang 9 -
1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in

1 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bt th in ch c mt u chm vo
vt dn in, ti san c th pht sng ?
p: Kt cu bn trong ca bt th in nh
th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 1. B phn pht sng l bng
n c hai cc. Bng n np kh neon, mt cc ni
vi u khc ca bt th sau khi u ni tip vi
mt in tr c in tr ln. Khi in p gia hai cc ca bng n t n tr s nht
nh, gia hai cc s pht sng, sng ca n t l thun vi in p gia hai cc.
Khi in p gia vt mang in i vi t ln hn in p bt u pht sng ca bng
n, th khi chm mt u bt vo n, cn u kia qua ngi ni vi t thnh mch
kn, nn c th pht sng, tc dng ca in tr l hn ch dng in chy qua ngi
nhm trnh in git nguy him.

1 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm th no dng bt th in c th phn bit in p 220V l
in mt chiu hay xoay chiu? Lm sao c th phn bit cc m, cc dng ca
in mt chiu ?
p: Khi bng neon ca bt th in thng in, ch c cc u vi cc m l
pht sng. Khi th in xoay chiu, hai cc ca bng neon thay nhau lm cc m,
cc dng cho nn c hai cc cng pht sng. Khi ni bt th in vo gia cc m,
cc dng ca mch in mt chiu, trong bng neon ch c mt cc pht sng, cc
pht sng l cc ni vi cc m ca ngun in, cc khng pht sng l cc ni vi
cc dng.

1 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng bt th in kim tra hai cc dng m ca my pht in mt
chiu 110V, bng n u khng sng, nhng khi chm vi bt k u no ca
Mgrm k trn 500V th u pht sng. Hai ci u khng tip
t, ti sao ci sau
c th pht sng?
p: Mgrm k v my pht in tuy khng trc tip
tip t, nhng u qua in tr cch in rt cao tip t.
Nh hnh 1 - 2 - 3, A, B biu th cho hai cc, R
1
, R
2
l in tr
cch in ca hai cc i vi t. Nu R
l
= R
2
th hiu in th
(tr s tuyt i) ca cc dng, m i vi t bng nhau. Khi
in p u l 110V, hiu in th ca mi cc i vi t ch
c 55V, cha t ti in p pht sng ca bng n, cho nn
khng sng. Khi in p u vt qu 500V, in th mi cc i vi t u vt
qu in p pht sng ca bng n cho nn u pht sng. Nhng khi R
l
v R
2
chnh
nhau rt xa, in th ca hai cc i vi t cng khng chnh nhau rt xa, lc mt
cc ca in p 110V cng c th lm bng n pht sng, mt cc ca in p 500V
cng c th khng pht sng.


- Trang 10 -
1 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng bt th in kim tra u kim loi ca bng
n, thng c th lm cho bng n neon pht sng, nhng
dng vn k ph thng o li khng c in p. To sao?
p: Hin tng trn y c th dng hnh 1 - 2 - 4
gii thch. im A biu th dy pha trong bng n, in tr
cch in ca n i vi kim loi trn ui n l R
l
, in tr
cch in ca F i vi t G l R
2
, do dng in r gia A v F
l I
1
, st p gia FG l V
FC
=

I
1
.R
2
=
2
2 1
R
R R
V

+
, gi thit
U = 220V, R
1
= 5O, R
2
= 10O th
V 147
0 1 5
10
220 V
FG
=
+
= cho nn c th lm cho bng n neon
sng. Nhng in tr ca vn k ph thng nh hn 0.1O dng n o in p gia
F v G, tng ng vi vic mc song song mt in tr nh gia F v G, khin
1 . 0
1 . 0
1
10
1
1
R
FG
=
+
= (gi thit in tr ca vn k l 0.1O), th
V 3 . 4
1 . 0 5
1 . 0
220 V
FG
=
+
= nn khng thy c s c trn vn k ph thng.

1 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 5a, khi dy gia (trung tnh) ca mch in
chiu sng b t dy, bng n b ngt, ti sao bt th in chm im F ca dy
gia c th pht sng? Cn im G khng sng? Ti sao dng vn k o in p ca
im F i vi t li khng c?










Hnh 1-2-5

p: Mch in tng ng ca tnh hung nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 5 b.
R
1
l in tr cch in gia dy pha vi dy gia, R
2
l tng in tr gia ngi
khi vi bt in. Lc ny, in th ca im F do t s gia R
1
vi R
2
quyt nh. V
d, khi
1 2
R
3
1
R = th U
F
=
4
1
U = 55V; khi
1 2
R
4
1
R = th U
F
=
5
1
U = 44V
, cho nn bt in vn c th pht sng. im G trc tip ni vi t, in th ca n
gn bng 0, cho nn bt in khng pht sng.
Khi dng vn k o in p ca im F vi t, do in tr ca cun dy vn
LOP THUC HANH THIET KE M&E TAI TPHCM

- Trang 11 -
k nh hn R
1
rt nhiu, U
F
hu nh bng 0, cho nn khng c s c. ng nhin,
nu cch in gia dy pha vi dy gia rt km, tc tr s R
l
rt nh th vn k
cng c th c s c

1 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy trung tnh pha in p thp ca my bin th, c mang in, in p
nghim c bng bt th in thy hn in p ca vt mang in thng thng.
l do nguyn nhn g gy nn?
p: tnh hung ny phn ln xy ra trng hp ni dng in cch ni cung
cp in tng i xa, ph ti ba pha qu khng cn bng, c bit l trng hp tit
din dy trung tnh qu nh thng d xy ra nht. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca n l
cng dng in chy qua dy trung tnh qu ln, st p xy ra trn dy trung
tnh tng i ln.


- Trang 12 -
1 - 3 Cun dy c li st

1 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi Ti Sao trong cun cn tn s thp (thp dn), ni chung u c li st,
cn trong cun cn cao tn li khng c li st?
p: in khng ca cun cn c lin quan n in cm ca cun dy, m
in cm ca cun dy c lin quan n tnh cht ng t ca n. Nu ng t ca
cun dy l vt cht t tnh, th in cm tng ln. Sau khi cun cn qun ln li
st nh vy c th tit kim c nhiu kim loi mu (ng hoc nhm).
Cun cn tn s thp ch nn s dng trong mch in di 100Hz. Do tn s
thp nn dng phin thp Silic lm ng t s khng gy ra nhit cao do dng
in xoy trong li st sinh ra.
Cun cn cao tn do dng trong mch in cao tn, nn nu s dng li st, s
sinh ra dng in xoy rt ln, lm tn tht nhiu nng lng, khin li st c
nhit cao. Mt khc, in cm ca cun cn cao tn thng khng yu cu qu
ln, cho nn ni chung cun cn cao tn khng dng li st.

1- 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lc ht ca nam chm in sau khi li st c c nh c quyt nh
b tch ca cng dng in v s vng ca cun dy (I x W), th hi vi ngun
in xoay chiu (mt chiu) th trong hai cun dy sau y, cun no c lc ht ln
hn, gi thit cun A l 500 vng, cun B l 1000 vng, cn li u hon ton khc
nhau?
p: Khi vi ngun in mt chiu, lc ht gn nh bng nhau. V s vng
ca B tuy tng gp i, nhng in tr cng
gn nh tng gp hai ln, dng in I gim i
1/2 cho nn IW gn nh khng thay i.
Vi ngun in xoay chiu, lc ht
ca cun dy c s vng t, ngc li, li
tng ln. Bi v cm khng t l thun vi
W
2
, cho nn tuy s vng ca B tng gp i,
cm khng li tng ln gp 4 ln, v th, dng
in gim cn 1/4, cho nn lc ht ca B nh
hn A khong 1/2 ln.

1 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nh th hin hnh 1 - 3 - 3, hai cun dy hon
ton ging nhau qun ln cng mt li st mch kn, t in p
xoay chiu U ln hai u ca mt cun dy no (nt lin
trong hnh) v u song song hai cun dy li vi nhau ri ni
Vi U (nt t trong hnh), trong hai trng hp , dng in
I ca mch in liu c bng nhau?
p: Dng in I ca mch in bng nhau.
V dng in ny ch yu l dng in kch t, phn
in th m t thng xoay chiu do n sinh ra cm ng trong
cun dy, gn nh bng vi in p U bn ngoi, ngc chiu
Email: info@lopthietkedien.com

- Trang 13 -
nhau; vi s Vng ca cun y v tn s ca ngun in c nh, th ln ca phn
in th s t l thun vi t thng; gi y in p ngoi c nh, phn in th cng
c nh, t thng cng c nh, cho nn trong hai tnh hung trn, t thng trong li
st mch kn l bng nhau. Khi u song song, s vng ca cun dy tng gp i,
lm cho t thng bng nhau, dng in kch t chy qua mi cun dy phi gim 1/2,
cho nn dng in I ca mch in vn khng i.


- Trang 14 -
1 - 4 in v t

1 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ti in ti sao li rung v ku?
p: Dy ci cng ca nh my in v trm bin in trong khi vn hnh
b rung v ku, phn ln xy ra trong dy ci hai phin (hoc nhiu phin) cng pha.
Bi v trong cc y ci cng pha, ln v chiu ca dng
in chy qua l ging nhau (nh hnh 1 - 4 - 1): Khi c dng
in chy qua, s sinh ra t trng quanh mi dy ci. Do tc
dng tng h ca t trng v dng in trong dy ci
khin hai si dy ci chu lc ht ln nhau, li v dng in
chy qua dy ci l in xoay chiu 50Hz, trong mi na
sng khi dng in bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht ri
li gim xung n tr s "khng", lc ht gia hai dy ci
cng bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht ri li gim
xung bng "khng". Nu phin in v cp gia khe h dy
ci cp rt chc chn th tuy chu lc dy ci cng khng b rung. Nhng, thng
thng trong qu trnh vn hnh, cp dy ci b r lng hoc khong cch cp dy qu
xa (ni chung c 800-1000mm c mt cp) th di tc dng ca lc t, dy chnh s
b rung 100 ln/giy, km theo c ting ku chi tai.
Dy ci rung trong thi gian di khng nhng pht ra tp m chi tai m cn s lm
cho kim loi dy ci b mi, nt v gy nn s c, cho nn cn nhanh chng loi tr
hin tng ny.

1- 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt thanh nam chm vnh cu v mt thanh st non, hnh dng hon ton
ging nhau (nh hnh 1 - 4 - 2), gi s khng da vo bt c
th g khc, c th nhanh chng on ra khng?
p: Ly thanh A cho ht phn gia ca thanh B.
Nu c ht, th thanh A l nam chm vnh cu, nu khng
ht th thanh A l st non. Bi v phn gia ca nam chm
vnh cu khng th hin t tnh. V th, st non khng th
ht phn gia ca nam chm, nhng nam chm li c th
ht phn gia ca st non.

1- 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt thanh nam chm vnh cu nu ct lm i theo
ng AB nh th hin hnh 1 - 4 - 3 th khi hai na gn
nhau s c hin tng g xy ra?
p: Sau khi thanh nam chm ct tch ra theo ng AB,
thnh hai thanh nam chm, lc ny t cc cng tnh cnh nhau,
gia hai thanh c lc y ln nhau khin chng khng th ghp
li vi nhau c na.
Trc khi chia tch ra, lc ht phn t ln hn lc t y
nhau cho nn khng
b y tch ra.

- Trang 15 -
1 - 5 Vt liu Cch in

1- 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cch in trong ca thit b in cao p th s dng cch in giy
du, cn cch in ngoi li s dng cch in v c nh s cch in, thy tinh v.v...
p: Cch in trong phn ln dng cch in giy du c ch to bng cch
chng xp giy cp in ri tm du, do x si c tc dng ngn cch trong du, cn
du li chn lp kn khe h trong giy, cho nn cng in hc rt cao, c bit l
cng in hc tc thi; c th t trn 100kV/mm, tnh cng ngh cng tng i
tt, v th c s dng lm cht cch in trong rt nhiu thit b in cao p (nh
t in, cp in, bin th, b h cm v.v...). Nhng cht v c nh s cch in, thy
tinh v.v... do kh bin cht li t b nh hng ca thi tit kh hu, m cng c
hc li cao, li chu c phng in, v th c s dng rng ri lm cch in
ngoi ca thit b in cao p.

1 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr cch in gim theo s tng ln ca nhit ?
p: Khi nhit tng cao, s chuyn ng ca phn t trong cht cch in
tng theo, in t trong phn t d thot ra do s va chm ln nhau gia cc phn t
lm tng tnh nng dn in trong cht cch in; ng thi khi nhit tng cao th
thnh phn nc trong cht cch in s bt u trng n, di ra, thnh dng si nh
phn b gia hai cc, do trong nc c cha tp cht dn in, v th lm tng tnh
nng in trong vt cht cch in. Tp cht cha trong nc v tp cht tnh kim,
tnh axt cha trong cht cch in sau khi b nc phn gii s lm tng tnh nng dn
in, do khi nhit tng cao, in tr cch in s gim thp.

1- 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: dy cht cch in tng gp hai ln, phi chng cng chu p
cng tng gp hai?
p: Cht cch in tt v ng u (m ca rt mng) t trong in trng
u th cng chu p ca n c t l thun vi dy.
Nhng tuyt i a s vt liu cch in, do nhng nguyn nhn nh tnh khng
ng u v cht liu v s khc nhau v mc kh, c bit l, khi dy tng ln
nhit sinh ra do tn hao mi cht gy ra trong vt th cch in, khng th tn pht
ton b n in cc hoc vo mi cht khc chung quanh, tp trung lp trong vt
th cch in, lm nng vt cch in, d gy ra nh thng nhit. Do , dy tng
gp i th cng chu p tng khng n gp i.

1 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi chn vt liu cch in cho t in, mong mun h s cch in tng
i c
r
Ca vt liu phi ln mt cht, cn khi chn vt liu cch in cho cp in v
my in th li yu cu c
r
phi nh hn mt cht. Ti sao?
p: Mi cht cch in c . tc dng cch in v c nh c hc i vi th
dn in vi in th khc nhau; nhng trong t in, mi cht cn c mt tc dng
quan trng na, l tng tr nng lng. i vi t in tm phng th in dung ca

- Trang 16 -
n C=c
o
. c
r
.A/d, trong e
o
l h s cch in chn khng; c
r
l h s cch in tng
i ca mi cht; A l din tch bn cc; d l khong cch gia hai cc Nu c
r
ln, th
in dung C s tng ln theo t l thun. V th, khi chn vt liu cch in dng cho t
in, mt mt phi ch cng in hc, mt khc mun c
r
ln mt cht, nh vy
c th gim th tch v trng lng cho n v dung lng ca t in. Cht cch in
dng cho cp in v my in khng c yu cu tng tr nng lng, mun tnh cc
ha tng i yu, tc er tng i nh. i vi cch in cho cp in, c
r
nh cn c
th gim thiu dng in np in khi cp in vn hnh. Ming rnh cun dy stato
ca mt c khe h, nu c
r
mi cht cch in th rn ca mt nh chnh lch vi
.khng kh tng i nh th cng trng ca ming rnh hoc khe h cng tng
i nh th c th nng cao in p nh thng.

1 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong khe h khng kh, thnh phn nc trong khng kh tng ln, in
p nh thng tng cao, ti sao mi cht th rn b m th in p nh thng li st
xung
p: Trong khe h khng kh, nu m tng ln, thnh phn nc trong
khng kh d thu ht in t, hnh thnh ion m, do hnh trnh t do ca n rt ngn
khin in p nh thng tng cao.
Mi cht cch in th rn sau khi ht m, do nc b thu ht vo bn trong
hoc b mt mi cht n c th ha tan tp cht ion hoc lm in ly cht c cc tnh
mnh, hn na vi nh hng ca cc tp cht khc, tc dng in ly ca bn thn
thnh phn nc tng mnh; do lm tng in ly mi cht th rn v tn hao mi
cht, dn n in p nh thng gim xung. i vi vt liu x si d ht m th nh
hng c bit ln, in p nh thng sau khi ht m lc thp nht c th ch bng
vi phn trm lc kh ro; cho nn trong vn hnh cn ch chng m.

1 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong vt liu cch in cao p nu ln ln bt kh th trong vn hnh d
lm hng ton b vt liu cch in. Ti sao?
p: Trong vt liu cch in cao p, nu ln bt kh th s to thnh mi cht
c lp, cng in trng ca n phn b U l nghch vi h s cch in. Do h
s cch in ca bt kh nh, cng in trng ln, bt kh s in ly t do trc
khin ton b cng cch in gim, t lm hng tnh nng ca ton

- Trang 17 -
CHNG II
NHNG VN C BN CA
H THNG CP IN

2-1 Truyn ti in

2 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h thng in xoay chiu s dng sng hnh sin m khng s dng
sng dng khc?
p: Sau khi cc loi my in v thit b in t hp thnh h thng in,
mun vn hnh bnh thng phi bo m h thng in c hnh (dng) sng thng
nht nh vy thit k v ch to my in v thit b in mi c cn c chung. Bi
v,trn t C cng dng in i = C.du/dt (trong cng thc du/dt l biu sut) trn
in cm L, in p u = L.di/dt (trong cng thc , di/dt l biu sut cng ); xt
v ton hc, ch c hm s sin sau khi vi phn hoc tch phn th th (dng sng)
ca hm s mi khng thay i. ng thi, trong mch in thng s c mt s in
p v cng thm vo, duy chi c hm s sin khi cng thm vo dng sng mi
khng pht sinh biu k d, cn bt c hnh sng no u khng c tnh cht ny.

2 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tn s lm vic ca in xoay chiu ti sao li nh l 50 hoc 60 chu k
trong mi giy?
p: Tn s ca in xoay chiu cao hay thp u c li v hi. Tn s cao c
th gim thiu lng s dng ng v st dng trong my in v my bin th,cho
nn trng lng gim nh, gi thnh thp, s nhp nhy ca bng n do dng in
thay i gy nn mt ngi cng khng d nhn thy. Song n s lm gim khng p
ca ng dy ti in v thit b in tn hao nng lng tng ln, lm xu nng sut
iu chnh v hiu sut ca in p.
Tn s qu thp, s lm tng trng lng ca my in v bin th, gi thnh
tng cao, s nhp nhy ca bng n cng d nhn thy, cho nn tn s lm vic qui
nh 50 hoc 60 chu k/giy l tng i hp l.

2 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in p li in phi chn cc cp khc nhau ?
p: Chn cp in p, ngoi vic tnh n li thp an ton cho ngi s
dng dng li in p thp ra, khi truyn ti phn phi in li c cng cng sut
th in p cng cao, dng in cng nh, din tch tit din phn ti in ca dy dn
c th s dng cng nh, u t s gim tng ng. Nhng yu cu i vi cch in
th in p cng cao, u t v ct in, bin p, b ngt in cng cng ln. Do i
vi cng sut truyn ti v khong cch truyn ti nht nh no th cn chn in
p hp l nht. ng thi, vic chn in p in li phi tng hp xem xt ton din
qui hoch trc mt v lu di ph ti in li v trnh k thut lc mi c th
la chn thch hp. Cp in p chn qu cao, th ph ti lu di ca ng dy khng
, lng ph u t, chn qu thp th khng lu li phi thay in p cp cao hn,
cng khng kinh t.

- Trang 18 -

2 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thng nghe ni n in p ng dy 6 kil vn (kV) hoc 6.3 kil vn
(kV), 6.6 kil vn (kV). Cch ni no ng?
p: i vi cp in p ny, in p nh mc ca thit b in (nh ng c
in, l in) l 6kV cn in p nh mc ca my pht in l 6.3kV. in p nh
mc cun nguyn ca my bin p ging nh thit b dng in tc 6kV; in p nh
mc ca cun ph cao hn ca thit b dng in 5%, tc 6.3kV. Khi tr s in p
ngn mch ca bin p trn 8%, in p nh mc ca cun ph phi cao hn ca thit
b dng in 10%, tc 6.6kV.
Theo qui nh, in p nh mc ca li in phi bng vi thit b dng in
ca n, i vi in p cp ny m ni l 6kV. Cho nn ni, ng dy in p 6kV l
ng.

2 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: St p v tn tht in p c g khc nhau?
p: Trong mng in mt chiu, st p v tn tht in p l hon ton ging
nhau, nhng trong mng in xoay chiu, do v tr pha ca dng in v in p khc
nhau, v quan h st p do in khng ca mch in gy ra nn hai khi nim khc
nhau. Hiu hnh hc ca in p hai u, u v cui ca ng dy gi l st p; hiu
i s in p hai u ca n gi l tn tht in p. Trong mng xoay chiu, tr s
tuyt i ca st p ln hn tn tht in p.

2 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p ca bung phn phi in p thp l 400V; st p ng dy t
bung phn phi in n phn xng 32V. Nu h s cng sut ca phn xng l
0.6 tr khng ca ng dy l in tr thun, th in p phn xng c phi l
368V?
p: Khng phi; m l 380V .Gi thit in p bung phn phi in l
1
.
U
,st p ng dy l
.
U in p phn xng l
2
.
U , cng
dng in ph ti ca phn xng l 2
.
I . Quan h v tr pha
gia chng vi nhau c th biu th nh hnh 2 - 1 - 6. V tr
khng ca ng dy l in tr thun, cho nn
.
U song
song vi 2
.
I . Do h s cng sut ca ph ti phn xng l 0.6
cho nn
.
U phn gii thnh hai thnh phn 0.6
.
U v 0.8
.
U (ng mnh trong hnh). T ta c : ( 2
.
U + 0.6 x 32)
2
+ (0.8 x 32)
2
= 400
2
, gii
ra. ta c 2
.
U = 380V.

2 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my bin th dung lng ln hoc cu dao dn cao p s dng trn
ng dy ti in ba pha u dng ba pha to thnh?

- Trang 19 -
p: Ngi ta thng dng ba ci mt pha m khng dng mt ci ba pha l
do: (1) th tch v trng lng qu ln, v mt vn chuyn phi chu s hn ch bi
kh nng ca phng tin vn ti hoc kch thc ca ng s, cu cng, ng hm
v.v... (2) Bin th hoc cu dao dn cao p d b ngi s dng ch cn chun b mt
ci mt pha l c, so vi d b mt ci ba pha c th tit kim v mt u t rt ln.
(3) Nu khng may b h hng th ch cn sa cha mt ci mt pha, tc sa cha
s nhanh hn l sa cha thit b ba pha.

2 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi ti in trn khong cch xa th my bin th tng p u
thnh A - Y (tam gic - sao) bin th st p th u thnh Y - A (sao - tam gic)?
p: in p li ti in cng cao th hiu sut cng cng cao. My bin th
tng p u A - Y, dy ra bn pha th cp thu c s l in p dy; t vi s
vng tng i t, s thu c in p tng i cao, nng cao c t l tng p.
Cng cng l do my bin th h p u Y - A , vi s vng ca cun dy bn s
cp khng nhiu c th t c ti l h p tng i ln. Ngoi ra, khi bn th cp
ca bin th tng p v bn s cp ca my bin th h p u kiu Y (hnh sao) u
c th tip t, im trung tnh khin in p dy ti in i vi t l in p pha,
bng
3
1
in p dy; cng tc l h thp yu cu cch in ca ng dy, h gi
thnh xy dng.

2 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s n v s dng in tch ring chiu sng v ng lc
m khng dng chung mt my bin th ?
p: Xt v mt gim thiu s lng thit b nu c chiu sng v ng lc
dng chung mt bin th th s kinh t hn. Nhng, ph ti ca ng lc a phn l
ng c in, khi khi ng s lm st gim in p ngun mt cch r rt, v khi ph
ti ca ng lc thay i cng lm thay i in p ngun, nhng iu u lm cho
sng ca n chiu sng mt n nh. phng nga hin tng ny, tch ring h
thng in dng cho ng lc v h thng in dng cho nh sng l tt hn.

2 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhng my in quay trn khng th trc tip u vi pha ng
dy thuc h "hai dy mt t"?
p: Trong vn hnh ng dy trn khng h "hai dy mt t", c mt pha
thng xuyn tip t, v th in p pha khng tip t i vi t l in p dy.
Nu u trc tip my in vo, th cch in ca n s phi vn hnh lu di di
in p dy, iu ny l khng th c. V th, phi qua my bin th cch ly mi c
th u vo c.

2 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mng phn phi in p thp h ba pha ba dy, liu c th p dng
h "hai dy mt t" tit kim mt ng dy?
p: Khng c. Nguyn nhn l:

- Trang 20 -
(1) ch dy dn tip t s xut hin st p r rt khin in p pha tip t
u c ph ti s rt thp; in p ba pha khng cn bng; tnh vn hnh ca ph ti
tr nn xu. (2) Do in p ca pha i vi t l in p dy, cho nn khi ngi tip
xc vi dy pha bt k no khng tip t th s rt nguy him. (3) Khi in p dy ca
li in l 380V, khng th trc tip u ni vi ph ti chiu sng. (4) Khi xy ra
ngn mch gia dy dn pha tip t vi pha khng tip t, do dng in ngn mch
b hn ch bi in tr tip t hai ch ca pha tip t, khng lm nng chy
dy ch, nn s ko di qu trnh ngn mch. (5) Khi chn in tr tip t tng i
ln th phn vt tip t c th xut hin in p nguy him.

2 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi truyn ti in ba pha nng
thn, ti sao c lc ch dng hai dy trn khng?
p: nng thn, do ng dy ti in
di m dy in thoi in tn khng nhiu, v th
c th li dng t lm mt dy ti in ba
pha, nh th hin hnh 2 - 1 - 12, nhm tit
kim gi thnh lp t ng dy ti in (thng
thng c th tit kim 25 - 30% vn u t ban
u). Loi ng dy ti in tn dng t lm
mt dy pha thng gi l ng dy ti in ba pha h "hai dy mt t"; tuy c th
tit kim nhng cng c nhc im, ch yu l: (1) nh hng tng i ln i vi
ng dy thng tin. V th trong thnh ph khng c dng. (2) in p tip xc v
in p vt ni tip t tng i ln, cho nn cn c bit ch an ton. (3) in p
pha i vi t l in p dy ch khng phi in p pha, do khi trc tip dng vi
ph ti ba pha, cch din ca ph ti i vi t d b nh thng.

2 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H ba pha ba dy so vi h mt pha hai dy, tit kim c bao nhiu
dy?
p: Gi thit tn hao trong in p dy v ng dy l nh nhau. Vy cng
sut truyn ti ca mt pha v ba pha ln lt l:
P = UI
1
v P = 3 UI
3
tc I
1
= I
3
.
Tn hao ca hai ci bng nhau: P
CU
= 2.
2
1
I R
1
= 3.
2
3
I .R3
Hoc R
3
= 2R
1
.
Trng lng ca dy t l thun vi s si dy, t l nghch vi in tr.

3
4
3
R 2
R
2
R 2
3
R
2
R
1
2
R
1
2
3 W
W
1
1
1
1
3
1 1
= = =

=
Cho nn, c th tit kim c
4
1
hoc 25%.

2 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi xy ra s c ngn mch mt ch no ca h thng in
lc s lm cho h thng dao ng, thm ch ph v c h thng?

- Trang 21 -
p: Nu xy ra ngn mch im D trn
ng dy gn nh my in A (xem hnh 2-1-14),
in p dy chnh ca nh my A s st xung gn
bng 0, mt ph ti, ng c khng kp iu chnh
tng ng, tc quay ca t my nh my A tt s
tng cao. Lc ny, trn ng dy chnh ca nh my
B vn cn in p cn li tng i cao, ph ti mt i
khng nhiu, tc quay ca my pht in tng
tng i ln. Nh vy, t my ca hai nh my A, B sinh ra chnh lch tc quay,
nu thi gian ngn mch ko di tng i lu th t my ca hai nh my s mt ng
b, khin h thng dao ng thm ch b ph v. V th nng cao tnh n nh vn
hnh song song ca h thng, yu cu nhanh chng khc phc s c ngn mch, phng
nga m rng s c.


- Trang 22 -
2 - 2 Dy ci (Dy dn nh)

2 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng 6 ~ 10 kV ca nh my pht in v trm bin in, ti
sao u s dng dy ci ch nht?
p: Khi din tch tit din nh nhau, th chu vi y ci hnh ch nht ln hn
hnh trn; tc b mt tn nhit ca thanh dn chnh hnh ch nht ln hn, do iu
kin lm mt tt hn, ng thi, do nh hng ca hiu ng in tch tp trung b mt
ca in xoay chiu, in tr ca dy chnh tit din hnh ch nht s nh hn in tr
tit din hnh trn, o khi din tch tit din v nhit pht nhit cho php ging
nhau th dng in chy qua tit din hnh ch nht s ln hn. Cho nn, trong h
thng 6 ~ 10kV ni chung u s dng dy ci ch nht, cn trn thit b phn phi
in 35 kV v trn na, phng nga qung in tm, thng s dng dy ch hnh
trn.

2 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong my in xoay chiu ni chung khng s dng dy ci
bng thp, nhng trong mt s mch in xoay chiu v mng in mt chiu li c
s dng.
p: in tr sut ca thp gp 6 ~ 8 ln ca ng; s dng trong mch in
xoay chiu dung lng ln tt s gy nn tn tht in p v tiu hao in nng. Mt
khc tnh dn t ca thp tng i tt, d gy nn t tr v tn hao dng xoy (Fuc)
nn ni chung nhng mch in xoay chiu dung lng ln u khng dng thp lm
dy ci. Nhng cng c hc ca dy ci bng thp li cao, gi r, nn c th s
dng trong mch in cao p xoay chiu dung lng nh nh b h cm in p bn
cao p ca my bin th dng trong nh my in dung lng nh. Trong mch in
mt chiu, do khng tn ti t tr v tn hao dng xoy, cho nn cng c dng y ci
bng thp, nh thanh dn in mt chiu ca bung c qui.

2 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vi cng dng in rt ln, khi chn dy ci nn xem xt nh th no
?
p: Khi chn dy ci khng nn s dng tit din qu ln. V cng dng
in cho php ca n s gim theo s tng ln ca tit in, cng tc l s tng ln ca
dng in cho php khng t l thun vi s tng ln ca tit din dy ci. V th, khi
cng dng in mt pha vt qu dng in cho php ca mt tit din ln nht
th thng s dng nhiu dy ghp song song.
Dy ci trong mt pha, ni chung, khng qu hai dy. V khi s dy trong mi
pha tng ln, do lm ngui tr nn km, s gia tng ca ph ti cho php khng t l
thun vi s dy, m gia tng tng i nh. Hn na, khi l xoay chiu hiu ng ln
cn rt ln.

2 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng ghp song song dy ci hnh ch nht, mi pha khng
c qu 3 dy, cn dy dn chia tch th c th dng dy dn mm c 3 si tr ln?

- Trang 23 -
p: Khi dng in lm vic vt qu dng in cho php ca dy ci th mi
pha c th dng hai hoc 3 dy ci hnh ch nht ghp song song c nh ln gi cch
in. c th ta nhit tt, gia cc dy phi gi khong cch bng dy ca n,
khng c chng ln nhau. Nhng s dy dn mi pha tng ln, th dng in cho
php ca n b nh hng bi iu kin ta nhit tr nn km v hiu ng b mt, nn
khng tng ln theo t l thun khi mi pha c 3 dy, dng in ca dy gia chim
khong 20% tng cng dng in, hai dy bn chim 40% mi dy. Do khng
nn s dng mi pha qu ba dy ci ch nht. Cn dy dn chia tch do nhiu si dy
dn mm to thnh, do gia cng v lp rp tng i d, khng cn phi xp chng, c
th xp rng gia, cho nn cho php s dng 4 si tr ln.

2 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci ba pha b tr ngang bng hoc thng ng th pha no chu sc
in ng ln nht?
p: Cn c vo hin tng: chiu dng
in ging nhau sinh ra lc ht, chiu dng in
khc nhau sinh ra lc y m xt th khi chiu
dng in hai pha hai bn ngc nhau th pha
gia chu lc ln nht (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 5). Gi
thit dng in trong ba pha l i xng v cn
bng th da vo cng thc F =
a 2
I I
0
2 1
t
c th
tnh c lc y m pha gia nhn c ln hn 1/4 so vi mi pha hai bn.

2 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dy ci mt pha chia thnh vi dy lp ln cng v s, ti sao phi
tng thm m lt vo gia hai thanh dn gia v s ?
p: Trong tnh hnh lc in ng m dy ci chu khng ch l lc gia
dy ci khc pha m cn c lc tc dng ln nhau gia dy dn cng pha. V khong
cch dy ci cng pha tng i gn, do lc in ng tng i ln. Tng thm
m lt c th gim khong cch im chng , gim mmen ca lc in ng.

2 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b phn phi in, ni chung u dng dy ci trn?
p: Dy ci trn c cc u im sau y: iu kin ta nhit tt, dng in
cho php tng, lp rp d, sa cha n gin, gi thnh tng i thp cho nn. bt k
l thit b phn phi in trong phng hay ngoi tri, ni chung u s dng thanh
dn trn.

2 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci dng ai s dng trong thit b phn phi in, khi lp t c hai
cch: t ngang v t ng (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 8). Ti sao?

- Trang 24 -

p: Khi chn kch thc dy ci cn xt ti hai im: ( l ) Lu lng ti-Dy
ci c th cho dng in m ph ti cn thit chy qua an ton. Nu chn qu nh,
dy ci s nng do qu ti. (2) Cng c hc - thanh dn c ng lc c hc ca dy
ci chu c khi xy ra s c ngn mch, khng n ni lm hng thit b ca dy
ci.
Nhng tnh nng ca dy ci dng ai c tit din nh nhau, khi t ngang t
ng c ch khc nhau. Khi t ng, lu lng ti in tng i ln, nhng ch c
th chu c ng lc c hc tng i nh. Cn khi t ngang, lu lng ti in
gim 5 - 8% so vi t ng, nhng c th chu c ng lc c gii tng i ln.
Do , khi lp t dy chnh dng ai cn cn c vo tnh nng trn y
quyt nh t ngang hay t ng. Nu cng sut rt ln, thng lp t cc pha trn
di ch khng b tr trn cng mt phng ngang bng, v t ng dy ci lng
ti in v cng c hc u tha mn.

2 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p gia cc r (d) ng hp lu ng trong l in tng i thp.
Nhng thng thng khong cch lp t gia chng rt xa, liu c th cn c vo yu
cu cch in ni chung rt ngn khong cch?
p: i vi vn khong cch gia cc dy ci cng dng in ln,
ngoi vic xem xt khong cch, cch in gia cc dy ra, cn phi tnh n lc in
ng do dng in sinh ra. Khi khong cch gia hai dy dn nh, th sc in ng
tng h s tng ln, c bit l l in trong thi gian nng chy, do nguyn liu
xung, nho trn, thng xy ra hin tng ngn mch. Lc , lc in ng gia
cc r ng hp lu rt ln. Nu khong cch chn khng chnh xc, s ph hng b
phn chng ca cc r ng hp lu.

2 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bulng ni i ca dy ci khng th sit qu cht?
p: Bulng sit qu cht th b phn dy ci di vng m b nn, tit din
ca y ci gim. Trong vn hnh, dng in chy qua s pht nng, do h s n ca
nhm hoc ng ln hn thp, y ci di vng m cng b nn thm khng th
gin n t nhin, nu cng dng in trong dy ci gim nh, nhit gim thp,
t l co rt ca dy ci ln hn bulng, th l hnh thnh khe b. Nh vy in tr tip
xc s ln, nhit tng cao, mt tip xc s b xy ha, khin in tr tip xc cng
ln. Cui cng lm cho phn lin kt ca bulng xy ra hin tng qu nng, nh
hng an ton vn hnh. Ni chung, nhit thp, bulng nn sit cht mt cht, nhit
cao, bulng nn sit lng mt cht.

2 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Kp vt dng c nh dy ci trn v s dy ci, ti sao sau khi sit
cht li phi ni ra 2 - 3 vng, khng th vn qu cht ?
p: Bi v trong vn hnh, dy ci tng nhit, c bit l dng in chy qua
khi ngn mch, nhit tng tng i cao, dy ci b nng n ra. Nu kp vt vn qu
cht, dy ci chnh khng cn ch gin n s sinh ng lc rt ln i vi v s, gy
nn s c v hng v s. V th, khi lp rp, sau khi vn cht phi ni ra 2 - 3 vng.

- Trang 25 -

2 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci bng ng v bng thp, liu c th trc tip ni vi nhau bng
bulng ?
p: Khng c. V kim loi khc nhau ni vi nhau gia chng ch cn c
khe h th s gy nn n mn in ha do tc dng pin. Kt qu l lm tng in tr
tip xc, tng nhanh s n mn dy ci.
phng nga n mn in ha, cn p dng hn ni hoc sau khi m thic
dy ci ri mi lin kt bng bulng.

2 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt tip xc ca dy ci bng nhm khng cho php dng giy
nhm (vi nhm) gia cng phng bng?
p: Thng thng dng da th gia cng phng mt tip xc ca dy ci
bng nhm. Khi khi lng cng vic ln c th tin hnh bng dao co hoc dy thp
(lp trn my phay). Bi v dng giy nhm (vi nhm) lm phng th ct v vn
vi bm vo kim loi, khin in tr mt tip xc ca dy ci tng ln, d oxy ha,
pht nhit gy nn s c.

2 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng bulng ni dy ci t ngang, bulng phi x t di
ln?
p: Ch yu l tin kim tra. Bi v khi x t di ln, khi dy chnh v
bulng do h s n khng ging nhau hoc khi ngn mch, di tc dng ca lc in
ng gy nn khe h khng kh gia dy ci, khin bulng tut xung, khi kim tra s
nhanh chng v kp thi pht hin ra, khng m rng s c. ng thi, cch lp rp
ny p, ngay ngn.

2 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng bc xuyn tng c dng in 1500A tr ln chy qua, khi lp ln
tm thp ti sao li phi x mt ng khe ngang khong 3 mm trn ng ko di
ng knh ng bc trn tm thp (nh hnh 2 - 2 - 15)?
p: Khi thp tm khng x rnh, do dng in xoay chiu chy qua ng bc,
hnh thnh mch t khp kn xoay chiu trn thp tm, sinh
ra tiu hao t tr khin thp tm pht nng. S tn hao ny
s tng mnh theo s tng ln ca dng in v do thp tm
qu nng d lm lo ha cht in mi cch in ca ng
bc, nh hng n tui th s dng. Sau khi thp tm x
rnh, do c khe h, t thng trong thp tm gim r rt, t
lm gim ng k s tn hao t tr.

2 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ni thanh dn hnh ch nht nhiu thanh nh th hin hnh 2 - 2 16
(a), (b), cch ni no tt hn?

- Trang 26 -
p: Phn ni ca mch in phi lm sao in tr tip xc cng nh cng tt
nh vy tn hao do dng in chy qua phn ni sinh ra cng nh. Do , phng
php ni hnh (a) tng i tt. Bi v di p lc n v
din tch nht nh, din tch tip xc cng ln th in tr
tip xc cng nh, tn hao do dng in chy qua sinh ra
cng cng nh, tng dng in m phng php ni hnh
(a) th hin chy qua ba mt tip xc, hnh (b) th hin ch
chy qua mt mt tip xc .R rng in tr tip xc ca ci
trc nh, tn hao do dng in chy qua sinh ra cng nh.

2 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai vt kp cht trn ci cch in dy ci, ti sao thng mt ci bng
ng, mt ci bng thp?
p: V chung quanh vt ti dn in sinh ra t trng, nu c hai vt u lm
bng thp th tm kp trn di v hai vt s to thnh mch t kn c t tr thp, tm
kp v vt s pht nng bi tn tht t tr v dng xoy do t trng thay i gy nn.
S dng mt vt bng ng s lm tng t tr ca mch t khin n khng nng. C
lc tng t tr cng c th s dng tm kp ng hoc nhm.

2 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp dy ci hnh ch nht ln v s, ti sao l khoan ca dy ci, ni
chung u c hnh van?
p: Khi dng in ph ti chy qua dy ci s lm dy ci nng n ra. Khi
dng in ph ti lun lun bin ng, do dy ci thng xuyn co gin. Nu
khoan l thnh hnh van th khi dy ci co gin s
thun tin cho n x dch t do theo hng dc,
trnh c ng lc c hc tc dng ln v s.

2 - 2 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi di on thng ca dy
ci qu di cn phi c ch ni co gin?
p: Trn on thng dy ci bng nhm
di 15 mt v dy ci bng ng di 20 - 25 mt,
nu c lp u ni co gin (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 19) th khi c dng ph ti chy qua, dy
ci b nng n ra s c ch co gin, khng n ni lm hng v s bi ng lc c
hc. u ni co gin lm t phin mng (0.1 ~ 0.4mm) bng vt liu ging vi dy ci
cn s lng bao nhiu th phi tng ng vi tit din dy ci.

2 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ch cong ca thanh dn xung t dy ci cng
ni vi thit b nn lm theo ng nt t hay ng nt
lin th hin hnh 2 - 2 - 20 ? Ti sao?
p: B phn un cong ni t thanh dy ci vi thit
b phi c gng gn im ta nht, nh ng nt lin
trong hnh. V rng nh vy dy dn xung s ngn hn so
vi ng nt t th hin s lm cho ng lc c hc m

- Trang 27 -
dy ci phi chu khi xy ra s c ngn mch tng i nh. Nhng phi ch : theo
qui nh, phn tip xc gia dy ci vi thit b phi ngoi 25mm sau on thng t
ch un cong.

2 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng trc tip ni u ni bng ng, nhm trong cc thit b
in?
p: Ly Hydro lm chun, cc kim loi u c th t in ha khc nhau.
Th t in ha ca nhm nm trc Hydro, in th in cc tiu chun l - 1.34V.
Th t in ha ca ng sau Hydro, in th in cc tiu chun l + 0.34V (Cu
++
)
hoc 0.521V (Cu
+
). Nu ni ng vi nhm bng phng php c hc n gin, c
bit l mi trng m thp v cha nhiu thy phn (trong khng kh lun cha thy
phn nht nh v mt t mui v c c tnh ha tan), i u ni ng, nhm s nh
mt i in cc ngm trong dung dch in gii, s hnh thnh pin c hiu in th l
0.34 (hoc 0.521) - ( - l.34) = 1.68 (hoc l.86)V. Di tc dng ca pin, nhm s
nhanh chng mt ht in t nn b n mn, nh vy lm cho u ni dn dn lng,
gy nn in tr tip xc tng. Khi dng in chy qua, u ni nng ln, nhit tng
cao cn lm cho nhm bin dng do, cng lm tng in tr tip xc ca phn u
ni. C tun hon nh vy cho n khi u ni b chy hn. Do , u ni bng ng,
nhm ca thit b in phi dng "u ni qu ng nhm" hn bng h quang li.

2 - 2 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci trn trong thit b phn phi in sao li phi sn mu?
p: Ch yu dng th hin cng dng ca dy ci (dy ci in xoay chiu
ba pha hoc dy ci in mt chiu), v tr pha ca dy ci xoay chiu v cc tnh ca
dy ci mt chiu. Trung Quc qui nh trong dy ci xoay chiu ba pha th pha A sn
mu vng, pha B sn mu lc, pha C sn mu ; dy trung tnh sn mu tm (dy
khng tip t) hoc mu tm c vch ngang mu en (dy tip t); trong dy ci mt
chiu, cc dng sn mu , cc m sn mu xanh lam. ng thi dy chnh trn
sau khi sn mu s lm tng kh nng bc x ta nhit, ci thin c iu kin ta
nhit, cho nn c th tng lu lng ti so vi dy khng sn, v c th phng nga r
mn dy chnh, c bit quan trng i vi dy ci bng thp.

2 - 2 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci phn phi in t trong phng ni chung nn sn mu, ti sao
dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri li khng sn mu?
p: Do dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri phn ln dng dy cp (dy mc trn
khng), khi nhit thay i, dy dn co gin rt r rt, nu b mt dy c sn th s
nhanh chng b ph hng. ng thi, do tc dng kh khng kh ngoi tri rt ln,
gp hn 4 - 6 ln so vi tc khng kh lm mt t nhin trong phng, cho nn hnh
thc ta nhit ch yu ca b mt dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri l i lu. Sn
mu khng th lm tng mt cch r rt kh nng ta nhit ca n. Cho nn dy ci
phn phi in ngoi tri ni chung u khng sn mu.


- Trang 28 -
2 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy ci bng st hoc nhm khng c sn trc tip sn bin
mu kim tra nhit vn hnh?
p: l bi v thy ngn v bc cha trong sn bin mu c tc dng n
mn tng i mnh i vi st hoc nhm. Nu trc khi sn khng sn mt lp sn
bo v chng n mn th s lm hng dy ci do b n mn.

2 - 2 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng vn dn in tt hn thic, ti sao li thng m thic ln u
dy ng?
p: l nhm phng nga ng b g to thnh lp "ng xanh" trong
khng kh m t, n lm tng in tr tip xc khin mt tip xc qu nng. Sau khi
m mt lp thic ln b mt ng s c th phng nga xy ha ng, ng thi cht
xy ha ca thic dn in tng i tt, khng dn n hin tng lm tng in tr
tip xc lm mt tip xc qu nng.

2 - 2 - 26 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy ci cao p d b, khi bnh thng cng phi trng thi c
in?
p: Trong khng kh cha lng hi nc nht nh, s bm vo dy ci v
gi cch in lm gim cch in ca dy ci. Hi nc v bi than trong khng
kh ng kt li vi nhau cng to thnh mch kn phng in. Khi dy ci trng thi
mch in, hi nc c th bc hi, khng nh hng n cch in ca dy ci.
Cho nn, dy ci ngng s dng thi gian lu, trc khi s dng phi o cch in
ca dy ci.

2 - 2 - 27 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thanh r hp lu s dng trong thit b phn phi in ti sao phi sn
mu? Lm sao cn c vo mu sc phn bit pha ca dng in?
p: Ni chung, vic sn mu ca thanh r hp lu c ba mc ch: ( l )
nhn vin cng tc d phn bit. (2) Lm tng phn no lng nhit ta vo mi
trng xung quanh. Do tng dng ph ti cho php ca thanh r. (3) C th chng
r st.Vi in mt chiu, cc ng mu , cc m mu lam. in xoay chiu: pha
A mu vng, pha B mu lc, pha C mu ; in xoay chiu mt pha: mu vng v
mu .
Thanh r hp lu trung tnh v thanh r hp lu cn bng mt chiu v xoay
chiu khng tip t l mu tm, tip t l mu tm c vch ngang mu en.
im ni t, im phn nhnh v im t u vi thit b th khng sn mu.


- Trang 29 -
2 - 3 Vng quang in (phng in vng quang)

2 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bui ti, trn ng dy ti in cao p c bit, ti sao c in qung
mu lam thm?
p: Quanh dy dn ng dy ti in cao p c in trng rt cao, di tc
dng ca in trng mnh, lm cho khng kh quanh n ion ha sinh ra hin tng
phng in, gi l phng in qung tn (in qung). Nh vy, bui ti c th nhn
thy qung nh sng mu lam thm.

2 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong trm bin in 220kV tr ln thng c ting phng in
"tch tch"?
p: l ting phng in qung. Tia v tr tia t ngoi trong khng trung,
bc x ca nguyn t phng x di t u c quang t photon nng lng cao, c
th bt in t trong cht kh ra, gi l quang ion ha. Khi in p trn dy dn tng
ln n tr s no , cng t trng b mt dy dn c th lm cho in t do
quang ion ha bn ngoi sinh ra s thu c ng nng trong khi chuyn ng. Nu
ng nng ln hn nng lng ion ha ca phn t kh th in t c th lm cho phn
t kh b va chm sinh ra ion ha va chm, di tc dng ca in trng mnh, in
t do va chm sinh ra s thu c ng nng, sinh ra ion ha va chm mi, kt qu
in t s tng ln nh tuyt l, ng thi pht ra ting "tch tch"?

2 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng dy ti in phi xt n vn in qung? Lm sao
phng nga in qung?
p: in p cng cao cng d sinh ra in qung, cho nn dng dy ti in
trn 35kV phi xt n in qung (phng in qung tn). in qung c ba ci hi
sau: (1) Tn hao in nng. (2) Khi xy ra in qung, khng kh gn dy dn s sinh
ra hin tng ion ha, d gy rn v s, khi qu p, gia pha v pha d b xuyn thng.
(3) S ion ha khng kh do in qung sinh ra d to ra cht xy ha ca nit v
zn, kh zn c th lm xy ha kim loi, cht xy ha ca nit s ha hp vi nc
thnh axit nitric, c tc dng n mn ph hoi i vi kim loi. Tm li, bt k l v
mt kinh t hay an ton, th tnh cht nguy hi ca in qung u rt ln. Mun phng
nga in qung th phi nng cao in p in qung ti hn, m in p in qung
ti hn t l thun vi ng knh dy dn, t l thun vi khong cch gia cc dy
dn; hiu qu tng tit din dy dn ln hn tng khong cch gia cc dy dn, m
u t cng tng i t.

2 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ci ca trm bin th cao p (nh 220kV) th tit din ca n ln hn
nhiu so vi kt qu tnh ra da theo cng dng in lm vic lu di ca n. Ti
sao?
p: Chn tit din dy ci, khng nhng cn xt n cng dng in lm
vic lu di cho php ln nht, m iu quan trng hn l phi xt iu kin in p

- Trang 30 -
ti hn ca phng in qung tn. in qung khng ch lm tn tht mt phn in
nng, m c khi dy dn xy ra in qung s lm cho khng kh gn ion ha, lm
gim cch in, d gy nn chp rch v s hoc gia cc pha; trong phm vi
in qung s sinh ra kh zn v axt nitric, c tc dng ph hoi i vi kim loi v
cht cch in hu c. Ngoi ra, m thanh c bit do in qung sinh ra cng nh
hng n s phn on ca nhn vin trm bin in i vi s c ca thit b. Tng
ng knh ca dy dn c th nng cao in p ti hn ca in qung. ng knh
dy chnh ca trm bin in 220KV nn chn tng i ln.

2 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng tc cao p 220 kV tr ln vn hnh vng cao nguyn d sinh ra
in qung hn hay vng ng bng?
p: vng cao nguyn d sinh ra in qung hn, v kh p ca vng cao
nguyn thp, mt khng kh nh, khin in p khi u ca in qung xoay chiu
ca cng tc cao p gim, v th hin tng in qung mnh hn nhiu vng ng
bng, ngay c khi tri tnh ro cng c th nghe thy ting phng in qung tn
tng i ln. Ban m, quanh vt mang in u sng.

2 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b phn phi in, in p tng i thp (di 15kV)
thng thng s dng thanh hp dng hnh ch nht cn trong thit b phn phi in
in p tng i cao (trn 35kV) li s dng thanh hp dng hnh trn?
p: iu kin ta nhit ca thanh hp dng hnh ch nht tng i tt, c
th cho php ph ti tng i ln, cho nn c gng chn dng (di 15kV). Nhng
khi in p tng i cao, nh cao hn 35kV do bc thang in th phn gc nhn
qu cao, sinh ra in qung, khng th khng chuyn sang dng thanh hp dng hnh
trn.
in qung l hin tng phng in sinh ra sau khi bc thang ca in th qu
cao. Lc , phn t khng kh b ion ha lm gim kh nng cch in ca khng kh,
s sinh ra chp rch xuyn thng. ng thi, in qung to ra zn v cht xy ha
ca nit, s n mn kim loi v gim cch in.


- Trang 31 -
2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh

2 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h thng in 110 ~ 220kV l h thng tip t im trung tnh
cn h thng in 3 - 35kV l h thng khng tip t im trung tnh? Cn h thng
380/220V li l h thng tip t im trung tnh?
p: Trong h thng in cao p, mc cch in khi im trung tnh trc
tip tip t s gim thp hn khong 20% so vi khng tip t, m ngha kinh t
ca vic gim thp mc cch in th s khc nhau ty theo s khc nhau ca in
p nh mc. Trong h thng 110 - 220kV, gi thnh ch to bin th v thit b in,
i khi t l thun vi in p th nghim (khi cho in p th nghim ln vt th
nghim, khng b nh thng hoc chp rch cng khng c phng in cc b trong
du). in 110 ~ 220kV nu p dng hnh thc im trung tnh trc tip tip t th
gi ch to bin th v thit b in cng gim khong 20%, cho nn h thng cao p
ny thng l h thng tip t. Nhng trong h thng 8 -35kV, u t cch in
chim t l tng i nh, im trung tnh tip t khng c gi tr kinh t ln m cn
lm cho dng in ngn mch ca mi pha i vi t tng ln nhiu, cho nn u p
dng hnh thc im trung tnh khng tip t. Cn nh h thng 380/220V th do n
l in p ca in sn xut sinh hot hng ngy ca mi ngi, im trung tnh ca
380V trc tip tip t s gim thp in th ca dy i vi t, gim thiu nguy c
in git.

2 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip tt, ti sao c lc bt th in
pht in mt pha no khng c in cn dy trung tnh c in?
p: Lc ny, pha r in i vi t. Nu dng ng h vn nng o s
pht hin in p gia dy pha vi dy pha, gia dy pha vi dy trung tnh l bnh
thng, nhng in p gia dy trung tnh vi t tng cao, gn 220V. in p ca
pha r in i vi t gn bng 0, in p ca hai pha kia vi t gn bng 380V.
Nu r in khng ng k, in tr i vi t ln, th hin tng ny khng r rt.

2 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia ng dy ti in i vi t tn ti in dung
trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, nu xy ra mt pha
tip t th s c bao nhiu dng in in dung chy qua im tip
t?
p: Sau khi hon i v tr y dy dn mc trn khng
th in dung mi pha i vi t gn bng nhau, tc C
A
= C
B
= C
C
.
in p ngun i xng ba pha ln lt tc dng ln in dung
mi pha, tng hp dng in in dung to ra bng 0. Nu pha C xy ra tip t hon
ton th in dung C
C
ca pha C i vi t b ngn mch, cn li C
A
v C
B
in p ba
pha cng xy ra bin i,U
A
v U
B
t in p pha U
xg
s tng ln n in p dy
3 U
xg
.Do in p ba pha khng i xng, lc ny gc kp gia vct U
A
v U
B
l
60
o
(nh hnh 2 - 4 - 3) dng in in dung I
CA
v I
CB
do chng tc dng ln C
A
, C
B

sinh ra cng lch pha 60
o
, m I
CA
= I
CB
= ( 3 U
xg
)/X
C
= ( 3 U
xg
)/(l/eC
o
)= 3 eC
o
U
xg


- Trang 32 -
, tng vct I
CB
v I
CA
l vct I
C
= 3U
xg
eC
o
,tc cng dng in chy vo im
tip t gp 3 ln dng in in dung ca mi pha i vi t.

2 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cn c vo in p la chn thit b in, phi chng c lin quan
n h thng c hay khng tip t?
p: C mt s thit b in phi cn c vo in p i vi t chn, tc
cn c vo in p pha chn. Trong h thng tip t iu l ng. Nhng trong
h thng khng tip t th phi cn c vo in p dy chn v trong h thng
khng tip t khi mt pha tip t m cu dao khng nhy th in p pha i vi t
cng pha khng s c s tng ln n in p dy (tip t tnh kim loi).

2 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh th phi lp thit
b gim st tnh hnh cch in i vi t, cn trong mng in tip t cng
dng in ln li khng lp?
p: Trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh im gia thng qua
tr khng ln tip t hoc khng tip t. Khi mt pha tip t, do dng in chy
qua im s c tng i nh, a s khng th lm cho rle c ng tc bo v thit
b. V th, s c s tn ti kh di, m vn c th tip tc lm vic rt lu. Nu khng
sa cha kp thi, khng nhng d dn n tai nn in git m cn c th dn ti
nh thng cch in gy s c ngn mch gia cc pha (v khi mt pha tip t, in
p hai pha kia i vi t s tng cao n gn in p gia cc pha). kp thi pht
hin s c tip' t, trong mng tip t dng in nh phi lp thit b chuyn gim
st tnh hnh cch in i vi t.
Trong mng in tip t cng dng in ln, im gia trc tip tip t
hoc thng qua tr khng nh tip t, mt pha tip t s hnh thnh ngn mch, b
rle bo v thit b ngt ring. V th, khng lp thit b gim st tnh hnh cch in
i vi t.

2 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tip t xy ra h quang c nguy hi g?
p: Trong tip t mt pha, nguy him nht l tip t h quang gin on,
bi v mng in mt mch dao ng c in cm in dung, s dp tt v chy li ca
h quang in theo s thay i ca chu k xoay chiu, s sinh ra hin tng qu in
p gp khong 4 ln in p pha. iu ny rt nguy him i vi thit b in, c bit
l h thng 35kV tr ln, qu p c th vt qu kh nng cch in ca thit b m
gy ra s c.

2 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong h thng h ba pha bn dy khng cn thit b kim tra cch
in ?
p. Trong h thng h ba pha bn dy, im O ca bin p cp in in p
thp, trc tip tip t. Nu trong ba pha c mt pha tip t th s sinh ra dng in
cng ln ca mt pha ngn mch tip t. Lc ny, cu ch tng i gn im
xy ra s c trn ng dy cp in s nhanh chng chy t, khin dy cp in ca

- Trang 33 -
pha tip t ngt in, m khng nh hng n cc dy khc v h thng. V th,
trong h thng ny ni chung khng cn v mt dy tip t m lp thit b kim tra
cch in.

2 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mng in im trung tnh khng tip t, lm sao cn c vo ng
h gim st cch in phn on tnh hnh s c tip t ca mng in?
p: Trong mng in im trung tnh khng tip t khi mt pha hon ton
tip t th tr s ch bo ca ng h gim st cch in ca n bng 0, cn hai pha
khc s tng ln ln. Khi mt pha khng hon ton tip t tc tip t qua in tr
tng i ln th tr s ch bo ca pha tip t s thp hn khi bnh thng, cn hai
pha khc cao hn tr s bnh thng, in tr tip t cng ln th s thay i ca tr s
ch bo cng nh. Nu duy tr tip t th tr s ch bo ca ng h s khng thay i,
nu tip t phn on th tr s ch bo ca n lc tng lc gim, c khi bnh thng.

2 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dy ko trn khng cao p 10 kV xy ra s c mt dy t ri xung
t, ti sao cng tc ngun cu dao khng phi ngt in?
p: ng dy cp in 10 kV thuc h thng im trung tnh khng tip t
Nu xy ra mt dy b t ri xung t th dng in chy qua im tip t ch l
dng in in dung, tr s ca n rt nh, ni chung ch c vi ampe. Dng in ny
nh hn nhiu dng in ph ti ca n, do thit b rle bo v u ngun in
khng b tc ng, cng tc cu dao khng nhy ngt in.

2 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b bo v dng in "khng", trn ng dy cc cp in 6
~ 10kV khi lp b h cm dng in "0" tip t trn u y cp qua gia b h cm
thc hin tip t?
p: Trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh, khi xy ra s c tip
t mt pha, dng in s c va c th chy tr v theo v dn in ca cp in
ng dy khng xy ra s c. Nu dy tip t trn u dy cp khng lun xuyn
qua b h cm dng in O tip t, th dng in tip t khi c s c s c mt
phn theo dy tip t t pha ngoi b h cm dng in th t O chy tr li. V th,
bo m ng tc tin cy ca thit b bo v dng in O ng dy s c, phi
xuyn dy tip t qua b h cm dng in O.

2 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt ng dy phn phi in ca mt trm ti tiu nng thn kh
di. Ma ng, ph ti ca my bin th rt nh. C mt ln, ng dy bn ngun ca
my bin th (10kV, im trung tnh ca ng dy v bin th khng tip t) xy ra
t dy mt pha, nhng cha ri xung t, mt ca trm ti tiu u quay ngc.
Ti sao?

- Trang 34 -



p: l hin tng do s cng hng nam chm in vi tn s lm vic
gy nn thnh thong c gp trn ng dy. Khi ph ti ca my bin th rt nh, n
nh mt in cm nam chm c in cm rt ln. Khi xy ra t dy mt pha. Cng
tc ngun vn v tr ng, do im trung tnh bn ngun in 10kV v my bin th
u khng tip t, m dy phn phi in th rt di, nn in dung i vi t ca
cc on ca pha A b t tng i ln (hnh a), in dung i t C ny vi in
cm L ca my bin th ngu hp thnh mng ni tip nh hnh (b). Sau khi pha A b
t, hai pha B, C ni tip, hon ton i xng, im trung tnh ca in p ba pha bn
cao p ca my bin p trm ti tiu nh hnh(c) di chuyn n O' (ng nt lin l
vct in th khi dy cha t, ng nt t l vct in th sau khi dy t). Lc
ny,
'
A
E = (3/2)E
A
.V in dng i vi t tng i ln, pha A tuy t nhng vn c
dng in in dung, m
.
I vt trc
'
A
E 90
o
, in p trn in cm vt trc
.
I 90
o
,
nh hnh (d).
.
U
C
,
.
U
L
ngc chiu v
.
U
C
-
.
U
L
=
A
.
' E nn chiu ca
.
U
L
ngc vi
A
.
E c. Lc ny, th t pha bn cao p ca my bin p t ABC bin thnh
ACB. Th t pha bn thp p cng thay i ngc li tng ng khin cho ng
c quay ngc. ng nhin, ip p ba pha lc ny s khng cn i xng, ng c
khng th vn hnh bnh thng lu di c.

2 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong iu kin im trung tnh my pht in cch in i vi t, ti
sao in p dy ca my pht in cn bng, cn in p pha i vi t khng cn
bng, ch gn bng?
p: Trong iu kin im trung tnh ca my pht in cch in i vi t
in p dy o c l cn bng, U
AB
= U
BC
= U
CA
,cn in p pha i vi t khng
cn bng, ch gn bng nhau, l bnh thng. Do im trung tnh ca my pht in
i vi t l cch in, cho nn ip p pha ca cc pha my pht in khng bng

- Trang 35 -
in p ca cc pha i vi t. Nu in p pha A i vi t
.
U
AO
bng tng vct
in p pha A
.
U
A
vi in p in dung ca pha A i vi t
.
U
AD
tc
.
U
AO
=
.
U
A
+
.
U
AD
.Bi v iu kin l cch in v v tr lp t ca cc cun dy pha khc nhau.
Cho nn s phn b in dung cun dy cc pha i vi t khng ging nhau, do
din p o c ca cc pha i vi t khc nhau. My pht in khng ging nhau
th mc khng cn bng ca in p pha i vi t cng khng nh nhau. Hin
tng ny l bnh thng.

2 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B h cm in p s dng trong h thng in thng thng c th nhn
thy pha B trong cun th cp u hnh sao (U) th tip t, cn im trung tm li
khng tip t. Ti sao?
p: Bi v h thng in cn li dng in p th cp ca b h cm in p
thc hin lm vic song song ng thi ca h thng. Mt trong cc iu kin u
tin ca song song l th t pha ca cc h thng song song phi thng nht. V th,
trc tin phi tm mt si dy dn chung (t) lm mt pha trong ca chng (gi
thit pha B). Trong ba pha A, B, C ca cc h thng in c mt pha xc nh (tc
pha B l pha chung) th hai pha A v C cn li c th li dng bng th t pha xc
nh. Cho nn, cun dy th cp u hnh sao U ca b h cm in p yu cu em
pha B tip t ch khng cn im trung tm tip t.

2 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My bin th m im trung tnh ba pha khng tip t th c th o c
in p i vi t khng?
p: Cc pha cc my bin th i vi t khng phi
cch in tuyt i, i vi t u c dng in r rt nh, nh
vy tng ng nh em ba pha qua in tr cao u thnh
hnh sao U (nh hnh 2 - 4 - 14), im trung tnh l t (v) khi
in tr cch in ca ba pha bng nhau, in p cc pha i vi
t l in p pha, khi in tr cch in khng bng nhau, th
in p i vi t ca pha in tr nh s nh. Nhng thng thng, dng vn k ch
c th o c ip p thp nh, thm ch o khng c in p. l v in tr
ca vn k nh hn nhiu so vi in tr cch in khin gia pha vi t hu nh
ngn mch, do o khng c st p. in tr trong ca vn k cng ln th
in p o c cng cao, dng bt th in th c th thy rt r.

2 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, khi vn k gim st cch
in ca dy ci ch bo in p hai pha bnh thng cn mt pha gim r rt. y l
do s c g?
p: Khi vn hnh bnh thng, ch bo ba pha ca vn k gim st cch
in dy ci phi c bn bng nhau. Khi ch bo in p ca hai pha bnh thng, cn
in p mt pha gim r rt l thuc s c cu ch in p thp mt pha chy t. V
d, pha C chy t th in p i vi t ca pha A, B bnh thng, nhng in p
pha C st gim r rt, cn khong 30 ~ 50% in p pha, in p gia pha AC v BC

- Trang 36 -
cng c st gim. l v mch in p ba pha cn u nhiu ph ti gia dy, nh
vn k ng h o in v.v... Lc ny, vn k pha C v ph ti u gia pha AC, BC
ni tip nhau nn c s phn p nht nh, ln ca phn p ny t l nghch vi
ln ca tr khng ph ti gia cc pha.

2 - 4 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh tip t, ti sao c mt s im trung tnh
my bin p khng tip t
p: Ch yu l hn ch dng in ngn mch mt pha. Mc ch l: (1)
Lm cho cng dng in ngn mch ca mt pha khng ln hn dng in ngn
mnh ba pha, v khi chn thit b u cn c vo cng dng in ngn mch ba
pha hiu chnh, nhm phng h hng. (2) Khng ch cng dng in ngn
mch mt pha v s phn b trong h thng, p ng yu cu bo v th t O. (3)
Gim thiu s gy nhiu ca dng in ngn mch mt pha khng i xng vi h
thng thng tin.

2 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th no l cun dy kh h quang? Trong tnh hnh no th phi lp cun
dy kh h quang?
p: Cun dy kh h quang l mt cun dy m in tr rt nh, cm khng
rt ln, qun trn li st, c u trn im trung tnh ca bin th hoc my pht
in. Bnh thng, dng in khng chy qua cun dy kh h quang, nhng khi mt
pha tip t. Cun dy di in p pha, dng in chy qua ch tip t l dng
in in cm ca cun dy v dng in din dung, hai ci lch pha 180
o
, cho nn b
sung nhau, tc khng c dng in chy qua ch tip t, loi tr c s c tip t
tc th, do ch b hng khng pht ra h quang gin on nn khng dn n hu
qu nguy him.
Trong cc tnh hnh sau, im trung tnh ca bin th phi thng qua cun dy
kh h quang tip t:
1 - Trong li in 20 ~ 60kV, khi dng in tip t ln hn 10A.
2 - Trong li in 6 ~ 10kV khi dng in tip t ln hn 30A.
My pht in trc tip ni vi mng in 3 - 10KV, nu s c tip t c tnh
cht lu di, my pht in phi vn hnh vi s c tip t th khi dng in tip t
ln hn 5A, cn phi lp cun dy kh h quang.

2 - 4 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cun dy dp h quang phi lp phn tn nhiu ch trn mng
in lc? V li khng nn lp trm bin in u cui do mng in n cung cp
in?
p: Cun dy dp h quang phi lp phn tn nhm trnh ch xy ra s c
hoc khi cp in kim tra sa cha s gy nn nhiu cun dy dp h quang phi
ra khi vn hnh. Trm bin in u cui cho mch in n cp in khng nn lp
cun dy dp h quang, v sau khi mch in ny nhy cu cao, cun dy dp h
quang ca trm bin in s ra khi vn hnh. Bi vy, khng nn p dng phng
php u mc trn, l nhm phng nga dung lng cun dy dp h quang khng
m khng th tha mn yu cu b dng in in dung.

- Trang 37 -


2 - 4 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cun dy dp h quang trong h thng cp in c th kh h
quang?
p: Trong h thng m im trung tnh khng tip t, mi pha u tn ti
in dung i vi t, nu khi h thng xy ra mt pha tip t, dng in in dung
I
C
chy qua im tip t vt qu tr s qui nh (h thng 35kV l 10A), dng in
tip t s hnh thnh h quang lc tt lc chy c tnh chu k im s c. Do trong
mng in c in cm v in dung, s hnh thnh mng dao ng, sinh ra qu in
p tr s ca n c th t ti gp 2.5 ~ 3 ln in p pha, lm hng thit b. Nu lp
mt cun cm L (xem hnh 2 - 4 - 19 (a)) trn im trung tnh u hnh sao cun dy
cao p my bin th, khi h thng xy ra mt pha tip t th im trung tnh c in
p lch pha U
o
tc dng ln L, sinh ra dng in in cm I
L
chy qua im tip t.
Vct ca I
C
v I
L
ngc nhau (xem hnh (b)). Khi L di tc dng ca U
o
khin I
L

chy qua n bng vi tr s I
C
th s c tc dng b tr. Thng qua b tr, im tip
t c th trnh c hnh thnh h quang mang tnh gin on. Bi v cun cm ny
c tc dng kh h quang, nn gi l cun dy kh h quang.

2 - 4 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cun dy kh h quang u trn im trung tnh bn Y ca my
bin th c cun dy u A m khng nn u trn im trung tnh my bin th c
mch t t do n Y/Y.
p: Cun dy kh h quang l ph ti c tnh cht th t O ca mng in,
c lp trn thit b c tr khng th t O tng i nh mi pht huy c y
tc dng ca n. Tr khng th t O ca my bin th m cun dy u tam gic (A)
tng i nh. i vi my bin th m cun dy u Y/A v Y/Y/A lc t ha do
dng in b tr chy qua cun dy pha hnh sao sinh ra b trit tiu bi lc t ha do
cun dy A cng mt li st sinh ra cho nn tr khng th t O ca my bin th loi
ny tng i nh. My bin th u Y/Y c mch kn t t do (ging nh my bin
th ba pha u Y/Y do ba bin th mt pha to thnh) v tr khng th t khng qu
ln, cun dy kh h quang khng th pht huy ht tc dng nn khng dng.

2 - 4 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi dng
in in dung i vi t ln hn 30A, yu cu phi lp cun dy kh h quang, i

- Trang 38 -
vi my pht in in p l 3 - 10kV, khi dng in in dung i vi t ln hn 5A
phi lp cun dy kh h quang, ti sao?
p: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi xy ra
mt pha tip t th dng in tip t ca n l dng in in dung. Khi dng in
tip t tng i nh th h quang tip t s t ct, nhng khi ln hn 30A th h
quang in khng th t tt na, thng km theo h quang gin on sinh ra qu in
p khong gp 3 ln ton pha. Ngoi ra, do dng in tip t tng i ln, kch
thc v phm vi tc ng ca h quang cng ln di tc dng ca gi, sc nhit v
lc in ng nn h quang dao ng ko di, thng gy nn ngn mch nhiu pha,
dn n mt in. Do , khi dng in in dung i vi t ca mng phn phi
in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t ln hn 30A th phi lp cun dy kh
h quang b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, c li cho dp kh h quang.
Khi cun dy bn trong my pht in c s c mt dy tip t, nu tip tc
vn hnh khi cn s c th c th gy chy li st stato. Cho nn, nu cn my pht
in vn hnh mt thi gian khi vn cn s c mt pha trong my tip t th dng
in in dung nht nh phi nh hn 5A, nu ln hn 5A th phi lp cun dy kh
h quang im trung tnh b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, ph hng my
pht in.

2 - 4 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng th lp cu ch dy trung tnh trong mch in h ba pha
bn dy?
p: Khi in th ba pha ca my pht in cn bng m ph ti mi pha
khng bng nhau (ph ti mi pha ca my pht in thng khng bng nhau), lc
trong dy trung tnh gia c dng in, nu dy trung tnh lp cu ch m b t, cng
dng in dy trung tnh gia bng 0, nh vy dng in cc pha s bin ng do
li gy nn bin ng in p pha, lm cho lch pha in p ba pha rt ln, in p
mt pha no c th vt tr s nh mc ca n lm chy bng n.

2 - 4 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n chiu sng do h 3 pha 4 dy cp in, t nhin sng khng bnh
thng, c ci rt sng, c ci rt ti, nu tng gim s lng n mt pha no th
u lm thay i sng ca tt c cc n, nhng lc , in p dy gia 3 pha gn
nh bng nhau. Ti sao?
p: Trong ng dy cp in h 3 pha 4 dy, sau khi ct tch dy trung tnh,
in p cc pha ca ba pha s mt thng bng theo s mt thng bng ca ph ti. Ly
ph ti ca hai pha lm v d (nh hnh 2 - 4 - 23), gi thit trong pha A, pha B u c
mt s n chiu sng cng sut nh nhau. Khi bnh thng, ng cng tc ca bt c
bng n no, in p hai u ca bng n u
l 220V. Nu y trung tnh t ch x, lc
ny in p a vo gia A, B l 380V. Khi
mi pha A, pha B u bt s bng n bng
nhau (tc bt s cng tc) th in p a n
mi bng n l 190V. Khi s bng n bt trn
pha A ln hn s bng n trn pha B th in
tr ng tr R
A
< R
B
, in p u ca n pha B

- Trang 39 -
ln hn in p u ca n pha A. Nu s n pha B khng thay i, th cng vi
vic tng s n pha A, sng ca n pha B cng sng, cn sng ca n pha A
cng ti. Khi nghim trng, n pha B c th b chy dy tc do in p qu cao.
Cng l do , trong h 3 pha 4 dy, dy trung tnh b t s xut hin hin
tng ging nh vy, pha nhiu bng n c bit ti, pha t n c bit sng.

2 - 4 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao di ging khai thc than nghim cm tip t im trung tnh h
thng cung cp in?
p: Do di ging rt m t, nu dy trung tnh tip t, th khi khng may
tip xc vi dy dn ca pha no , con ngi s c kh nng nguy him n tnh
mng. ng thi, khi dy trung tnh tip t, cng dng in ngn mch mt pha
tip t tng i cao, d dn n chy v n kh m tan. bo m an ton hm m
nn nghim cm tip t dy trung tnh di ging khai thc than.

2 - 4 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u dy ca mt my bin th phn phi in (380/220V) nh hnh 2 - 4 -
25. Nu dy trung tnh b t, liu bng n D
l
, D
2
c sng khng ? D
l
hay D
2
sng
hn?
p: Nu dy trung tnh t th mch in bin
thnh hai bng n mc ni tip vi nhau ri u vo
in p 380V, do bng n vn sng, nhng
sng khc vi khi cha t. Bng n D
l
vn c cng
sut tng i ln hn nn in tr nh hn, do st
p trn D
l
nh hn (in p gia hai cc ca bng n
khng n 220V) cho nn sng tng i ti, cn
bng n D
2
cng sut tng i nh nn in tr ln, do in p hai u ca n
ln hn 220V, nn sng hn nhng lu n s b chy.


- Trang 40 -
2 - 5 Cp in v thng tin

2 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mng in lc ca nhiu nc c ni p dng thng tin ti ba, c ni li
p dng thng tin vi ba. Mi loi c c im g?
p: Thng tin ti ba l dng dy ti in cao th ca chnh mng in lc
truyn dn thng tin. N l sng cao tn chuyn tn hiu ngn ng thnh tn hiu in,
ti trn sng in ngun theo tn s lm vic, truyn dn theo truyn ti in cc. N
c cc u im: cng c hc cao, bo dng tin li, u t tit kim. Nhc
im ca n l bng tn thng tin hp, tn s s dng cht khi ng dy xy ra s c
thng gin on thng tin, cht lng thng tin km, thng thng ch c th m n
tuyn, ch thch hp vi mng in lc dung lng tng i nh.
Thng tin vi ba l mt trong cc loi thng tin v tuyn, bc sng di mt
mt, s truyn b vi ba tng t nh s truyn b sng nh sng, bc sng pht x
ca n ch c th truyn b theo ng thng. V qu t l hnh cu, khong cch
truyn b sng vi ba khong 50km, nu mun thng tin vi ba c khong cch xa hn
th phi c cch 50km t thm mt trm trung chuyn vi ba. Trm trung chuyn nhn
tn hiu ca trm pha trc, qua khuch i ri truyn tip n trm k tip, c th
truyn b, sau cng truyn b tn hiu n on cui, hon thnh nhim v thng tin.
Thng tin vi ba l da vo sng khng gian truyn b nn vic truyn b rt n
nh, cht lng thng tin tt, tin cy cao, bng tn thng tin rng (2 11kHz)
dung lng ln, thng c th truyn 2700 ng thoi. Cng vi s tng ln ca
dung lng li in, cc mng in ln sau ny s tng bc dng thng tin vi ba
thay cho thng tin ti ba.

2 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng dy in cao p phi bo m duy tr khong cch cn
thit i vi ng dy thng tin?
p: nh hng (v mt thng thoi v an ton) ca ng dy in lc i
vi ng dy thng tin ph thuc rt ln vo hnh thc tip t ca im trung tnh
trong h thng in lc cp in p mng in, chiu di song song. Khi bnh thng,
in p v cng dng in ca ng dy ti in ba pha l cn bng; nh hng
cm ng in t i vi dy thng tin tng i nh. Nhng, nu khong cch qu gn
th do khong cch gia ng dy thng tin i vi ng dy ti in ba pha khng
u nhau, s gy nhiu in t i vi dy thng tin, nh hng cht lng thng
thoi. Nu dng in ba pha khng cn bng th nh hng i vi dy thng tin cng
ln. c bit l khi trn ng dy in lc im trung tnh trc tip tip t m xy ra
s c mt pha tip t th dng in ngn mch rt ln. T trng do n sinh ra s to
ra th in ng cm ng rt ln trn ng dy thng tin song song vi n, uy hip
s an ton i vi nhn vin thng tin v thit b, nu l dy thng tin ng st th c
th gy nn ng tc nhm tn hiu ng st. Do , gia ng dy thng tin vi
ng dy truyn ti in phi bo m khong cch cn thit.

2 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tin hnh hon v dy dn ba pha ca ng dy ti in cao p c
th gim thiu s gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin?

- Trang 41 -
p: Dy dn ba pha ti in cao p thng
xp ngang bng, thng ng hoc tam gic khng
u b tr l khng i xng. . Khi ng dy ti
in gn hoc song song vi ng dy thng tin,
tng giao kt t ca cc pha giao nhau vi ng dy
thng tin khng phi bng khng, t c th cm
ng ra in p gy nhiu trn ng dy thng tin, nh hng thng tin v nguy him
n s an ton ca ngi v thit b. Nu lun lu thay i v tr ca dy dn ba pha
ng dy ti in trn ct in nh th hin trong hnh, trong ln thay i v tr th
nht, dy dn cc pha ln lt chim gi cc v tr hnh hc A, B, C nh vy tng giao
kt t cc pha giao nhau vi ng dy thng tin s gn bng 0, nn c th ci thin
hoc loi tr gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin.

2 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hin nay, nh my in hoc trm bin in dung lng tng i
ln a phn p dng iu khin bng in yu?
p: Nh my in hoc trm bin in dung lng tng i ln th i tng
iu khin, o c nhiu, nu dng in yu vi in p mt chiu 220V hoc 110V v
in p xoay chiu 100V, dng in 5A iu khin ngun in th th tch thit b
iu khin v cc ng h o u tng i ln, cp in dng chy ni tng i
to, bung iu khin cng phi rng ln. Nu i sang dng in yu vi in p mt
chiu tng i thp (hin nay a s dng 6V, 12V, 24V hoc 48V) v din xoay
chiu 50V (hoc 100V) v dng in 0.5A (hoc 1A) iu khin ngun in th c
th dng cp in tit din nh, thit b iu khin v ng h o c nh, nh vy c
th tit kim kim loi mu, gim s mn iu khin v thu nh c din tch phng
iu khin. p dng iu khin bng mng in yu cn tin do vic thc hin t ng
ha, phi hp d dng vi my tnh, thit b o. V th, ni chung khi khong cch
iu khin tng i xa, i tng iu khin tng i nhiu, a phn p dng iu
khin bng mng in yu.


- Trang 42 -
2 - 6 Nhng vn khc

2 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi chn thit b in khng ch phi xem xt in p, cng
m cn phi xem xt n nh ng thi?
p: in p, cng dng in l ch ph ti m thit b in c th chu
c trong tnh hnh bnh thng, mt khi xy ra ngn mch th ng lc gia cc pha
rt ln, ng lc ny ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch h thng, nu khi
xy ra ngn mch, thit b in chu khng ni ng lc gia cc pha th thit b ny
khng th vn hnh an ton. Vi th phi xt n n nh trng thi ng (ng
thi).


2 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ma ng, trn thit b in ng vn bng, c nh hng g khng?
p: Theo kinh nghim, tnh nng cch in ca bng khi mi ng tng i
cao, nhng sau mt lc, do b mt dnh bi, bt than, s lm gim tnh nng cch in.
Cn phi tm cch loi b, nu khng s xy ra s c.

2 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n ch bo trn t cng tc cao p l 110V, nu mc n ch bo vo
ngun 110V, ti sao phi mc ni tip mt in tr?
p: Theo qui nh chung, bng n 110V, u vo ngun in 110V th
khng c vn g. Nhng n ch bo l sng lin tc, m sng khng c yu cu
nghim ngt, nu trc tip u vo ngun in 110V th tui th ca bng n tng
i ngn, phi thng xuyn thay. Mc ni tip mt in tr, gim thiu dng in
chy qua bng n, tuy sng gim mt t nhng tui th ca bng n c di
hn.

2 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao n dng ch bo trng thi ng cu dao ca b ngt mch
phi mc ni tip vo trong mch v cun dy chia cu dao? n mu lc dng ch
bo trng thi chia cu dao, phi mc ni tip vo trong mch v b tip xc ng cu
dao? V n tn hiu u c in tr mc ni tip?
p: Bi v, khi mc ni tip n tn hiu mu vo trong mch v cun dy
chia cu dao, do phn ln in p t trn n tn hiu, s khng lm cho cun dy do
dng in chy qua m c ng tc chia cu dao. Cng l do nh vy, n mu lc
mc ni tip trong mch v cun dy tip xc ng cu dao s khng dn n ng tc
ng cu dao, hn th cn c th biu th tnh hon chnh ca mch v ng v chia
cu dao. V d, khi n sng, va chng t trong mch chia cu dao c th tin
hnh thao tc bc tip theo, mch nhy cu dao khng ch dy ci iu khin, cu
ch, cun dy chia cu dao u sn sng. V n tn hiu mc ni tip trong mch v
ng chia cu dao trnh c ng tc nhm khi dy tc bng n ngn mch, nn
n tn hiu u c u ni tip mt in tr tng i ln.


- Trang 43 -
2 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi v ng cong ( th) ph ti, ti sao thng cn c vo tr s ph ti
cch mi na gi v?
p: Ni chung, theo s thi gian pht nng ca dy dn 16mm tr ln l trn
10 pht, cn ph ti nh vi thi gian rt ngn khng phi l nguyn nhn ch yu
gy nn dy dn t n nhit cao nht, v rng, trc khi nhit ca dy dn
cha kp ln n nhit ph ti tng ng th ph ti nh i qua. Thc tin chng
t, thi gian dy dn n nhit tng n nh l khong na gi do , ch c ph ti
duy tr c thi gian na gi tr ln mi c th gy nn nhit tng cao nht ca
dy dn. Nn thng thng ly tr s ph ti mi na gi v ng cong th ph
ti, tr s ln nht ca ph ti trong gi l ph ti tnh ton, lm ch da chn thit
b in theo iu kin pht nng.

2 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tn hiu nh sng n trong nh my pht in v trm bin in
ni chung u dng mu vng mu lc?
p: Chng ta bit rng, bc sng m mt ngi c th cm nhn c l
sng nh sng 0.4 ~ 0.75mm, nhng bc sng cm nhn nhy nht l sng nh sng
0. 555mm, tng ng vi mu lc v mu vng. Do , tc dng ca mu lc v
mu vng i vi con mt u ln hn cc mu khc, cho nn tn hiu nh sng n
trong nh my in v trm bin in u s dng rng ri mu lc v mu vng.

2 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mun u song song hai mch in ba pha
cp in m khng c ng h kim tra th t pha th
lm sao xc nh th t pha?
p: Li dng ba bng n sng trng ph thng,
in p bng n phi ph hp vi in p mng in, cch
u nh th hin hnh 2 - 6 - 7. Nu th t pha ging nhau
th ba bng n sng trng s khng sng, khi th t pha
khc nhau th bng n sng. Lc ny c th em i ng
dy dn n cng tc sang ch ton b bng n khng
sng, th t pha s ging nhau.

2 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h th t pha kim tra i chiu mu pha vng, lc,
nh du ln dy ci trong hp phn phi in xem c ph hp vi mu pha bn pha
ngun in khng; khi A, B, C (hoc X, Y, Z, R, S, T) ca ng h th t pha u vi
ba pha: vng, lc, ca dy ci, m ng h th t pha ch bo th t pha chnh xc,
th liu c th chng t rng v tr ca hai bn ph hp, mu pha nh du l thng
nht?
p: ng h th t pha ch bo th t pha
l chnh xc cha chc chng t v tr pha ca hai
bn ph hp, nh th hin hnh 2 - 6 - 8, v tr pha
ca bn ngun in v ca bn ph ti c hin tng
bt cho nhau, chng ta em u A, B, C ca ng

- Trang 44 -
h th t pha u vi pha A, B, C bn ph ti, trn thc t, lc ny u A, B, C ca
ng h th t pha l u vi pha B, C, A m B, C, A vn l thun theo th t pha, do
ng h th t pha vn ch bo th t pha chnh xch, qua c th thy, th t
pha chnh xc khng chng t v tr pha chnh xc.

- Trang 45 -
CHNC III
KH C IN

3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in

3 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng g ti s hot ng
bnh thng ca thit b in?
p: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng n kh nng kh
h quang v tn nhit ca thit b in. iu kin tn nhit ca vt cht pht nhit ph
thuc vo mt khng kh, khng kh cng long th tn nhit cng kh khn, m
khng kh vng cao nguyn l tng i long, s tn nhit tng i kh khn. H
quang in l mt hnh thc phng in ca cht kh, n chu nh hng ca iu kin
mi cht. Do tng i cao so vi mc nc bin, kh p thp, kh h quang tng
i kh khn. Cho nn, khi thit k v ch to thit b in vng cao nguyn cn xem
xt y n nhn t ny.

3 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng tc cao p th nghim vng ng bng khi s dng vng cao
nguyn cn phi xt ti h s hiu chnh cao so vi mc nc bin, nng cao in
p th nghim, cn s tng nhit th khng cn hiu chnh, ti sao?
p: Cng vi s tng ln ca cao so vi mc nc bin, mt khng kh
gim, in p xuyn thng ca khng kh cng gim theo, lm gim cng chu p
cch in ngoi. Do , phi tin hnh b cch in i vi cng tc cao p th
nghim vng ng bng m c s dng vng cao nguyn, nhn vi h s hiu
chnh cao X, nng cao in p th nghim. X = 1/( K -
000 . 10
H
). Trong cng
thc, K l h s, ly 1.1; H l cao im lp t thit b so vi mc nc bin (mt).
Cng thc ny thch hp vi thit b s dng cao 1000 ~ 3500 mt so vi mc
nc bin.
S tng cao s c nh hng bt li i vi s tng nhit ca thit b
in. V vic tn nhit ca cng tc cao p c thc hin thng qua bc x v i lu
m mt khng kh ca vng cao nguyn nh khin cng tc kh ta nhit, d dn
n tng nhit , nhng nhit khng kh vng cao nguyn thp hn ng bng,
c tng thm 100 mt th nhit khng kh gim 0.6
o
c, nh vy c th b tr cho
nhn t tn nhit bt li do tng cao so vi mc nc bin gy nn. Do , khng
cn hiu chnh s tng nhit ca n.

3 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi thng xuyn thng gi v thnh thong phi x nc i vi
b ngt in khng kh cao p?
p: Khng kh trong ng bc khng lu thng vi kho th dnh ca du
cch in trong cng tc du tng r rt. Khi b phn hot ng ca cng tc du
chuyn ng gp phi lc cn ca du rt ln, lm gim tc di chuyn ca tip
im. Mt khc, do cht bi trn b ng c, lc cn ca b phn ma st chuyn ng

- Trang 46 -
ca c cu thao tc tng mnh, cng s dn n c cu thao tc khng lm ng tc.
Bin php phng nga l lp thm thit b gia nhit.

- Trang 47 -
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s

3 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi lp thm chp che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc
cao p?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, in p tc dng ln ng bc cao p l kh cao, cc
dn in ca ng bc thng l cc ren trn km m c (cu) lc gic, in trng cc
b gc cnh ca m c kh mnh, d lm cho cht kh ion ha to ra gii phng in
t dy chuyn, hnh thnh phng in qung tn, tn hao cng sut. Nu lp thm chp
che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc, s tng thm bn knh cong ca in cc,
gim thp cng t trng phn u ng bc th c th trnh c phng in
qung tn, cng cn nng cao c in p xuyn thng gia cc pha phn u ng
bc hoc phn u v ngoi, gim thiu s c. V th, ni chung, phi lp chp che
chn bng kim loi cho phn u ng bc cao p.

3 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng bc cha du 110kV phi tin hnh th cch in, cn ng
bc kiu t in li khng phi th cch in?
p: ng bc np du 110kV khng phi l kt cu kn hon ton, dng du
cch in l chnh, trong khi vn hnh d b ht m, c th thng qua th cch in
gim st cch in ca n mt cch hu hiu, ng bc kiu in dung dng giy
du hoc giy keo nha l kt cu hon ton kn, hi m kh xm nhp, cch in
chnh khng ch c du cch in m cn c giy ngm du hoc giy nha; kh ly
mu du; v ng bc l kt cu kn hon ton, khi ly du phi b sung du bng
phng php bm chn khng, cng ngh tng i phc tp, cho nn qui trnh qui
nh ch khi th cch in mt ng bc mu , c nghi ng tnh hnh cch in ca
n th mi ly mu du th.

3 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vch trong ng bc bng s 35kV c phun mt lp nhm c tc dng g?
p: Cng in trng gia ng bc bng s 35kV v b mt cc dn in
kh ln, d sinh ra phng in cc b. Nu phun mt lp nhm ln vch trong ng bc
bng s, v dng phin l xo tip xc vi cc dn in th in th hai bn bng nhau.
Khng kh bn trong ng bc s s khng chu in p, khng kh b mt cc dn in
cng khng sinh ra in qung, t nng cao c in p
chp rch ca ng bc bng s.

3 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mt bch gia ng bc kiu t in 60
ngn vn (kV) tr ln, thng c lp ng bc nh, n c tc
dng g?
p: Trn mt bch gia ca ng bc t in thng
c lp hai ng bc nh, ng bc nh 1 l dn bn cc lp
ngoi cng nht (bn cc tip t) ca li t in ra ngoi,
dng o tn hao mi cht ca ng bc cao p. Khi vn hnh, em cc dn ca ng

- Trang 48 -
bc nh 1 tip t. ng bc nh 2 l em lp bn cc lp th hai tnh t ngoi vo,
thng qua n dn qua mt bch ra (nh hnh v) dng ly ra in p. Cn c vo
hiu in th U
2
gia hai bn cc dn ra ca 1 v 2, c th dng o in p hoc
bo v rle.

3 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng bc cao p ca thit b in cao p 110 ngn vn (kV) tr ln
u phi p dng kt cu kiu t in?
p: lm cho cng in trng hng trc v hng knh ng u,
ng bc np du cao p kiu c u bc bn cc u p bng l nhm mng trn ng
giy nha cch in khe h gia du, nhng v l do kt cu, bn cc u p ny
khng th qu nhiu. Do vi ng bc cao p 110 kV tr ln phi i thnh ng bc
kiu t in, tc trong ng s c lp li t in, trn cc dn in bc nhiu lp cch
in to thnh cch in cht ch, gia chng theo thit k gia kp l nhm
to thnh mt chui t in tr trn ng tm. Do cch in (giy du hoc giy nha)
gia hai l nhm cnh nhau rt mng (ch 1 - 2 mm nh vy khng nhng cng
in kh cao, m s phn b in trng cng u hn nhiu.

3 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: vng nhim, ng bc cch in ca my bin th rt t xy ra chp
rch, cn ng bc cch in ca cng tc du li d xy ra, ti sao nh vy?
p: Trong khi vn hnh my bin th c nhit tng i cao, b mt s
ca ng bc cch in sau khi b nng ln, nc t trn b mt s bc hi, b mt s
kh ro kh b bi bn lm nhim, hoc nu b nhim, bi bn kh cng khng n
ni lm gim in p phng in ca ng bc cch in, cho nn d sinh ra chp rch.
Cn c vo nguyn l ny, cng tc du cc vng nhim cn p dng ng bc cch
in c bit c thit b gia nhit mc nhim v m t nh nhau, in p
phng in ca n so vi ng bc cch in khng c thit b gia nhit nh vy s cao
hn 2 ln. Nu li tin hnh v sinh bo dng nh k th c th trnh c s c
chp rch.

3 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao di phn ngm trong du ng bc cch in cao p ca bin th
v cng tc du ch cn bng khong mt na di b phn trn?
p: Bi v khi ng bc cch in cao p ngm trong du cch in, cng
in trng phng in quanh b mt ng bc, cao hn khong 2 ln so vi khi
trong khng kh, cho nn di phn ngm trong du ca ng bc cch in cao p
my bin th v cng tc du, ch cn lm bng khong mt na di phn trn,
l c th gim cao ca my bin th v cng tc du, tit kim nguyn vt liu va
gim gi thnh ch to.

3 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cch in bn trong ca thit b in cng tc cao p i hi cao
hn cch in bn ngoi?
p: Phn cch in l ra trong khng kh bn ngoi thit b in th gi cch
in ngoi. Mi cch in ca n ch yu l khng kh v b mt cch in dng rn

- Trang 49 -
tip xc vi khng kh. Hnh thc phng in ch yu xuyn thng khe h khng kh
v phng in quanh b mt cch in th rn trong khng kh, nhng sau khi s c
c khc phc th tnh nng cch in ca khe h v vt cch in c khi phc
ngay. Cch in trong l ch tnh nng cch in thng qua phn cch in bn
trong thit b in. Mi cch in ca n c th l cht kh, kh nn, kh SF
6
, du cch
in, cht rn hoc l kt cu cch in phc tp do cc vt liu to thnh. L trnh
phng in ca cch in trong do bn trong thit b in nn khng th t khi
phc, thng em li tn tht nghim trng, lu di cho thit b in. V th i hi
kh nng cch in trong cao hn cch in ngoi.


3 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b mt v s cch in trn rt nhiu thit b in li lm thnh
dng sng ?
p: Bi v in p phng in b mt ph thuc vo di ca l trnh b mt
vt cch in, l trnh di th in p phng in b mt c th nng cao. gim
thiu th tch ca v s, nng cao in p phng in (tng l trnh phng in b mt)
nn b mt lm thnh dng sng.


- Trang 50 -
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in

3 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ngt mch bng cng tc, in p v cng dng in tr s no
th c th khin gia cc u tip xc sn sinh ra h quang in?
p: Khi ngt in bng cng tc, nu din p trong mch in khng di 10
~ 20V, dng in khng di 80 ~ 100mA th c th sinh ra h quang in gia cc
u tip xc

3 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ming phun ngang ca bung tt h quang b ngt in du qu ln
hoc qu nh s c nh hng g i vi dp tt h quang?
p: B ngt in du hin nay li dng tc dng thi h quang bng p lc
nh nng lng bn thn to ra khi cng dng in xoay chiu vt 0, dp tt
h quang. Nu ming phun ln, p lc khng th duy tr mc nht nh, nng lng
(p lc) do h quang in tch ly c gii phng rt nhiu, nu p lc khng cao,
kh tt h quang, nu ming phun qu nh? mc d p lc tch ly cao, nhng tc
thi h quang n gii hn, nhit lng ca ct h quang kh tn ra c, s kt
hp, khuch tn ca in tch dng m, ion km, khi dng xoay chiu qu 0 th h
quang in cng kh b dp tt. Do , ming phun va phi l ht sc quan trng, c
th thng qua th nghim, nghim cm xc nh.

3 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ko tch h quang in xoay chiu so vi h quang in mt chiu
d b tt hn?
p: H quang in xoay chiu do dng in xoay chiu c tr s 0 tc th nn
khi cng dng in qua im 0, khe h h quang khng c dng in. Nu khi
dng in xoay chiu qua im 0 ri tng ln, th in p khi phc trn u tip xc
khng th lm cho khe h h quang chy li (xuyn thng li) th h quang s tt. Nu
h quang chy li, nhng do khong cch ko u tip xc tng ln khin in p
xuyn thng khe h h quang tng ln th khi dng in xoay chiu vt qua im 0
ln tip theo cng d tt. V c tnh ny, h quang in xoay chiu tng i d tt.
H quang in mt chiu do in mt chiu khng c c tnh qua im 0, hn
na nng lng t trng do in cm mch in tch tr, gy ra qu p trn u tip
xc khi ko u tip xc ra, do ch n thun ko di khong cch th kh dp tt
c h quang in mt chiu, phi lp thm bung dp h quang.

3 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nng cao tc ct cu dao ca b ct mch, ti sao c th gim kh nng
h quang chy li v nng cao kh nng dp h quang?
p: Nng cao tc ct ca b ct mch, tc trong thi gian nh nhau,
khong cch gia u tip xc tng ln tng i ln, cng in trng gim,
phi hp bung dp h quang tng ng khin n c tc dng dp h quang mnh
trong thi gian ngn li c th lm cho khe h thu c cng cch in tng i

- Trang 51 -
cao trong thi gian tng i ngn sau khi tt h quang, gim thiu kh nng h quang
chy li.

3 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b ct mch cao p u p dng nhiu ca ngt?
p: Mi pha ca b ct mch cao p u c hai hoc nhiu ca ngt ni tip.
Tc dng ca n l: (1) C th gim thp in p trn mi ca ngt, t lm gim
in p khi phc ca khe h h quang. (2) C th chia ct h quang in thnh nhiu
on h quang nh trong hnh trnh ca u tip xc bng nhau, th h quang in
ca nhiu ca ngt so vi mt ca ko c tng i di hn, t tng c in
tr khe h h quang. (3) Tc ct cu dao ca tng nhiu ca ngt tng ln, tc
khi phc mc mi cht cng tng ln. Do , nhiu ca ngt c tnh nng kh h
quang tng i tt, cho nn b ct in cao p u p dng nhiu ca ngt.

3 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong thit b khi ng xoay chiu dung lng tng i nh, ti sao
thng thit k u tip xc thnh kt cu kiu cu hai chn ngt nh hnh 3 - 3 - 6?
p: p dng hnh thc kt cu ny l tnh n vn
dp tt h quang. Bi v khi tch u tip xc ra, th in
th khng gian gia hai u tip xc (hnh thnh mt i
in cc) phn b khng u, gn cc m c in th cc
m 100 - 250V, sau
khi dng in vt tr s 0, dng in lp tc ngc pha,
nu lc ny in p ngun ca hai u in cc thp hn tr s in th ging ny th
h quang in s khng th chy li m b dp tt. V th, s lng i in cc cng
nhiu th tng in th cc m ging cng cao, h quang in mun chy li phi c
in p tng i cao mi c; tc s i in cc cng nhiu th h quang in
cng d tt.

3 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi b ngt mch ngt ng dy di khng ti
th s chy li
cn khi ngt ng dy di c ph ti th khng d chy li?
p: y ch yu l tc dng ca vic gia ng dy vi
t tn ti in dung (nh hnh 3 - 3 - 7). Trc khi b ngt mch DL ngt ra th t C
ca ng dy np in. Sau khi DL ngt ra in tch trn C do khng c mch kn
nn khng th gii phng. Do , khi nghim trng nht, ng dy i vi t vn
duy tr mt in p pha m cc tnh khng i (cc tnh ca n chnh l cc tnh ca
ngun in thi im b ngt mch ngt), nhng cc tnh bn A ngun in ca DL
vn thay i theo s thay i ca ngun in. Khi in th im A bin i c cc tnh
ngc vi cc tnh in th ca im B bn mch in th in p tc dng ln gia
hai im A, B tng i cao, thm ch c th t gp hai ln in p pha, d lm cho
DL chy li. Nu ng dy di mang ph ti v c dy chnh, b h cm in p hoc
bin th, th in tch trn in dung C gia ng dy i vi t c th thng qua
ph ti to thnh mch kn phng in. Nh vy, in p tc dng gia u tip xc
ca DL ch c in p 1 pha , b ngt mch kh chy li.

- Trang 52 -


- Trang 53 -
3 - 4 u tip xc

3 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hao mn do in u tip xc ca cng tc xy ra nh th no? C u
tip xc cn lp l xo, c tc dng g?
p: Trong qu trnh ng cu dao, u tip xc ca cng tc do va chm c
gii v sc in ng, sinh ra rung khin b mt u tip xc sinh ra mn do in, bi
v khi u tip xc rung ny th gia u tip xc ng v anh phi tch nhau ra mt
khong cng vi s x dch t nh n ln ca khong cch gia u tip xc ng v
anh ln lt xut hin cu kim loi th lng v h quang in, nhit rt cn, n ni
b mt u tip xc c mt phn kim loi b nng chy. Trong qu trnh tip xc ln
sau, gia u tip xc ng tnh s c s trt tng i, ko i phn kim loi nng
chy, kim loi nng chy cng s bn ra hoc bc hi, v th l kim loi u tip xc
cng ngy cng t, hnh thnh mn do in u tip xc. Nu lp l xo ln u tip
xc khin cho khi u tip xc ng, tnh tip xc nhau s c sc p ca l xo nht
nh, gim c bin rung ca u tip xc, t gim thiu mn do in u tip
xc.

3 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vt liu u tip xc dp h quang ca b ngt mch cao p, ti sao
khng th dng bc hoc ng thun cht?
p: B ngt mch cao p trong qu trnh ng ngt, s sinh ra h quang in
gia u tip xc dp h quang. Nhit ca h quang s khin kim loi u tip xc
nng chy, bc hi hoc bn ra, gy nn chy r v chuyn i vt liu; khi b ngt
mch cao p ng, s va chm c hc gia u tip xc ng, tnh cng kh ln; hn
na bn thn u tip xc i hi tnh nng dn in phi tt. Vy m c tnh ca bc
hoc ng thun cht khng th cng lc p ng yu cu ca c ba mt trn. Nu
dng Vonfram c im nng chy cao (thng chim 50 - 80%) cng vi kim loi c
dn in cao (bc, ng) t hp thnh vt liu phc hp bc - vonfram hay ng -
vonfram th c th t c c tnh tng i tt v tnh nng dn in, di tc dng
ca h quang in b chy hng t, c cng c hc v tnh do nht nh, tng
i d gia cng v thun tin to hnh mt ln.

3 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi kim tra nh k l xo u tip xc ca cng tc thit b in?
p: V khi u tip xc ca cng tc ng m, do va chm c hc, ng lc
in ng v hiu ng nhit, c th lm cho l xo u tip xc gim tnh n hi v
lc nn, lm tng in tr v nhit u tip xc. bo m vn hnh an ton,
phi tin hnh kim tra nh k i vi l xo u tip xc ca cng tc.

3 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ca cu dao dng trong ng dy ng lc mn
hng nghim trng hn so vi dng trong ng dy chiu sng?
p: Trong mch chiu sng, ph ti gn nh l in tr thun, hiu sut lc
gn bng 1. Khi dng in h quang lc cng tc m vt qua tr s 0 th in p gia

- Trang 54 -
u tip xc ca cng tc cng bng 0, h quang in d tt. Cn trong ng dy
ng lc, hiu sut lc thng rt thp, khi cng tc m, lc dng in h quang vt
qua tr s 0, gia u tip xc vn cn c in p, h quang c th li sinh ra kh tt,
do u tip xc ca cng tc b tn hi tng i nng.

3 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u tip xc ca cng tc, khi tch ngt v ng thng, thng thy mt
u tip xc trt theo mt u tip xc khc, ti sao?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, do c in tr nn u tip xc ca cng tc s pht
nng v khi tch ngt, s sinh ra h quang in. Kt qu l lm xy ha b mt u
tip xc, in tr tip xc tng ln khin tnh hnh vn hnh ca u tip xc tr nn
xu. Nu thit k u tip xc khi tch ngt v ng thng, mt u tip xc trt theo
mt u tip xc khc, s sinh ra ma st, c xt bc i lp xy ha, t ng "lm sch"
u tip xc, ci thin c tnh hnh vn hnh ca u tip xc

3 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C u tip xc cn thp thm tm thp m ngoi phin tip xc, n c
tc dng g?
p: Tm thp ny c tc dng phong ta in t. Khi dng in chy qua u
tip xc, c ng sc t chy qua tm thp m ngoi, tm thp s co vo pha trong
khin u tip xc khng v tc dng ca lc in ng m tch ra.

3 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lc p ca u tip xc tng i nh, tng lc p s lm gim rt
nhiu in tr tip xc. Nhng khi lc p ca u tip xc tng i ln, tng lc p,
th thy hiu qu gim in tr tip xc khng r rt. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Khi lc p ca u tip xc nh, mt tip xc thc t cng nh, lc p
trn mt n v do tng lc p cng s ln, d lm bin dng vt liu, lm gim din
tr tip xc. Khi lc p u tip xc tng i ln, din tch tip xc thc t cng ln,
p sut do tng lc nn s nh, cho nn in tr tip xc khng gim r rt.

3 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lc p tip xc ca u tip xc dn dn tng ln, sau li gim xung
ti tr s c, in tr tip xc ca n liu c ging nh c?
p: Trong qu trnh tng lc p khin mt phn im tip xc sinh ra bin
dng vnh cu, lc nn tuy khi phc tr s c, nhng s im tip xc tng nhiu, cho
nn trc tin tng lc p, sau gim lc p th tr s in tr tip xc cng gim,
ch khng bng c.

3 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v tr chy hng u tip xc b ngt
mch kiu nhiu du u l m ngoi m khng phi
gia hoc m trong?
p: Nh th hin hnh 3 - 4 - 9. khi b ngt
mch du ngt, chiu dng in sinh ra h quang i t u
lop thuc hanh thiet ke M&E tai tphcm

- Trang 55 -
tip xc tnh qua u tip xc ng ri qua u tip xc tnh khc. Do chiu ca hai
dng in ngc nhau, do lc in ng sinh ra l lc y, thi h quang in ra
pha ngoi ca u tip xc. Nh vy, m ngoi ca u tip xc d b chy hng.

3 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khong cch m gia du tip xc ng, tnh ca b ngt mch
phi nh hn cng tc ngn cch?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca b ngt mch l ngt dng in ph ti v dng
in ngn mch mt cch tin cy, tc dp h quang. dp h quang mt cch tin
cy, b ct mch u c bin php nht nh tng cng tnh nng dp h quang,
ch khng phi da vo s tng khong cch gia u tip xc ng, tnh tng
cng tnh nng dp h quang, hn na th tch nh mt cht l tt; v th khong
cch m gia u tip xc ng, tnh khng cn qu ln. Tc dng ca cng tc ngn
cch l sau khi chia cu dao phi c ca ngt r rt, v trong mi trng hp u
khng c nh thng, m ca ngt, tc khong cch gia u tip xc ng, tnh l
hon ton da vo khng kh cch in. bo m chc chn ca ngt c kh
nng cch in th phi c khong cch tng i ln.

3 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi bo quan u tip xc ca thit b in, ni chung nn ch nhng
iu g?
p: (l) Tr s dng in m u tip xc ng thng hoc tch ngt khng
c vt qu s liu qui nh ghi trn nhn hiu, s ln ng m cng khng nn
vt qu s ln qui nh.
(2) Cn thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh, lc nn ban
u, lc nn cui v din tch tip xc.
(3) Thit b p h quang khng c t thay i hoc b i khng
ng.
(4) Phi nh k lm v sinh, loi b mng xy ha b mt u tip xc,
khi gp u tip xc b nng chy hoc mn th phi sa cha b mt, c gng
gi nguyn cong b mt vn c v iu chnh tng ng hnh trnh vt ca
u tip xc.


3 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia hai u tip xc kim loi th s tip xc qua gia cng tinh mi bng
l tt hay th rp mt cht l tt?
p: Cn c vo thc nghim chng t, xt trn quan im gim thiu in
tr tip xc th mt tip xc th rp mt cht l tt. Mt tip xc gia cng bng da
mn th in tr tip xc nh hn l nh bng. l v trn mt tip xc hi th rp
mt cht, phn li lm tng i nhiu, im tip xc tng i nhiu, nn in tr
tip xc nh hn.

3 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi kim tra sa cha thit b in, c th dng gi si bng lau chi
bn trong khng?

- Trang 56 -
p: Khng c. V khi lau chi, gi si bng c th rng rt st li trong
thit b in, nh vy sau khi thng in, c si bng m gy nn nh thng i vi
t hoc gia cc pha. Do , khi kim tra, sa cha thit b in ch cho php dng
vi trng mn lau bn bn trong.

3 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u tip xc nh th hin hnh 3 - 4 - 14, ti sao u tip xc h quang
phi ngoi u tip xc lm vic? .
p: Bi v, u tip xc hai bn c
dng in song song m ngc pha thy qua,
do sinh ra mt loi lc in ng y ra
ngoi, n y h quang in do u tip xc
dp h quang sinh ra tt ra ngoi, trnh h
quang ny lm tn hi u tip xc lm vic,
nn phi t u tip xc dp h quang ra ngon u tip xc lm vic.


- Trang 57 -
3 - 5 B ngt mch du

3 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b ngt dn c nh SW6 - 220 m ngt dng in ngn mch th
trong b ngt sinh ra p lc rt cao m ng s ca bung dp h quang v ng s ca
tr d u khng phi l ng s cng cao, ti sao ng s khng b v?
p: Bung dp h quang ca b ngt mch ny lp trong ng thp thy tinh
cng cao, ngoi ng dng ng s lm kn. Do ng thp thy tinh chu c p lc
ca bung dp h quang, ng s ch dng trnh nh hng ca iu kin kh hu
bn ngoi i vi bung dp h quang khng truyn cho ng s, u di m nhm c
van chn ngc. Khi trong bung dp h quang khng c kh p cao th b thp ca
van chn ngc m, lm cho du trong ng thp thy tinh thng vi du trong ng s
bung dp h quang, hp c cu gia, ng s tr , gi y, khi trong bung dp h
quang sinh ra kh p cao, di tc dng ca p lc b thp ca van chn ngc s dng
ng thng du gia ng thp thy tinh vi ng s, lm cho ng s khng phi chu
p lc cao, trnh c ng s bung dp h quang v ng s tr b v.


3 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b ngt mch du kiu SN 10 - 10 chia cu dao, ti sao tay n tip
xc ng li chuyn ng xung?
p: Khi b ngt mch du kiu SN 10 - 10 chia cu dao, tay n tip xc
ng chuyn ng xung s c cc u im sau:
(l) C th lm cho phn gc h quang khng ngng tip xc vi du mi, tng
nhanh lm ngui gc (chn) h quang khin h quang d tt.
(2) Cht kh ca du b nhit cao ca h quang din phn gii ra, cng vi
ion ng, hi ng dn in s nhanh chng ra khi ng h quang bn trn khin
cng mi cht khe h h quang nhanh chng khi phc.
(3) Khi cn dn in h xung th mt phn du pha di b ngt mch v cn
dn in s c dn vo ng thng du ph ca bung dp h quang, c tc dng
thi c hc h quang, c li cho vic lm tt h quang dng in nh.
(4) Cn dn in c th ch to tng i ngn, va tit kim nguyn liu ng
va c li cho vic nng cao tc chia cu dao.

3 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T iu khin thao tc ca b ct mch nhiu du kiu DW 8 - 35 th t
mt bn, ti sao t iu khin thao tc ca b ngt mch nhiu du kiu DW 1 - 35 li
mt chnh?
p: Qua s dng thc t nhiu nm, do t iu khin ca b ngt mch nhiu
du kiu DW 1 - 35 t mt trc (bng tay), an ton cch vt mang in khng
ln, khi u u dy khng chc, u ni, dy dn b hng s d xy ra s c vt dn
in ri ln u ngi iu khin. V th khi thit k ln th 8, t iu khin ca b
ngt mch nhiu du kiu DW 8 - 35 i sang mt bn.

3 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 58 -
Hi: Khi thc hin iu chnh khng du i vi b ngt mch t du kiu SW
6 - 220, ti sao phi cho dn bin th vo trong hp gi y?
p: Vic hon xung khi chia cu dao ca b ngt mch t du kiu SW 6 20
l dng b hon xung du lp trong hp gi y. Khi tin hnh iu chinh hng du
phi cho du bin th vo hp gi y cho ngp b hon xung, nh vy s c tc dng
hon xung khi chia cu dao. Tc chia cu dao ca b ct mch rt cao (c th t 8
~ 8.5 mt/giy), nu trong hp gi y khng c du th khng th hp thu ng nng
ca b phn vn ng, phn c ca b ngt mch s b va p v chn ng tng i
ln, d b hng.

3 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b ngt mch phi c thit b hon xung? B ngt mch du SN10
- 10 khi chia cu dao c hon xung nh th no?
p: Khi b ngt mch ngt, ng cu dao, yu cu cn (cy) dn in phi t
tc ngt, ng. Nhng thng thng khi cn dn in vn ng n v tr ngt,
ng th vn cn tha tc chuyn ng (tc ng nng) rt ln, s va p ln i
vi c cu v b ngt mch, v th phi c thit b hon xung hp thu ng nng d
ca h thng vn ng khin h thng vn ng bnh n.
B ngt mch SN 10 - 10 s dng b hon xung du, khi b ngt mch ngt cu
dao, do cn dn in c mt on rng rut, cm vo cy ren c nh trn b y, l
ln hn cy ren nn c khe h nh. Li dng lc cn ca du trong cn rng rut chy
qua khe h gy tc dng hon xung.

3 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bung dp h quang ca b ngt mch t du phn ln c p
bng nha si thy tinh trimericcya - namide?
p: Tnh nng chu h quang ca nha si thy tinh trimericcya namide rt tt
khng b chy hng di tc dng ca nhit cao h quang, cng c hc cao, c
th chu c tc dng ca my chc thm ch trn trm atmotphe do h quang sinh ra
m khng b nt v, do c th p ng yu cu tc ngt cu dao nhanh, kh p
thi h quang cao ca b ngt mch hin i. ng thi, bung dp h quang ch to
bng nha si thy tinh trimericcya namide rt nh gn, c th thu nh rt nhiu th
tch ca b ngt mch t du.

3 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phn trn ca b ngt mch dn kiu SN 10 - 10, ti sao phi c khong
khng gian khng cha du? Nu th tch ca khng gian ny qu nh s gy nn hu
qu g?
p: Khng gian khng cha du bn trn b ngt mch du gi l khng
gian hon xung. Khi hi du do bung dp h quang sinh ra xuyn qua lp u tin
vo khng gian hon xung, hi du c lm mt hon ton ri qua b tch ly hi du
x ra kh quyn nn khng dn n t chy hoc lm gim cch in ngoi.
Nu th tch khng gian hon xung qu nh th hi du c lm ngui km, p
lc khng gian hon xung cng s qu cao, c th dn n m trn v nt ng thi do
p lc khng gian hon xung qu cao khin hi du kh tch ly dn n phun du. V
th b ct mch du khng nn du qu y.

- Trang 59 -

3 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u tip xc gia ca b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10 s dng u
tip xc ln, iu c li g? Ti sao u tip xc phi m bc?
p: u tip xc trong b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10 s dng u tip
xc ln, c li l vi tc dng ca l xo lm cho tip xc tt, lc ma st nh, c th
nng cao tc ng ngt. M bc u tip xc ln c th lm cho in tr tip xc
ca u tip xc nh, dn in tt, khi dng in ph ti bnh thng v dng in
ngn mch tc th i qua, c th ci thin c tnh hnh pht nng.

3 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tho kim tra sa cha b ngt mch kiu SN 10 - 10 ti sao khng
th lp h van chn ngc? .
p: u trn bung p h quang ca b ngt mch kiu SN 10 - 10 c lp
van chn ngc. Van ny tuy nh nhng tc dng rt ln, khi b ngt mch c ngt,
u tip xc ng, tnh va tch ra, s sinh h quang, di tc dng nhit cao ca
h quang, du phn gii thnh cht kh khin p lc trong bung kh h quang tng
cao. Lc ny, bi thp trong van chn ngc s nhanh chng di chuyn ln bt kn l
gia ca n, h quang tip tc chy trong khng gian hu nh ng kn khin p
lc trong bung p h quang nhanh chng tng cao, sinh ra kh thi lm tt h quang,
ct t dng in. Nu lp h van chn ngc th khi b ngt mch in ngt ra, dng
kh cao p do h quang in sinh ra s thot ra t l lp van chn ngc u trn
bung dp h quang ra khng gian gia m khng th hnh thnh dng kh cao p, h
quang s khng th tt, b ngt mch c th b chy.

3 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Qu cu s trong b tch ly hi du kiu qu cu s lp trong b ngt
mch cao p c tc dng g?
p: B ngt cao p khi tch ngt, do tc dng nhit cao ca h quang,
trong kt u s to hn hp kh gm hi du v khng kh c p sut cao. tch
du, kh v nhanh chng x kh ra, phi lp b tch ly du - kh kiu qu cu s. Trong
ng x ca b tch du - kh c lp qu cu s ng knh 15 - 20mm. Hn hp kh
sau khi vo ng x b qu cu s chia thnh rt nhiu dng kh nh ring bit, hn hp
kh tip xc vi qu cu s c lm ngui, lm cho du cch in trong ngng t,
phn ly thnh du, chy tr v kt u, cn cht kh c thot x ra ngoi qua l x.

3 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn kt du ca b ngt mch t du t trong nh kiu c 10kV c hn
ni bng thp tm, c mt ng hn bng ng thau, cn trn kt du ca b ngt
mch nhiu du t 35kV c hn ni bng thp tm, li khng c ng lm bng
ng thau. Ti sao?
p: Khi b ngt mch t du t trong nh 10kV trng thi thng mnh,
dng in t phn trn chy vo, t pha di chy ra. T thng do dng in ny to
ra hnh thnh mch t khp kn men theo vch kt, sinh ra mt t thng rt cao.
Dng in xoy do n sinh ra v tn hao t tr khin kt du pht nng.Do phi m

- Trang 60 -
mt khe h trn kt du v hn li bng ng thau nhm tng t tr ca mch t, gim
thiu s pht nng ca kt du.
Cn khi b ngt mch nhiu du t 35kV trng thi thng mch, dng in
chy vo t mt bn nh np kt v chy ra qua mt bn khc, cho nn trong kt
du, dng in vo mt bn ra mt bn ngc chiu nhau, t thng sinh ra trit tiu
nhau, v th kt du khng b nng nn khng cn hn ng thau.

3 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn ca ngt ca b ngt mch t 110kV tr ln u phi mc
song song mt t in?
p: Nu ca ngt ca b ngt mch khng mc song song t in th mch
in ng tr ca n nh hnh (a). Trong , U l ip p ngun, C
d
l in dung ca
ca ngt sau khi tt h quang, C
o
l in dung ca hm c cu gia i vi t. V C
d

v C
o
trong b ngt mch t du u l vi chc F, c th coi nh gn bng nhau cho
nn in p trn ca ngt ln lt l: U
l
= U.(C
d
+ C
o
)/(2 C
d
+ C
o
) = (2/3)U; U
2
= U.C
d

/ (2C
d
+ C
o
) = (1/3)U. Qua c th thy in p ca bung dp h quang th nht
kh ln, kh dp c h quang, tc lm gim kh nng dp h quang ca b ngt
mch. Nh hnh (b), nu c mc song song mt t C (1000 ~ 2000 F) vo trn ca
ngt m C >> C
o
th:
U
2
1
U
C ) C C ( 2
C ) C C (
U
o d
o d
1
~
+ +
+ +
=
U
2
1
U
C ) C C ( 2
C C
U
o d
d
2
~
+ +
+
=
Nh vy, in p 2 ca ngt phn b u nhau, c th nng cao kh nng dp
h quang ca b ngt mch.

3 - 5 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cnh bn ca ngt ca b ngt mch t du 220 kV, ti sao phi ln lt
mc song song mt t in? Khi lp, t in phi b tr th no?
p: Gia cc ca ngt ca b ngt mch v gia hm tam gic i vi t u
tn ti in dung phn b tn lon. Khi ng dy
xy ra s c tip t. Cng tc trng thi ngt th
mng in tng ng ca ca ngt bn dy ci
nh th hin hnh 3 - 5 - 13. Trong hnh, in
dung ca ngt C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
4
; in dung phn
b C" > C' ; do C
2
cng vi in dung phn b pha
sau sau khi mc song song vi C' , s ln hn C
l

nhiu. in p pha 220 kV c phn phi theo dung khng ca in dung cho nn
in p trn C
l
c bit cao. ci thin s phn phi in p gia cc ca ngt, c

- Trang 61 -
th mc song song mt t in tng ng cp s lng (khong 1800F) vo gia
cc ca ngt, s lng ca n ln hn nhiu in dung phn b i vi t lc c
th b qua khng tnh n nh hng ca in dung tn lon. Nh vy, s phn phi
in p gia cc ca ngt s do in dung mc vo gia cc ca ngt quyt nh. Do
c th loi tr nh hng ca in dung phn b tn mn. Khi lp rp nu t in
mc song song vo bn ca ngt t dy ci n mch in ln lt k hiu l C'
1
, C'
2
,
C'
3
, C'
4
th thng ly C'
1
= C'
2
> C'
3
= C'
4
.Cc in dung ny gi l in dung qun
bnh in p.

3 - 5 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Yu cu cch in ca du cch in ca cng tc du kiu du t v ca
cng tc du kiu du nhiu, phi chng ging nhau?
p: Du cch in trong cng tc du kiu du t ch dng dp h quang,
ch khng nh n lm mi cht cch in. Du cch in trong cng tc du kiu du
nhiu c hai tc dng: dp h quang v lm mi cht cch in. Cho nn, du cch
in dng trong cng tc du kiu du nhiu c yu cu cch in (cng chu p)
ca n phi cao.

3 - 5 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vi b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10, khi ngt dng cng ln v
dng cng nh, qu trnh dp h quang c g khc nhau?
p: B ngt mch kiu du t SN 10 - 10 khi ngt dng cng ln l p
dng nguyn l lin tc thi ngang, trong qu trnh tch ngt, tc sau khong cch dn
h quang rt nh, bt u ng thi ngang h quang u tin. Do nng lng h
quang rt ln khin dn ha hi mnh; sinh ra p lc tng i cao, ng thi p h
quang v pha ng thi ngang, to ra tc dng thi hi mnh khin h quang tt. Khi
ngt dng in cng nh, nng lng h quang kh nh, khng th to ra p lc
hi du cao thi h quang, nhng cn u tip xc ng, chuyn ng xung khin
mt phn du di thng qua ng dn ph ca bung dp h quang bn ngang
vo h quang. Nh vy, ngoi tc dng thi dc ca hai bc du thi dc ra, trn thc
t cn cng vi tc dng thi du c hc, di tc dng lin hp ca thi dc v thi
c khin h quang dng in cng nh nhanh chng b dp tt.

3 - 5 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v b ngt mch nhiu du th sn mu xm tro cn v b ngt
mch t du li sn mu ?
p: Khi vn hnh bnh thng, th v b ngt mch nhiu du khng mang
in, cn v b ngt mch t du c in. Nhm nhc nh mi ngi ch ; trnh s c
in git nn v b ngt mch t du sn mu .

3 - 5 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Du cch in trong b ngt mch t du sau hai, ba ln nhy mch tr
nn en, c cn thay du mi khng?
p: Du cch in trong b ngt mch t du ch c tc dng dp h quang m
khng phi l cch in. Qua 2 - 3 ln nhy mch, du tr nn en ch ni ln
rng trong du c ht than, nhng iu ny khng nh hng n tnh nng dp h

- Trang 62 -
quang ca du cho nn khng cn thay. Chu k thay du ca b ngt mch t du c
th tin hnh cng vi chu k sa cha.

3 - 5 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ng ca b ngt mch t du kiu c khi tch ngt
phi ra khi mt du, nm trong khng kh, cn b ngt mch nhiu du li khng c
yu cu ny?
p: Trong kt du ca b ngt mch t du ch c mt t du lm nhim v
dp h quang. Mi ln ngt th h quang sinh ra gia u tip xc ng, tnh s phn
gii than ha du, hnh thnh cht cn lng bn. Nu cho u tip xc ng, tnh sau
khi ngt cng trong du th c th do tnh nng cch in ca du gim thp m dn
n kh nng thng mch tr li. B ngt mch nhiu du tuy khi ngt cng c phn
gii ha than, nhng do lng du nhiu, nh hng n tnh nng cch in tng i
nh, cho nn c th khng cn xt n.

3 - 5 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch du sau khi nhy mch do s c, ti sao khng th lp tc
tho ra kim tra?
p: Sau khi ct ngt dng in s c, trn mt du ca kt du b ngt mch
vn tn ti cht kh d chy c nhit tng i cao. Nu lc ny m kt du ra th
khng kh bn ngoi s nhanh chng hn hp vi cht kh bn trong kt, nu c mi
la th d bc chy, gy tn thng cho ngi v thit b. Cho nn, sau khi b ngt
mch du nhy mch s c, phi cht kh bn trong ngui, khuch tn ri mi tho
ra sa.

3 - 5 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cng tc du, cng cch in ca khe h du gia b phn dn
in cc pha v gia b phn dn in vi v ngoi kt du cao, nhng ti sao
cn phi t tm cch in cc ch ?
p: l do khi ct h quang in, trong du sinh ra rt nhiu bt, tnh dn
in ca bt ny mnh, tip xc vi b phn tip t hoc b phn dn in gia cc
pha s c th dn n nguy c chp rch. V th cn t tm cch in y (lt) 2 ~
4mm, nhm ngn tr bt kh bnh thnh cu dn in, nng cao cng cch in.

3 - 5 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cng tc nhiu du, du vt qu vch mc du s c hi g?
p: Khi cng tc ct dp h quang, cht kh do du phn gii ra s bc ln
trn mt du, lm tng p lc khng kh bn trn. Nu cho du vo qu nhiu, lm
gim khng gian t mt du n np nh cng tc. Do dung tch khng kh b phn
ny tng i nh, c th gy nn p lc qu ln, dn n s c n hoc phun du.
Cho nn, khi np du vo, mc du khng c vt qu vch mc du.

3 - 5 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th da vo quan st bn ngoi ca du trong b hin th mc du
suy on du trong cng tc du hoc cha b than ha?

- Trang 63 -
p: Cng tc du sau khi ct dng in s c ngn mch, do tc dng tia h
quang khin du b than ha, hnh thnh nhiu cht cn lng mu en t li di y
kt du. Nhng v tr lp b hin th mc du l trn mt du kt du, cho nn khng
th cn c vo tnh hnh quan st bn ngoi du trong b hin th mc du phn
on du trong cng tc du b than ha cha, m phi ly mu du t trong van x
du di y kt du, tin hnh th nghim n gin, phn on cht lng du c
cn ph hp qui nh khng.

3 - 5 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Linh kin kim loi thng dng sn hng n sn chng r: Ti sao
trong kt du cng tc u v bin th li cm dng sn hng n lm vt liu sn
chng r?
p: Bi v trong sn hng n c cha oxyt ch, trong du oxyt ch s hnh
thnh x phng ch (ch este ha) khin bn du tng mnh, nhanh chng lm xu du.
ko di tui th ca du bin th, ngi ta cm s dng cc loi sn khng r c
cha ch trong kt du cng tc du v my bin th.

3 - 5 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi lp mt ng vch mng (nh th hin hnh 3 - 5 - 24) vo
pha di bulng lin kt np vi thn kt du cng tc du
kiu DN - 10?
p: ng vch mng ny l thit b bo him khn
cp. Bi v h quang sinh ra khi cng tc du ngt mch s
lm cho du ha hi, sinh ra p lc rt ln trong kt du, nu
u vt ln va chm np kt u. Cng tc du s b chn
ng gy h hng, thm ch gy n. C c ng vch mng,
di tc dng ca p lc cao trong kt du, bung chu lc, p
bp ng vch mng, thn kt du h xung, to khe h gia kt du vi np kt du,
du chy t trong khe ra ngoi, trnh c lm hng cng tc.

3 - 5 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch cao p nhiu du ti sao phi lp trong khong nh chng
n ring bit?
p: Bi v khi b ngt mch nhiu du ct dng in ngn mch s sinh ra h
quang v lm trng mt du, thm ch c th xy ra s c trn du hoc chy n, phi
lp ring trong khe nh chng n nhm phng nga s c lan rng.


- Trang 64 -
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh.
B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch chn khng

3 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh c tnh nng dp h quang
in?
p: Hexafluoride lu hunh (SF
6
) c tnh cht in m rt tt, phn t ca n
c th nhanh chng bt gi in t t do hnh thnh ion m, tc dng dn in ca
cc ion m ny rt tr tr, nh tng kh nng khi phc cng mi cht khe h
h quang, do c tnh nng dp h quang rt tt. Di p sut kh quyn, tnh nng
dp h quang ca Hexafluoride lu hunh l gp 100 ln khng kh; hn na sau khi
dp h quang li khng bin cht, c th s dng li.

3 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng cch in ca Hexafluoride lu hunh v Cacbon tetrachloride
u rt cao, nhng ti sao Cacbon tetrachloride li rt t s dng?
p: Hexafluoride lu hunh v Cacbon tetrachloride u l cht kh c cng
cch in kh cao, ch yu l do kch thc phn t ca chng ln, in t d va
chm trong cc cht kh ny, vi hnh trnh t do ngn, in t kh tp hp nng
lng to ra in t chuyn ng t do m cc cht kh ny u c tnh cht in
m, d bt gi in t, hnh thnh ion m khin in t mt kh nng sinh ra va chm
chuyn ng t do, nn cng cch in ca n u rt cao.Nhng nhit th
lng ca Cacbon tetrachloride qu cao, m trong qu trnh phng in d phn gii
sinh ra Clo, nu tn ti khng kh, qu trnh phng in cn c th hnh thnh mt cht
rt c cho nn trong cng trnh khng th s dng n lm mi cht cch in.
Hexafluoride lu hunh th khc, n khng mi, khng c khng chy, tnh nng ha
hc n nh, nc, axt, kim u khng lm n phn gii, nhit ha lng rt thp (
- 62
o
C) C th ni n 20 atmotphe. Hexafluoride lu hunh ngoi cng in rt
cao ra, cn c tnh nng p h quang tt, thch hp dng trong b ngt mch cao p
v cc thit b khc. V th, c ng dng rng ri trong thit b in.

3 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch kh nn, khi ct mch so vi b ngt mch du, dp h
quang tng i nhanh, kh nng ct mch cng ln. Ti sao?
p: Khi b ngt mch du ct mch th u tip xc ng chuyn ng xung
sinh ra h quang, h quang tip xc vi du khin du phn gii thnh bt kh cao p
thi h quang, lm cho h quang ngui v tt. Nhng tc ngt mch ca b ngt
mch du chm, du c qun tnh tng i ln, u tip xc ng chuyn ng xung
to khng gian du vo v sinh ra hi du thi h quang u cn c qu trnh.
B ngt mch kh nn l da vo dng kh nn do ngun nng lng bn ngoi
sinh ra thi h quang. p lc kh nn rt cao, tnh lu ng tt hn nhiu so vi ca
du, c th lm cho s lu ng cht kh lun theo st vi s n co ca ct h quang.
Mt khc, kh nn thi h quang khng ch mang i nhit lng trong khe h quang,
gim thp nhit khe h h quang m cn trc tip ly i cht kh ion ha trong khe
h h quang. Thay vo l kh nn mi khin tnh nng cch in ca khe h h

- Trang 65 -
quang khi phc nhanh chng. Do , b ngt mch kh nn c tc dp h quang
nhanh hn b ngt mch du m cn c kh nng ct ngt tng i ln.

3 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mi ca ngt mch ca b ngt mch kh nn u mc song song mt
in tr, n c tc dng g?
p: B ngt mch kh nn l dng dng kh nn thi h quang, v tnh
nng cch in ca kh nn tt, lu ng nhanh, kh nng dp
h quang mnh khin cho h quang ca dng in nh b ct
mch trc khi qua im 0. Nhng khi ngt mch my bin th
khng ti, do tc st gim dng in nhanh, s sinh ra in
th t cm rt cao, gy nn qu in p, v th trn mi ca
ngt u mc song song mt in tr khin u tip xc chnh
DL
1
sau khi ngt ra, dng in vn c th chy qua theo R,
dng in trong mch khng t ngt bin thnh 0, t hn
ch qu p. Sau cng khi ngt u tip xc ph DL
2
, do c R ng vai tr hn ng v
lm nht, qu p s khng ln.

3 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch khng kh ti sao phi dng kh nn, m p lc ca kh nn
ni chung li khng th vt qu hai mi atmotphe?
p: Tnh nng dp h quang ca b ngt khng kh ph thuc vo p sut ca
khng kh. Trong phm vi nht nh, p sut khng kh cng cao th tnh nng cch
in cng tt, tnh nng dp h quang cng cng tt. l v khi p sut tng, mt
khng kh tng theo, in t trong qu trnh vn ng rt d va chm vi ht khng
kh. Khi va chm, do ng nng tch ca in t khng lm cho ht kh ion ha,
cho nn in p nh thng tng cao, tnh nng cch in cng nng cao. Nhng nu
p sut kh nn vt qu 20 atmotphe th tnh nng cch in ca khng kh khng
tng ln theo, xut hin hin tng bo ha. Bi v ion ha sinh ra di kh p qu cao,
ht mang in s kh khuch tn, in tch dng tp trung dy c trc cc m
khin in trng bin i r rt, tnh nng cch in sinh ra hin tng bo ha. V
th p sut kh nn ca cng tc kh thng dng 20 atmotphe l tng i thch hp.

3 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao th tch ca b ngt mch chn khng nh m tui th s dng li
cao?
p: Kt cu ca b ngt mch chn khng rt n gin, t mt i u tip
xc vo trong bng thy tinh chn khng. Do tnh nng cch in, tnh nng kh h
quang ca chn khng u rt tt, c th khin khong cch m gia u tip xc
ng, tnh v cng nh (loi 10 kV ch cn khong 10mm, cn khong cch m ca
u tip xc b ngt mch du khong 160mm) cho nn th tch v trng lng ca b
ngt mch chn khng u rt nh. Do u tip xc ca rle chn khng, khng b xy
ha m li tt h quang nhanh, u tip xc t b chy hng, do thch hp dng
trng hp thao tc nhiu, tui th s dng cao gp khong 10 ln b ngt mch du.

3 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 66 -
Hi: Trong mch in mt chiu, a phn s dng cng tc dp h quang trong
khng kh ch khng s dng b ngt mch du. Ti sao?
p: Khi ngt mng in mt chiu c in cm, do s st gim cng
dng in s sinh ra in th t cm trong mch in. ln ca in th t cm t l
thun vi tc gim ca dng in. Nu dng b ngt mch du th do kh nng dp
h quang ca du rt mnh, h quang nhanh chng b dp tt, s sinh ra qu p rt cao,
lm hng cch in ca thit b in. V th trong mch in mt chiu khng nn p
dng bin php dp h quang qu mnh m s dng cng tc dp h quang trong
khng kh (nh cu dao, cu ch khng c thit b dp h quang, b tip xc c li
kh h quang v cng tc khng kh t ng v.v...)

3 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc thao tc l luyn thp h quang khng cho php s dng
b ngt mch du m phi dng cng tc khng kh hoc cng tc chn khng?
p: Cng tc thao tc ca l luyn thp h quang khng nhng c cng
dng in khi ngt - ng tng i ln m s ln thao tc cng tng i nhiu.
B ngt mch cao p du l li dng du cch in tt h quang. Khi dp h dp h
quang, du cch in s phn gii ra cht kh v to ra ht than. Cho nn sau nhiu ln
thao tc, tnh nng cch in v dp h quang ca du cch in u km i phi
thng xuyn kim tra sa cha v thay du. V th, vi trng hp thao tc nhiu
nh l luyn thp h quang khng nn dng b ngt mch du m nn dng cng tc
khng kh hoc cng tc chn khng.

3 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch c mc song song in tr, ti sao c th hn ch qu p
khi ct mch ng dy khng ti ko trn khng?
p: Nhn t ch yu nh hng n qu p khi
ngt mch ng dy ko trn khng l gia ng dy
i vi t c tn ti in dung C v in p d do in
tch trn C quyt nh, dn n b ngt mch chy li,
sinh ra qu p dao ng. V th p dng b ngt mch
c mc song song in tr (3 - 6 - 10) mc song song
mt in tr R tr s va hai u u tip xc chnh
K
l
v u tip xc ph K
2
. Trc khi ngt, K
l
v K
2
u ng. Khi ngt, K
l
ngt ra
trc, R mc ni tip trong mch v in tch d tha c th gii phng qua R, lm
cho in p khi phc hai u b ngt mch gim theo tng ng. Lc ny, in p
khi phc hai u tip xc ca K
l
l st p hai u ca R. Nh vy, h quang in
trong K
l
khng d chy li. ng thi, R s tiu hao mt phn nng lng trong C.
Qua 1.5 ~ 2 chu k tn s lm vic, K
2
ngt mch, do in p d ca mch tng i
thp, in p khi phc ca K
2
cng tng i thp, h quang trong K
2
khng d chy
li. Cho d h quang trong K
2
chy li th do tc dng lm nht ca R, in p d trn
mch li tng i thp, qu p cng gim r rt. Do , s dng b ngt mch c mc
song song in tr c th hn ch qu p khi ngt mch ng dy ko trn khng.


- Trang 67 -
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao

3 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: "Cng tc cu dao" v "cng tc cch ly" l cng mt loi thit b in
phi khng?
p: "Cng tc cu dao" "Cng tc cch ly" cng thuc loi cng tc kiu dao.
Bt k l ngoi hnh, nguyn l kt cu, phng php thao tc u rt ging nhau,
nhng chng c im khc nhau r rt, cn phn bit rch ri.
Cng tc cu dao dng ng ngt mch in di 500V, do khi ngt mch
in thng c h quang cho nn c lp u tip xc dp h quang hoc u tip xc
ngt nhanh. ng thi, tng kh nng dp h quang, li dao ca n u tng i
ngn; Cng tc cch ly chia ra loi cao p v thp p, n khng c php dng
ngt ng mch in c ph ti m ch dng cch ly mch in, cho nn khng cn
xt n vic dp h quang. bo m cch ly mch in mt cch tin cy, phng
nga qu p nh thng hoc chp rch gia cc pha, dao ca n tng i di,
khong cch gia cc pha cng tng i ln.
Tm li: Cng tc cch ly khng th dng lm cng tc cu dao m cng tc
cu dao cng ch cho php dng cch ly mch in trong tnh hnh in p khng
cao.

3 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khong cch gia u tip xc ct ngt cng pha ca cng tc cch ly ti
sao phi ln hn khong cch gia phn dn in khc pha v gia phn dn in i
vi t?
p: Cng tc cch ly ch yu dng to nn mt im ngt r rt, tin cy,
bo m pha ph ti khng c kh nng t ngt a in n khi khong cch tch
ngt gia u tip xc cng pha ln hn khong cch gia b phn dn in khc pha
v gia b phn dn in vi t (10 ~ 15%) th mt khi trong mch xy ra qu p, lc
s phng in s xy ra b phn dn in khng cng pha hoc gia b phn dn
in vi t, ch khng th xy ra gia u tip xc tch ngt cng pha, nh vy m
bo m c an ton v ngi v thit b pha ph ti trong tnh hnh qu p.

3 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng dng in in cm hoc in dung ct hp m cng tc
cch ly cho php th rt nh, cn cng dng in cn bng khi my bin th ct
hp song song vn hnh th li rt ln. Ti sao?
p: Dng in in cm hoc in dung ln lt tr sau hoc sm trc in
p mt gc pha 90
o
, u khng d ct ngt. Bi v vic ct ngt h quang xoay chiu
l li dng thi im dng in qua "im 0" p tt m lc , in p gia u
tip xc chnh l lc c tr s tc th ln nht cho nn h quang d chy li. Do
khng th dng cng tc cch ly ph thng ngt dng in in cm hoc in dung
trn 10A. Nhng khi dng in rt nh, phm vi lan ta hoc khuch tn ca h quang
khng ln, tc dng ion ha sinh ra trong khng gian tng i yu, sau khi li dao
ri xa mt qung, in p khng th duy tr h quang chy li nn cui cng b dp tt.
i vi mch song song di 10kV, cng dng in cn bng (do chch
lch in p sinh ra) ca dy chnh hoc my bin th tr s ng ngt cho php c th

- Trang 68 -
t 70A. Thi im u tip xc tch ly, do gia mch v ca dng in ph ti trong
qu trnh phn phi li, c mt hiu in th nht nh, cho nn lun gy ra h quang.
Nhng hiu in th ny ch c vi phn trm ca in p dy, ging ln hai u im
tip xc, khng th duy tr h quang tip tc chy khin h quang t tt .Bi v, ni
chung tc dng dp h quang bng lc in ng t nhin ca cng tc cch ly t 70A
tr xung tng i c hiu qu, nu dng in qu ln s dn n u tip xc b
chy hng nghim trng, thm ch hnh thnh ngn mch gia cc pha cho nn tr s
ct ng cho php l 70A.

3 - 7 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mi cc ca cng tc cch ly cao p thng dng u t hp bng
hai li dao, khi ng cu dao, u tip xc c nh kp vo gia hai li dao?
p: Cn c vo l thuyt in t hc, khi dng in cng chiu chy qua hai
dy dn song song th s sinh ra lc in t p vo nhau. Khi mt pha no xy ra s
c, do c dng in rt ln chy qua li dao khin hai li dao kp cht u tip xc
c nh vi p lc rt ln. Nh vy li dao s khng c nguy c tut khi v tr c,
dn n h quang gy ngn mch gia cc pha, hn na lm cho li dao tip xc cht
vi u tip xc c nh, khng b nng chy do dng in chy qua in tr tip
xc tng i ln gy ra. Khi thao tc bnh thng, do trong li dao ca cng tc
cch ly khng c dng in hoc dng in rt nh ch cn khc phc lc ma st gia
li dao vi u tip xc c nh do lc nn l xo gy nn l c. V th ko hoc
ng cu dao u khng tr ngi g.

3 - 7 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cng tc cch ly dung lng ln, cc dao chnh ca n thng dng
vo li dao tng i mng ghp song song li. Ti sao?
p: Kt cu nh vy tt hn kt cu dng cc mt li dao tng i ny. V
loi kt cu ny khng nhng dng in do mi li dao gnh chu nh hn mt t m
s phn phi dng in cng tng i u, hiu ng b mt gim, din tch ta nhit
v din tch tip xc tng ln, c th gim thiu tiu hao, ng thi v mt cng ngh
ch to th loi kt cu ny cng tt hn l dng mt dao tng i dy.

3 - 7 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt s cng tc cch ly, khi tch hp dao th phin dao ch tip xc
quay xoay. N c tc dng g?
p: N c hai tc dng ch yu:
(l) Khi ng cu dao, li dao quay xoay l nhm loi tr lp mng xy ha v
bi bm b mt u tip xc, bo m tip xc tt.
(2) Cng tc cch ly s dng ngoi tri, khi thi tit ma ng, b mt u tip
xc c th ph lp bng. V th, khi ngt cu dao, s quay xoay s ph b lp bng.
Ni chung cng tc cch ly s dng ngoi tri u phi c thit b ny.

3 - 7 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt s cng tc cu dao in p thp li cn lp cu dao ngt
khn cp?

- Trang 69 -
p: Ni chung, cng tc cu dao in p thp u l loi ko ngt ngun in
mnh v mng ph ti, khi ko ngt ngun in mnh v s sinh ra h quang tng i
ln, c th lm chy hng u tip xc ca li dao, thm ch gy nn s c bng
ngi. Cng tt lp cu dao ngt khn cp nh vo sc ko ca l xo, sau khi cu dao
chnh ko ra, li dao ngt khn cp cui cng nhanh chng tch ra khin h quang
nhanh chng b ko di ri tt, gim c nguy him trn.

3 - 7 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn mt s cu dao 600A tr ln c mc song song mt u tip
xc than?
p: u tip xc bng than lp song song trn li dao l khi ko ngt cu
dao, h quang ch sinh ra trn u tip xc bng than, nh th khng chy li dao
chnh. Sau khi u tip xc than b chy, d thay m in tr ca u tip xc than li
ln, c th hn ch dng in h quang, nhanh chng lm h quang tt.

3 - 7 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao i vi cu dao dung lng ln khi mch in ngn mch, thng
s t ng tch ly?
p: l do tc dng ca lc y in ng sinh ra gia dng in cu dao
v dng in dy dn. Khi vn hnh bnh thng, lc y in ng khng ln, cu
dao khng th b tch ra. Khi ngn mch, do dng in rt ln, lc y in ng
sinh ra c th lm cho cu dao t ng tch ly.

3 - 7 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ko cng tc cu dao ra khi ngun in mt chiu, ti sao h quang
di ng hng ln trn?
p: Khi ko tch cng tc, do gia cu dao vi u tip xc c h quang in,
tc vn cn dng in chy qua. V th s sinh ra t trng gia h quang vi cu dao,
cn c vo chiu dng in, dng nh lut bn tay tri th h quang in chu lc tc
dng hng ln trn cho nn h quang chuyn ng ln.

3 - 7 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ti sao di ca li ao cng tc cu dao kiu mi u tng i ngn
hn kiu c?
p: Do trc y tng nhm rng: Vic dp tt h quang ca cng tc cu
dao l do h quang b ko di mt cch c hc ty theo tch ra ca li dao, khin
in p ng dy khng duy tr, nn tt, cho nn ch to phin dao ca cng
tc cu dao tng i di. Nhng qua thc nghim chng minh rng: Vic tt h
quang ch yu l do tc dng ca lc in ng, m li dao ca cng tc cng ngn
th lc in ng trn n v di h quang cng ln, cng c li tt h quang.
Cho nn chiu di ca cng tc dao kiu mi u ch to tng i ngn, m li tit
kim vt liu ng.

3 - 7 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cu dao c cng dng in nh mc ln, liu c th ngt dng in
nh mt cch tin cy khng?

- Trang 70 -
p: Khi thit k v ch to, ni chung, li dao ca cu dao c cng dng
in nh mc ln u ngn, khi ct ngt ch yu da vo lc in ng do h
quang gia li dao vi u tip xc tnh sinh ra ko di h quang, t mc ch
dp tt h quang. Cu dao m cng dng in nh mc ln, khi ct ngt dng
in tng i nh, do c im cu to, khong cch ko ra khng ln, cn lc in
ng do h quang gia li dao vi u tip xc tnh sinh ra li khng ko di
h quang, hiu qu lm tt h quang khng tt. Do , cu dao c cng dng
in nh mc ln cha chc c th ngt dng in tng i nh mt cch tin cy.

3 - 7 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Np g php ca cng tc cu dao c tc dng g? Cng tc cu dao dng
in ln ti sao khng c np bng g php?
p: Np g php c hai tc dng: (l) Bo v an ton, khin ngi thao tc
kh b in git hoc b h quang lm bng. (2) Tc dng ngn in: pha trong np c
rnh lm, c th phng nga ngn mch gia hai pha k nhau bi h quang. Nhng
khong cch gia cc cc ca cu dao dng in ln u ln m np bng g php d
b h quang dng in ln nung nng lm lo ha, d gy ra s c, nn khng dng
np g nhp.

3 - 7 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng nn dng cu dao an ton np g php lm cng tc thao
tc ng c in?
p: V cu dao an ton khng c thit b kh h quang gia pha vi pha ch
cch mt lp g php. ng c thng xuyn thao tc, do h quang pht nhit, khin
g php lo ha, tr thnh vt dn in, mt tc dng ngn cch h quang, d gy ngn
mch gia cc pha khi thao tc.

3 - 7 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi lp c in cng tc v st phi sau khi bt thng ngun
in ri mi em v tip t?
p: Khi lp c in cng tc v st, nu u v vi t trc th khi u dy
ngun, khng may thiu cn thn dy ngun chm vi v st s hnh thnh
mch kn vi t, gy nn s c ngn mch hoc in git. Nh vy khng an
ton; ht sc nguy him. V th, trc tin phi u thng dy ngun sau mi
tip t nh vy mi tng i an ton.

3 - 7 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng cu dao 3 pha khi ng ng c lng sc dung lng nh, v
tr lp cng tc cu dao nn chn hnh thc no (xem hnh (a), hnh
(b))?
p: Khi lp cng tc cu dao nn chn hnh thc hnh (a).
V khi ko cu dao ngt ngun in, s sinh h quang gia li
dao vi u tip xc c nh, nu lp theo hnh (a) th h quang s
chu tc dng ca lc in t v khng kh nng bc ln s ko h
quang ra ngoi dp tt. Nu lp theo hnh thc hnh (b) th tc dng
ko h quang ca khng kh nng s ngc li, bin thnh cn tr

- Trang 71 -
s ko di h quang, nn nh hng vic lm tt h quang, d gy chy hng li dao
v u tip xc c nh. Ngoi ra, tay cm than tc hnh (b) cn c th do sc nng
m ri xung, gy ng nhm cu dao, xy ra s c lm hng thit b v gy thng
tch cho ngi.

3 - 7 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nh th hin hnh 3 - 7 - 17. Bn cch lp khc nhau
i vi cng tc cu dao: (1) lp ngang, u tip xc ng bn
phi; (2) lp ngang, u tip xc ng bn tri; (3) lp ng, u
tip xc ng di; (4) lp ng, u tip xc ng trn. Cch
lp no tng i tt hn?
p: Khi cng tc cu dao ngt mch in, phng php th
ba do khng kh nng quanh h quang bc ln, ko di h quang c
th gip cho vic lm tt h quang. Cho nn tnh nng lm tt h quang tng i tt.
Cch lp th t, khi trng thi ngt, do tc dng ca sc nng bn thn u tip xc
ng, c kh nng ng thng cu dao. Phng php th nht v th hai th thao tc
khng thun tay. C th thy th t tt ca bn cch lp khc nhau l 3, 1, 2, 4.

3 - 7 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B ngt mch, cng tc ph ti, cng tc cch ly khc nhau nh th no?
p: B ngt mch, cng tc ph ti, cng tc cch ly u l thit b in dng
ng, ngt mch in. Nhng nhim v m chng m nhim trong mch in khc
nhau. Trong , b ngt mch c th ct dng in ph ti v dng in ngn mch.
Cng tc ph ti ch c th ct dng in ph ti, dng in ngn mch do cu ch ct.
Cn cng tc cch ly dng ct in p, ch cho php ct dng in cng rt
nh.


- Trang 72 -
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in

3 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V sao trong tiu chun cng tc mi nht qui nh tng bc loi b c
cu thao tc bng tay i vi b ngt mch in?
p: V theo s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn, in li quc gia cng
cng pht trin, dung lng ngn mch ca li in cng khng ngng tng ln theo
s tng ln ca mng in. C khi mng in ang c im s c th b ngt mch du
li c th ng thng mch, nh vy c kh nng xy ra s c n b ngt mch du.
M c cu thao tc bng tay, khi ng thng cu dao ngi th phi dng trc cng
tc thao tc, nu xy ra s c n, s nguy him cho ngi. Do , khng cho php
s dng c cu thao tc bng tay. Hn na, xt v mt lp t t ng ng li cu dao
v thao tc nhanh, th c cu thao tc bng tay l khng hp l. Hin nay, trong h
thng 6 - 10kV cn s dng nhiu c cu thao tc bng tay, v th cn tng bc loi
b.

3 - 8 -2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti so trn li st ln ca c cu thao tc in t mt chiu ca b ngt
mch CD2 - CD3 v.v... phi m mt s rnh dc (nh hnh 3 - 8 - 2)?
p: Tr rnh dc c hai tc dng: (1) c th gim thiu tc dng cn tr ca
dng in xoy i vi lc in t. V khi nam chm in mt chiu va thng ngun,
t thng s t 0 dn dn tng ln, m s vn ng ca li st
cng s dn n thay i t thng, t thng thay i s cm
ng ra dng in xoy trn li st ln. Dng in xoy li
lun lun mun cn tr s thay i ca t thng. Khi tr
my rnh dc trn li st ln c th gim thiu dng xoy,
khin lc in t nhanh chng t n tr s lm vic bnh
thng. (2) c th gim thiu lc cn ca khng kh khi u
thng cun dy in t vi ngun, li st ng chu tc dng ca lc t hng ln trn,
nu tr vo ng rnh dc c th gim thiu lc cn ca khng kh bc ln. Sau khi
hon tt ng cu dao, cng c th rt ngn thi gian tr li ca li st.

3 - 8 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy in t ca c cu thao tc b ngt mch kiu CD3, sau khi
u ni tip hai cun dy ging nhau, khi dng vi in mt chiu 220V hoc u
song song ri dng vi in mt chiu 110V, ln ca lc t sinh ra phi chng bng
nhau?
p: ng l bng nhau. Bi v ln ca lc in t quyt nh bi s
lng ng sc t. Khi li st khng bo ha, ng sc t nhiu hay t t l thun
vi tch ca s vng cun dy kch t cng dng in. Trong hai tnh hung trn,
hai cun dy u cng sinh ra lc in t, in p mt chiu trn mi cun dy u l
110V, tc l cng dng in trong mi cun dy cng ging nhau, cho nn tng
t th bng nhau, sc in t sinh ra cng bng nhau.




- Trang 73 -
3 - 8 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong c cu thao tc s dng nam chm in th cng tc iu
khin ca n phi thng qua b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu dao,
cn khi nhy cu dao th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u thng mch nhy cu
dao?
p: Ni chung, cng tc iu khin h LWI v LW2 thng dng, n ch cho
php dng in vi ampe chy qua. Khi li st cu dao ca c cu thao tc in t rt
ln, cng sut ng cu dao cn thit rt ln, dng in ng cu dao ca n c th t
my chc hoc my trm ampe, cng tc iu khin khng chu ni, i hi phi dng
b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu dao, lm cng sut cn thit cho c
cu thao tc in t khi nhy cu dao th tng i nh, cng dng in ca n
cng ch vi ampe, v th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u vo mch nhy cu
dao.

3 - 8 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc dn cao p phi c thit b ko di thi gian tip im?
p: Ko di thi gian tip im ch yu phng nga hin tng nhy cng
tc, tc cu dao ng nhiu ln. Thit b ko di thi gian tip im u ni tip vi
cun dy ng cu dao, c th lm cho cun dy ng cu dao lun nhn c in
cho n khi c cu thao tc ng cu dao ri mi lm cho tip im nh ra, bo m
cng tc ch ng cu dao mt ln. C khi thi gian ko di tip im qu ngn, c th
xut hin hai ln ng cu dao, v th phi tin hnh iu chnh.

3 - 8 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi ng cng tc chuyn i thao tc ngt ng cu dao b ngt
mch u dng cng tc b tr ni vi b ngt mch ct ngun in?
p: Trong mch ngt - ng cu dao ta mc ni tip tip im cng tc b tr
b ngt mch, c th t ng, nhanh chng ct mch v ca ngun in sau khi hon
thnh ngt ng cu dao, bo m an ton cho cun dy ngt, ng cu dao thit k
thng in thi gian ngn. Ngoi ra, dung lng ca tip im cng tc b tr ct dng
in tng i ln, thng thng, vi in mt chiu 220V c th ngt dng in in
cm trong cun dy ngt, ng cu dao c th trnh c chy tip im cng tc
chuyn i c dung lng tng i nh.

3 - 8 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p u ca cun dy ng cu dao b ngt mch trong khi vn hnh,
ti sao khng c thp hn 80% tr s nh mc?
p: B ngt mch m c cu thao tc s dng nam chm in th tc ng
cu dao ca n c quan h rt ln n ngun in ng cu dao. in p u ca cun
dy ng cu dao c cu thao tc cng thp th sc ht ca in t cng nh, tc
ng cu dao cng cng nh. Ngoi ra, khi ng cu dao, gp phi dng in s c
ln, sc in ng sinh ra s cn tr nghim trng n vic hon thnh cui cng thao
tc ng cu dao, khin h quang khng th tt. V th, in p u ca cun dy ng
cu dao khng c thp hn 80% tr s nh mc, bo m s vn hnh an ton
ca b ngt mch.


- Trang 74 -
3 - 8 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ni chung t cng tc u c lp n ch bo, ti sao trn c cu thao tc
ca cng tc cn lp phin ch bo ngt, ng?
p: S ch bo ca n ch l tn hiu b tr. Bi v khi ngun in ca n c
s c tip im ph mt tc dng, bng n hng v.v... c th dn n s ch bo ca
n khng chnh xc. V th, v tr tuy thao tc cn phi lp thm phin ch bo ngt,
ng cu dao. Hn na, khi v tr lp cng tc v t cng tc khng cng ch, bn
cng tc c th bit trng thi ngt, ng ca cng tc.

3 - 8 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi ko tch cu dao dy ng lc, ngi ta qui nh ko cu dao
ng dy trc ri mi ko cu dao dy ci sau, cn khi ng cu dao th li ngc
li?
p: B h cm dng in ca dy ng lc ni chung lp gia cng tc dn
vi cu dao ng dy. Khi vn nht do thao tc nhm m ko cu dao ph ti th trn
cu dao ngt s sinh ra h quang. Nu ko cu dao dy ci trc, th dng in s c
ch chy qua dy ci n cu dao dy ci m khng qua cng tc dn ca chnh dy
ng lc v b h cm dng in, cho nn cng tc khng nhy cu dao, ch c sau
khi ngun in trn dy ci u nhy cu dao, th s c mi ht, v nh vy din mt
in s kh rng. Nu ko cu dao ng dy, dng in s c chy qua cng tc dn
ca dy ng lc v b h cm dng in, khin cng tc nhy cu dao, cn ngun
in trn dy ci khng nhy cu dao ngt in, nh vy in b nh hng s nh.

3 - 8 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H thng phn phi in nh th hin hnh 3 - 8 - 10, cc bc ng cu
dao cng tc A
l
A
2
B l ng hay A
2
A
l
B l ng? Cc
bc ngt B A
2
A
l
l ng hay B A
l
A
2
l ng?
p: Khi ng cu dao, trc tin ng A
l
ri n A
2
, sau
cng ng cng tc dn B l ng. Nu ng A
2
trc ri mi
ng A
l
th khi do nhng nguyn nhn khc m cng tc dn
trng thi ng, tng ng vi vic cng tc cch ly A
l
ng cu
dao mang ph ti c th sinh ra h quang hoc ngn mch h
quang gia cc pha, gy nn h thng bo v cp mt c ng tc;
dn n s c mt in trn phm vi rng. Nu thao tc cc bc
theo A
l
A
2
B, tuy cng tc cch ly A
2
ng cu dao mang ph
ti ch lm cho chnh bo v h thng c ng tc (cng tc dn B) thu nh phm vi
mt in.
Khi ngt, trc tin phi ngt cng tc dn B, bc th hai ngt A
2
, ri ngt A
l
.
Nu khi thao tc nhm (khng ngt cng tt dn), ngt A
l
trc c th gy nn h
thng bo v cp mt c ng tc, dn n mt in din rng. Cn ngt A
2
trc th
ch nh hng cng tc dn B ca h thng nhy cu dao, gy nn s c mt in cc
b.

3 - 8 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 75 -
Hi: Khi u thng thit b phn phi in phi ng cng tc cch ly trc ri
ng b ngt mch. Khi ngt th trc tin ngt b ngt mch ri n ngt cng tc
cch ly. Ti sao?
p: Do hn ch v cu to, ni chung cng tc cch ly khng th u thng
hoc ngt dng in tng i ln, nu khng s dn n h quang tng i ln, rt
d chy cng tc; thm ch c th gy ra s c thng vong ngi hoc ngn mch
ngun in. Cn b ngt mch du hoc b ngt mch khng kh do p dng cu to
thch hp, c th lm tt h quang, khng n ni dn n hu qu xu ni trn, nn
khi u thng thit b phn phi in th trc tin ng cng tc cch ly ri ng rle,
cn khi ngt th ngt rle trc ri ngt cng tc cch ly sau.

3 - 8 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thao tc cng tc cch ly, lc ngt phi nhanh, lc ng thng phi
chm chm mt t. Ti sao?
p: Cng tc cch ly thao tc khi khng c ph ti, lc ct cng tc cch ly,
phng nga trong mch kn cn t ph ti, khi ngt, sinh ra h quang lm hng u
tip xc, cho nn phi ht sc nhanh, khin h quang nhanh chng tt.
Khi ng thng cng tc cch ly, phng nga thao tc c ph ti gy ra s
c, cho nn cn ng chm mt t. Khi mc tip xc mt im, nu trn u tip xc
c h quang th phi lp tc ko xung kim tra ph ti c trong mch v hoc c ch
ngn mch chng, khc phc xong mi li thao tc.


3 - 8 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thao tc cu dao mt pha trong ngun in ba pha cao p, ti sao qui
nh nghim ngt: ngoi vic phi s dng cn cch in ra, cn phi ngt pha gia
trc ri mi ngt cu dao hai bn?
p: Khi ngt cu dao mt pha, trong a phn trng hp, trn pha b ngt
trc tuy cn in p nhng khng sinh ra h quang mnh ngoi tr ngt dng in
khng ph ti ca bin th ng lc, m khi ngt c ph ti cu dao mt pha th hai,
s sinh ra h quang rt mnh khin cho c chp rch gia cc pha cnh nhau. Cho nn,
ngt cu dao mt pha gia trc th khong cch gia hai pha tng ln, ri ngt cu
dao mt pha khc, s khng xy ra chp rch gia cc pha.

3 - 8 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thay cu ch bn cao p ca my bin th, ngoi bn cao p ra, cng
tc pha thp p ti sao cng phi ngt?
p: Mc ch thao tc nh vy ch yu l phng nga phn bin p ca li
in c th xu ra, tc nguy c xy ra hin tng cung cp in ngc li t pha thp
p thp do my bin th vn hnh song song.


- Trang 76 -
3 - 9 Cu ch

3 - 9 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C phi dy cu ch b nng chy khi cng dng in t n nh
mc?
p: Khi tip xc tt iu kin tn nhit bnh thng th dy cu ch s cha
nng chy khi dng in nh mc chy qua. Dy cu ch trn 35 ampe th phi vt
qu 1.3 ln dng in nh mc mi b nng chy. Nhng trong s dng thc t do
tip xc, tn nhit khng tt, v c th c chn ng, kho dng in nh mc cng
c th nng chy.

3 - 9 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy cu ch ca cu ch dung lng ln ti sao u lp trong ng si?
p: Khi dy cu ch nng chy s sinh ra h quang rt ln, c th dn n
ngn mch gia cc pha v gy bng cho nhn vin bo dng. Nu dy cu ch
vo trong ng si, khi cu ch sinh ra h quang, vch ng phn tch ra cht kh, to ra
kh p rt ln trong ng, lm tt h quang, tng i an ton i vi ngun v thit b.

3 - 9 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong mt s ng cu ch phi chn ct thch anh, cn cu ch kiu
RM li khng cn?
p: Dng ct thch anh lm vt liu chn vo trong ng cu ch l nhm li
dng rnh hp do ct thch anh to thnh kh h quang. Khi h quang chy trong
ct thch anh, h quang tip xc cht vi ct thch anh chung quanh, lm ngui tng
i tt, tng cng kh ion ha. Hi do cht nng chy bc hi s ng kt trong khe
ht thch anh, trong khe hp ca ct thch anh, hi kim loi gim thiu khin h quang
b tt hon ton khi dng in ngn mch cha t n tr s ln nht.
Vt nng chy ca cu ch kiu RM lp trong ng si kn. Khi vt nng chy
chy t, h quang chy, di tc dng nhit cao ca h quang khin si vch
trong ng si b kh ha v phn gii thnh hydro, dioxyt cacbon v hi nc. Cc cht
kh ny u c tnh nng kh h quang rt tt; ng si li kn, dung tch nh, cht kh
sinh ra b h quang t nng, p lc trong ng tng nhanh, kh ion ha mnh, khin
cho trc khi dng in ngn mch t n tr s cao nht th h quang tt nn
khng cn dng ct thch anh lm vt liu chn, hn na cn c th lm cho th tch
ca n nh gn.

3 - 9 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ln ht ct thch anh trong ng cu ch c nh hng i vi
kh h quang ca n?
p: Khi ht ct thch anh qu nh, th kh nng xm nhp ca h quang s b
gim nhiu, mt hiu qu lm ngui i vi h quang, khin nng lng h quang tp
trung trn ct thch anh gn , n ni ct thch anh gn nng chy, hnh thnh
thy tinh lng kt hp vi hi kim loi nng chy, bin thnh mui silicat kim loi.
in tr ca loi cht ny nh hn nhiu ct thch anh, hnh thnh mch dn in, h
quang kh tt. Nu ht ct thch anh qu ln, cng khng c li cho vic kh h

- Trang 77 -
quang. Tuy gia ht ct th to c khe h tng i ln, h quang c th thm nhp
tng i tt, nhng din tch b mt lm ngui ca ton b vt liu chn tng i
nh khng lm ngui h quang v hp thu nng lng h quang. Cho nn ln
ca ht ct thch anh phi thch hp.

3 - 9 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cu ch ct thch anh c dng in nh mc cao, dy cu ch ca
n thng dng vo si mc song song. Ti sao khng dng mt si cu ch tng i
ln thay?
p: Khi nhng si dy cu ch tit din nh b nng chy trong ct thch anh,
hnh thnh h quang, ct thch anh s hn ch s m rng ng knh ca h quang.
Nhit ca nhng tia h quang nh d b tn pht t c th nhanh chng tt h
quang. Khi dng mt si dy cu ch tng i ln, tit din ca h quang cng ln,
ngui tng i chm, khng c li cho vic tt h quang.

3 - 9 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu ch kiu kn c cha vt chn khng c dng vi thit b
trn tu thuyn.
p: V dung lng ngt dng ca loi cu ch ny ph thuc vo mc kh
ro ca ct thch anh dng chn trong n. Trn tu thy, do tu chng chnh v
chn ng khin tnh nng kn ca ng cu ch d b ph hoi, hi m nhanh chng
xm nhp, lm gim hoc ph hoi c tnh bo v ca cu ch.

3 - 9 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn cu ch ngoi vic phi ghi r cng dng in nh mc
ra, cn phi ghi r in p nh mc?
p: Cu ch l li dng hiu ng nhit ca dng in bo v ngn mch.
Khi ch c bo v xy ra ngn mch, dy cu ch s nng chy, ct khi mng.
Nhng dy cu ch ch l mt on ngn trong mch in. Sau khi dy cu ch t, ch
ngt khng c sinh ra h quang, do yu cu dy cu ch phi c di tng ng
vi in p h mch. V th, di ca li cu ch mc no th in p h mch cho
php cng phi mc ny cho nn phi ghi r tr s in p nh mc.

3 - 9 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu ch cao p c chn ct thch anh, khng th dng trn mng
in cao hn hoc thp hn ip p nh mc ca n, m ch c th s dng trn mng
in c in p bng vi in p nh mc ca n?
p: Cu ch c chn ct thch anh khi cu ch b t, h quang chy trong khe
ct thch anh, da vo nguyn l khe hp lm tt h quang, h quang tip xc cht
vi vt liu chn chung quang b lm ngui nn tt. Kh nng lm tt h quang ca n
tng i mnh, c th lm tt h quang trc khi dng in t ti tr s nh, c tc
dng hn dng. Nhng n d sinh ra qu p, tnh trng qu p ca n ph thuc vo
in p ni s dng. Nu s dng trong mng in thp hn in p nh mc, qu
in p c th t 3.5 ~ 4 ln in p pha, khin mng in sinh ra in qung, thm
ch ph hoi thit b trong mng in. Nu s dng trong mng in cao hn in p
nh mc ca n th qu p do cu ch sinh ra c kh nng dn n h quang chy li,

- Trang 78 -
khng th lm tt c, hoc gy chy v cu ch, nu s dng trong mng in bng
vi in p nh mc th qu p khi t cu ch ch gp 2 ~ 2.5 ln in p pha ca
mng in, hi cao hn in p dy ca thit b mt t cho nn khng nguy him.

3 - 9 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th s dng cu ch kiu RM 220V trn mng in 380V?
p: Khng c. V phin nng chy ca cu ch kiu RM 220V ch c hai
ch tit din tr nn hp, khi n nng chy, c th tt h quang trong mng in 220V.
nu s dng vo mng in th 380V th mi ch ngt h quang phi chu in p
gp 1.73 ln in p h quang thit k, do di kh h quang ca khe h h
quang khng , n i hi phi c 4 ch ngt h quang mi c th lm tt h quang
mt cch tin cy. Cho nn, cu ch kiu RM 220V khng th s dng trn li in
380V.

3 - 9 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vt nng chy trong cu ch c im nng chy thp v im nng chy
cao c g khc nhau? Ti sao vt nng chy c im nng chy thp thch hp dng
lm bo v qu ti, cn vt nng chy c im nng chy cao thch hp dng bo v
ngn mch?
p: Vt nng chy c im nng chy thp l do ch, km, thic v hp kim
thic ch (antimon) t hp thnh. Nhit lm vic ca n khng chnh lch my so
vi nhit nng chy, h s nng chy tng i nh, tc kh nng ngt ca n
tng i nh. l v khi iu kin di v in tr u c nh th in tr sut
ca im nng chy thp tng i ln. Tit din ca vt nng chy c xu th tng ln
tng ng. Cho nn khi ngt h quang, hm lng hi kim loi trong khe h h quang
tt rt ln, n s gim thp kh nng ngt nn thch hp dng lm bo v qu ti trn
u cui mch nhnh ca mch cp in m dng in ngt mch khng ln.
Vt nng chy c im nng chy cao ch yu c bc v ng. My nm gn
y dng nhm lm vt liu cht nng chy. Nhit lm vic ca n chch lch
rt ln so vi nhit nng chy, h s nng chy rt ln. Do in tr sut ca n
thp, cho nn din tch tit din ca vt nng chy tng i nh, c kh nng ngt
tng i cao. Thch hp dng lm bo v ngn mch m yu cu thi gian nng chy
phi rt ngn, kh nng ngt phi rt cao.

3 - 9 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cht nng chy ca cu ch dng nhng vt liu no? Vt liu dng vi
cao p, thp p c ging nhau khng?
p: Ni chung, vt liu kim loi dng ch to vt nng chy c: ch, hp
kim ch thic(antimon), km, ng, bc, v.v... Vt liu lm vt nng chy in p thp
(500V tr xung) thng dng ch, hp kim ch thic (antimon) v km. Bi v im
nng chy ca chng thp (ln lt l 327
o
C, 200
o
C V 420
o
C). Khi xy ra ngn
mch, d nng chy, nhng tnh dn in ca n km, nn khi dng cc vt liu ny
ch to vt nng chy th tit din s tng i ln, khi vt nng chy ri t hi kim
loi hnh thnh di tc dng ca h quang c lc nh hng khng nghim trng lm
n kh nng lm tt h quang. Nhng trong cao p, do dn in km. Vt nng chy

- Trang 79 -
ln, hi kim loi di tc dng ca h quang lm cho vic th h quang kh khn, nn
thng i sang s dng ng v bc.

3 - 9 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phin nng chy ca cu ch kiu ng giy thp kn, ni chung u
dp bng phin km m khng dng phin ng?
p: Do ng nng chy ca cu ch cun bng giy thp. Nu dng ng lm
phin nng chy th nhit trong ng s lun lun t khong 1000
o
C, nh vy s lm
chy sm vch trong ca ng. Phin nng chy bng km, khng nhng im nng
chy ca n tng i thp (420
o
C) m c tnh nng chy cng tng i tt.

3 - 9 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vt nng chy ca cu ch in p thp c loi lm thnh hnh
dng nh hnh 3 - 9 - 13?
p: Sau khi vt nng chy ca cu ch in p thp lm thnh hnh dng nh
hnh v, do in tr v mt dng in phn hp tng i ln, nn nhit lng
sinh ra ch hp s nhiu hn ch rng. Khi lm vic bnh
thng, nhit lng ca ch hp s truyn n ch rng v u
tip xc ta vo trong mi cht chung quanh. Khi dng in qu
ti hoc ngn mch chy qua, nhit lng sinh ra ch hp
khng kp truyn dn khin ch hp nhanh chng nng ln n
im nng chy nn b nng chy, hnh thnh mt s on h
quang ngn. Di tc dng ca trng lc, ch rng ca vt nng chy cn li s ri
xung, khin h quang b ko di lm tt nhanh h quang.

3 - 9 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu cu ch c th bo v qu ti cho ng c khng ng b khng?
p: Khng c. cu ch khng b nng chy khi khi ng ng c,
dng in nh mc ca cu ch phi ln hn dng in nh mc ca ng c 1.5 ~
2.5 ln. Nh vy, cho d ng c qu ph ti 50% th cu ch vn cha nng chy;
nhng vi ng c th chu c mt gi b chy ri. Cho nn, cu ch ch c th
bo v ngn mch cho mt in, dy dn, thit b cng tc, ch khng c tc dng
bo v qu ti. Ch c lp thm rle nhit mi c th bo v qu ti cho mt.

3 - 9 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu ch pha cao p ca b h cm in p li dng dy hp kim
ng m khng dng dy nng chy bnh thng
p: Cu ch pha cao p b h cm in p l dng ngt dng in ngn
mch. Dy cu ch ni chung trong ng chn ct thch anh nhm c li cho vic
lm tt h quang. hn ch dng ngn mch tr khng ca dy cu ch phi ln mt
cht, do phi cn di nht nh, nhm gim thiu tr s nh sng. Nu dng dy
hp kim ng lm dy cu ch th do cng c hc ca n tng i cao, dy cu
ch c th ch to mnh, tr s in tr cng tng i ln. Cho nn s dng dy hp
kim ng l hp l hn s dng dy cu ch bnh thng.

3 - 9 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 80 -
Hi: Ti sao cu ch cao p khng th bo v qu ti cho b h cm in p?
p: Cu ch cao p l cn c cng c hc chn tit din nh nht,
cng dng in nh mc ca n ln hn nhiu ln dng in nh mc ca b h
cm in p, cho nn khng th lm bo v qu ti.
Cu ch s dng bn cao p b h cm in p 35 ngn vn tr xung ch lm
bo v ngn mch ca bn thn n (ngn mch gia cc vng c th khng nng chy)
v bo v ngn mch trn dy ni gia b h cm vi mng in, ch khng lm bo
v qu ti.

3 - 9 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp ng cu ch ri kiu hai ln ng (trng hp), ti sao phi qui nh
nghim ngt, ng dy cu ch to thnh gc 30
o
vi ng thng ng?
p: ng dy cu ch ri kiu trng hp c yu cu l sau khi dy cu ch t,
ng cu ch ri xung, p vo tay khuu, khin mt ng cu ch d b khc t ng
ng li. t c tc dng nh vy, phi l cho ng cu ch to vi ng thng
ng gc 30
o
.
Nu gc qu nh, sau khi dy cu ch t, do gc qu nh, trng lc khng
nn ng cu ch khng ri xung. Nu gc qu ln, lc p vo tay khuu ca ng cu
ch ri xung gim nh (qun tnh tng i nh) khin ng cu ch d b khng th
ng li, khng c tc dng trng hp.

3 - 9 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u trn ca mt s loi ng cu ch ri c bt kn bng mt lp
mng mng kim loi?
p: l nhm tng kh nng lm tt h quang khi dy cu ch t ng cu
ch ca cu ch ri ni chung u l l rng trn di, khi cu ch ngt dng in nh,
do hai u thot kh, p lc cht kh nh nn kh tt h quang. Sau khi bt kn mt u,
c th khin p lc kh khi xy ra h quang tng ln gp i, nn c th lm tt h
quang thun li. Nhng khi ngt dng in ln, s lm cho p lc kh nn qu cao, c
th gy n ng cu ch. cho an ton, dng mng mng kim loi bt kn u trn,
khi ngt dng in ln nu p lc kh qu ln s ph v mng kim loi, tr thnh thot
kh hai u. Nh vy c th thc hin c va kh h quang thun li va khng lm
n ng cu ch.

3 - 9 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu ch ni chung u lp trong phng, cn cu ch kiu ri li
khng nn lp trong phng ?
p: Vt nng chy ca cu ch ph thng khi t, h quang v cht kh khng
phun t trong cu ch ra, an ton, tin cy. Cn vt nng chy ca cu ch kiu ri khi
t s c h quang phun t trong ng ra c th lm b thng nhn vin bo dng,
gy ra s c hoc dn n ha hon. V th, khng nn lp trong phng.

3 - 9 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u gia v xoy ca cu ch xoy nn lp trn dy vo ca ngun
in cn u ni vi v xoy nn lp trn dy ra ca cu ch?

- Trang 81 -
p: Li nng chy ca cu ch kiu xoy u gia hai u u dy. Nu ni
dy vo ca ngun in vi u gia v xoy, dy ra ni vi v xoy th khi lp li
nng chy v kim tra sa cha, nu dng c kim loi chm phi v gy ngn mch th
li s nng chy, trnh c m rng s c. Nu u ngc li, th v xoy d chm
vi bn ngoi, xy ra tnh hnh ni trn s khng c li nng chy bo v.

3 - 9 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu ch phi hp vi cng tc ph ti c ci lp pha trn cng tc
c ci lp pha di cng tc?
p: Cng tc ph ti ch c th ngt dng in ph ti, do phi lp thm
cu ch hon thnh nhim v ngt dng in ngn mch. Khi cng tc ph ti xy ra
ngn mch h quang th cu ch c th ngt dng in ngn mch mt cch tin cy, do
cu ch phi lp pha dy vo ca ngun in. Nu dy vo ca ngun in l t
pha trn a vo th lp pha trn ca cng tc, ngc li, dy vo ca ngun in l
t di a vo th phi lp pha di ca cng tc.
Nu lp pha dy ra ca ph ti, nu cng tc ph ti xy ra s c ngn mch h
quang, do cu ch ngoi dng in s c nn khng c tc dng m n m nhim.

3 - 9 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt np hp cu ch hnh trn gia dng u c 4 l nh, c tc dng g?
p: Bn l nh ny c tc dng chng n. Bi v khi dy cu ch t, s sinh
ra p lc tng i ln trong hp, li cng thm nhit cao ca h quang rt c th
lm n hp cu ch. C cc l nh ny gip thot cht kh cao p qua l, phng c
n.

3 - 9 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy cu ch ca cng tc cu dao ti sao khng lp pha ngun in?
p: Nu lp dy cu ch vo mt trc cu dao (pha ngun in), sau khi ko
tch cu dao, dy cu ch cha tch khi ngun in, vn c in, nu mun kim tra
hoc thay dy cu ch th phi lm vic c in d gy nn s c in git. cho an
ton, phi lp dy cu ch pha sau cu dao (pha ph ti).

3 - 9 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C cch tnh ton n gin no v ln ca dy cu ch khng?
p: Tnh ton dy cu ch bng antimon (hp kim ch thic) hoc thun ch,
tit din trn, loi thng dng ph thng, ch cn ghi nh mi tng quan cng
dng in nng chy t l thun vi ly tha phn 3/2 ca ng knh v ch s 10
Quan h ny nh sau: cng dng in (A) = 10 x d
3/2
= 10. ( )
3
d , (d: ng knh
(mm)). V d: cng dng in lm nng chy dy cu ch s 18, h c th tm
c nh sau: ng knh dy ch s 18 l 1.2mm; vy, cng dng in = 10 x
(1.2)
3/2
= 13A. Nu dng dy ng cng s th cng dng in l bao nhiu?
y cn lu : ch s ca ng khc vi ch, khng phi l 10 m l 80, cho nn:
cng dng in = 80 x (1.2)
3/2
= 105A. ng nhin quan h ny cng c th s
dng ngc li. V d Hi: dy cu ch 50A th ng knh l bao nhiu? Nu nh
dng dy nng chy bng ng th ng knh l bao nhiu?

- Trang 82 -
ng knh = (1/10 cng dng in)
2/3
=(1/10 x 50)
2/3
=2.9mm (tc dy cu
ch s 12), nu dng dy ng th ng knh =(1/80 dng in)
2/3
= (l/80 x 50)
2/3
=
0.73mm (tc dy ng s 22).

3 - 9 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong np trn cu ch mt cc (nh th hin hnh 3 - 9 - 25) ti sao phi
li ln mt cc?
p: Dy cu ch trong cu ch mt cc u trn phin
cm hai bn, gia bc qua ming s li ln. Khi dy cu ch
nng chy, trc tin nng chy on gia v b ming s li
ngn ra, tng khong cch gia hai cc, c tc dng kh h
quang.

3 - 9 - 26 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai phng php lp dy cu ch cng tc cu dao nh
th hin hnh 3 - 9 - 26 (a), (b), phng php no tng i tt?
p: Phng php hnh (b) tt hn. Bi v khi dng vt
sit dy cu ch, c mt lc ko dui khin dy cu ch b ko nh,
cn dy cu ch hnh (b) c phn cong c th trnh c iu
khi sit cht vt.

3 - 9 - 27 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng cu ch kiu RM sau khi ngt ba ln dng in s c ngn
mch th phi thay ng cu ch mi?
p: V vch trong ca ng cu ch kiu ny u lm bng ng giy thp cch
in, ni chung, sau khi ngt dng in s c ngn mch ba ln th vch trong ca ng
do phi phn gii ra kh cao p nn b bc hi mt tnh nng bo v ngn mch bnh
thng, khin n khng th c c s bo v tin cy.

3 - 9 - 28 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt cng on no tng thm thit b sn xut, in lng s dng
tng tng i ln so vi trc. V cng on ny m dy cu ch trong cu ch kiu
hp ca tng ngun in thay dy ln tng ng. Nhng qua mt thi gian, pht
hin in p ba pha u thit b dng in c hin tng khng cn bng, dng in
cng nhiu th hin tng khng cn bng cng nghim trng. Ti sao?
p: Khi do dung lng khng m phi thay cu ch th phi thay c hp.
Nu ch thay dy cu ch ch tr cm ni ca cu ch tt s do qu dng khin nhit
tng cao, trong mt pha hoc hai pha s b xy ha nghim trng, khin in tr
tip xc tng, gy nn st p tng i ln, dn n in p ba pha mt cn bng.
Dng in cng ln th st p ca mt pha hoc hai pha ny s cng ln, s mt cn
bng ca ba pha cng nghim trng.


- Trang 83 -
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng

3 - 10 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: L sch kh h quang trong thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch
khng kh t ng ti sao phi lm bng thp? Bn ngoi thp sao li cn phi m
ng (hoc km)?
p: Thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch khng kh t ng (nh kiu
DZ1, DW2) lm vic da vo nguyn l li dng h quang ngn, tc khi u tip xc
ngt th h quang sinh ra gia du tip xc s b ht vo trong l sch kh h quang.
L sch s chia ct h quang thnh rt nhiu on nh (h quang ngn) lm tt h
quang. Mun gim thi gian tt h quang th phi nng cao tc ht h quang vo l
sch. Qua th nghim chng minh rng, vi cc iu kin khc nh nhau, trong phm
vi tt c dng in ngt, thi gian bn tt h quang ca l sch thp u nh hn ng.
l do l sch thp c hiu ng gn st lm tng lc ht. Do c tnh ny ca l sch
thp, nn l sch kh h quang phi lm bng thp.
Nhng thp rt d b xy ha dn n b g. V th p dng phng php m
ng ln l sch ( tin li v cng ngh, cng p dng m km) bo m tnh
chu n mn ca l sch.

3 -10 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c nhng cng tc t ng, u tip xc ng ca mi cc gm 3
u tip xc ghp song song to thnh?
p: u tip xc ng ca mi cc cng tc t ng dng in ln gm u
tip xc chnh, u tip xc h quang v u tip xc ph to thnh. phn tip xc
ca u tip xc chnh c gn ming bc, ch yu cho dng in lm vic chy qua.
u tip xc h quang lm bng vt liu bt bc - vonfram chu h quang, dng
bo v u tip xc chnh, trnh h quang lm hng u tip xc chnh khi ng hoc
ngt dng in. Khi thng in, trc tin u thng u tip xc h quang. Khi ngt
dng in th ngt u tip xc h quang sau cng, gia u tip xc chnh vi u
tip xc h quang mc song song mt u tip xc ph, l nhm phng nga u tip
xc trong qu trnh ngt, thi im dng in t u tip xc chnh chuyn n u
tip xc h quang, do st p qu ln m sinh ra h quang thiu hng u tip xc
chnh.

3 - 10 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u tip xc ca cng tc t ng in p thp ti sao phn ln lm bng
bc hoc hp kim bc, m khng dng ng?
p: So snh vi ng th tnh nng chng mn do h quang ca bc tt hn,
in tr tip xc nh, kh nng ti in mnh. Cng tc t ng do in p thp, dng
in chy qua ln, nn vt liu u tip xc ni chung dng kim loi bc lm c s.
Nu dng hp kim bc th c th gim thiu lng mn, nng cao kh nng ti dng
in. Nu cho thm 12% xyt cadimi vo trong bc th kim loi u tip xc do h
quang m b bc hi, mt phn c th kt hp li vi xy, li trn b mt u tip xc
t gim lng mn hng v nng cao tnh chng nng chy, nng cao ng k kh
nng thng mch.

- Trang 84 -
Tn s thao tc ca cng tc t ng tng i thp. Do , khuyt im
cng c hc thp hn ng ca vt liu bc nh hng khng ln n tnh nng
lm vic; tuy gi thnh ca bc tng i t, nhng xt ton din th vn l hp l.

3 - 10 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u tip xc ca thit b in cng tc in p thp, nu dng u tip
xc bc hoc hp kim gc bc, sau khi xy ha, ni chung khng yu cu co b mng
xy ha, nu l u tip xc bng ng th yu cu phi nh k co b lp oxy ha,
nhng u tip xc bng ng ca b tip xc xoay chiu li ngoi l. Ti sao?
p: Trong qu trnh s dng, u tip xc bng bc hoc hp kim gc bc s
b xy ha hoc sunfat ha tr nn en, tuy c lm tng in tr tip xc ca u tip
xc ln cht t, nhng nhit u tip xc tng ln khng ln, khng nh hng vn
hnh bnh thng; do khng yu cu co b ln xy ha. Nhng, i vi u tip
xc bng ng th khc, do h s in tr ca my xy ha hoc mng sunfat ng
tng i ln, nu khng co b n s dn n nhit u tip xc tng cao, nh
hng n vn hnh bnh thng. Do , u tip xc bng ng ca thit b in phi
nh k co b mng xy ha. Nhng, b tip xc xoay chiu thuc loi thit b in
thao tc dy th mng xy ha hoc mng sunfat ha u tip xc ch cn ngt - ng
vi ln l c th b ma st gia u tip xc ng, tnh lm sch n, khng cn x l
ring.

3 - 10 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn mt s phn phi in in p thp s dng cng tc khng
kh t ng li cn mc ni tip b tip xc xoay chiu?
p: Cng tc khng kh t ng c tc dng bo v qu dng, ngn mch, mt
p. Nhng trn kt cu ca n ch trng nng cao tnh nng kh h quang, khng thch
hp s ln thao tc dy. Cn b tip xc xoay chiu, v mt kt cu, khng c tc dng
bo v qu ti, ngn mch, nhng thch hp vi s ln thao tc dy. Do , nhng
ni i hi s ln thao tc nhiu dng in lm vic bnh thng th thng s dng
cng tc khng kh t ng mc ni tip b tip xc xoay chiu. B tip xc m nhn
vic ni thng v ct ngt dng in lm vic ca mch in, cn cng tc khng kh
t ng m nhim bo v qu ti, ngn mch, mt p.


- Trang 85 -
3 - 11 Nam chm in

3 - 11 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao lc ht ca nam chm in khi khi ng l nh nht, khi ht l
ln nht?
p: Lc ht ca nam chm in mt chiu t l thun vi bnh phng mt
t thng trong khe h khng kh. Sau khi ht ngm li st, khe h khng kh rt li
n v tr nh nht, t tr ca mch t cng gim n tr s nh nht. Lng t thng
trong st in t (nam chm in) | = NI/R. Do t th NI ca nam chm in mt
chiu khng i, t tr R li gim n tr s nh nht, do t thng | tng n tr s
ln nht, mt t thng cng t tr s ln nht, cho nn lc ht cng l tr s ln
nht. Ngc li, khi khi ng, lc ht nh nht.

3 - 11 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng t kiu van mt chiu dp cc c tc dng g?
p: Lp dp cc ln li st va tng c dn t ca khe h lm vic 1,
va tng c dn t ca khe h r t 2 (xem hnh 3 - 11 - 2a). Khi hm st v tr
ngt (h), li st trng thi khng bo ha s tn ti ca dp t lm tng lng t
thng trong khe h lm vic, tng lc ht khi hm st v tr ng (hp), li st
trng thi bo ha, s tn ti ca dp t khin t r tng i nhiu, lm gim lng
t thng trong khe h lm vic, lm gim lc ht. Cho nn lp thm dp t c th lm
cho c tnh ht ca h thng t kiu van mt chiu tr nn tng i bnh n (xem 3 -
11 - 2b). Nh vy, gim bt mt s vng cng c th bo m khi ng; lm cho kt
cu ca thit b cht gn, ng thi khi hm st ng, lc xung kch gim, c th ko
di tui th s dng.

3 - 11 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hnh dng ca nam chm in mt chiu tng i thon di, cn
hnh dng ca nam chm in xoay chiu tng i mp ngn?
p: V nhit lng trong cun dy nam chm in mt chiu tn nhit ch
yu da vo b mt bn trong ca n thng qua li st. c li cho s tn nhit, i
hi din tch mt trong phi ln, nn ch to thnh dng thon di. Trong li st ca
nam chm in xoay chiu to ra t tr v dng xoy. V th li st cng nh cun dy
l ngun nhit, c li cho s tn nhit, yu cu li st phi ngn, cun dy cng
mp hn mt cht.

3 - 11 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nam chm in mt chiu c in p nh mc l 220V, u vo ngun
in mt chiu 110V, ti sao hm st khng th ht ng? Nu gim s vng ca cun

- Trang 86 -
dy kch t sn c xung cn mt na, ri u vo ngun in 220V, nam chm in
c th hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Cng dng in kch t ca nam chm in mt chiu quyt nh bi
in p ngoi v in tr ca cun dy kch t (I = U/R). S vng khng thay i (tc
R khng thay i) nu in p gim mt na th dng in kch t cng s gim mt
na, khin t th IW (tc ampe s vng kch t) cng gim mt na, dn n lc ht
khng , v th hm st khng th ht ng.
Nu gim s vng ca cun dy tnh t xung cn mt na, tc R gim mt
na, cn in p khng i, th dng in kch t tng gp i. V th, ampe s vng
kim t tng khng i, lc ht khng i. Nam chm in vn c th ht, nhng dng
in trong cun dy tng gp i, nu vn dng dy dn c ng knh nh c th s b
chy do pht nhit qu nhiu.

3 - 11 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn li st nam chm in xoay chiu ba pha khng lp vng ngn
mch m lc ht vn n nh?
p: Trn mi tr li ca nam chm in xoay chiu ba pha u c mt cun
dy. V dng in ca cc pha u lch nhau 120
o
v thi gian, nh vy lc ht do mi
tr li sinh ra cng lch pha, cho nn tng lc ht do chng sinh ra bt c
thi im no cng khng bng 0, tc l bt c thi im no th nam chm in
xoay chiu ba pha cng u c lc ht ht cht hm st. Cho nn, khng lp vng
ngn mch vn c th lm cho hm st b ht mt cch rt n nh.

3 - 11 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu mun ko di thi gian ng tc nh ra (phng
thch), liu c th dng phng php cn chn in t ca nam chm in mt chiu?
p: Khng c. i vi nam chm in mt chiu, khi phng thch, t thng
ca t t tr s 'n nh ln nht gim xung theo th ng cong hm s m. Nu
dng phng php cn chn bng in t c th khin s suy gim ca t thng chm
li, ko di c thi gian ng tc phng thch. Nhng t thng ca nam chm in
xoay chiu l giao bin khi nam chm phng thch, t thng ca n cha chc bt
u t tr s ln nht gim xung m c lin quan vi gc pha khi ngt ngun in,
nn khng th dng phng php cn chn in t ko di thi gian phng thch
c. Nam chm in xoay chiu c th p dng c cu hc ph hoc dng phng
php kh ng ko di thi gian ng tc phng thch.

3 - 11 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu, in p nh mc 127V, in p ngun in
220V, c th p dng phng php ni tip in tr gim in p khng?
p: Khng c. V tr khng sau khi ht ca nam chm in xoay chiu
tng gp gn 10 ln so vi tr khng trc khi ht. Nu cn c vo tr khng sau khi
ht b tr in tr gim p th tr s in tr rt ln, khin khi khi ng, phn ln
in p st gim trn in tr mc ni tip; sc ht ca nam chm s rt yu. Nu b
tr in tr st p theo tr khng trc khi ht th tr s in tr li qu nh, sau khi ht
s khng th bo m in p hai u nam chm st cn 127V, khin nam chm in
b chy do qu dng.

- Trang 87 -

3 - 11 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cun dy ca nam chm din xoay chiu v mt chiu u c ngn
mch gia cc dng nh nhau, th s nguy hi ca loi no ln? Ti sao?
p: Khi cun dy xoay chiu, mt chiu xy ra ngn mch gia cc vng
ging nhau, th s nguy hi ca cun dy xoay chiu nghim trng hn nhiu. V khi
ngn mch gia cc vng ca cun dy mt chiu th ch khin tng tr s in tr
gim mt t, s tn hao in nng v s thay i ampe s vng khng tht r rt, nu
s vng b ngn mch khng chim t l rt ln ca tng s vng th s khng nh
hng hiu qu vn hnh ca cun dy. Cun dy xoay chiu th khc, n tng t
nh bin th, vng ngn mch s sinh ra dng in ngn mch tng i ln, khng
nhng dn n nhit cun dy tng cao, thm ch chy hng, ng thi ampe s
vng do dng in ngn mch sinh ra v tc dng ca t thng chnh lun lun ngc
nhau, t thng hu hiu ca n do tc dng ca dng in ngn mch nn gim xung,
c th lm yu sc ht ca nam chm in. Cho nn, hu qu do ngn mch gia cc
vng ca cun dy xoay chiu gy nn l tng i nghim trng.

3 - 11 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b hm m s ln thao tc trn 300 ln/ gi, khng c s
dng nam chm in xoay chiu?
p: Dng in khi ng ca nam chm in xoay chiu ln hn 10 ln so
vi tr s dng in nh mc khi n ht. Do , khi dng vi thit b hm trn 300
ln/ gi th s lm cho nhit cun dy vt qu tr s cho php, lc ny d khng b
chy hng th cng do cch in ca cun dy qu nng, lm gim tui th s dng,
cho nn khng kinh t.

3 - 11 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nam chm in ca thit b in my ci c xoay chiu v mt chiu,
nhng mm ht in t ch c mt chiu, ch khng s dng xoay chiu. Ti sao?
p: Mm ht in t dng ht cht chi tit, tin hnh gia cng. Mm
in t c cung cp bi in mt chiu th lc ht ca n khng i. Nu s dng
loi cung cp bi in xoay chiu, do ln v chiu ca dng in xoay chiu thay
i theo thi gian, cho nn t trng cng thay i theo, dn n chi tit gia cng b
chn ng, nh hng n chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit.

3 - 11 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nam chm in ko bi mt pha thng lt phin ng vo gia
li st hot ng v li st c nh m khng th hnh thnh mch vng?
p: Khi li st ng vn ng, nu khe h vi li st c nh khng th duy
tr u gia hai bn th s b ht v bn nh, v th s tng ng k lc ht v lc ma
st v pha bn cnh, trit tiu sc ht ko xung. Khi lt ming ng vo gia hai li
st, do ng l cht khng c t tnh, tng ng vi vic gia hai li st c khe h
nht nh, lc ht v bn cnh khng n ni qu ln, nh hng i vi lc ht
xung s khng r rt. Nhng phin ng khng c hnh thnh mch vng, nu
khng bn trong s c in p cm ng, sinh ra dng in ngn mch, tng thm tn
hao v nhit .

- Trang 88 -


3 - 11 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng nam chm in xoay chiu lm b hm, ti sao phi xt n
s ln thng mch mi gi ca n?
p: V dng in cun dy ca nam chm in xoay chiu thay i theo v tr
ca hm st. Khi hm st v tr ngt, tr khng ca cun dy hu nh bng in tr
ca dy dn, cn thi im hm st bt u ht, dng in s ln hn khong 10 ~ 20
ln so vi khi v tr ng. S tng nhit ca cun dy chu nh hng ca dng
in xung kch nhiu ln l tng i ln, nn khi s dng nam chm in xoay chiu
cn cn xt n s ln thng mch mi gi.

3 - 11 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: inh tn ca li st nam chm in xoay chiu ti sao ch dng mt hng
m khng dng hai hng?
p: inh tn nu dng hai hng hoc nhiu hng c th nng cao cht lng
tn ca li st, nhng inh tn hai hng hoc nhiu hng s cng vi tm kp hai mt
ca li st hnh thnh cun dy ngn mch, s sinh ra dng in cm ng, tng tn hao
v c th nng cao cc b, nn khng c ng dng. Cho nn ch c th ng dng
thit k mt hng.


- Trang 89 -
3 - 12 B tip xc

3 - 12 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vng ng ngn mch trn li st b tip xc c tc dng g?
p: Cng dng din xoay chiu lun thay i v ln v chiu, trong
khi thay i, phi khng ngng i qua tr s 0 khi dng
in trong cun dy in t l 0 lc ht gia li st cng
st xung tr s 0, do tc dng ca l xo, li st s tch
ra, nhng thi gian tr s 0 rt ngn, lc ht mau chng
t tr s 0 tng ln, khin li st cha tch ra d ht tr
li, li st c th khng ngng ht, tch khin cng tc
sinh ra tp m chn ng. Nu trn b mt li st tng
thm cun dy ng ngn mch, th khi ng sc t
chy qua cun dy ng khin mt phn t thng |
2

(xem hnh 3 - 12 - 1) trong cun dy ng i sau t thng |
l
ngoi cun dy ng, tc
gia |
2
v |
l
c lch pha. Khi l 0 th |
2
khng bng 0, khi |
2
l th |
l
khng bng 0
cho nn tng lng t thng | c th duy tr mt tr s nht nh tr ln, khin sc
ht khng nh hn lc ko ca l xo, li st s khng tch ra, do loi tr c tp
m chn ng.

3 - 12 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C b tip xc xoay chiu v mt chiu, lm sao phn bit my?
p: Phn bit c chng t vt liu v kt cu ca li st b tip xc. V
ln v chiu t thng ca b tip xc xoay chiu lun thay i, nn li st ca n do
cc phin thp silic xp chng ln nhau m thnh. Cn t thng ca b tip xc in
mt chiu l c nh, thng thng li st ca n do thp tm v thp trn to thnh.
Ngoi ra, i vi b tip xc xoay chiu, do khi t thng qua O s gy nn rung v tp
m ca con chy, nn trn li st c lp vng ngn mch trnh xy ra rung; cn b
tip xc in mt chiu do t thng c nh nn khng cn lp vng ngn mch.

3 - 12 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc in mt chiu 220V u vo in p xoay chiu 220V
li khng c ng tc. Cn b tip xc in xoay chiu 220V sau khi u vo in p
mt chiu 220V li c th c ng tc; nhng ng thi cn phi u ni tip thm
in tr?
p: Cun dy ca b tip xc u c in cm rt ln. in cm i vi in
xoay chiu s sinh ra cm khng, cho nn b tip xc mt chiu sau khi u vo in
p xoay chiu, ch c dng in xoay chiu nh hn nhiu so vi dng in mt chiu
i qua cng khng th ht hm st. Cn b tip xc xoay chiu sau khi u vi in
mt chiu, do cm khng khng c tc dng i vi in mt chiu, cho nn dng in
mt chiu chy qua ln hn nhiu so vi dng in xoay chiu c, nh vy s c th
ht hm st. Do dng in qu ln, phi mc ni tip in tr ph, nu khng s chy
cun dy.

3 - 12 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 90 -
Hi: C th mc ni tip hai cun dy ht ca b tip xc 110V ri u vo
ngun din 220V dng?
p: Cho d hai b tip xc u cng nhn hiu, nhng do sai s v mt ch
to khin thi gian c ng tc ca hai ci khng th hon ton thng nht. Do khi
u theo phng php trn s dng, th cun dy b tip xc ng trc s c tr
khng gp khong 10 ln ci kia; kt qu s lm b tip xc kia do in p nhn c
qu thp khng th ht; cn ci ht trc do in p u qu cao nn b chy.

3 - 12 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu thc hin ng tc nhiu ln th nhit tng
cao, i sang dng nam chm in mt chiu cng thc hin ng tc vi s ln nh
vy, tnh hnh nhit liu c tng t nhau?
p: Trong qu trnh hm st ht, dng in ca nam chm in xoay chiu
thay i rt ln. Trc khi hm st ht, khe h gia hm st vi li st tng i ln,
in khng ca cun dy nam chm in tng i nh, in khng ca cun dy tng
ln, dng in gim. Dng in trc khi ht c th ln hn 10 ln so vi dng in
sau khi ht. Nam chm in c ng tc mt ln th s c va p dng in xung kch
mt ln, cho nn nhit ca cun dy st rt cao. Cn dng in chy qua trong cun
dy nam chm in mt chiu, trong qu trnh ht hi tng ln theo gim ca khe
h, cho n khi hm st ngng vn ng, dng in mi t tr s nh mc, l do
s thay i ca t thng trong qu trnh ht khin cun dy sinh ra in khng lm
gim dng in. Do , khi nam chm in mt chiu thc hin ng tc khng c s
xung kch dng din, nhit ca cun khng v thao tc nhiu m tng cao.

3 - 12 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi do s c, hm st ca b tip xc xoay chiu b mc kt th
cun dy d b chy hng?
p: Cn c vo cng thc:
8
10 f 44 . 4 E U

e = ~
8
10
f 44 . 4
U

e
=
i vi mt hm st, s vng cun dy w, in p U v tn s f ca mch in
l c nh khng i. Do , t thng xuyn qua cun dy l mt hng s. Dng in
chy qua cun dy chnh l dng in kch t cn thit sinh ra t thng . N t l
thun vi t tr li st R. Khi hm st cha ng th t tr ca n l ln nht, cho nn
dng in ln nht i vi mch t dng p th dng in ny c th t ti gp 5 - 6
ln dng in nh mc, i vi mch t dng E c th t ti 10 - 15 ln). Cho nn,
khi hm st b kt, dng in chy qua trong cun dy s ln nht, khin cun dy b
chy hng do qu nng.

3 - 12 -7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn li st b tip xc xoay chiu c lp vng ngn mch, cn trn
li st rle qu dng kiu in t xoay chiu c th khng lp vng ngn mch?
p: Vng ngn mch trn b tip xc xoay chiu l dng phng nga rung
khi ht do dng in giao bin gy nn. Cn rle qu dng xoay chiu khi hot ng

- Trang 91 -
bnh thng th li st vo trng thi ngt, ch khi ng dy xy ra s c ngn mch
mi ht, ri lp tc khi phc v tr ngt, do rle qu dng xoay chiu ch ht thi gian
ngn khi v tr ngt th vng ngn mch khng c tc dng, cho nn c th khng lp
vng ngn mch.

3 - 12 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b tip xc xoay chiu hot ng, thng pht ra tp m. Nguyn
nhn do u?
p: Sinh ra tp m, c th do cc nguyn nhn sau y: (1) Trn mt tip xc
gia li st ng, tnh b bn, khin li st ht khng cht. (2) in p ngun qu thp,
sc ht ca cun dy khng . (3) Vng ngn mch ca mch t li st b nt gy,
gy chn ng rt ln, n ni khng th hot ng bnh thng.

3 - 12 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sn phm cng nhn hiu ca b tip xc h KT, ti sao mt s u tip
xc bng ng ca n phi gn thm ming bc?
p: Trn mt tip xc ca u tip xc b tip xc c nhng li lm rt nh,
cho d khi ng, th nc v cc cht hot ng ha hc tng i mnh khc vn c
th chui vo trong khe h gia u tip xc, khin trn mt tip xc hnh thnh lp
mng xy hoa. Mng xy ha ca u tip xc bng ng nhit trong phng rt
mng, trong qu trnh u tip xc ca b tip xc c nhau s t b xa ty, cho nn
nh hng i vi in tr tip xc khng ln. Nhng khi s ln thao tc ca u tip
xc khng nhiu, li thng in lu th mng xy ha trn u tip xc bng ng s
khng ty xa c in tr tip xc tng mnh; khin u tip xc qu nng, thm
ch nng chy. Nhng h s in tr ca bc sau khi b xy ha chnh lch khng my
so vi bc thun cht, hn na khi nhit tng cao th in tr cng tng khng
nhiu, cho nn, khi b tip xc thao tc khng nhiu, li thng in lu th trn mt
u tip xc bng ng c gn thm ming bc.

3 - 12 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc cc b tip xc dng thang my thng dng than,
ch khng dng bc hoc ng nh cc u tip xc thng thng?
p: Khi u tip xc phng thch, gia u tip xc s sinh ra tia la v h
quang. Khi tip xc nhiu ln, u tip xc c th b dnh cht. S d u tip xc ca
rle dng trn thang my s dng u than chnh l nhm trnh b dnh khi s dng
nhiu ln, dn n s c.

3 - 12 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mt u tip xc ca b tip xc c mt lp mng mng mu en, c
cn loi b n i khng"
p: Khng cn phi loi b. V lp mng mng mu en trn u tip xc l
mng xy ha sinh ra khi u tip xc cha bc ngt h quang. in tr tip xc ca
lp mng xy ha ny rt thp, c bn khng gy ra tip xc km, ngc li n c th
c tc dng bo v u tip xc. Nu dng da hoc mi loi b n, ngc li c
th gy mn hng u tip xc khng ng c.


- Trang 92 -
3 - 12 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ca b tip xc ni chung yu cu qu hnh trnh?
p: u tip xc ng v u tip xc tnh ca b tip xc sau khi tip xc th
hm st (hoc pha u tip xc ng) tip tc chuyn ng mt qung cho n khi
hon ton ht cht, gi l qu hnh trnh.
Qu hnh trnh c th bo m s tip xc tin cy ca u tip xc, gim chn
ng sau khi u tip xc ht. Hn na, s trt ca u tip xc ng tnh ca mt
s b tip xc trong khong cch ny cn c th xa ty mng xy ha hoc cht bn
trn mt u tip xc.

3 - 12 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi u tip xc ca b tip xc, rle va ht, th trn u tip xc
ng phi tng thm mt p lc ban u?
p: Khi u tip xc ca b tip xc, rle va ht, do u tip xc tnh c
nh bt ng, khin u tip xc ng chu tc dng phn lc, sinh ra nhy n hi;
cng cn do khi u tip xc mang in ni thng, sinh ra lc in ng y nhau,
khin u tip xc nhy n hi. Kt qu gia u tip xc sinh ra hng chui h
quang ngn hoc tia la, khin u tip xc b tn tht nghim trng, hnh thnh can
nhiu cao tn, khi nghim trng c th khin u tip xc b chy nng. Nu khi u
tip xc va thng mch, tng thm mt p lc ban u ln u tip xc ng th c
th cn tr hoc lm gim rung nhy ca u tip xc khi ht.

3 - 12 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn u tip xc ca mt s b tip xc mt chiu mc song song
mt t in cn trn u tip xc ca b tip xc xoay chiu li khng c?
p: Khi mch in ngt, do cun dy phng ra t nng tch tr, to ra cao p
sinh ra tia la gia hai u tip xc b tch ra, lm chy hng u tip xc. Sau khi
mc song song mt t in ln u tip xc, khi u tip xc tch ra, t in va c th
tch tr t nng do mch in phng ra va trnh c sinh ra cao p, cng ngn chn
c tia la sinh ra gia hai u tip xc. V t in c th cho dng in xoay chiu
qua, cho nn trong mch in xoay chiu khng th mc song song t in vo u
tip xc ca b tip xc xoay chiu.

3 - 12 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong mch v ca cun dy mt s b tip xc mt chiu c mc
in tr kinh t, cn b tip xc xoay chiu khng c?
p: Sau khi b tip xc mt chiu thc hin ng tc t
th khng thay i, nhng t tr gim nh cho nn sc ht tng
ln. Sau khi ng tc, trong mch v ca cun dy mc ni tip
mt in tr nh th hin hnh 3 - 12 - 15, khin t th gim,
cn sc ht c bn khng thay i s khng nh hng n s
hot ng ca b tip xc. Hn na, n c th y nhanh ng
tc ca b tip xc mt chiu. V khi ng cu dao, em
ngun in cao hn in p nh mc trc tip t ln cun dy
ca b tip xc, tng nhanh qu trnh qu . Do sau khi ng cu dao, li dng u
tip xc thng ng ca bn thn, a in tr vo, gim thp tr s cng dng

- Trang 93 -
in, gim thiu tiu hao, cho nn gi l in tr kinh t. Cn sau khi b tip xc xoay
chiu c ng tc, do in cm tng ln, khin t th ca cun dy gim, cho nn sau
khi ng tc, tuy t tr gim nhng sc ht khng thay i ln, cho nn khng th
mc ni tip in tr kinh t.


3 - 12 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt my tin s dng b khi ng t xoay chiu lm cng tc ngun,
thng xut hin mt cch khng qui lut hin tng khng th ngt c ngun in
khi dng nt n. Qua kim tra, ng dy v cng tc nt n u khng hng. l do
nguyn nhn g?
p: l do trong my qu nhim bi khin trn li st b tip xc ca b
khi ng t tip xc dnh du, gy nn hin tng dnh li st ng. V th, khi cun
dy ngt in, tuy ng dy v cng tc nt n u khng hng nhng do li st
khng th tch ra, kt qu dn n mch in khng th ngt in.

3 - 12 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc ng vn hnh phi thng xuyn lm v sinh ch mt
cc li st?
p: Ch mt cc li st ca b tip xc tch t nhiu bi bm s dn n li
st ca b tip xc ng khng tt, sinh ra chn ng v ting n, khi nghim trng c
th chy cun dy, c lc do dnh du m khng th nh ra. Ngoi ra cn nh hng
n mc chu p ca b tip xc. V th, b tip xc ang vn hnh phi thng
xuyn lm sch bi bm v bn du.

3 - 12 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B tip xc xoay chiu li st dng E sau khi ngt in, hm st khng th
nh ra. Qua kim tra, gia im tip xc khng c hin tng nng chy, gia li st
ng, tnh cng khng c bn du. l nguyn c g?
p: Tr gia ca li st ng, tnh dng E ca b tip xc xoay chiu phi c
khe h 0.1 ~ 0.2mm, nhm tng t tr sau khi li st ng hn ch t thng v gim
t d. Sau khi b tip xc qua s dng lu di, hai bn ca li E c th b mn, lm
tiu hao khe h ca li st tr gia. Nh vy, sau khi cun dy ngt in, sc ht t
d tng i ln trong li st lm cho hm st ht cht, khng nh ra.

3 - 12 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong thng s k thut ca b tip xc xoay chiu kiu CJ0 v CJI0,
"dung lng ln nht (kW) cho php iu khin ng c ba pha" v "tr s dng in
nh mc" ca u tip xc, khc nhau g v ngha? C tc dng g i vi vic s
dng bnh thng b tip xc?
p: "Tr s dng in nh mc" ca b tip xc l ch cng dng in
cho php chy qua lu di m khng dn n nhit u tip xc tng cao vt qu
qui nh gy xy ha mnh. "Dung lng ln nht cho php iu khin mt ba pha"
l nhm phng nga dng in khi ng chy qua u tip xc qu ln khi khi ng
ng c, gy nng chy thm ch hn chy u tip xc ng, tnh. Bi v dng in
khi ng ca ng c (c bit l khi ng trc tip) ln hn nhiu ln so vi dng

- Trang 94 -
in nh mc khi hot ng bnh thng, thi gian khi ng tuy ngn, nhng dng
in qu ln cng s dn n hn chy u tip xc. C nhng b tip xc khng lp
thng s dung lng cho php iu khin ng c in, nhng a ra tr s dng in
ln nht cho php thng mch, ngha ca n nh nhau.



3 - 12 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong ng dy cung cp in ca phn xng c dung lng
tng i nh, khi u cui ca ng dy trc tip khi ng mt dung lng
tng i ln thng xut hin hin tng b tip xc xoay chiu khng th t kha?
p: l do mt cui ng dy, in p ng dy st tng i ln,
khi khi ng mt, do dng in khi ng rt ln li dn n st p ng dy
tng i ln, nh vy s dn n in p cun dy trn b tip xc xoay chiu qu
thp. Cho nn, mt va bt u chuyn ng th b tip xc lin t ngt nn khng t
kha c.


- Trang 95 -
3 - 13 Rle

3 - 13 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V kt cu, rle cng , rle in p, rle thi gian v rle trung gian
kiu in t mt chiu c g khc nhau?
p: Kt cu hnh dng ca bn loi rle kiu in t mt chiu thng dng
c bn ging nhau; u do hm st dng tm, li st tnh hnh ch U lm bng thp
mm v bng nhm. trnh t d dnh cht ly hm st, ni chung u tng thm
mt hoc vi phin in phi t tnh vo gia li st tnh hnh ch U vi hm st dng
tm.
Ch khc nhau ca chng l: s vng cun dy ht ca rle cng t, dy
dn tng i ln c th cho qua dng in tng i ln, khi s dng, cun dy mc
ni tip vi mch in, dy dn ca cun dy rle in p tng i nh, s vng
tng i nhiu, khi s dng, cun dy mc song song vi ngun in. Rle thi gian
th lng ng ng hoc ng nhm lm chm ln li st rle in p. Rle trung gian,
v bn cht l rle in p, nhng tip im nhiu, dng in tip im tng i ln,
ng tc nhy.

3 - 13 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s gia li st in t mt chiu v cun dy phi t mt
ng trn bng ng hoc bng nhm? C th thay th bng vt liu st, ch, km c
khng?
p: l nhm ko di thi gian phng thch hm st ca nam chm in.
Sau khi cun dy ngt in, t thng nhanh chng gim, sc ht ca nam chm in
cng nhanh chng gim theo, khin hm st nh ra. Sau khi lp ng trn (ng lm
chm), khi t thng gim, cn c vo nh lut Lenx s cm ng ra in th trong
ng ny, sinh ra dng in chng li s gim ca t thng; c tc dng cn tr t, t
ko di thi gian phng thch (c th t ti 1 ~ 15 giy).
lm cho tc dng lm chm r rt, ng lm chm phi ch to bng vt liu
dn in tt v phi c din tch tit din ln sinh ra dng in lm chm ln.
V th, khng th thay th bng cc vt liu st, ch, km vn c in tr tng i ln
c.

3 - 13 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao rle xoay chiu v mt chiu c in p nh mc bng nhau
khng th thay th ln nhau?
p: Khi u rle xoay chiu vo mch in p nh mc xoay chiu th tng
tr khng ca cun dy l do in tr v in khng to thnh. Nu u vo mch in
p nh mc mt chiu th cun dy khng c tr s in khng, ch c tr s in tr,
khin tr s tng tr khng gim. V tr s in p gia hai u cun dy khng thay
i, dng in trong cun dy tng ln tng i ln, vt qu tr s dng in cho
php, d lm chy cun dy. Khi rle mt chiu u vo in p nh mc mt chiu,
tng tr khng ca cun dy ch l tr s in tr, khi u vo in p nh mc xoay
chiu th tng tr khng ca cun dy phi tng thm b phn tr s in khng, cho
nn tr s tng tr khng tng ln. Do tr s in p hai u cun dy khng i, dng
in trong cun dy s gim, sc in t cng gim, khin li st kh ht.

- Trang 96 -
V th, rle mt chiu v xoay chiu tuy in p nh mc bng nhau nhng
khng th thay th ln nhau.

3 - 13 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in p cung cp in ca rle xoay chiu qu thp s lm chy
cun dy, cn rle mt chiu khng xy ra hin tng ny?
p: Vi rle xoay chiu, khi li st ht v ngt th cng dng in trong
cun dy l khc nhau. Khi li st ngt, tr khng ca cun dy nh, dng in ln,
khi li st ht, tr khng ca cun dy tr nn ln, dng in nh. Khi in p cp
in qu thp, lc ht ca li st rle gim thp (t l thun vi bnh phng in p)
li st khng th ht, tr khng ca cun dy nh, dng in lun lun duy tr tr s
tng i ln; thi gian lu s lm chy cun dy. Dng in cun dy rle mt chiu
ch ph thuc vo in p cp in v in tr bn thn cun dy, cn khng lin quan
n li st c ht hay khng. Cho nn, rle mt chiu khi in p cp in qu thp ch
gy nn li st khng th ht ch khng lm chy cun dy.

3 - 13 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle thiu dng mt chiu kiu JLI4 c dng in nh mc l 10 ampe,
dng lm bo v thiu kch t cho mt in, yu cu ht khi 7 ampe v yu cu nh
l di 4 ampe. Nhng khi iu chnh l xo, nhn thy kh m iu chnh cho nh khi
trn 2 ampe, m cng dng in ht li phi ln hn 7 ampe, th lm th no?
p: Yu cu m thit k ca rle loi ny phi t c l dng in phng
thch c th iu chnh trong phm vi 10 ~ 20% dng in nh mc. Hin gi yu cu
4 ampe th phng thch l vt qu phm vi iu chnh qu nhiu; hn na khi da
vo l xo iu chnh, cng lc s nh hng n dng in ht cng thay i Nu
mun nng cao ring tr s dng in phng thch, th c th tng thch hp dy
phin m phi t tnh (nh phin dng photpho) mt pha li st c nh ch tip xc
gia hm st v li st c nh, nhm tng t tr gia hm st v li st, t nng
dng in phng thch ln n 5 ampe (40% dng in nh mc) thm ch cao hn
na. Do sau khi iu chnh nh vy s lm gim hnh trnh hot ng ca hm st, cho
nn cn phi kim tra rle khi v tr ht xem u tip xc c p lc tip xc hay
khng, khi cn phi iu chnh cht t.

3 - 13 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong ca knh ca v rle tn hiu, c du hiu tn hiu?
p: Rle tn hiu l rle b tr mc ni tip trong mch v cun dy nhy cu
cao ca cng tc. Khi s c xy ra, dng in qua cun dy khin phin li t
thc hin ng tc, th m du hiu tn hiu. Do sc nng bn thn, n ri xung c
th nhn thy c qua ca knh, nh th gip chng ta phi on rle c ng tc
khin cng tc nhy hoc chng t xy ra s c no .

3 - 13 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b cp in thng s dng linh kin lm tr (ko di
thi gian) kiu ng h, cn trong iu khin t ng thng s dng kiu in t mt
chiu?

- Trang 97 -
p: Linh kin lm tr (ko di thi gian) kiu ng h khi lm ng tc tng
i n nh, nhng s ln ng tc khng c qu dy; thit b cp in yu cu ko
di thi gian phi tng i chun xc, m s ln ng tc khng nhiu, cho nn rt
thch hp. Trong iu khin t ng, yu cu s ln ng tc ca linh kin ko di thi
gian kh nhiu, kt cu phi chc chn, thi gian lm tr khng di, nn linh kin ko
di thi gian kiu in t mt chiu l rt thch hp.

3 - 13 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thng thng phi dng dy ng tit din hnh thang qun
cun dy cng ca rle c dng in tng i ln?
p: Cun dy dng in ca rle, ni chung u dng dy ng qun theo
cnh hp (cng gi l qun cnh), khi qun pha trong ca dy ng chu p lc khin
n tr nn dy, bn ngoi do chu tc dng ca lc ko, khin n tr nn mng. Nu
dng dy ng tit din hnh thang qun, th tit din ca cun dy s tr thnh hnh
vung u.

3 - 13 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong rle h JT3, cc phin ng ct ng ch hm st i din vi li
st c tc dng g? Phin ng b ri mt, i dng phin st, c khng?
p: Rle h JT3 l rle lm tr mt chiu. ch hm st i din vi li st
lp mt s phin ng, c hai tc dng:
(1) Phng nga hm st sau khi b li st ht, do khe h ng t qu nh, dn
n sau khi rle ngt mch do lc in t m t d ca vt dn t sinh ra ln hn lc
ko ca l xo phn lc, khng cho hm st nh ra.
(2) iu chnh dy ca phin ng (tc iu chnh s phin cm vo),
trnthc t chnh l iu chnh ln ca khe h khi hm st b ht. V th, mc
nht nh, c th iu chnh thi gian phng thch tr.
V phin st l vt liu t tnh, khng th thay th phin ng.

3 - 13 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng t ca thit b in kiu in t xoay chiu, liu c th
dng phin kim loi (nh phin ng, phin ng photpho) phi t tnh lm phin
in phi t tnh?
p: Trong h thng t ca thit b in kiu in t xoay chiu khng th s
dng phin kim loi (nh phin ng, phin ng photpho) phi t tnh lm phin
in phi t tnh. V t thng ca h thng t xoay chiu l ang thay i. Khi t thng
qua phin kim loi phi t tnh th c th sinh ra dng in xoy, dn n h thng t
qu nng, ng thi lm thay i s phn b t trng ca h thng t; cho nn phi
dng vt liu cch in lm phin m phi t tnh.

3 - 13 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cu ch bo v mt ba pha th c ba pha u phi lp, cn rle nhit
ch lp hai pha l c (i vi mt u hnh sao Y), ti sao?
p: Cu ch l dng bo v ngn mch mt. Khi xy
ra ngn mch mt pha, dng in ngn mch ch chy qua ng
dy ca pha ny. V d, im K trong s b chm v, dng

- Trang 98 -
in ngn mch ch chy qua B, yu cu cu ch pha B ng vai tr bo v. Tnh hnh
nh vy cng c th xy ra pha A v pha C. Cho nn, ch c c ba pha c lp cu
ch th tc dng bo v ngn mch mi coi l hon chnh.
Rle nhit dng lm bo v qu ti cho mt. Thng thng khi qu ti, dng
in ba pha u tng ln, cho d qu ti do mt pha quay gy nn cng lm dng in
hai pha tng ln. V d, im M t, mch dng in qu ti chy qua hai pha B, C.
Ch cn pha C c rle nhit ng vai tr bo v l c ri. Tnh hnh nh vy nu xy
ra pha A, B hoc pha C, A cng ln lt c rle nhit ca pha A hoc A, C bo v.
Cho nn, lp rle nhit hai pha l c.

3 - 13 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle nhit trong b khi ng Y - A nn lp bn trong (2RJ) hay bn
ngoi (1RJ) hnh tam gic hnh 3 - 13 - 12?
p: Nu lp v tr 1RJ th nn cn c vo
dng in dy chn rle nhit. Nu lp 2RJ th
cn cn c vo dng in pha chn rle nhit.
Dng in dy gp A ln dng in pha. Khi vn
hnh bnh thng, hiu qu ca hai cch lp nh
nhau. Nhng khi khi ng, do dng in thng qua
rle nhit ca hai cch lp nh nhau, nn nhy
ca 1RJ thp hn 2RJ. phng nga b khi ng thao tc nhm hoc mt tc dng
t ng iu khin, i vi rle nhit vn hnh lu di theo cch mc hnh sao, ni
chung, nn lp v tr 2RJ.

3 - 13 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hm st ca rle iu khin thao tc nhiu, a phn chn
dng hnh dao?
p: gim mn c hc v m men ma st ca nn thng s dng kt
cu hnh dao. Loi ny c th gim mt cch r rt m men ma st v c
tnh nng chu mi mn cao, c th chu c thao tc hng triu ln m khng b
mn r rt.

3 - 13 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: hai u tip im rle u song song mt mch nhnh c mc ni tip
in tr v t in nh th hin hnh 3 - 13 - 14 c tc dng g?
p: Khi ngt tip im rle iu khin, nng lng in t vn tch tr trong
mng in s phng thch. Th l hnh thnh tia la hoc h quang gia tip im, s
lm cho u tip xc hn chy lin vi nhau. Sau khi u song song mt mch nhnh
c mc ni tip in tr v t in th thi im ngt tip im, c th thng qua
mch nhnh ni tip RC gi thng mch, khin nng lng tch tr trong mch b
tiu hao trong in tr ca mch ni tip RC. Nh vy, c th phng
nga u tip xc b hn chy. Tr s ca R, C c th tnh c theo
cng thc sau:
( )
E / ) 50 1 (
2
I 10
E
R , mF
10
I
C
+
= =


- Trang 99 -
Trong cng thc: E - in p gia cc tip im khi ngt (V)
I - dng in chy qua khi ng tip im (A)

3 - 13 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao i b phn u tip xc ca rle u t ng?
p: Nu khng t thng ng th s cha bi bm, nh hng n nhy
ca ng tc, nu nghim trng c th s khng lm ng tc, khin s c m rng.

3 - 13 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle nhit l li dng c tnh hai phin kim loi b nng cong li bo
v my in. Nu nhit khi chnh l 25
o
C th khi 0
o
C c nh hng n tc dng
bo v khng?
p: ng tc ca rle nhit quyt nh bi nhit ch khng phi tng
nhit . tng nhit trong phin lng kim li t l thun vi bnh phng ca
cng dng din ph ti. Nu nhit ng tc khi chnh 25
o
C l 100
o
C, th nhit
ng tc khi 0
o
C cng vn l 100
o
C; cng dng in ng tc ca n phi
ln hn. S tng nhit ca mt cng gn nh t l thun vi bnh phng ca
cng dng in ph ti. Nu xt t nhit cao nht cho php, th khi nhit
trong phng thp c th cho php c dng in qu ti tng i ln m khng n ni
chy hng. Nu thit k nhit cho php ln nht ca mt, th khi 0
o
C, dng in
ng tc ca rle nhit tuy tng ln nhng do dng in tng cho php ca mt cng
tng tng ng nn vn khng mt i tc dng phng nga qu nhit.

3 - 13 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp rle gas, ti sao phi cn c vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt
chiu u ni chnh xc?
p: Khi bin th vn hnh bnh thng, th mch v ca rle gas h. ng tc
ca tip im thy ngn tng t nh b chnh lu thy ngn, cng tc l ni hi nc
thy ngn ch cho php dng in chy t in cc bn ngoi thy ngn (khi tip im
thy ngn h) ra b mt thy ngn, do phi u ni chnh xc, tc u ni nm u
c du "+" trong hp u dy rle gas vi in cc ngm trong thy ngn, nu khng
tip im thy ngn ca rle gas s nhanh chng b hng, dn n rle ng tc sai.

3 - 13 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong khi s dng ng l xo kh kiu SH - 11 c lc tip im b
dnh, phi gii quyt ra sao?
p: Nu trong mch v c mang ph ti th khonh khc h ngt, gia hai
tip im ca ng l xo kh s sinh ra qu p, c th nh thng khe h, hnh thnh h
quang, khin tip im b dnh. phng nga, c th mc song song b hp thu tr -
t, hai u tip im.

3 - 13 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle dng trong h thng din lc ko in ng lc v ngnh in ln,
mi loi c c im g?

- Trang 100 -
p: c im ca rle dng trong h thng din cc l: dng in lm vic
ca cun dy v u tip xc nh, tn s thng v ngt thp, ng tc phi chnh xc,
tin cy, c tnh n nh nhit v tnh n nh in ng tng i cao.
c im ca rle dng trong ko in ng lc l dng in lm vic ca cun
dy v u tip xc cao, tn s thng v ngt cao, tui th cao.
c im ca rle dng ngnh in tn l dng in lm vic ca cun dy
v u tip xc nh nht, tn s thng v ngt cao, ng tc nhanh nhy.

- Trang 101 -
3 - 14 B in khng

3 - 14 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b in khng c tc dng hn ch dng in tng i ln khi
mch in xy ra ngn mch?
p: B in khng mc ni tip trong mch in. Khi hot ng bnh thng,
in tr ca b in khng nh hn nhiu tr khng ca ph ti, ch chim vi phn
trm. V th nh hng rt t n dng in lm vic, st p gy nn cng rt nh. Khi
xy ra ngn mch, tr khng ca ph ti gn bng 0, tr khng ca mch in ch yu
l tr khng ca b in khng, c th gim thiu ng k dng in ngn mch trong
mch in, v th c tc dng hn ch dng in r rt.

3 - 14 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s nh my in s dng b in khng chia tch?
p: Trong nh my pht in, hn ch ti a dngin
ngn mch, duy tr cho dy ci c in p d tng i cao, tr s
phn trm ca b in khng phi tm cch ln mt cht,nhng khi
hot ng bnh thng, li dn n tn hao in nng v tn tht
in p tng i ln. Nu s dng b in khng chia tch th c
th tha mn c hai. B in khng chia tch gi cun dy c mt
u v u vi ngun in, dng in nh mc ca hai phn nhnh
bng nhau, dng ni vi dy dn ra nh th hin hnh 3 - 14 - 2.
Khi vn hnh bnh thng, do chiu ca dng in hai cun dy chia tch ngc
nhau khin in khng ca hai nhnh gim nh, do gim tn tht in p. Khi dy
ra ca mt nhnh b ngn mch th dng in ph ti ca nhnh kia tng i nh so
vi dng in ngn mch, c th b qua tc dng ca dng in ngc chiu vi n,
in khng ca nhnh ny tng nhiu. V th tc dng hn ch dng in ngn mch
nng cao, tn tht in p cng tng ln, c th duy tr in p d ca dy ci tng
i cao. Khuyt im ca b in khng chia tch l: khi ph ti ca hai nhnh khc
nhau, chnh lch in p ca hai nhnh tng cao.

3 - 14 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hnh 3 - 14 - 3 th hin mt phn h thng mch in ca nh my in,
ni chung 1DL s dng b ngt mch dung lng tng i ln, ti sao 2DL thng
qua b in khng L u vi mch in s dng ca nh my li c th dng b ngt
mch c nh?
p: Vic chn 1DL cn c vo cng dng in lm
vic bnh thng ca mch in v ng hiu ng dng in
ngn mch khi xy ra ngn mch gia 1DL Vi bin th nghim
chnh. Do cng dng in ngn mch tng i ln, phi dng
b ngt mch dung lng ln mi c th p ng yu cu. Nu xy
ra ngn mch chnh b in khng L v trn dy dn ni t 2DL
n L th dng in ngn mch chy qua 2DL cng rt ln. Nhng
L tng i bo m, cn dy dn ni vi 2DL th rt ngn, kh
nng xy ra ngn mch rt t, nn dng in ngn mch chy qua
2DL c th ch xt n dng in ngn mch sau khi b in khng

- Trang 102 -
hn ch, tr s tng i nh, do 2DL c th chn b ngt mch c nh, tit
kim u t.

3 - 14 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nh my in khng chn dng b in khng c li st m chn
dng b in khng xi mng rng rut?
p: V b in khng c li st khi dng in ngn mch chy qua s lm li
st bo ha, lng in cm gim (tc in khng gim), t lm gim tc dng hn
ch dng in ngn mch. Nu tnh n tnh hnh khi bo ha, in khng ca b in
khng mun hn ch c dng in ngn mch th khi dng in ph ti bnh thng,
in khng s tng ln, t lm cho st p trn b in khng cng tng ln, ng
thi li st cng s sinh ra tn hao dng xoy, khin b in khng nng ln. Nu
dng b in khng xi mng rng rut, do in cm ca n l hng s khng lin quan
vi dng in, khi dng din ngn mch qu ln s khng lm gim tc dng hn ch
dng in ngn mch, cng khng tn ti tiu hao li st, m kt cu li rt n gin.
V th, nh my in chn s dng b in khng bng xi mng rng rut.

3 - 14 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C th t nhng vt st thp gn b in khng lm mt bng khng
kh khng?
p: Gn b in khng lm mt bng khng kh khng cho php t bt c
vt bng st thp no (bao gm c dng c v inh vt... li khi sa cha). Bi v
khi vn hnh, cc vt ny (vt liu t tnh) s gy tn tht in rt ln v khin n
pht nhit, ng thi khi ngn mch, do dng in chy qua b din khng ln hn
nhiu so vi dng in lc bnh thng, cho nn s sinh ra t trng rt mnh, c th
ht cc chi tit ny vo trong cun dy ca b in khng, khin cun dy ca b in
khng gy nn ngn mch hoc b hng, m rng phm vi s c.

3 - 14 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vi b in khng li st c khe h, khi s vng ca cun dy khng thay
i, vt liu li st i t phin thp silic cn nng thnh thp silic cn ngui th tr s
in khng c thay i khng? i vi b in khng li st khng c khe h th s
nh th no?
p: i vi b in khng li st c khe h, khi s vng ca cun dy khng
thay i, th ln ca tr s in khng ca n ph thuc vo ln ca khe h, cht
lng vt liu thp silic v tnh trng x l cng ngh khe ni. Nhng c tc dng
quyt nh l ln ca khe h, v rng t tr ca khe h rt ln, trong iu kin t
thng sinh ra ging nhau, yu cu t ng th cng ln. Lc ny, nh hng ca cht
lng vt liu phin thp silic i vi ln in khng khng chim v tr ch yu.
V th, khi vt liu li st ca n t thp silic cn nng sang dng thp silic cn ngui,
tr s in khng bin i rt nh.
i vi b in khng li st khng c khe h th tr s in khng ca n t l
thun vi h s dn t. Di diu kin mt t thng nh nhau, h s dn t ca
phin thp silic cn ngui cao hn phin thp silic cn nng. V th, i vi b in
khng li st khng c khe h nu vt liu li st ca n sau khi i phin thp silic
cn nng sang dng phin thp silic cn ngui, th tr s in khng c tng ln r rt.

- Trang 103 -

3 - 14 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp b in khng cc pha, t thng ng hay t ngang bng tt?
p: t thng ng b in khng cc pha tc l lp chng cc b in khng
pha. Phng php lp ny lm cho ci cch in ngn cch cun dy chu lc p ca
dy pha. Nu b in khng ngang bng th lc m ci cch in phi chu l lc
un. Bi v lc chu nn ca ci cch in ln hn nhiu so vi lc chu nn cho nn
b in khng ca cc pha lp thng ng th tng i tt hn.

3 - 14 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b in khng khi ng s dng kiu ngm trong du, cn b
in khng hn dng li p dng kiu cch in bng khng kh?
p: Du dng cch in v tn nhit. B in khng khi ng l ph kin
km theo ca mt ln khi khi ng, yu cu th tch nh. Khi ngm trong du c th
ci thin iu kin tn nhit, nng cao cch nhit, t gim th tch b in
khng. Do dng in khi ng chy qua b in khng khi ng nh hn dng in
ngn mch, s khng gy n. Nhng phng nhit tng ly tin, s ln khi
ng phi hn th, ch cho php khi ng vi ln trong mt gi. B in khng hn
dng dng hn ch dng in ngn mch. Nu p dng kiu ngm trong du th
khi dng in ngn mch ln chy qua, nhit du s tng ln nhanh chng, khin
du phn gii sinh ra cht kh, dn n n. V th, ch c th p dng b in khng
kiu cch in bng khng kh vi th tch tng i ln.

3 - 14 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong v bnh du b in khng kiu ngm du ti sao phi tng thm
tm ngn bng nhm, hoc ng?
p: B in khng nu khng c thit b c bit th t thng b r s thng
qua v bnh du thnh khp kn. Do tn hao t tr, dng xoy, s dn n v bnh du
qu nng, gy nn du cch in qu nng. ci thin tnh hnh ny, s lt mt tm
ngn cch hnh vng khng dn t lm bng nhm hoc ng vo vch trong v kt
du. Do tc dng cm ng t, t r s sinh ra dng xoy trong tm ngn, dng xoy
ny li sinh ra t thng ngc chiu vi t thng r, lm yu t thng r thng qua v
bnh du, gim thiu tn hao dng xoy, t tr ng thi lm gim s tng nhit .

3 - 14 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khng kh c th cch in. Ti sao cch in trong cun dy ca b in
khng cao p khng c php tn ti khng kh?
p: V cch in ca cun dy b in khng cao p l gm mt s loi vt
liu cch in t hp li. H s in mi ca vt liu khc nhau khng ging nhau. S
phn b in p trong lp cch in l do h s in mi ca cc vt liu ny quyt
nh. Trn lp cch in c h s in mi tng i nh s c st p tng i ln.
Cho nn, phn ln in p t bn ngoi, u do vt liu cch in c h s in mi
nh gnh chu. H s in mi ca khng kh thp hn h s in mi ca vt liu
cch in th lng hoc th rn. Cho nn, trong kt cu cch in ca cun dy n l
khu mng yu, d phng in trong lp khng kh, dn n lm hng ton b lp
cch in. Do khng c php tn ti khng kh.

- Trang 104 -


3 - 14 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tc dng ca lp sn bn ngoi v b in khng btng v cc thit b
in khc c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng ging nhau. Lp sn ngoi cc thit b in ch yu l nhm
chng g v gia tng tn nhit b mt, cn lp sn b in khng b tng ch yu
nhm chng m. Bi v, tnh ht m ca b in khng b tng rt ln, nu khng sn
th thnh phn nc trong khng kh s b ht vo trong b tng, khi dng in (nht l
dng in ngn mch) chy qua, b tng b nng, lc ny nc xm nhp vo b tng
s bc hi v lp tc ngng kt trn b mt, khin b mt b tng ng mt lp nc,
nu trn b mt li bm mt lp bi th gia cc vng s b nh thng, hnh thnh h
quang, kt qu khng nhng ph hoi cun dy m cn c th dn n ngn mch gia
cc pha. Cho nn b in khng b tng phi sn.

3 - 14 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia b in
khng ngc vi hai pha khc?
p: Chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia b in khng
ngc vi hai pha khc, s c th gim lc in ng do dng
in ngn mch gy nn. Nh th hin hnh 3 - 14 - 12, lc
in ng sinh ra gia ba pha i vi pha C m ni (hai pha
khc cng ging nhau) nh sau: FB-C l lc y, FA-C l lc
ht. Cc lc ny trit tiu ln nhau. Cho nn, gi cch in
ca b in khng chu lc tng i nh, kh b ph hoi. Nu
chiu qun ging nhau, th gia cc pha u chu lc ht. Cc
lc ny chng ln nhau, cho nn gi cch in ca b in
khng chu lc tng i ln, d b hng.


- Trang 105 -
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in

3 - 15 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc tng cp din cho mt lm vic khai l di ging khai
thc than phi ng kn ln nhau vi cng tc qut thng gi cc b dng thi kh
gas?
p: nhng ni lng kh gas (cht kh n) tng i ln nh mt lm vic
di ging than u phi lp qut thng gi cc b nhm thi i kh gas gim nng
gas phng nga n. Kha lin ng cng tc tng cp in mt bng lm vic khai l
vi cng tc qut cc b ca ni ny l, thi gi trc (lm gim nng gas) cp
in sau, qut gi ngng quay, cng tc tng phi t ng ri cu dao th mi c th
bo m an ton hm l.

3 - 15 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cng tc ngn n dng di hm l khai thc than, c th ty tin
lp thm cc chi tit in khc khng?
p: Khng c. Bi v chi tit in s dng trong cng tc ngn n phi c
yu cu c bit, khng nhng phi ph hp tiu chun chi tit in chung m di
ca mch in r, khe h khng kh v vt liu s dng cho cch in ca chi tit u
phi ph hp vi qui trnh ch to thit b chng n ca m than; ng thi trong cng
tc ngn n lp thm chi tit in s lm thay i khe h gia b phn mang in ca
chi tit c vi t. Cho nn qui trnh ch to thit b chng n m than qui nh: Bt
k s thay i no i vi thit b chng n u phi qua trm kim nghim chng n
do b than m ch nh thm tra bn v hp qui cch v sau khi th nghim n, sn
phm mu mi c pht giy chng nhn t yu cu, v c php s dng.

3 - 15 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Di hm l khai thc than, ti sao cm s dng dy cp v nhm?
p: V nhm l loi kim loi hot ng mnh khi b tia la in nh thng
hoc h hng c hc nghim trng s n bt nhm ra, to nn nhit rt cao, di
hm l, nhit ny c th hnh thnh n, kh gas hoc bi than. Cho nn, di ging
khai thc than nghim cm s dng cch in v nhm.

3 - 15 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Kiu an ton v kiu ngn n trong thit b phn phi in dng hm m
nn chn nh th no?
p: Thit b phn phi in dng hm m ch yu dng m than. Trong
khng kh m than thng cha kh m tan (CH
4
), khi hm lng ln ti 5 - 16% gp
ngun la s dn n n. Kiu an ton (kiu KA) dng hm m l t b phn c th
sinh ra tia la hoc h quang trong khi vn hnh bnh thng vo trong kt cu ngn
n hoc trong du, b phn mang in cn li lp vo trong kt cu sn chng bi, nn
ch c th s dng cc ng hm ch yu v cc trm thng gi m kh than khng
t ti nng gy n hoc bi than khng nghim trng. Cn kiu ngn n (kiu KB)
u t b phn in vo trong khoang ngn n, nn c th s dng mt lm vic
khai thc than v cc ng hm nhnh m kh than c th t ti nng n.

- Trang 106 -


3 - 15 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao yu cu khe h mt tip xc ca thit b in kiu chng n phi
di 0.5mm?
p: Nu khe h vt qu 0.5mm th khi bn trong thit b in xy ra tia la
s truyn ra bn ngoi gy n. Khi khe h di 0.5mm, th tia la xy ra bn trong qua
khe h hp th tia la mt, nhit cng gim, khng th dn n n, nh vy
bo m c tnh nng chng n.

3 - 15 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao gia hp u dy v thn my ca thit b in chng n phi lm
tht kn, khng cho php c khe thng nh?
p: l nhm phng nga n chng. Nu trong hp u dy hoc thn my
xy ra n kh gas khin p sut tng cao, nu c khe h nh, kh cao p sau khi n s
qua khe nh n khoang trng khc, khin kh p ca n tng cao v cng xy ra n.
Nh vy, kh p sau khi n tng cao cng thm kh p c, gy nn qu p, ph hoi v
thit b in. V th, gia hai khoang trng phi lm kn tht tt, hoc gia hai khoang
trng c ni vi nhau bng l c in tch ln khng xy ra hin tng n chng.

3 - 15 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhng ni c nguy c n cm s dng vt dn bng nhm?
p: Bi v nhm l kim loi hot ng tng i mnh, bt nhm d xy
ha, phng thch nhit lng ln. Vt dn bng nhm, khi ngn mch h quang hoc
va p c hc c bt nhm bn ra, di nhit cao bt nhm c th xy ra xy ha
mnh, thm ch chy. Nh vy lm tng nguy c chy v n, v th cm s dng vt
dn in bng nhm.

3 - 15 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vt liu khoang trng chng n v cch in bn trong thit b in chng
n c th lm bng vt liu hu c c khng?
p: Khng c. Khoang trng chng n phi lm bng thp tm hoc quay
cng cao. Bi v mi khoang trng chng n u phi chu p lc kh nht nh.
Nu chn dng vt liu hu c ch to, do tc ng ca h quang khi tip im ngt
sinh ra, vt liu hu c phn gii, sinh ra cht kh, lm tng p lc do h quang c sinh
ra, khin v chu khng ni nn n. Cng nh vy, vt liu cch in khc trong thit
b in cng khng cho php c vt liu hu c, phi lm bng vt liu chu h quang.

3 - 15 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phin cu ch s dng trong cng tc in p thp di hm l khai thc
than, ti sao khng c dng vt liu bng ng m li s dng vt liu km?
p: Bi v di ging khai thc than tn ti kh mtan (cn gi kh gas) gy
n, cho nn yu cu khi phin cu ch nng chy khng c c nhit nng chy
qu cao gy n kh mtan. Nhit cn thit kh mtan n l 650 ~ 750
o
C, Cho nn
nhit nng chy ca cu ch phi thp hn n. Nhng im nng chy ca ng l

- Trang 107 -
l083
o
C, Vt qu nhit n ca kh mtan. V th, khng th dng ng lm phin
cu ch, cn im nng chy ca km ch c 419
o
C, Cho nn di ging s dng
phin cu ch bng km.

3 - 15 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong phn xng c nguy c n, ti sao khng c php s dng truyn
ng curoa?
p: Truyn ng curoa s sinh ra in tch tnh, khi in tch tch t n mt
mc nht nh s phng in sinh ra tia la. Cho nn, trong phn xng c nguy c
n khng c php s dng truyn ng curoa.

3 - 15 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong n chng n c s dng bng n dy tc ph thng c khng?
p: Khng c. Khi bng n b v, qun tnh nhit ca dy tc bng n
tng i ln, khng th nhanh chng h thp nhit ca dy tc, c kh nng gy
n kh n chung quanh. Do phi s dng bng n c qun tnh nhit thp.

3 - 15 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mng in in p thp di ging khai thc than, ti sao phi s
dng rle r in?
p: Bi v di hm l m thp, nh hp, iu kin mi trng xu, cp in
v cc thit b dng in rt d va chm lm hng cch in, nht l iu kin mng
in thp p mt bng lm vic khai thc su cng km. phng nga do r in
dn n s c in git i vi ngi, v ngn mch mt pha dn n tia la hoc
nhit cao cc b dn n n mtan hm l, mng in thp p di ging phi s
dng rle r in, nhm bo m kp thi ct ng dy v thit b r in.

3 - 15 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mt chng n ca cng tc chng n khi xut xng bi m
chng g. Ti sao khi s dng li phi lau m i, bi du nhn vo?
p: V m dng nc lm cht ha tan, khi di nhit cao ca h quang v
n kh mtan, nc s phn gii thnh hydro v xy, hydro c th t chy, xy gip
tr chy, iu rt khng c li cho vic chng n kh mtan. Cho nn khi s dng
phi lau sch m, bi du nhn vo. Bi m l nhm bo qun.

3 - 15 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc cung cp in cho hm l khai thc than cm s dng
thit b t ng ng li cu dao?
p: Thit b t ng ng li cu dao l khi ng dy ti in xy ra s c
tm thi dn n nhy cu dao, khng phn on s c m lp tc t ng ng li
cu dao. Nu qu thc l s c tc thi, th ng li cu dao l tt, gim thiu c hi
mt in. Nhng s dng trong hm l u l cp in, ni chung rt t xy ra s c c
tnh tc th; ng thi, iu quan trng nht di ging khai thc than l trnh tia la
in. Nu lp thit b t ng ng li cu dao, cp in xy ra s c dn n nhy cu
dao, s nhanh chng t ng ng li cu dao li cp in cho b phn xy ra s c

- Trang 108 -
nh vy s mt ln na to ra tia la, dn n m rng s c, c kh nng gy nn s
c nghim trng chy kh mtan. Do cng tc cp in cho hm l cm s dng t
ng ng li cu dao.


- Trang 109 -
CHNG IV
MY BIN P

4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p

4 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn mc my bin p khng ghi h s cng sut? C th li dng
s liu trn mc bin p tm ra h s cng sut?
p: Khng th c. Bn thn my bin p ngun khng c h s cng sut
c nh. H s cng sut ca n hon ton do tnh cht v ln ca ph ti quyt
nh.

4 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mc my bin p c du hiu A/Y - 11 c ngha
g?
p: Cn c vo hnh thc u khc nhau ca cun dy s
cp v cun dy th cp bin p, pha ca in p dy bn s cp v
th cp my bin p cng khc nhau. My bin p thng dng l
A/Y - 11. Lch pha ca hai in p dy my bin th ny l 330
o
, tp
qun biu th bng phng php ng h gi, tc 11 gi. Xem hnh
4 - 1 - 2.

4 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my bin p ng lc khi ti th st p ch khong 5%, cn bin
th hn in th khi ti st p rt ln in p ti th cp ch bng khong 20%
ca in p khng ti?
p: Bin p ng lc khi y ti th st p khng th qu ln, nu khng, s
lm xu tnh nng ca ng c, nh sng n khng , thit b dng in khc cng
c th vn hnh bnh thng.
Bn th cp ca bin p hn in, khi khng ti i hi in p tng i cao
t h quang. Sau khi t h quang, khi hn yu cu dng in tng i ln, v st
p h quang rt nh, cho nn in p cn thit rt thp. V th in p th cp ti
ca bin th hn in ch bng khong 20% khi khng ti.

4 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in p ngn mch ca my bin p in u qui nh 4.5 ~ 6%?
p: in p ngn mch ca my bin p quan h n cng dng in
ngn mch my bin p. Nu in p ngn mch thp th dng in ngn mch ln;
ngc li, dng in ngn mch nh. Dng in ngn mch qu ln u khng c li
i vi h thng in v bn thn my bin p. Cho nn, in p ngn mch khng nn
qu nh, nhng in p ngn mch qu ln th mt do bin th cp in khi khi
ng s st p qu ln, s nh hng n bc khi ng ca mt v s hot ng
bnh thng ca cc thit b in khc. in p tr khng ca bin p ni chung qui
nh l 4.5 - 6%, chnh l tnh n hai nhn t trn quyt nh.


- Trang 110 -

4 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng phng php n gin g xc nh c s vng ca my bin
p?
p: Ch cn dng dy ng cch in qun mt s vng nht nh ln bn
ngoi cun dy cn o ca my bin p, dng vn k o in p cm ng ca n. Ly
in p cm ng chia cho s vng qun, c s vng mi vn... li ly s vng
mi vn nhn vi tr s in p cc cp s c s vng ca cun dy cc cp. Phng
php ny cng c th dng o s vng cc cun dy in t.

4 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao phn bit bn cao p v bn thp p ca bin p hai cun dy
bng ng h vn nng? Bn cao p v bn thp p ca bin p nhiu cun dy liu c
th phn bit c bng phng php ny?
p: Dng ng h vn nng o in tr ca hai cun dy. Bn in tr ln l
bn cao p, bn in tr nh l bn thp p. Bi v dung lng ca hai cun dy bng
nhau, in p cao, s vng s nhiu, tit din dy dn s nh, cho nn in tr ln.
Bin th nhiu cun dy, do dung lng ca mi cun dy cha chc bng nhau, cho
nn cun dy in p cao tuy s vng nhiu nhng tit din ca dy dn c th vt
qua cun dy thp p dung lng nh hn n. in tr do di v tit din ca dy
dn quyt nh. Cho nn, bin p nhiu cun dy khng th ng dng phng php
ny suy on.

4 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S cp v th cp ca bin p ngun in thng thng c hai hoc trn
hai cun dy. Nu mt k hiu u cng cc tnh ca cun dy th c th dng phng
php g phn bit?
p: u cng cc tnh ca cc cun dy bin p, ngun thng thng nh
dn bng k hiu "*". Nu mt k hiu th c th dng phng php th nghim
phn bit. Trc tin ni mt u bt k ca cun dy thp p vi mt u bt k ca
cun dy thp p khc, sau u cun dy cao p bt k vo ngun in; dng vn
k o in p hai u cn li ca hai cun dy thp p. Nu in p o c l tng
in p ca hai cun dy thp p th chng t hai u ni nhau khng cng cc
tnh. Nu in p o c bng hiu ca hai u chng t hai u ni nhau l cng
cc tnh. Phng php nh gi cc tnh ca cun dy cao p c th da vo y m
suy ra.

4 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Kt cu ca bin p t ngu n gin, tit kim vt liu, tit kim tin.
Nhng ti sao trong h thng cung cp in cao p hu nh khng dng n?
p: Cun dy s cp, th cp ca bin p t ngu ni vi nhau. V th, kt
cu ca n n gin, mi pha ch c mt cun dy, tn hao v ng, tn hao v st
cng tng i nh, c s dng rng ri trong bin th thp p c nh. Nhng trong
h thng cung cp in cao p, do mi pha ca bin p t ngu ch c mt cun dy,
khng th ngn cch cao p, thp p, qu p t mng cao p a vo truyn n mng
thp p, m kh nng bo v ca mng thp p i vi qu p thp hn nhiu so vi

- Trang 111 -
mng cao p. Nh vy, khi xy ra qu p, thit b trong mng thp p s b hng.
Ngoi ra, do quan h in t n gin, tr khng bn thn ca bin p t ngu tng
i nh, v th rt bt li i vi vic hn ch dng in ngn mch, cho nn trong h
thng cung cp in cao p hu nh khng dng bin p t ngu.

4 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C hai b bin p, vt liu ging nhau, hnh dng kt cu tng t, trong
cao ca bin p A gp hai ln bin p B. Dung lng ca bin p A gp my ln
bin p B?
p: Hnh dng kt cu ca hai b bin p tng t, tc chiu di, rng, cao
ca bin th A u gp 2 ln bin th B. Tit din li st ca A gp 4 ln ca B. Do vt
liu ging nhau, mt t thng ca hai bin p chnh lch nhau khng ng k, th t
thng ca A gp bn ln ca B. S vng ca bin p bng nhau, do t thng ca A gp
4 ln, in p cng cao gp 4 ln so vi B. ng thi: din tch khung ca li st ca
A gp bn ln ca B, bin p A c th qun dy ng tng i ln, tc din tch tit
din ca dy ng bin p A gp 4 ln B, nh vy cho php dng in chy qua cng
ln gp 4 ln (khi mt dng in khng thay i). Dung lng ca bin p l tch
ca in p vi dng in, cho nn dung lng ca A ln gp 16 ln ca B. Do iu
kin vn hnh, lm mt khc nhau, trn thc t s c sai lch so vi tr s .

4 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ch to mt b bin p 230/115V, liu c th, cun dy bn s cp ch
dng 2 vng, cun dy bn th cp ch dng 1 vng khng? Ti sao?
p: S vng ca bn s cp, th cp ca bin p khng th ch xt t l s
vng. Bi v in nng bn s cp thng qua t trng truyn qua bn th cp m t
dn sut ca li st bin p khng th rt ln. Nu cun dy bn s cp, th cp l 2
vng v 1 vng th t l ca bin p tuy l 2:l, nhng tr s in cm li rt nh. Lc
ny, nu u thng ngun in, do tr khng rt nh, dng in rt ln, cun dy bin
p s nhanh chng b chy. Thc t thit k bin p, cn c vo kch thc ca li st
ln t dn sut ca vt liu quyt nh s vng cn thit cm ng ra mt th
in ng ri mi chn s vng ca mi cun dy.

4 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhit ca bin p khi c ti nh hoc khng ti s rt cao?
p: Nhit ca bin p tng l do nng lng tiu hao khi bin p vn hnh
gy nn. Bin p khi c ti nh hoc khng ti, dng in tng i nh, tn hao trn
cht liu ng c th b qua, ch yu l tn hao trn cht liu st. V tn hao trn st
gn nh t l thun vi bnh phng ca mt t thng trong li st. Khi s vng ca
cun dy s cp bin p c nh th tn tht trn st t l thun vi bnh phng in
p s cp, nn lc ny tn tht st tng i nh. Khi tnh hnh khc thng (nh s
c in bn trong bin p, h thng lm mt mt tc dng v.v...), nu nhit rt cao
th c kh nng l do in p s cp qu cao gy nn. Lc ny cn iu chnh cng tc
phn nhnh ca bin p tng s vng ca cun dy s cp. Do mt t thng
trong li st t l nghch vi s vng, cho nn tng s vng c th gim mt t
thng, t gim tiu hao trn li st, gim tng nhit ca bin p.


- Trang 112 -
4 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C hai bin p, kt cu ca chng ging nhau, nhng li st ca mt bin
p c khe h khng kh u chng vo cng mt ngun in, th t thng trong li st
liu c ging nhau?
p: Khi u chng vo cng mt ngun in th t tr ci c khe h khng
kh s ln, t tr khng c khe h s nh. Nhng sinh ra in p ging nhau nhm
cn bng in p ngoi th t th cn thit ca bin p c t tr ln s ln, cho nn
dng in kch t cng ln. Ngc li, dng in kch t nh. Cho nn, t thng hu
nh ging nhau. Ch khc nhau l dng in kch t khc nhau. Do nguyn nhn ny,
yu cu i vi li st bin p l t tr cng nh cng tt (ch yu l khe h gia mi
ni phin thp silic cng nh cng tt). Nh vy c th gim nh dng in kch t.

4 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi bin p vn hnh khng ti, nu cho thm in p nh mc xoay
chiu vo bn s cp, dng in khng ti rt nh, nu cho in p mt chiu cng tr
s th cun dy s b chy hng do dng in chy qua cc ln. Ti sao?
p: Khi bin p vn hnh khng ti, cho thm in p nh mc xoay chiu
vo bn s cp, t thng do dng in chy qua cun dy sinh ra l giao bin, s sinh
ra in th t cm trong cun dy, n cn bng vi in p ngoi, cho nn dng in
khng ti rt nh. Nu cho thm in p mt chiu c cng tr s th do t thng m
dng in ca cun dy sinh ra l c nh, khng th sinh ra in th cm ng. in p
mt chiu ln nh vy trc tip a n cun dy vn c in tr rt nh, tt s dn
n dng in chy qua cun dy rt ln, gy chy hng.

4 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi in p u vo ca bin p ln hn in p nh mc qu nhiu th s
nh hng th no i vi bin p?
p: Ni chung, mt t thng ca bin p khi nh mc tng i cao,
li st c xu hng bo ha, nu in p u vo li ln hn in p nh mc qu
nhiu s dn ti li st bo ha qu mc, n mc dng sng in p a ra bin i
ln, khin n phi cha phn lng sng hi rt ln, gy nn tr s bin in p a
ra tng ln, d lm hng cch in ca cun dy. ng thi, mt t thng tng cao,
khin tiu hao trn st tng, dng in khng ti cng tng ln tng ng, lm nng
bin p, nh hng h s cng sut ca mng in. V th, in p u vo ca bin p
ni chung khng c vt qu 5% in p nh mc.

4 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai my bin p ng lc c dung lng, in p, t l bin p, kiu loi
u ging nhau, tn s mi ci l 50Hz v 25Hz. Kch thc my no ln?
p in th cm ng ca bin p t l thun vi t thng thay i, tn s v
s vng ca cun dy. Nu in th cm ng l tr s c nh, th khi tn s gim phi
tng t thng, tc phi c li st tng i ln. V th, kch thc my bin p tn s
25Hz ln hn.


- Trang 113 -
4 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng phn phi in h 4 dy ba pha, s dng mt my bin
p ba pha hay s dng ba my bin p mt pha th tt? Ti sao?
p: Ba bin p mt pha mc song song, s dng nh mt my bin p ba
pha (phng php mc Y/Y
o
- 12) khng tt bng mt bin p ba pha. Bi v ba ln t
thng sng hi s dng ca trng hp trc tng i nghim trng, do khin
dng sng in p khng cn l sng sin na. Tr s ln nht ca n c th ln ti 50 ~
60%, cn trong bin p ba pha, nh hng ca sng hi ba ln rt nh, n c th bo
m dng sng in p gn nh sng sin. Ngoi ra, khi ph ti ba pha khng cn bng
c bit khi ch c ph ti mt pha, trong nhm bin p do ba bin p mt pha u li
vi nhau s sinh ra dch chuyn im gia in p nghim trng, khin in p pha ca
2 pha ph ti nh b nng cao r rt, gy nguy him, cn trong bin p ba pha s khng
nghim trng nh vy.

4 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng vn k xoay chiu thng thng xc nh cc tnh ca my bin p
ba pha, dung lng nh, mang in nh th hin hnh 4 - 1 -
17. Cho in p ln nhm cun dy AX, pht hin: (l) U
BY
>
U
CZ
; (2) tng tr s o cng lc ca U
BY
v U
CZ
ln hn tng
tr s khi o ring. Ti sao?
p: Do mch t khng i xng, t tr thng qua
mch v cun dy AX v cun dy BY nh hn t tr thng
qua mng v nhm cun dy AX v nhm cun dy CZ t
thng li st nhm cun dy BY nhiu, in th cm ng ln,
t thng qua li st nhm cun dy CZ nh, in th cm ng
nh, cho nn U
BY
> U
CZ
.
Khi dng vn k xoay chiu bnh thng o in p
nhm cun dy BY hoc CZ, dng in chy qua mch kim ng h s sinh ra mt
phn t th trong nhm cun dy BY hoc XZ, khin t thng ca mch ny gim, t
thng ca li st nhm cun dy h mch tng nhiu. Nhng khi cng lc o in p
ca BY v CZ th hin tng chuyn dch ca t thng ny tng i nh. Cho nn,
tng tr s o cng lc ca UB
Y
, U
CZ
ln hn tng tr s khi o ring.

4 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong bin p v st ba pha, chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia ti sao
phi ngc chiu vi hai cun dy pha hai bn?
p: gim thiu t thng hp thnh |
x
trong gng st gia cc pha, chiu
qun cun dy mt pha gia (pha B) phi ngc chiu qun ca hai pha kia, hoc khi
chiu qun ca ba pha ging nhau th phi nh du u u v u cui ca mt cun
dy pha gia ngc nhau.
Hnh (a) th hin khi chiu qun ca cun dy pha B ngc pha th th
vct lc ny ca chiu t thng trong li st nh th hin hnh (b), t thng hp
thnh trong




- Trang 114 -
gng st ngang gia cc pha
A
C B A
x
5 . 0
2 2 2
| =
|
=
|
+
|
= | . Nu chiu qun ging nhau
th th vct nh th hin hnh (c),
A A
B A
x
866 . 0
2
3
2 2
| = | =
|

|
= | . R rng, khi
chiu qun ging nhau, th t thng hp thnh chy qua trong gng st ngang gia cc
pha s ln hn khi qun ngc chiu (0.866 - 0.5)|
A
= 0.366|
A
. Lc ny, tn tht st
tng ln, c tnh ca bin p tr nn km.

4 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin th l thit b in tnh, nhng trong vn hnh u sinh ra ting ku
ong ong. Ti sao?
p: Khi cun dy bin p u vo dng in 50Hz th trong li st cng s
sinh ra t thng 50Hz. Do s thay i ca t thng, khin phin thp silic ca li st
cng xy ra chn ng tng ng, cho d kp rt cht, cng s sinh ra ting ku ong
ong rung ng 50Hz/giy. Nhng ch cn ting ku ny khng trm trng thm, cng
khng c tp m g khc th u l hin tng bnh thng.

4 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bn s cp ca my bin p n ng gm hai nhm cun dy ging
nhau mc ni tip (nh hnh 4 - 1 - 20) nu ln lt u vi in p 110V th dng
in khng ti I
o
u l 1 ampe. Nu mc ni tip hai cun dy ri t vo in p
220V th dng in khng ti I
o
phi l bao nhiu?
p: Hai cun dy sau khi mc ni tip ri u vi in p 220V so vi khi ln
lt u vi in p 110V th in p U tng gp i,
s vng W bn s cp cng tng gp i, f bng nhau
(u l 50Hz). Do in p ca b bin p U =
4.44fW
m
| , cho nn trong hai tnh hung trn th t
thng chnh
m
| trong li st bin p bng nhau. Vy
l, t th khi hai cun dy mc ni tip ri u vo
in p 220V bng vi t th khi mt cun dy u
ring vo in p 110V, tc I'
o
.2W
l
= I
o
.W
l
(W
l
l s
vng ca mt cun dy), th I'
o
=
2
1
I
o
, do I
o
= 1 ampe, nn I'
o
l 0.5 ampe.



- Trang 115 -

4 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt my bin p c bit, khi cun dy gia u vi ngun in, th
hai cun dy bn cnh c in p cm ng, gi y, nu cho cun dy bn tri ngn
mch c th sinh ra dng in ngn mch rt ln khng? in p cm ng ca cun
dy bn phi c thay i khng?
p: Trong cun dy ngn mch bn tri s khng c dng in ngn mch
rt ln, v lc ny ch c rt t t thng u c li st bn tri (c th tng tng
rng cun dy ngn mch bn tri c phn tc dng i vi t thng, khin t thng
gim), o in p cm ng khng cao, dng in ngn mch cng khng ln. ng
thi, phn ln t thng u n li st bn phi. V th, khin in p cm ng trong
cun y bn phi tng cao.

4 - 1 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng in ngn mch gia 0 v 1 ca bin p nh hnh 4 - 1 - 22 l ln
nht, cn dng in ngn mch gia 0 v 3 nh nht, ti sao?
p: Do tr khng ngoi khi bin p ngn mch l 0, dng in ngn mch
quyt nh bi tr khng trong ca bin p. Trong
, in khng t l thun vi bnh phng s vng,
in tr t l thun vi s vng, cn in p th cp
ca bin p t l thun vi s vng. Do , khi s
vng tng ln, in p tng ln khng nhanh bng s
tng ln ca tr khng trong, cho nn dng in ngn
mch gia 0 - 3, ngc li nh hn gia 0 - 1.


- Trang 116 -
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p

4 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p kiu rut v bin p kiu v loi no nhiu u im hn? Ti sao?
p: Trong bin p ng lc s dng kiu rut tng i nhiu; bi v vt liu
cch in m n s dng tng i tit kim, kt cu tng i n gin, tin kim tra
sa cha. Bin p kiu v cng c u im ca n, do cun cao p, thp p ca n b
tr xen nhau, lc m cc cun dy phi chu tng i nh, cng c hc ca n
tng i cao, khi phm vi iu chnh in p tng i rng cng khng dn n sinh
ra lc c hc do mt i xng gy nn. Cho nn, bin p dng cho l in, hn in
vi dng in tng i ln th thng dng kt cu kiu v.

4 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong li st bin p, yu cu tit din gng st ln hn tr st?
p: li dng khng gian bn trong cun dy, tit din phn tr ca li st
p dng dng bc thang cn gng st th ch to tin li, ni chung l hnh ch
nht. Nu din tch tit din ca gng st v tr st bng nhau th din tch tit din ca
gng st v mi bc thang ca tr st khng bng nhau, din tch tit din on gia
gng st nh hn din tch tit in on gia tr st, cn din tch tit din hai bn
gng st ln hn din tch tit din hai bn tr st Nh vy, s dn n phn b mt
t thng trong li st khng th u, tng tiu hao ph. gim tiu hao, gim dng
in kch t din tch tit din ca gng st bin p thng thng ln hn tr st 5 -
15%. ng thi, lng dy dn s dng cng gim.

4 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia phn gng ca li st bin p v kp st ti sao phi cch in?
p: C hai nguyn nhn. Th nht: phng nga ngn mch gia chi tit kp
vi cc phin li st, dn n lm tng tn hao v sinh nhit cc b. Th hai, tng t
tr gia gng st v kp st, gim t thng trong kp st, gim tn hao dng xoy
trong kp st.

4 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mi ni ca phin thp silic ca mt s bin p li xin ch khng
phi thng?
p: Loi bin p ny s dng phin thp silic cn ngui. Tnh nng ca n
tng i tt. Tn hao st trn n v trng lng tng i thp, h s dn t tng
i cao, nhng s sp xp ht tinh th ca n c lin quan n phng cn p trong
qu trnh cn, khi phng ng sc t trng vi phng cn p th dng in tn hao
v t ha nh hn so vi lc khng trng nhau. Do , khi ct phin thp silic, phi ct
theo chiu di ca phin thp silic. Nu p dng mi ni thng th t thng khu vc
gn mi ni buc phi thng qua theo chiu ngang so vi chiu p, t tr ch ny
tng i ln, khin dng in khng ti v tn hao st tng ln. Mi ni xin c th
khin t thng c bn chy theo chiu cn p, nh vy s ci thin c tnh nng dn
t ca li st, t ci thin c tnh nng ca c my bin p.


- Trang 117 -
4 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp rp li st bin p kiu ni i, ti sao phi t mt lp vt liu
cch in ch ni i ca li st?
p: Khi lp rp li st kiu ni i, khng th lm cho phin tr va ng vi
phin gng, tt s xy ra mi ngn gia phin gng vi hai phin tr. Nh vy, ch
ni i ca li st kiu ni i, gia phin thp silic khng cn cch in na, dng
xoy tng ln, pht nng r rt, vn hnh lu s lm cho li st ch ny qu nng, gy
nn s c. trnh iu ny, ngi ta t mt lp giy cp in hoc la nn dy 0.08
~ 0.10mm ch ni i, nhng lp cch in ny khng c qu dy, nhm trnh t
tr qu ln khin c tnh ca bin p tr nn xu.

4 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bu lng sit kp xuyn tm li st bin p ng lc, ti sao phi cch in
vi li st?
p: Li st ca bin p lm bng thp l silic, gim tn hao dng xoy li
st, gia cc phin thp silic u cch in ln nhau. Nu bu lng sit kp xuyn tm
li st khng cch in vi li st, tt s dn n ngn mch ch bu lng, khin tn
hao dng xoy li st tng ln.

4 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vt liu dn t ca li st bin p c ging vt liu st t dng trong nam
chm vnh cu khng? c im ca mi loi l g?
p: Khng ging nhau. Vt dn t ca li st
bin p, mt, thit b in u dng vt liu t mm.
c im ca n l: h s dn t cao, tn hao st thp, t
tr nh, d t ha hoc thoi t, t d v lc chng un
nh, vng t tr hp v dc nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 7
(a). Nam chm vnh cu s dng vt liu t cng, c
im ca n l: sau khi np t c th gi li t d rt ln,
t dn sut khng cao, t d v lc chng un ln, vng
t tr mp to, nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 7 (b).

4 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao li st ca bin th mch xung phi dng vt liu s t tnh (ferrit)
lm thnh li st khp kn hnh vng?
p: Tn hiu (mch) xung khc vi tn hiu sin tn s quc t, n bao hm
nhiu thnh phn tn s cao. Nu s dng phin thp silic thng thng th tiu hao v
in cm r v dng xoy ca bin p s tng ln ng k. ng thi, gia cc vng,
gia dy dn ca cun dy cn tn ti in dung ri rc, vi tn s quc t th dung
khng ca in dung phn b rt ln, c th khng xt n nh hng ca chng.
Nhng khi bin p truyn dn tn hiu xung, dung khng rt nh, tc dng phn dng
ca in dung phn b khng th b qua, nhng in cm r, in dung phn b v tn
hao dng xoy u s dn n dng sng xung b mo nghim trng. gim in
dung phn b th cn gim s vng cun dy, ng thi li phi hn ch s tng ln
ca dng in kch t, bo m cun dy c lng in cm nht nh, cho nn phi
s dng li st lm bng vt liu nh ferrit (s t tnh) hoc hp kim permalloy vn c

- Trang 118 -
t dn sut cao, tiu hao thp; gim in cm r li thng ch to li st thnh kt
cu vng khp kn.

4 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cc cun dy trong bin p ln u dng dng mm a m khng
ng dng thng?
p: Do dng in ngn mch ca bin p ln tng i ln, ng lc do ngn
mch sinh ra cng tng i ln. Cun dy dng mm c th tng thm tng i
nhiu vt m khng lm bin dng cun dy. Lng pht nhit ca bin p ln
tng i ln. ng thng du ca cun dy dng mm tng i nhiu, tn nhit
tng i tt. Cun dy dng thng ch c ng du gia cao p v thp p v ng
du mt trong, mt ngoi, tn nhit tng i km. Cho nn, cun dy bin p ln u
p dng dng a.


4 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy cao p ca bin p ng lc ti sao thng qun ngoi cun dy
thp p?
p: Bi v cch in ca cun dy cao p i hi cao. Nu cun dy thp p
ngoi, cun dy cao p st li st bin p, nh vy phi tng cng cch in, t s
lm tng gi thnh ch to bin p.
Ngoi ra, cun dy cao p thng phi c u ra iu chnh in p u vi
cng tc tch ring. Nu cun dy cao p t bn trong th vic x l cch in i vi
dy ni v dy dn s kh khn.

4 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cun dy ca bin p dung lng ln phi hon v?
p: Nguyn nhn hon v dy dn cun dy bin p dung lng ln l: (l) Do
cun dy ca bin p loi ny thng dng mt s si dy dn qun song song. V th
ng knh ca cun dy ln, di dy dn vng trong v vng ngoi chnh lch rt
nhiu, cho nn di mi si dy dn khng thng nht. i v tr c th lm cho
di ngn ca mi si dy dn thng nht, bo m cn bng in tr cun dy. (2) Dy
dn vng trong v vng ngoi do v tr trong t trng khc nhau nn tr s in
khng cng khc nhau. Hon v c th lm cho v tr ca dy dn trong t trng
tng t nhau, gim thiu tn hao ph ca cun dy.

4 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phn u cun dy kiu lin tc ca bin p, c lc bnh dy s
dng dy dn tit din tng i ln?
p: Khi cun dy bin p chu tc dng ca qu p, do s phn b ca in p
ny trn cun dy khng u, thng thng bnh dy phn u b nh thng trc.
ci thin cng chu p ca bnh dy phn ny, mt trong nhng phng php
l tng dy cch in ca bnh dy phn ny. Nhng nh vy s lm bnh dy ta
nhit kh, nhit tng cao. V th, song song vi vic tng dy cch in phi
tng tit din ca dy dn nhm gim thiu tn tht trong , gim nhit ca n.


- Trang 119 -
4 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi qun bin p c nh, ti sao lp che chn tnh in khng th t ngn
mch v phi li khe h nht nh?
p: Lp che chn tnh in ca bin th c nh l nhm gim tn hiu nhim
t bn ngoi do ngun in a vo mch th cp ca bin p, nh hng n thit b
dng in. Nu lp che chn tnh in b ngn mch, s tng ng vi vic bin p
c thm mt cun dy th cp ngn mch, s lm cho bin p khng th hot ng
bnh thng, thm ch b chy. Bi v di tc dng t thng h cm ln nhau do cun
dy s cp ca bin p sinh ra, lp che chn tnh in s sinh ra th in ng cm ng
v do n ngn mch nn hnh thnh dng in cm ng rt ln, lm nng lp chn tnh
in, ng thi t thng do dng in cm ng ca lp che chn tnh in sinh ra s
lm yu tc dng t thng h cm do cun dy s cp sinh ra, khin cng dng
in s cp ca bin p tng mnh, cho nn khng th hot ng bnh thng.

4 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy thp p ca bin p l in, ti sao s dng dy trn khng cch
in?
p: in p ca cun dy thp p bin p l in rt thp, cng dng in
rt ln, in p gia cc vng tng i thp, v th cun dy thp p l dng nhiu
si dy dn ghp song song m thnh, hn na, li ngm trong du cch in nn
khng cn tng thm cch in khc. ng thi, dng in ca cun dy thp p rt
ln, lng pht nhit cng tng i ln, nu tng thm lp cch in bn ngoi dy
dn th s bt li cho ta nhit. V th dy dn ca cun dy thp p l dy trn khng
cch in.

4 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhng lp ngoi cng ca cun dy cao p my bin p phn phi in 6
- 10 ngn vn, ti sao phi tng dy cch in gia cc lp?
p: Cun dy cao p ca my bin p phn phi in 6 - 10 kV c kt cu
nhiu lp. Di in p ca tn s quc t, c th coi nh l mt in cm, cn in
dung c th b qua khng tnh. Nhng di tc dng qu p xung kch bi sm st c
tn s rt cao th tnh hnh s khc. S phn b ca qu p tc th trn cc vng ca
cun dy cao p hon ton do ln ca in dung gia cc vng quyt nh, khng
lin quan ti in cm. Cng lp ngoi th in dung cun dy cng nh, v th bc
thang qu p phn b trn n cng ln, cch in gia cc lp d b nh thng, cho
nn cch in gia cc lp nhng lp ngoi cng phi tng dy thch hp.

4 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy cao p, trung p v thp p ca bin p ba cun dy nn b tr
nh th no?

- Trang 120 -

p: Ni chung, cun dy m cng sut truyn dn ln nhau nhiu th nn gn
nhau, nh vy st p tr khng tng i nh, c th gim tn tht in nng v dao
ng in p trong khi vn hnh. Cho nn, bin p tng p s dng nh my in do
t pha thp p truyn dn cng sut sang pha trung p, cao p, nn b tr nh hnh
(a). Bin p h p dng trm bin in do truyn dn cng sut t cao p sang pha
trung p, thp p, nu phng n l tng nht l cun dy cao p gia nhng
nh vy lm tng kh khn cch in, nn b tr theo phng n hnh (b), vn cun
dy cao p ngoi cng.

4 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy ca bin p ngm trong du, ti sao khng c dng sn cch
in mu en sn qut?
p: Sn cch in mu en ni chung l dng nha ng lm nguyn liu
ch yu. Tnh cht ca nha ng l khng chu dn, d ha tan trong du bin p,
nh vy s khin sn cch in ca cun dy dn ha tan trong du, khin du bin p
lo ha, mang li nguy hi ln. Do cun dy ca bin p sn cch in mu en
khng c ngm trong du.

4 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy ca my bin p vn hnh ngm trong du bin p do phi
chng cun dy khng cn x l sn qut na?
p: Phn ln cch in trong my bin p l giy cc tng, si bng, v.v...
Sau khi ngm du, tnh nng cch in ca n c ci tin ng k. Do , ch xt t
yu cu cch in ca bin p th sau khi bin p qua sy kh chn khng ri ngm
tm du bin th, c th t c in p cch in rt cao. Nhng, cun dy bin p
sau khi ngm sn, mng sn khin cun dy thnh mt khi, tng cng c hc,
tng kh nng dn nhit ca sn ngm tm ng cng, ci thin c s tn nhit ca
bin p, tnh nng cch in sau khi ngm tm sn c nng cao thm mt bc. Cho
nn, xt t yu cu ton din th cun dy bin p nn x l tm qut sn.

4 - 2 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi sa cha bin p, cun dy va qun va qut sn, sau sy kh,
cht lng tt khng?
p: Cun dy bin th phi qun hon ho trc, sau sy kh khin hi
nc trn cun dy bc hi khuch tn, ri tin hnh tm qut, nh vy mi bo m
cht lng. Va qun va tm qut sn th mng sn cch in s bc cha hi nc

- Trang 121 -
vo trong, khng th bc hi ra, tc khng th sy kh, cht lng ca cun dy s
khng tt. Cho d t tiu chun nht thi, nhng sau khi bin p vn hnh mt thi
gian ngn th in tr cch in ca n tt s gim nhiu. V th, y l mt phng
php cng ngh khng ng.

4 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn ra bn thp p ca bin p l in, ti sao phi b tr xen k,
khong cch dy vi dy cng khng cn ln lm?
p: c im ca bin p l in l: in p tng i thp, dng in rt ln,
dy dn ra bn thp p tuy tng i ngn, nhng so vi di ca cun dy th st p
do in cm ca dy dn ra gy nn khng th khng xt n. gim in cm, cn
b tr dy dn ra so le nhau, ng thi gim khong cch gia cc dy. Nhng cng
khng c khong cch gia cc dy qu nh dn n lm tng lc tc dng c
hc gia dy vi dy. Cho nn, ni chung khng khong cch gia dy vi dy nh
hn 10mm.

4 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng dng phng php in dung c th kim tra c mc m
thp cch .in ca bin p?
p: Kinh nghim cho chng ta bit: khi nhit thay i th in dung gia
cun dy bin p kh cch in vi v v gia cc cun dy thay i khng ln. in
dung ca cun dy bin p cch in b m s tng mnh theo s tng ca nhit . Do
, on xem bin p c phi sy kh hay khng cn tin hnh o in dung gia
cun dy vi v v gia cc cun dy di hai mc nhit ri tin hnh so snh gia
kt qu o c, nu in dung ca cun dy khi trng thi nng (70 80
o
C) ln
hn t in khi trng thi ngui l 20%, tc khi % 20
C
C C
nng
ngui nng
s
+
th c th cho
bng cch in kh , nu khng ph hp iu kin ny th phi sy bin p.

4 - 2 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao gia ng lng s b bin p trong trm bin in ni vi dy ci
phi lp chi tit ni d un?
p: l v dy ci th c nh, cn v tr ca bin p c th do nguyn nhn
kim tra sa cha phi x dch i cht, ng thi do dy ci cng c tnh nng nng
n lnh co, sau khi lp chi tit ni d un th c th lm cho v tr tng i gia dy
ci v my bin p khi bin ng cht t khng n ni sinh ra ng lc ln, lm hng
ng lng s ca bin p.

4 - 2 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong bin p dung lng nh, ti sao trn on dy dn ra khi mc du,
tt nht nn cha li mt on ngn khng bao bc?
p: Gi s bc ht ton b dy dn ra, do cc vt dng bc nh vi b, c
tc dng mao qun i vi du, khin du bin p theo dy dn ngm ln, nh vy mt
mt xm nhp vo trong ng lng dy lo ha hn hp cht cch in, mt khc r ra

- Trang 122 -
ngoi theo dy dn khin v dy dy dn b n mn v lm cho ng lng cng d bm
bi sinh ra chp rch. V th, tt nht cha ra mt on ngn khng bc.

4 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u ni phn nhnh ca bin p ng lc thng lp bn pha cao
p, ch khng lp bn pha thp p?
p: Do dng in bn pha thp p ln hn pha cao p nhiu. V th in tch
tit din dy dn m u ni phn nhnh cn thit v kch thc cng tc phn nhnh
phi tng tng ng. Nh vy, khng nhng bt tin i vi u ni dy dn ra m v
tr lp cng phi ln. Cun dy thp p ca bin p kiu li st lp pha trong, mun
ly u ni phn nhnh t bn thp p ra s tng i kh khn. ng thi, ni chung
s vng ca nhm cun dy thp p t hn cun dy cao p in p cm ng mt vng,
nu khng, khng th ly c in p u ni phn nhnh mt cch chnh xc. Cho
nn, ni chung, u ni phn nhnh ca bin p u lp bn pha cao p.

4 - 2 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ra in p thp ca bin p l luyn thp h quang, ti sao khng
dng v s m dung gi g ?
p: Bin p do h quang c in p thp, nhng dng in ln, lc in ng
xung kch cng ln, dng v s s b v, dng g c tc dng hon xung
nht nh, trnh v.

4 - 2 - 26 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng lng dy trung tnh ca bin p ng lc dng trong h thng dng
in ln tip t, c th s dng ng lng c cch in tng i thp khng?
p: Dy trung tnh ca bin p dng trong h thng dng in ln tip t,
lun lun duy tr in th 0 (tr khi c s c no ). Nhng do yu cu ca hnh thc
vn hnh, khng th trc tip ni vi t, do c th s dng ng lng c cch
in tng i thp. Lm nh vy c th gim gi thnh. Nhng sau khi lm nh vy,
bin p s khng th tin hnh th nghim chu p cch in c tnh d phng theo cp
in p nh mc ca n, v khi tng p cun dy, im trung tnh v dy dn ra u c
in th nh nhau. Do , tin cy ca bin p khng th kho nghim c y
trong th nghim d phng.

4 - 2 - 27 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng lng dy ra ca bin p khng c gi du li khng lp
trn nh bin p m lp hai bn?
p: Do du nng n lnh co, v th du trong bin p khng c gi du khng
c bm y, t np tr xung phi c khong trng. Nu ng lng dy ra lp trn
nh bin th th phn trong bin th ca ng lng s khng ngm trong du m
trong khng kh, nh vy s gim cng cch in. lm cho phn ng lng dy
ra ca bin p dc ngm trong du, tng cng cch in, nn lp ng lng dy ra
hai bn, cch nh np mt khong cch nht nh.


- Trang 123 -
4 - 2 - 28 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng lng bn th cp ca mt s bin p ba pha dng mt bch ni
ba lp vo trong mt l di chung trn np t my bin p?
p: Khi dng in bn th cp rt ln th t trng gn cc dn ng lng
cng rt mnh, trn np bin p quanh ng lng, sinh ra tn hao dng xoy v t tr,
nn pht nng. Nu trn np bin th m mt l di cho ba ng lng c mt bch
ni ba phi t tnh lp vo trong th do tng lng in ca
ba pha l 0. Cho nn t thng trong np bin p chung quanh
l di gn bng 0, do gim ng k tn hao v nhit lng
sinh ra trong np bin p.
Ni chung, bin p phn phi in 750kVA tr ln v
bn th cp ca bin p c ln (6 ~ 10kV) u p dng mt
bch ni ba chc hoc ct m ca gia cc l ng lng trn
np bin p v dng vt liu phi t tnh hn vo (xem hnh 4 - 2 - 28).

4 - 2 - 29 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ch bu lng pha di ng lng ca cng tc dn hoc bin p cao p
u lp thm ci chp na trn (lm bng kim loi), dng l g?
p: Vt na hnh trn bng kim loi ny gi l vng cn bng in p, mc
ch ca n l i u nhn d phng in thnh dng na hnh trn, gim c hi
phng in ca u nhn, khi trn ng dy c tnh in hoc cc nh hng khc,
khng dn n phng in lm hng thit b.

4 - 2 - 30 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ni chung gia li st v y bin p u dng ming chn
ngn cch chng mt khong cch nht nh?
p: Khi bin th vn hnh, du ca bin th khng th trnh khi hp th
mt t thnh phn nc, tip xc vi khng kh s gy nn tc dng xy ha sinh ra tp
cht. Cc tp cht ny cng vi nc chm xung y bin th. phng nga nc
v tp cht lng ng, nh hng cch in chnh ca bin p, cho nn ni chung gia
li st vi y bin th u lp ming chn li st cao 3 - 5mm.

4 - 2 - 31 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng tn nhit ca bin p ng lc phi dng ng dt m khng
dng ng trn?
p: Khi din tch tn nhit ca ng dt bng vi ng trn th du cch in
cha trong ng dt t hn ng trn. Tc lng s dng ca mt n v in tch tn
nhit ca ng dt t hn ng trn, cng tc l ni ng dt s dng du t hn ng trn
m c th t c hiu qu tn nhit nh nhau. Do , ng tn nhit ca bin p ngy
nay u s dng ng dt ch khng dng ng trn.

4 - 2 - 32 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba loi ng thng ti gi du ca my bin p, trong , loi ming
ng nt x du ngang bng vi phn y ca gi du, ng thng vi kt du thc su
vo trong gi du, cao hn y khong 20 ~ 25mm; cn ming ng thng vi b ht
m th gi khong cch 3 - 5mm so vi phn nh gi du. Ti sao nh vy?

- Trang 124 -
p: Cn du do du bin p trong gi du sau khi tip xc vi khng kh sinh
ra cc tp cht khc, nc v.v... u lng ng di y gi du. Nt x du nm
ngang bng vi y gi du cho cn du, tp cht khc v nc v.v... C th d
dng chy ra. ng thng vi kt du cao hn phn y gi du l c th nga cn
du v.v... chy vo kt du, bo m s thun sch ca du bin p, nhng li khng
cn tr s lu thng du gia gi du vi kt du. Ming ng ca b ht m th phi
cao hn mc du trong gi du l nhm trnh du trong gi du chy vo b ht m.

4 - 2 - 33 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bin p dng lng nh khng lp gi du cn bin th dung
lng ln u lp gi du?
p: Bin th dung lng nh th dung tch ca v nh, din tch tit din cng
nh, khi nhit thay i th lng n eo ca du bin p khng nhiu, du khng
dy, khi nhit thp vn duy tr mc du mc cn thit, hn na, din tch tip xc
ca khng kh qua b h hp vi du cng khng ln, khng dn n b m v axit ha
nhiu du, cho nn khng cn lp gi du. Bin p dung lng ln c dung tch ca
thng v ln, din tch tit din cng ln, khi nhit thay i th du cch in co n
nhiu, nu khng dng gi du mc cn thit s dng gi du th khi nhit thay
i vn bo m du trong bin th mc cn thit. Hn na b h hp c th lp
trn gi du nhm gim bt mt tip xc gia khng kh vi du, phng nga du b
axit ha v ht m.

4 - 2 - 34 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bn cnh cc ren dn in ca ng lng dy ra trong bin p c ln cn c
mt dinh vt nh. N c tc dng g?
p: inh vt nh ny c tc dng x kh. Khi du bin p vo my bin p
khng kh dn dn dn ln trn, sau cng, ngoi mt phn b nn vo trong ng chng
n v gi du ra, cn c mt phn b y p vo trong ng lng bin p. B phn
khng kh ny cng phi x ht mi c th bo m yu cu cch in. Xoay inh vt
nh ny ra x kh cho n khi tro du ra th xoy ng vt vo. Khi vn hnh bnh
thng n khng c tc dng g.

4 - 2 - 35 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thng thng trn gi du ca bin p dung lng
nh c mt np ren. Khi bin p vn hnh, np ren c nn sit cht
khng?
p: Nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 35, trn u np c mt c
thng hi, n l l thng gia phn trn gi du vi kh tri, khi
sit cht np ren s bt kn l thng hi ny, mt tc dng thng
hi, khi nhit du tng ln hoc xy ra s c bn trong, s dn n p lc bn trong
tng ln, c th dn n lm hng thng bin p, v th khi sit np ny phi lm sao l
kh bn trn khng trong khung ren gi du.

4 - 2 - 36 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: b sung du bin p tiu hao trong vn hnh, c th b sung du bin
p khc nhn hiu trn ln s dng khng?

- Trang 125 -
p: Khi bin p ang vn hnh cn b sung du bin p th trc tin cn
kim tra r loi du m bin p ang s dng, sau b sung thm du bin p cng
loi nhn hiu, qui cch bi v du bin p khng th ty trn ln s dng. C lc
phi s dng hn hp hai loi du bin p khc nhn hiu (v d khi khng tm c
du cng loi) th trc tin phi tm hiu tnh cht vt l ca hai loi du nh t trng,
dnh, im ng cng, im bc chy v.v... xem c gn tng t khng. Sau tin
hnh th nghim n nh, tc ly mu hai loi du, hn hp theo t l cn thit, sau
khi hn hp trong bnh cha mt thng, quan st s thay i ca n; nu khng sinh
ra cht lng ng no, m du sau khi hn hp t c tiu chun ca du cch in,
th c th s dng.

4 - 2 - 37 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong b lm mt bng du ca bin p kiu du tun hon (tc b bin
p lng p lc cho du tun hon v dng nc lm mt du) th nn cho p sut
du cao hay p sut nc cao?
p: Trong b lm mt bng du ca bin p kiu du tun hon cn phi c
p sut du cao hn p sut nc. Khi ng du xy ra tnh hnh thm thu du th du
s xm nhp vo nc, cn nc khng xm nhp vo du. Nu p sut nc cao hn
p lc du th khi ng du b thm thu, nc s xm nhp vo du lm gim cng
chu in p ca du cch in, lm hng bin p.

4 - 2 - 38 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi sy bin p, p dng phng php ht chn khng c nhng ci li
g?
p: Khi sy bin p, dng cch ht chn khng c hai ci li. Sau khi p sut
khng kh gim, th tch ca cht kh cn li gia lp cch in s xy ra hin tng
trng n, di p sut tuyt i l 10mm Hg, th tch ca cht kh s n gp 75 ln
th tch p sut kh tri. Cng vi s n v b ht ra ca cht kh, kh m b y ra
ngoi mt cch thun li. Mt khc, sau khi p sut khng kh gim, im si ca
nc cng gim, khi 10mm Hg, im si ca nc ch l 12
o
C. Do sau khi ht
chn khng, hi m d bc hi v b ht ra ngoi.

4 - 2 - 39 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cu ly rut bin p ra kim tra, thi gian cun dy l ra ngoi ti
sao khng c qu lu?
p: Thi gian cu ly mt bin p ra qu lu, do tnh nng ht m ca vt liu
cch in cun dy rt mnh, s ht nhiu nc trong khng kh, lm gim tnh nng
cch in. lm cho kh m khng xm nhp vo bin th, khi cu li st ra tt nht
lm sao nhit cun dy cao hn nhit chung quanh v phi kim tra nhanh,
m khng nn thao tc vo nhng ngy ma, dm mt. Cn c vo qui trnh vn hnh
bin p qui nh, thi gian li st c th t trong khng kh l: vi thi tit kh ro
( m tng i ca khng kh khng qu 65%) 16 gi; v thi tit m t (m tng
i ca khng kh khng qu 75%) l 12 gi.


- Trang 126 -
4 - 2 - 40 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao du cch in khng nhng yu cu cng in m cn yu
cu ch s axt khng dc vt qu tr s nht nh?
p: Bi v khi ch s axt vt qu tr s nht nh th s n mn ca du cch
in i vi mi cht th rn, tc vt liu cch in l tng i nghim trng, dn ti
lm hng vt liu cch din, nh hng nghim trng n tui th ca bin p, iu
l khng c.

4 - 2 - 41 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mt s bin th c ln, ti sao khe h ca gi du v khe h ca
ng chng n c ni nhau bng mt ng?
p: l nhm trnh lm ng chng n bi kh p qu ln to nn khi nhit
bin th tng hoc gim mnh; hoc mc du ca ng chng n v gi du khng
nh nhau, khin rle kh gas c ng tc nhm.

4 - 2 - 42 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thi gian tng lp bin p ti sao cng ngn cng tt?
p: V gia cun dy bin p c rt nhiu ming chn cch in d ht m.
Nu thi gian tng lp bin th qu lu, vt liu cch in qua x l sy kh s li
ht kh m trong khng kh lm gim mnh tnh nng chu p ca bin p.

4 - 2 - 43 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao sau khi lp bin p vo trong thng du phi lp tc du bin
p vo?
p: Nu khng lp tc bm du bin p vo th thn bin p s trc tip tip
xc vi khng kh. Trong tnh hnh chung, nhit ca thn bin th thp hn nhit
khng kh chung quanh. Nh vy, li st v cun dy u ht nc trong khng kh,
khin bin th b m. Mc ht m c lin quan n chnh lch nhit gia
khng kh vi li st, nht l khi nhit thn bin th thp. Cho nn, sau khi lp thn
bin p vo phi lp tc du bin th vo my bin p v du cch in cng khng
nn vn chuyn ring.

4 - 2 - 44 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lc du bin p, ti sao khng th dng ng nha thng thng?
p: (1) ng nha bnh thng b du bin p n mn s bin cht v lm
hng du bin p. (2) Khi lc du, do bn thn ng nha l cch in, do in tch
tnh in sinh ra khi lc du khng th b tiu tn, hin tng tch t tnh in c th
khin ng nha sinh ra phng in i vi gi st ca my lc du. iu ny rt khng
an ton.

4 - 2 - 45 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng phng php dng in xoy v ngoi ly bin th, cun dy
kch t qun trn v nn b tr nh th no th hiu qu sy mi c th tng i tha
mn?

- Trang 127 -
p: B tr cun dy kch t phi lm sao cc b phn ca bin p nng u,
lm cho kh m d bc hi, nhit pha di bin p phi cao hn nhit phn trn
khong 5 - 10
o
C. Nhng, nhn t kt cu ca bin p, do t tr ca phn trn v tng
i ln, trnh chnh lch nhit gia phn trn v phn di qu ln, do cn
thit phi lm cho s vng ca cun dy bn trn nhiu hn phn gia. Nu chia v
bin th thnh 3 phn trn, gia, di di bng nhau th t s s vng ca cun dy
kch t ba b phn trn, gia, di, ni chung c th i khi chn theo t l 6 : 5 : 9.

4 - 2 - 46 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp bin th c rle gas, nn lp ngang
bng hay lp hi nghing?
p: Khi lp bin th c rle gas, nn lp nghing,
hng nghing nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 46, tc bn c
lp gi du phi tng i cao, cho np nh ca n c
dc 1 ~ 1.5% theo chiu rle gas. Nh vy c th lm
cho kh gas sinh ra trong bin th d chy v pha gi du,
t thc y rle gas ng tc chnh xc, tin cy.


- Trang 128 -
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p

4 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi u ni tip hoc u song song hai cun dy c h cm phi
ch u cng tn. Nu khng s c nguy c chy hng?
p: Gi l hai cun dy c h cm tc l hai cun dy c t thng chung.
Khonh khc cm ng sinh ra in th trn hai cun dy, cc tnh ca n c lin quan
ti t thng chung ny. Nu mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc ni tip
thun chiu theo u cng tn, lc ny, in th do t thng chung cm ng ra trn hai
cun dy l cng nhau; tr khng hp thnh ca hai cun dy l Z
1
, sau khi thng
ngun, mch in hot ng bnh thng. Nu u ni tip ngc chiu th lc ny
in th do t thng chung cm ng ra trn hai cun dy l tr ln nhau; tr khng hp
thnh ca hai cun dy l Z
2
, Z
2
nh hn nhiu so vi Z
1
. Nu vn cho cng in p
ngun ln th khng nhng mch in khng th hot ng bnh thng m cn do
dng in trong mch in rt ln, c kh nng lm chy thit b.
Cng nh vy, gi s mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc song
song cng chiu theo du cng tn, th tr khng ca n l Z'
l
, nu em n mc song
song khc chiu th tr khng l Z'
2
, Z'
2
nh hn nhiu so vi Z'
l
. Nu vn cho cng
in p ngun ln, th do dng din trong mch qu ln, nn mch in khng th hot
ng bnh thng, hn na c kh nng lm chy thit b.

4 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C hai cun dy, chiu qun ging nhau, ln lt lp trn hai tr li st
ca bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 2 (a) hoc (b). Gi mun s dng hai cun dy
ny theo cch mc song song th cch u dy no trong hnh l ng?
p: Nu u dy theo hnh (b), cn c theo nguyn tc bn tay phi, ln
ca t th do cun dy 1 v cun dy 2 sinh ra l bng nhau, chiu ngc nhau, t
th tng bng 0. Nu trc tip u vo in p, s sinh ra dng in ngn mch rt
ln khin cun dy nhanh chng b chy hng. Cng vy vi cch u dy nh hnh
(a) th chiu t th ca cun dy 1 hng ln trn, chiu t th ca cun dy 2 hng
xung di. Cho nn, phng php u dy hnh (a) ng.

4 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong thit b chinh lu silic c th iu khin, nu ch c bin p c th
iu khin mt pha th lm sao t hp thnh bin p ng b su pha?
p: C th dng hai chic bin th mt pha lm thnh mt nhm. 6 chic
thnh ba nhm, chia nhau u vi 3 pha, th c th t hp thnh bin p 6 pha.

- Trang 129 -
Cch u c th l: trc tin u song song cun dy s
cp u ni tip cun dy th cp ca hai bin p mt pha (nh
hnh 4 - 3 - 3), lc ny in p th cp l ao = oa' = u
2
, nu aa' =
2u
2
l ng, nu aa' = 0, th c th u ngc mt cun dy th
cp. Sau , u im khng ca 3 t 6 chic bin p vi nhau.
Nh vy, ba nhm 6 bin p mt pha t hp thnh ngun in
ng b a ra 6 pha na sng.

4 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p ngun in l 220V, mun c in p 0 ~ 500V, gi ch c hai
my bin p t ngu 220/110V, 0 ~ 250V, phi u nh th no dt c in p
yu cu?
p: Bin th t ngu ch c mt cun dy m s cp, th cp c mt u
dng chung, nn khng th p dng phng php u ni tip nng cao in p,
ch c th em hai bin p t ngu u nh hnh 4 - 3 - 4, ng thi iu chnh, th
s c in p 0 ~ 500V.

4 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C my bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 5. Cun dy s cp ca n c
hai cun cc tnh ca n u khng bit, gi mun mc song song hai cun dy ny,
lm sao trnh c xy ra ngn mch?
p: u mt u bt k ca hai cun dy li vi
nhau, dng vn k o in p hai u khng ni vi nhau.
V d, ni u 2 vi 3, o in p 1 v 4. Nu din p o
c bng tng ca hai in p th cp, chng t khi u
theo phng php ny th hai cun dy l mc ni tip, phi
thay i cch u. Nu in p o c bng 0, chng t
cch u ny ng; hai u cn trng c th u li
thnh mc song song s dng.

4 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ni xuyn cp bin p th nghim cao p ti sao ni chung khng vt
qu ba cp?
p: u im ca ni xin cp l gim nh kch thc, gim nhiu trng lng
ca bin p. Dng vi my bin p c in p tng i thp c th c c in p
th nghim tng i cao.
Nhng trong bin p xuyn cp, do r t bi bin p qu hoc cun dy thp
p sinh ra, s lm cho in khng ca bin p xuyn cp ln hn tng in khng ca

- Trang 130 -
tng bin p. in khng l t tng i ln ny s dn n qu p khi in p bin
i mng v st p r rt khi c ph ti. Ngoi ra, u xuyn cp, tn hao cng sut
bn trong ng dy cng tng i ln.
Do cc nguyn nhn ni trn, bin p u xuyn cp ni chung khng vt qu
ba cp.

4 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ba bin p mt pha liu c th u thnh Y - Y vn hnh khng? Ti
sao?
p: Ba bin p mt pha khng th u thnh Y - Y vn hnh.
Trong bin p mt pha, in p, th in ng, t thng ca cun dy u bin
i theo hnh sin. Do s bo ha ca t thng, dng in khng ti ca n ngoi sng
gc ra cn c dng sng hi th ba.
Sau khi t hp ba bin p mt pha thnh bin p ba pha; th dng sng hi th
ba ca ba pha ging nhau. Cho nn khng th chy qua cun dy u theo phng
php Y. Dng in khng ti ba pha ca n bin i hnh sin nhng t thng ca n li
do sng gc v sng hi th ba to thnh. T thng sng hi th ba cm ng ra th
in ng sng hi th ba. Nh vy, in p pha ca cun dy c do in p sng gc
v in p sng hi th ba hp thnh. Tr s ln nht ca in p ny c th tng 50 ~
60%, cho nn chng ta khng dng ba bin p mt pha u thnh Y - Y.

4 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt pha ca nhm bin p mt pha u thnh ba pha c s c, khng th
sa cha phc hi ngay. Nhng khng nh hng sn xut, phi cung cp in cho
ph ti ba pha, bn c cch g gii quyt?
p: Khi mt pha ca nhm bin p ba pha c s c, c th tho pha c s c
ra, hai bin p mt pha cn li tr thnh cch u V. Nu lc ny in p dy v dng
in dy th cp u duy tr khng i th dng in mi pha tng ln 3 ln (bi v
dng in dy vn l bng dng in pha x 3 ) gi dng in dy bng dng in
pha). bin p khng qu nng, s khng cung cp in cho cc b phn th yu,
cho ph ti gim 3 ln, tc lm vic vi ph ti
3
100
= 58% khi ti.

4 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt my bin p chnh lu hnh sao ba pha ci i thnh 6 pha ca nh
my ha hc n b hng. Hin c hai my bin p ba
pha Y/Y
o
. p dng phng php u no em hai
my bin th ba pha ny u thnh bin p chnh lu
hnh sao ba pha thnh 6 pha s dng?
p: u o im trung tnh th cp ca bin
p ba pha Y/Y
o
; sau ni vi im trung tnh th cp
ca my bin p ba pha Y/Y
o
khc (xem hnh 4 - 3 - 9)
pha s cp u song song ri n vi ngun in. Nh vy s tr thnh bin p chnh
lu hnh sao 6 pha.


- Trang 131 -
4 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba bin p mt pha ging nhau, mun u chng thnh Y/A ; trc tin
u bn th cp thnh A. Sau cng khi ng A, pht hin hai u ng cn c in p
tng i cao, khng dm ng, kim tra dy dn khng c sai st. l nguyn nhn
g?
p: l hin tng rt bnh thng, c mnh dn ng A li m khng c
nguy him g. Bi v hai u ming m A c in p tng i cao l do trong bin p
khng c dng sng hi th ba chy qua, v th m sinh ra in p sng hi th ba.
Nu ng A th dng sng hi th ba c th chy qua, do khng cn in p sng
hi th ba na.

4 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba my bin p mt pha 3.3kV/220V v ngun in ba pha 3.3kV.
Mun ly ra ba pha in p 220V v mt pha 380V t bn th cp ra th phi u dy
th no?
p: u bn s cp thnh hnh A cn bn th cp u theo hnh 4 - 3 - 11a,
tc u hai pha a, b thnh hnh V, cn hai pha b, c u thnh hnh Y. Nh vy, gia x,
a v b l ba pha 220V, quan h vc t ca n nh hnh (b), cn gia b, c l in p
380V, quan h vc t ca n nh th hin hnh (c). u dy nh vy th ph ti m
pha b chu ng s ln hn hai pha cn li. v th phi ch duy tr ph ti pha b
khng vt qu dung lng nh mc mi c th s dng.

4 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ba my bin th mt pha, in p nh mc l 3300/220V u vo
ng dy 3300V vn hnh. Lc ra ca cch u A-Y v Y-Y liu c bng nhau?
Ti sao?
p: Khng bng nhau. Lc ra ca cc u A-Y gp 1.73 ln ca cch u Y-
Y. Bi v mt ln Y u vo ngun in 3300V th in p m mi my nhn c
khng phi 3300V m l 3300/ 3 = 1732V. V th lc ra cng gim theo t l o.

4 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt t bin p c ln do mt pha hp thnh, u theo Y/A. Khi pha A
khng ti, liu c th dng cu dao m A?
p: Khng c, v pha ngun in ni dy kiu Y, dng sng hi th ba
khng th chy qua, dng kch t vn gi hnh sin, do t thng trong li st khng
phi l hnh sin, tc c cha sng hi th ba. Do bin p ny l t hp ba ci mt pha,

- Trang 132 -
ng t mi ci mt ring, cho nn sng hi th ba thng qua li st v cm ng ra
in th sng hi th ba pha A. Do in th sng hi th ba ca ba pha c cng
bi cng pha hnh thnh mch kn theo hnh A. Trong A s c dng sng hi th ba
thng qua, cho nn khng dng cu dao m c.

4 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba my bin p mt pha c dung lng v t l s bin p ging nhau,
nhng ln ca li st, kch thc bn ngoi v s vng ca cao p, thp p u
khng bng nhau. Liu c th u thnh A hoc Y cung cp ngun in ba pha?
p: Ba my bin p mt pha ch c hai iu kin ging nhau l dung lng v
t s bin p; nu u thnh A hoc Y cung cp ngun in ba pha l khng hp l.
V ln ca li st v s vng ca cun u trc tip nh hng n ln ca tr
khng khng bng nhau u thnh ba pha th in p cng in c th khng cn
bng dn n bin p khng th vn hnh bnh thng.

4 - 3 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C hai my bin p mt pha 220/110V, u theo kiu hnh V nh th hin
hnh 4 - 3 - 15. in p cc pha pha th cp ca bin p liu c bng nhau?
p: Nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 15, u x v b ni vi nhau th in p gia ba
pha bn th cp u l 110V. Gi ni u x vi u y, t s vc t c th thy r
in p pha ab v bc l 110V, cn in p pha ac l 3 ln in p pha ab; tc 190V.

4 - 3 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi u ngc cc tnh mt pha ca bin p ba pha Y/Y
o
- 12, s c hin
tng g?
p: Nu u ngc cc tnh mt pha ca bin p ba pha Y/Y
o
- 12 th sau khi
thng in, in p sinh ra bn th cp s thay i, trong in p dy ca hai nhm
s gim 1/ 3 ln so vi tr s c, in p dy ca nhm kia s duy tr tr s c khng
i. V d u ngc cc tnh ca pha B th in p bn th cp U
AB
=B
BC
=U
AC
/ 3 ,
khi thc hin th nghim ngn mch bn pha th cp th dng in dy 0 ca n I
o
=
2I
A
= 2I
B
= 2I
C
.


- Trang 133 -
4 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bn s cp ca hai bin p ba pha kiu Y/Y - 12 ging nhau u song
song, bn th cp cha u song song. Hi gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p 1
vi pha B bn th cp ca my bin p 2 c in p khng? Nu im gia bn th
cp ca hai my bin p u tip t th c in p khng?
p: Bn th cp ca hai bin p cha u song song vi nhau, th l mi
lin h khng in, v th gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p 1 v pha B bn th
cp ca my bin p 2 khng c in p. Nu im gia bn th cp ca hai my bin
p u tip t th bn th cp l mi lin h c in, lc ny s c in p. ln ca
in p ca n bng vi in p gia pha A, B ca cng mt my bin p.

4 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bn s cp hoc th cp ca bin p ba pha dung lng ln lun
lun c mt bn u thnh A?
p: Khi bin p u theo Y/Y, th phn lng sng hi th ba ca dng kch
t cc pha khng th thng qua trong cch mc hnh sao khng c dy gia; lc ny
dng kch t vn gi gn nh sng sin, nhng do tnh cht phi tuyn ca t thng li
st bin p, t thng chnh s xut hin phn lng sng hi th ba. Do ln ca t
thng sng hi th ba cc pha bng nhau, v tr pha ging nhau, do khng th thng
qua li st ng kn, ch c th nh vo du, vch kt du, gng st hnh thnh
mch kn, nu sinh ra dng xoy trong cc chi tit ny s gy nng cc b, lm gim
hiu sut ca bin p. Cho nn bin p ba pha dung lng tng i ln hoc in p
tng i cao khng nn p dng cch u Y/Y.
Khi cun dy u kiu A/Y th phn lng sng hi th ba ca dng in kch
t bn s cp c th thng qua, vy l t thng chnh c th vn gi sng sin nn
khng c phn lng sng hi th ba.
Khi cun dy u kiu Y/A th sng hi th ba trong dng kch t bn s cp
tuy khng th thng qua, sinh ra phn lng sng hi th ba trong t thng chnh,
nhng do bn s cp l u theo A, in th sng hi th ba sinh ra dng in vng
sng hi th ba trong A. Bn s cp c dng sng hi th ba tng ng cn bng vi
n; nn dng in vng ny s tr thnh dng in c tnh cht kch t. Lc ny, t
thng chnh ca bin p s do dng in kch t sng sin bn s cp v dng in vng
bn th cp cng kch t. Hiu qu ca n hon ton ging nh khi u A/Y. V th, t
thng chnh cng l sng sin nn khng c phn lng sng hi th ba. Nh vy, sau
khi bin p ba pha s dng cch u A/Y hoc Y
l
/A s khng sinh ra nng cc b bi
dng xoy sng hi th ba gy nn.


- Trang 134 -
4 - 4 o th my bin p

4 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao th khng ti bin p c th o ra c tn hao trn st; cn th
ngn mch th c th o c tn hao trn ng?
p: Tn hao trn st ca bin p bao gm tn hao dng xoy v tn hao t tr,
khi tn s ca ngun in c nh, s quyt nh ln ca cng cm ng t
trong li st, tn hao trn ng ca bin p th ch yu do ln ca dng in trong
cun dy th cp quyt nh.
Khi th khng ti, dng in bn th cp bng 0, dng in khng ti bn s
cp rt nh th tn hao trn ng c th b qua khng tnh. Cn in p a vo bn s
cp l in p nh mc, cng cm ng t trong li st l tr s bnh thng khi
hot ng, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu hao tn hao trn st. Khi th
nghim ngn mch, trong cun dy bn th cp u l dng in nh mc, cn in
p ngun in bn s cp tng i thp. Cng cm ng t trong li st tng i
nh, tn hao trn st cng c th b qua, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu hao
trn ng.

4 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o t s bin p ca my bin p ng lc u A/Y, khi u ngun
in xoay chiu mt pha vo u bn A, ti sao in p o c trn ba u bn Y c
tr s khc nhau, c lc cn o c tr s 0?
p: Khi u in p ngun mt pha vo hai pha bt k ca cch u A, tng
ng vi em in p xoay chiu t ln cun dy ca mt pha no v cun dy
ca hai pha mc ni tip. Gi thit em in p mt pha t ln cun dy bn tri hoc
bn phi ca bin p ba pha. Do trong tnh hnh ny, ba pha ca bin p c mch t di
ngn khc nhau. Tr li st gia c mch t tng i ngn so vi li st hai pha cn
li. Cho nn tr li st gia c t thng tng i nhiu. Do nhm cun dy pha
gia c in th cm ng tng i ln so vi pha cn li. Khi o bn Y s c ba tr
s khc nhau. Khi em in p mt pha t ln cun dy tr li st gia, do c t
thng i xng, v th trong tr li st hai bn c t thng bng nhau, cun dy trn
hai tr li st cm ng in th bng nhau. Do cun dy ca hai pha cch u Y l mc
ni tip ngc chiu, cho nn lc ny khi o in p ca hai pha s c tr s 0.

4 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi hin trng dng cu dao xung kch ngun in ca h thng
tin hnh th nghim khng ti bin p, ti sao cun dy dng in ca ampe k v ot
k dng o c u phi u ngn mch?
p: Bi v s dng cu dao xung kch ngun in ca h thng, lc ny dng
in cu dao xung kch hnh thnh trong qu trnh qu tc th, dng in cao gp 4
~ 7 ln dng in nh mc. ln ca n thay i theo v tr pha ca ngun in
khonh khc ng cu dao v suy gim theo thng s thi gian T
o
= L/r. V th khi th
nghim, phi u ngn mch cun dy dng in ca ampe k v ot k nhm trnh
lm chy hng ampe k v ot k hoc chm gy, cong kim.



- Trang 135 -

4 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p vi tn s quc t, ly s c c vn k bn
in p thp ca bin p th nghim nh gi in p th nghim, phi chng l ln
hn?
p: Cha chc. Dng phng php ny nh gi in p th nghim ch khi
tr khng ca bin p th nghim tng i nh m tr khng ph ti tng i ln
mi tng i chnh xc. Nu khng kt qu o c va c kh nng ln hn hoc
cng c kh nng nh hn. Khi trong mch th nghim c tnh cht cm khng, bn
cao p c st p th s c ca vn k bn thp p s ln hn, cn khi trong mng th
nghim c tnh cht dung khng, bn cao p c tng p th s c ca vn k bn thp
p s nh hn. Ngoi ra, nu khi thit b in b o c r in tng i ln th dng
in ph ti ca bin p th nghim tng ln th tnh hnh trn mi tng i r.

4 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p xoay chiu i vi bin th
110kV tr ln phi sau khi gia nhit (60 ~ 70
o
C) ri mi tin hnh?
p: Do khi du bin p vo s sinh ra mt s bt, cc bt kh ny c th
bm trn cun dy, cho d bin p tt cng d dn n s c phng in. Cn di
trng thi gia nhit, khng nhng bt kh s b kh sch, ng thi tng i gn vi
tnh trng vn hnh thc t ca bin th, nh vy cng bo m cht lng th nghim.

4 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng mch in hnh 4 - 4 - 6 (a) lm th nghim khng ti ca
bin p v dng mch in 4 - 4 - 6 (b) lm th nghim ngn mch ca bin p, ti sao
v tr ca ampe k v vn k khc nhau?
p: Bi v, khi dng mch in hnh (a) lm th nghim khng ti bin p
th dng in khng ti tng i nh, st p trn ampe k rt nh, cho nn sai s o
ca vn k v ot k tng i nh. Ngc li, nu o vn k v ampe k th do bn
th cp bin p h mch, tr khng rt ln, tin hnh o so snh th tr khng ca vn
k t ra khng ln, tc dng phn dng ca n tng i r, v th sai s o ca ampe
k v ot k tng i ln. Cng l , khi dng mch in hnh (b) lm th nghim
ngn mch, do pha th cp ca bin p ngn mch, tr khng rt nh, tr khng u
vo ca vn k t ra tng i ln, tc dng phn dng khng r rt, v th sai s o
ca ampe k v ot k tng i nh. Ngc li, nu em vn k v ampe k o
trc sau th do khi th nghim ngn mch, dng in t n tr s nh mc ca bin
p, v th st p trn ampe k rt ln, sai s o ca vn k v ot k s tng i ln.


- Trang 136 -
4 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p ca thit b in trong ngun in h bn
dy pha, bin p th nghim u vo in p pha hay in p dy?
p: S nh thng thit b in trong th nghim chu p c lin quan ti tr s
bin sng in p. Trong in p pha cha in p sng hi th ba; sng in p th
hin khng phi hnh sin, khin cch in d b nh thng. Trong in p dy, do
sng hi th ba ca hai pha trit tiu nhau, sng in p th hin l hnh sin, bn cao
p cng khng c hin tng bin dao ng ca sng in p tng cao. V th, khi
lm th nghim chu p nn s dng in p dy.

4 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p i vi bin p cao p dung lng ln,
ti sao phi dng khe h hnh cu o in p th nghim m khng dng vn k?
p: Khi in p th nghim c o t bn pha thp p ri dng t s bin p
tnh i ra, do tc dng ca dng in dung ca bin p th nghim s gy st p
trong bin th th nghim, khin in p m cun dy bin p b th nghim nhn c
cao hn tr s tnh i ra. i vi bin p cao p dung lng ln, nh hng ny s
gy ra sai s rt ln, cho nn phi trc tip o in p bn cao p. Nhng, thng
thng phm vi in p o ca cc loi ng h dng b h cm khng cao, m in
p c o bng ng h kiu in t, ch l tr s hu hiu ca in p. ng thi, do
hnh sng bn cao p thay i cng s gy ra sai s. Cho nn khi tin hnh th nghim
chu p vi bin p cao p dung lng ln nn s dng khe h hnh cu o tr s
ln nht ca in p th nghim.

4 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tin hnh th nghim chu p tn s chung ca bin p dung lng ln,
trc khi th nghim, pha cao p hiu chnh khe h phng in qu cu ng.
Nhng trong th nghim thng thng ln cha ti in p th nghim qu cu ng
bt u phng in, ngng li, ly bin p th nghim ra, kim tra li in p phng
in ca qu cu ng, thy bng vi tr s hiu chnh ban u. Ti sao?
p: l hin tng qu cu ng phng in sm trong th nghim chu p
tn s lm vic. Do trong mch cao p ca bin p th nghim, tn ti dung khng ca
vt th nghim, gy nn t s bin p ca bin p th nghim tng theo khi in p tng
cao. V th, lc ny s c ca vn k khng th hin c in p ln nht tht s
trong mch cao p. Tr s ln nht ca in p tht s c th hin trong vic nh
thng khe h qu cu ng. V th, phi tuyt i tin tng khe h qu cu ng,
khng c s o ca vn k m lm cho vt th nghim qu p.

4 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ng dy siu cao p, ti sao o in p u dng b h cm in
p kiu xuyn cp?
p: Trng lng ca b h cm in p gn nh t l thun vi bnh phng
in p, b h cm trong ng dy siu cao p t phi tht ln. tit kim vt liu
kim loi, chng ta thng dng mt s b h cm c cp in p nh ni thnh kiu
xuyn cp tit kim vt liu, gim trng lng. Nh trong mch in 220kV dng

- Trang 137 -
bn b h cm in p 55kV, tng trng lng ca chng bng khong mt phn t
trng lng ca b h cm 220kV.

4 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p dung lng ln tin hnh th nghim chu p tn s lm vic xoay
chiu, khi bin p b nh thng, ch bo ca ampe k ni chung l tng ln. Nhng ti
sao c lc li khng thay i, thm ch cn gim xung?
p: Mch in ng tr th nghim chu p tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca
bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 4 - 11. Trong hnh, X
L
l in khng ca bin p th
nghim; X
C
l dung khng ca bin p th nghim. Trong tnh
hnh chung, v X
C
>> X
L,
tc X
C
- X
L
(in khng mch in
trc khi nh thng) >> X
L
(in khng mch in sau khi
nh thng), cho nn tng in khng ca mch in sau khi
nh thng gim nh, ch bo ca ampe k tng ln. Khi X
C
=
2X
L
, tc X
C
- X
L
= X
L
th do tng tr khng ca mch in
trc v sau khi b nh thng khng i, cho nn chi bo ca
ampe k khng thay i. Khi X
C
< 2X
L
, tc khi X
C
- X
L
< X
L
th tng in khng ca
mch in sau khi nh thng tng ln, cho nn ch bo ca ampe k gim xung.
Qua c th thy, khi thc t th nghim s thay i s ch bo ca ampe k
sau khi bin p th nghim b nh thng ch yu quyt nh bi dung lng ca bin
p th nghim v bin p b th nghim.

4 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p sau khi du c th tin hnh th nghim chu p hay khng?
p: Bin p sau khi du, khng c tin hnh th nghim chu p ngay. V
khi du vo, bt kh ln trong du s bm vo cch in ca cun dy, cng
chu p ca khng kh thp hn nhiu so vi cng chu p ca du bin th (ch
bng 1/20 ~ 1/15) cn in p th nghim chu p xoay chiu ca bin p cao hn
nhiu so vi in p nh mc ca n. Sau khi c bt kh bm vo cch in ca cun
dy rt c th cng gy hin tng phng in trong bin th, thm ch nh thng
cch in tt. Cho nn bin th sau khi bm du, phi ch hn 10 gi bt kh b y
ht ra khi b h hp mi tin hnh th nghim chu p.

4 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bin p ng lc phi tin hnh th nghim chu p cm ng?
p: Cch in ca bin p chia ra cch in chnh v cch in ph. Cch
in chnh l cch in gia cun dy ca hai cp in p v cch in i vi t.
Cch in ph l cch in gia cc vng, gia cc lp, gia cc on ca bn thn
cun dy cng cp in p. Khi th nghim, cao p bn ngoi t vo, th in p th
nghim m cc v tr ca cun dy b th nghim chu i vi t u bng nhau, nh
vy cch in chnh c kim tra, nhng cch in ph vn cha c th. Th
nghim chu p cm ng l t in p gp hai ln hoc trn hai ln in p kch t
nh mc ln bn thp p my bin p, trong cun dy cao p cm ng ra in p cao
tng ng th nghim in p phn b theo cun dy, n c th kim nghim cch
in ph. Ngoi ra, i vi bin p m cch in ca im trung tnh thp hn b
phn u th th nghim cao p bn ngoi t vo l khng thch hp, v rng iu ny

- Trang 138 -
s lm cho phn u, phn cui ca bin p loi ny vn c cch in khc nhau
u b t di in p th nghim ging nhau. Do cch in chnh v cch in
ph ca bin p loi ny phi dng th nghim cao p cm ng kho nghim.

4 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th nghim chu p cm ng ti sao khng th s dng ngun in 50Hz
m s dng ngun in 100 ~ 400Hz?
p: Quan h gia in th cm ng E trong cun dy bin p v mt t B
trong tr st l E = 4.44fWBS x 10
-8
V. Khi kt cu ca bin p xc nh th s vng
ca cun dy W, tit din tnh ca tr li st S (cm
2
) l tr s c nh. Do E = kfB,
tc E t l thun vi tn s f v B (Gaox), cn c vo yu cu th nghim chu p cm
ng, khi nng in p ln gp hai ln tr s nh mc, nu f duy tr 50Hz khng thay
i th B phi nng ln ti hai ln tr s bnh thng. iu khin li st bo ha qu
mc, do lm cho dng in khng ti tng n mc khng th cho php. lm
cho B v dng in khng ti khng tng, thm ch gim khi in p tng u gp 2
ln th ch cn nng f ca ngun in th nghim chu p cm ng ln n trn hai ln
tn s nh mc l c. Do , tn s th nghim chu p cm ng nn p dng 100 ~
400Hz.

4 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p sau khi th nghim cch in gia cc lp, ti sao phi kim tra
dng in khng c ph ti v tn tht khng ti?
p: Bin p sau khi th nghim cch in gia cc lp, phi tin hnh kim
tra dng in khng ti v tn tht khng ti so snh vi s liu o c trc khi
th nghim cch in gia cc lp, nu c tng ln, chng t sau khi qua th nghim
cch in gia cc lp cch in gia cc vng dy tr nn xu nn gia cc vng
cch in tr nn xu xy ra ngn mch.





- Trang 139 -
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p

4 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My bin p trong khi vn hnh c th da vo m thanh ca n pht ra
phn on tnh hnh vn hnh khng?
p: C th da vo m thanh phn on tnh hnh vn hnh ca my bin
p. Dng mt u que g t ln thng du ca bin p, cn u kia t gn tai lng
nghe m thanh. Nu c m thanh "ong ong" lin tc, nng hn bnh thng th phi
kim tra in p v nhit xem c qu cao khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng, kim tra li st c b r lng khng. Khi nghe ting "xt xt" phi kim tra b
mt ng lng xem c hin tng chp rch khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng phi kim tra bn trong. Khi nghe ting "bch x" th phi kim tra tnh hnh
cch in gia cc cun dy hoc gia li st vi tm kp xem c hin tng nh
thng khng?

4 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ng cu dao khng ti ca bin p c ln, ti sao phi mc ni tip
mt in tr vo gia bn s cp vi li in, mc xong li ngt mch n?
p: Bin p khi ng cu dao khng ti s sinh ra dng in bin i tc th;
li st cng bo ha th dng in ny s cng ln. T s gia in cm v in tr ca
bin th cng ln th thi gian n tn ti cng cng lu. Khi thit k bin p ln, mt
t thng ly tng i cao. V th dng in ny c th t ti gp 6 ~ 7 ln dng
in nh mc, li v bin p c ln th in cm ln, in tr nh, v th n tn ti
cng tng i lu, vt qu thi gian qui nh bo v ca rle bin p, nn c ng
tc nhy cu dao... Sau khi mc ni tip in tr vo, gim c cng dng in,
cng gim t s gia in cm v in tr, rt ngn ng k thi gian tn ti ca dng
in ny, khin n nh hn thi gian qui nh bo v ca rle, trnh c ng tc
nhm.

4 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi trn mch u ni bn ngoi ca bin p xy ra s c ngn mch th
bn trong bin th c nh hng g?
p: Do s c ngn mch bn ngoi bin p khin trong bin th sinh ra ng
lc c hc (lc in ng) rt ln. ng lc c hc ny nn p cun dy, sau khi khc
phc s c th ng lc cng mt. Qu trnh ny s lm cho cun dy c hin tng r
lng, m lt cch in v tm m ca cun dy cng lng ra, thm ch b tut, nu
nghim trng c th lm bin dng cch iu ca bu lng kp li st v lm i hnh
dng cun dy. Cun dy b r hoc bin dng li chu ng lc c hc c th lm hng
cch in, gy ngn mch gia cc vng.

4 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bin p mi lp hoc sau khi i tu, trc khi a vo vn hnh
phi tin hnh th nghim ng cu dao xung kch 3 - 5 ln?
p: Bin p mi lp hoc i tu, trc khi a vo vn hnh phi tin hnh th
nghim ng cu dao xung kch ch yu l nhm kim tra tnh hnh bn trong ca n

- Trang 140 -
xem c khc thng khng. Do thi im ng cu dao xung kch, bin p phi chu
qu p gp 2 - 3 ln in p pha, nh vy khng nhng c th kim tra tnh hnh bn
trong bin p, m cn c th kim tra rle liu c trnh c dng in kch t
khng ng tc nhm.

4 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p th nghim chu p t yu cu, khi a vo vn hnh, rle gas
ca n c ng tc nhy cu dao. Nguyn nhn g?
p: in p a vo khi th nghim chu p c phn b ton b ln cch
in (cch in chnh) gia dy dn vi t, nn th nghim chu p ch c th kt lun
c cch in chnh c t yu cu khng thi, i vi ngn mch gia cc lp do
hng cch in gia cc lp gy nn th khng th dng th nghim chu p kt
lun. Bin p th nghim chu p qui cch vn c th c khim khuyt ngn mch
gia cc lp, khi c in vo, h quang ca im ngn mch s dn n phn gii du,
do rle gas c ng tc nhy cu dao. Cho nn, trong th nghim d phng ca bin
p, ngoi vic phi lm th nghim chu p cch in chnh ra, cn phi lm th
nghim chu p gia cc lp cm ng, nhm phn on cch in gia cc lp c t
yu cu khng.

4 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S ln ko ng cu dao bin p khng ti qu nhiu c nh hng g n
bin p?
p: Khi ko cu dao bin p khng ti, t trng trong li st nhanh chng
mt i, do s thay i nhanh chng ca t trng trong cun dy sinh ra in p rt
cao. Nh vy c kh nng nh thng ch cch in yu ca bin p. Khi ng cu
dao, c kh nng sinh ra qu dng tc th tng i ln, lm cho cc cun dy chu
ng lc c hc rt ln, gy bin dng cun dy, hng cch in. Nn s ln ko, ng
cu dao bin p qu nhiu s nh hng n tui th s dng.

4 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tr s tr khng ca bin p s dng nh my in hoc trm
bin in phi cao hn bin p ph thng?
p: Bi v h thng m nh my in (trm bin in) s dng, cch ngun
in (my pht in hoc bin p chnh) tng i gn. Khi xy ra s c ngn mch
thp p, nu tng tr khng tng i nh th dng in ngn mch tng i ln,
dung lng ngt dng ca b ngt mch cng phi ln, nu khng s gy s c n b
ngt mch.
hn ch dng in ngn mch trong h thng s dng ca nh my in
(trm bin in) khin n c th p ng yu cu lp b ngt mch c nh hoc s
dng cu ch trong h thng thp p, nn tr khng ca bin p chn s dng phi cao
hn bin p ng lc ph thng cng dung lng.

4 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Qua mu sc cht kh thot ra t rle gas ca bin p, lm sao phn on
c tnh cht s c ca bin p?

- Trang 141 -
p: Cht kh thot ra t trong rle gas ca bin p nu ton l mu nu en,
li c tnh d chy, chng t s c ca bin p tng i nghim trng, du t phn
gii; nu cht kh ton l mu xm nht, chng t cch in si ca cun dy bin th
c s c; nu cht kh ton l mu vng, chng t cch in g ca bin p c s c,
nu ton l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, chng t khng kh lt vo trong bin
p.

4 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b ti sinh du xi phng nng ca bin p c th a t vo lu di
khng ?
p: S dng thit b ti sinh du xi phng nng ca bin p cn cn c vo
tnh hnh cha mi cht axt trong du bin p quyt nh. Thng thng ma h
vn hnh 1 - 2 thng, ma ng 3 - 5 thng th phi ngh vn hnh. Khi du xu c
ti dng, nu a vo vn hnh lu di, kt qu s dn n du bin p lc luyn qu
mc. Du bin p lc luyn qu mc s c bit nhy cm vi nh sng, tia t ngoi c
th lm cho phn t cacbua hydro ca du sinh ra gc t do, tng nhanh xy ha du,
nh vy, kt qu l thit b ti sinh du gy nn phn tc dng.

4 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi theo di tng nhit ca bin p? Nhit tng phi chng
cng thp cng tt?
p: Nhit ca bin p l mt trong cc tham s vn hnh quan trng. Nhit
qu cao th cht cch in lo ha nhanh, khi nghim trng, s tr nn gin d nt,
t lm hng cun dy bin p. Ngoi ra, cho d cch in cha hng, nhng nhit
qu cao, tnh nng ca vt liu cch in tr nn xu d b cao p nh thng, gy
ra s c. V th, nhn vin trc ban trm bin in phi theo di mc tng nhit ca
bin p, khng c vt qu nhit cho php ca vt liu cch in. Nhng nhit
ca bin p khng phi cng thp cng tt. Bi v vt liu c cp cch in nht
nh th cho php vn hnh lu di nhit nht nh. Dung lng nh mc ca
bin p l cn c vo nhit cho php ca vt liu cch in xc nh, di dung
lng nh mc, bin p c th vn hnh lu di. Nu nhit ca bin p qu thp,
chng t bin p c ti nh, vt liu khng c li dng ht, do khng kinh t.

4 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My iu p t ngu ti sao khng nn vn hnh lu mt in p no
?
p: Nguyn l iu chnh in p ca my iu p t ngu l in p s cp
khng thay i, in p th cp do chi than d ng dng trn cc v tr khc nhau
ca cun dy nn thu c in p khc nhau. Chi than v tr no lun lun lm
ngn mch mt s vng cun dy, lc trong mch v ca cc cun dy ngn mch,
dng in tng i ln, dng in ny thng qua lu s lm lo ha cch in ca
cun dy do qu nng, cng c hc v cch in gim thp. V th khng nn vn
hnh lu tr s in p no .


- Trang 142 -
4 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi in p ca bin p vt qu 5% tr s nh mc, ni chung
khng th bo m dung lng nh mc?
p: Bi v, khi thit k bin p ni chung s dng mt t thng gn tr
s bo ha. Khi in p vt qu 5%, t thng t n bo ha, v th dng in
kch t tng mnh s khng th bo m li vn hnh di ph ti dung lng nh
mc, nu khng bin p s vn hnh qu ti, pht nng.

4 - 5 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi bin p t ngu v bin p hai cun dy xy ra s c ngn mch th
loi no nguy him hn?
p: Bin p t ngu nguy him hn. Bi v tr khng ngn mch ca bin p
t ngu ch 1 - 2%, thm ch di l%. V th, dng in khi xy ra s c ngn mch
ln gp khong 100 ln so vi dng in nh mc. Tr khng ngn mch ca bin p
hai cun dy l khong 4 - l0%, dng in ngn mch ca n gp khong 10 - 25 ln
dng in nh mc (khng tnh tr khng mch in). Do ng lc c hc sinh ra bi
dng in ngn mch t l thun vi bnh phng ca dng in, cho nn khi xy ra s
c ngn mch, ng lc m bin p t ngu phi chu s ln hn nhiu so vi bin p
hai cun dy, kh nng b hng ln hn.

4 - 5 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao li st ca bin p phi tip t, m ch c th tip t mt im?
p: Khi bin p vn hnh, li st trong t trng mnh, c in th rt cao.
Nu khng tip t t s sinh ra hiu in th tng i cao gia bin p vi kt du,
gng st c tip t, dn n hin tng phng in; gy ra s c. Nhng nu em
vo im trn phin thp silic li st tip t th quanh ch tip t ca phin thp silic
s hnh thnh mch kn ca dng xoy khin tn tht dng xoy tng, gy nng cc b
li st. iu cng khng c php. Tuy gia phin thp silic c sn cch in
nhng in tr cch in ca n tng i nh, ch c th ngn dng xoy ch khng
th ngn dng in cm ng cao p, nn ch cn mt phin thp silic tip t s tng
ng nh c li st tip t (tip t mt im).

4 - 5 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: i vi bin p ba cun dy. Khi cun dy thp p vn hnh h mch
khng c ph ti th cn ch iu g?
p: i vi bin p ba cun dy, khi cun dy thp p vn hnh h mch
khng c ph ti th cn ch vn , do cm ng tnh in c kh nng nguy hi ti
cch in ca cun dy thp p. Cho nn, trong hnh thc vn hnh ny cn tm thi
tip t dy ra mt pha ca cun dy thp p, nu cun dy thp p vn c b chng
st kiu van th b chng st ny c th bo v qu p cm ng tnh in ny, khng
cn tip t tm thi na.

4 - 5 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt my bin p phn phi in ba pha u dy theo A/Y xy ra s c,
lm cho mt c nh ba pha 380V u quay ngc. Qua kim tra, mt pha ca cun

- Trang 143 -
dy bn cao p bin th b t dy (xem hnh 4 - 5 - 16 (a)). Th th ti sao mt li
quay ngc?
p: Khi cun dy mt pha bn cao p b t dy, Cng dng din cun
dy ny bng 0, s ampe/vng kch t trn tr li st ca pha ny cng l 0, nhng
cn c t thng chnh |
A
, |
C
do cun dy hai pha A, C sinh ra thng qua tr li st
pha B to thnh mch kn. in th do t thng hp thnh ny cm ng ra trn cun
dy bn thp p ca li st pha B l E
yb
. ln ca n bng vi in th pha b bn
thp p bnh thng, chiu ngc nhau, nh th hin hnh (b). Vy l, th t pha bn
thp p vn quay thun chiu kim ng h chuyn thnh quay ngc chiu kim ng
h. Do cc mt c nh do bin th phn phi in ny cung cp in u quay
ngc.

4 - 5 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ba bin th u thnh Y/Y
o
, cung cp cho ph ti mt pha, s c
nhc im g?
p: Cch u Y/Y
o
ca t my bin p ba pha c th coi nh l ba ph ti
ng tr u vi ngun in. Nh vy, c th thy r: khi nu tr khng ca ba ph ti
khng bng nhau th in p ca pha tr khng cng nh, khng nhng khng th
cung cp in m in p cc pha khc tng cao, c nguy c chy hng ph ti.
Hin tng ny c th thy do dng in ra ca mt pha ph ti cm ng n
cun dy, gy ra dng in i
A
, i
A
chia lm hai ng chy qua hai pha B, C. Nu b
qua dng in kch t v chnh lch tr khng ca hai bin p ny, th i
B
= i
C
.i
B
v i
C

ln hn dng in kch t vn c, dn n in p tng cao. Nu u ngn mch mt
pha th in p hai pha kia s tng cao ti in p dy, cho nn cch u ny rt t
dng.

4 - 5 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p hai cun dy ba pha nh hnh 4 - 5 - 18 c th mc song song
vn hnh khng?
p: Mc song song nh th hin hnh 4 - 5 - 18 thc cht l, mt my bin
p vn hnh theo th t pha, cn my bin p kia vn hnh ngc th t pha.
Vi bin p theo cch u dy Y/Y
o
-12, bn thp p
v bn cao p trng hp nhau trn trc i xng hnh hc.
Cao p, thp p khng lch gc pha, pha A, C v B u
cch nhau 120
o
, pha A c th lm pha C, pha C c th lm
pha A. V th ch cn em pha a, c bn thp p ca bin p
vn hnh ngc th t pha i cho nhau th c th mc song
song nh hnh v.

- Trang 144 -
Vi bin p theo cch u dy Y/A - 11, bn thp p u tam gic A vect hp
thnh so vi vect bn cao p, tr sau mt gc pha 30
o
. Nu em hai my bin p u
ngc th t pha th vect hp thnh bn thp p o trc vect bn cao p mt gc
30
o
, hai in p dy bn thp p lch pha nhau 60
o
, cho nn khng th u song song
theo hnh 4 - 5 - 18. trnh s c ngn mch, khng th ty tin u dy nh trn.

4 - 5 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mch iu chnh in p xoay chiu 3 pha thirixto s dng dy 0 lm
mch v cho dng in, ti sao my bin p chnh lu c th s dng ba bin p kiu
mt pha m khng th s dng bin p kiu ba pha ba tr?
p: Mch iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha thirixto s dng dy 0 lm
mch ln cho dng in, khi gc dn thng nh, c dng sng hi th ba tng i ln
chy qua. Nu bin th chnh lu p dng kiu ba pha ba tr th t thng sng hi th
ba khng th to thnh mch kn trong li st m ch c th thng qua chi tit bng st
quanh to thnh mch kn, khin cc chi tit st ny nng ln, tng tn hao ca
bin p gim hiu sut. Lc , dng ra ca b th cp bin p khng ln, cn dng
bn s cp li rt ln. Nu s dng ba bin p kiu mt pha th c th trnh c
khim khuyt trn.

4 - 5 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b ngt mch ct bin p c ti v bin p khng ti, th trong trng
hp no, kh nng bin p sinh ra qu p ln hn?
p: Khi b ngt mch ngt mch xoay chiu ca bin p c ph ti s sinh ra
h quang tng i ln. Do , ni chung, phi khi dng in thay i vt qua im
0 mi c th lm tt h quang. Lc ny, nng lng tch tr trong in cm bin p
bng 0, in nng t i trong in dung i vi t ca bin p s nhanh chng thng
qua in cm gii phng ht, nn kh sinh ra qu p.
Tr s bin dng in khng ti I
o
ca bin p khng ti l rt nh, ch c 1
- 2% ca dng in nh mc, cho nn b ngt mch c kh nng lm tt h quang,
c th ngt dng in ngn mch cc ln, th i vi dng in khng ti nh nh vy
c th d dng ct trc khi dng in vt qua im 0. Lc ny, nng lng tch tr
trong in cm khng th thay i t ngt xung 0, s np in cho in dung rt nh
ca chnh bin p, khin I
o
gim mnh, tc bin i dng in rt ln, in th cm
ng s c th t ti tr s rt cao, v th kh nng sinh ra qu p khi b ngt mch ct
bin p khng ti s tng i ln.

4 - 5 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p du tun hon cng bc sau khi ngng bm du, cho d l ti
nh hoc khng ti, ti sao u khng th tip tc vn hnh. Ti sao bin p kiu ngm
du qut gi, sau khi ngng qut, ch cn giam dung lng thch hp l vn c th vn
hnh lu di?
p: Trn v bin p du tun hon cng bc khng c b ta nhit. Vic ta
nhit hon ton da vo s tun hon u cng bc. Nu du ngng tun hon th
cho d vn hnh khng ti cng khng th tn pht nhit lng do tiu hao khng ti
sinh ra. V th, loi bin p ny, sau khi ngng bm du tun hon, trong 10~20 pht
phi ngng vn hnh. Bin p ngm du qut gi, trn kt du c lp b tn nhit c

- Trang 145 -
lp qut gi th hiu sut lm mt b mt kt du v b ta nhit c th nng cao 50 -
60%, dung lng ca n cng c th nng cao 30% tr ln. Sau khi ngng qut vn c
th vn hnh vi 66.7% ph ti. Do ch cn ph ti khng vt qu 66.7% tr s
nh mc th bin p vn c th vn hnh lu di.

4 - 5 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi hai my bin p vn hnh ring l (cng c th vn hnh song song
thi gian ngn) nu mun ngng mt my m li khng nh hng sn xut th phi
thao tc th no?
p: Trc tin phi ng hp cng tc chung bn thp p, khin hai bin p
vn hnh song song, sau ko m b ngt mch tng du v cng tc ngn cch thp
p ca my bin p cn ngng s dng. Sau cng ko m b ngt mch du v cu dao
bn cao p th s a bin p ngng s dng ra khi vn hnh. Lc ny cn ch xem
my bin p ang vn hnh c qu p khng.

4 - 5 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trm bin p phn phi in ca phn xng hoc n v quan trng u
p ng hai ngun cp in, cng tc chung bn thp p my bin p ca n c th
thng xuyn ng hp vn hnh song song?
p: Trong tnh hnh bnh thng, hai ng in nn vn hnh ring, hoc
vn hnh mt ng, cn mt ng lm d b ch khi o bi ph ti, mi qua cng
tc chung in p thp vn hnh song song tm thi trong thi gian ngn. Nu c
ng hp cng tc chung bn thp p vn hnh song song trong thi gian lu th
trong tnh hnh c bit, nu ngun in mt ng no do s c t ngt gin
on, ngun in ca ng khc s t ng gnh vc ton b ph ti ca n v ny;
hn na ph ti cao p bn mt in s thng qua cng tc chung thp p em hai my
bin p ni tip li cp in ngc. Nh vy t s hnh thnh qu ti nghim trng
cho bin p, t m rng s c, gy mt in phm vi rng hn.

4 - 5 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng tc tch ni ca b iu p c ti phi dng n hai u tip xc
ng K
l
v K
2
. ch u tip Xc Cn phi mc ni tip in tr R (4 - 5 - 24). Vy m
cng tc tch ni khng ti ph thng ch dng mt u tip xc m u tip xc cng
khng mc ni tip in tr, ti sao?
p: B iu p c ti l t trong cun dy bin p ko ra
vi u chia thng qua cng tc tch ni, trong tnh hnh c ph ti,
t u chia ny chuyn i sang u chia khc, t thay i s
vng cun dy, t c mc ch iu chnh in p. Trong qu
trnh iu chnh in p, nu ch dng mt u tip xc ng, tin
hnh chuyn i qua li gia u tip xc c nh ni cc u
nhnh th s dn n h quang, sau khi h quang tt s gy ngt in tc th. Nu p
dng hai u tip xc ng th trc khi chuyn i u tip xc ng, K
l
v K
2
u
trn u nhnh 2, khi chuyn i, trc tin chuyn K
l
n u nhnh 1, sau mi
ngt K
2
kh 2. Nh vy s khng gy nn ngt in, sau cng K
2
cng chuyn n v
tr 1, hon thnh ct chuyn. Nhng trong khonh khc ca qu trnh ct chuyn, mun
hnh thnh mch kn do 2K
2
K
l
1 to thnh, s sinh ra dng in vng tng i

- Trang 146 -
ln, khi K
2
ngt khi 2, s sinh ra h quang, nn trong u tip xc ng c mc ni
tip in tr hn dng R.
Cng tc tch ni khng ti ph thng tin hnh ct chuyn trong tnh hnh ngt
in. Trong qu trnh ct chuyn khng tn ti vn ngt in v sinh ra h quang.
V th ch dng mt u tip xc ng v khng cn in tr mc ni tip.


- Trang 147 -
4 - 6 B iu Chnh in p v b h cm

4 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chi in ca bin p iu p c ch to rt hp? Ti sao khng
s dng chi in bng ng - graphit bn chc?
p: Chi in ca bin p iu p ni chung u dng chi in cacbon -
graphit, v ch to rt hp, thng khng vt qu rng hai si dy dn ca cun
dy. Bi v phn tip xc gia chi in vi cun dy s trc tip hnh thnh ngn
mch, chi in cng rng th s si ca cun dy b ngn mch cng nhiu. ln
ca dng in ngn mch hon ton do ln ca in tr bn trong chi in quyt
nh. Nu s dng chi in bng ng - graphit c in tr bn trong rt nh t s gy
nn dng in ngn mch tng i ln, khin cun dy pht nng, chy hng.

4 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p t ngu vi u vo 220V, u ra 0 - 250V, khi nm xoay xoay
n in p u ra bng 0, nu tay ngi chm phi dy dn ra, c nguy him khng?
p: Tuyt i khng c. V bn s cp v bn th
cp ca bin p t ngu trc tip thng nhau, khng c ngn
cch v in (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 2). u ra D ni lin vi u vo
B. Khi du C quay n trng vi u D, in p gia C, D ca
u ra tuy bng 0, phi xem u vo B u vo li in nh
th no quyt nh. Gi s u B va ng u vo dy 0
ca li in th in p u ra vi t l 0, lc ny tay chm
vo u ra khng nguy him. Nhng nu u B u vi dy
nng ca li in th in p u ra i vi t l 220V, lc
ny ngi chm vo u ra s nguy him.

4 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in p nh mc bn th cp ca b h cm dng in u l 5
ampe?
p: Tc dng ca b h cm dng in l chuyn i dng in ln ca bn
s cp vi tr s bt k thnh dng in nh m cc loi ng h ph thng bn th
cp c th o c, cung cp ngun cho ng h o c v thit b bo v. Dng in
nh mc bn th cp ca b h cm dng in u s dng 5 ampe l nhm tiu
chun ha c c dng in bn th cp tiu chun, c th lm cho ton b thit b
in trong mch th hai u p dng kiu tiu chun ha.

4 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong bin p iu p 10kV, tc dng ca cun dy L l g?

- Trang 148 -
p: Nu b L th bin thnh mch in do hai my bin p iu p t ngu
mc song song to thnh, xem hnh 4 - 6 - 4 (b). Bin p u song song mun vn
hnh phi ph hp ba iu kin: cc lin kt ging nhau, in p tr khng bng nhau,
t s bin p bng nhau. Hai iu kin trc tha mn, nhng t s thng thng
do s khc bit ca hai c cu trc, tip im trt trong qu trnh iu chnh in p
hoc do s khc bit v qun cun dy nn kh thc hin c hon ton. V d, t s
bin p K
A
> K
B
, th in th bn th cp E
A
< E
B
trong hai cun dy th cp s xut
hin tr s hiu th in ng AE = E
B
- E
A
. Di tc dng ca AE, mch cun dy th
cp s sinh ra dng in vng I
n
, tng thm tn hao ph. Sau khi c L th c th gim
thiu dng in vng trong cun dy th cp.

4 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm, ti sao ch c cun dy th hai m
khng c cun dy th nht (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 5)? Nguyn l ca n ra sao?
p: B h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm c li st hnh vng, khi s dng,
dy ci c o s xuyn vo gia li st hnh vng, dy ci ny thay cho cun dy
th nht, cho nn b h cm ch c cun dy th hai.
Khi b h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm hot
ng, do tc dng ca dng in dy ci trong li st
hnh vng s sinh ra t thng, t thng xuyn qua cun
dy th hai, trong cun dy th hai cm ng ra in p
th hai v hnh thnh dng in. ln ca dng in
th hai ny t l thun vi dng in th nht (dng in
dy ci). Nh vy, s c th phn nh ln ca dng
in trong dy ci trn ampe k ca cun dy th hai.

4 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao t s cng dng in ghi trn nhn (t s nhn) b h cm
dng in lun lun ln hn t s vng thc t ca n?
p: Nu t s nhn ca b h cm dng in bng t s vng, th do chu nh
hng bi tn hao dng in kch t, dng in th cp ca n lun nh hn tr s
dng in th cp c tnh ra t bn s cp. iu ny dn n dng in th cp v
dng in th cp c chit tnh ra khng bng v tr s, v tr pha cng khc nhau,
tc s lm cho b h cm dng in sinh ra sai s (sai v tr t s v gc pha). gim
sai s, ngoi gim thiu dng in kch t ra cn p dng phng php b s vng

- Trang 149 -
hoc b vng s l ca cun dy th cp, tc s vng thc t ca cun dy th cp t
hn s vng tnh ton mt cht. Nh vy c th gim thiu sai s trong phm vi dng
in nh mc ca b h cm dng in.

4 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi cng dng in nh mc ca b h cm dng in di
200A th cun dy s cp thng qun thnh kiu nhiu vng, cn khi trn 600A th
thng qun thnh kiu mt vng?
p: Sai s ca b h cm dng in gn nh t l nghch vi t th (tc ampe
s vng) bn s cp. Khi dng in nh mc tng i nh, nu p dng kiu mt
vng th t th ca n tng i nh, sai s s ln, ch c tng s vng ca cun dy
s cp, tc qun cun dy s cp thnh kiu nhiu vng mi c th tng t th cun
dy s cp, bo m chnh xc cn c khi dng in nh mc trn 600 ampe, cho
d p dng kiu mt vng th t th cun dy s cp ca n ln, c th tha mn
chnh xc.

4 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S vng bn s cp ca b h cm dng in rt t, cn s vng bn th
cp rt nhiu, th th in p bn th cp nht nh rt cao?
p: Khng phi. Bn th cp b h cm dng in trong tnh hnh bnh
thng, do tr khng ph ti rt nh, gn nh vn hnh trng thi ngn mch, cho
nn in p khng cao, ch c khi bn th cp h mch, in p bn th cp do t
thng xoay chiu cm ng ra mi tng cao, thm ch nguy him n tnh mng ngi
s dng, ng thi khin li st bo ha qu mc, dn n t d qu cao, nh hng
chnh xc ca b h cm dng in. V th, trong khi vn hnh, bn th cp ca b
h cm dng in khng cho php h mch.

4 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tnh n nh ca b h cm dng in l g?
p: Trn nhn hiu b h cm dng din c ghi n nh nhit v n nh
ng. Gi n nh l ch kh nng b h cm dng in c th chu ng tc dng ca
lc in ng v nhit do dng in tng cao gy nn m khng n ni b hng. n
nh ca b h cm dng in c biu th bng bi s n nh lc in ng v bi
s n nh nhit. Bi s n nh lc in ng l t s gia tr tc thi ca cng
dng in ln nht m b h cm c th chu c v tr s bin cng dng
in nh mc ca b h cm ny. Bi s n nh nhit tc l t s gia dng in n
nh nhit vi dng in nh mc ca b h cm v ch nh cng dng in
trong mt giy khng lm cho s pht nhit ca b h cm dng in vt qu gii
hn cho php. V d, in p ca b h cm dng in l 10kV, khi t s bin i dng
in l 200/5 th n nh ng l 165 ln, n nh nhit trong mt giy l 15 ln.

4 - 6 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tit din hai li st ca b h cm dng in kiu LFZ 6 10kV c bng
nha Epoxi ti sao mt ln mt nh?
p: B h cm dng in kiu LF2 6 - 10 ngn vn c mt cun dy s cp
v hai cun dy th cp. Trong b dy th cp c mt cun dng cho ng h o, mt

- Trang 150 -
cun khc dng bo v rle. Mi mt cun ca b dy th cp u phi hp vi mt
li st. Cun dy dng o, khi s dng bnh thng th tit din li st ca n tnh
theo cng dng in lm vic bnh thng, nn tit din tng i nh. Cun dy
dng bo v l tnh theo tnh hnh khi ngn mch, v dng in ngn mch thng gp
vi n mi my ln dng in bnh thng, trong trng hp ny li st khng b
bo ha, cun dy th cp c th phn nh ln dng in ngn mch ca s c, nn
tit din li st ca n phi chn tng i ln, cho nn c hai li st tit din khc
nhau.

4 - 6 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dung lng nh mc th cp ca b h cm in p thng biu th bng
cng sut biu kin cn dung lng nh mc th cp ca b h cm dng in li
thng biu th bng tr khng. Ti sao?
p: Ph ti th cp ca b h cm in p ch yu l cun y in p ca
ng h o v rle, dng in ca n gm hai phn hu cng v v cng nn cng
sut c biu t bng cng sut biu kin (S =
2 2
Q P + ), dung lng nh mc th
cp ca b h cm in p cng biu th bng cng sut biu kin, i ng ln nhau
nh vy, s dng s tng i thun tin.
Dung lng u ra nh mc ca cun dy th cp b h cm dng in:
S
2
= Z I
2
2
,cn cng dng in nh mc th cp qui nh l 5A, cho nn S
2
= 25Z.
Qua cng thc trn c th bit, gia dung lng nh mc vi tr khng th cp nh
mc Z ch sai nhau mt h s. Do , dung lng nh mc ca n c th thay th
bng tr khng th cp nh mc. Khi trn nhn hiu b h cm dng in c ghi tr s
ohm di chnh xc no th tr s tng tr khng ca tr khng cng vi nhng
ph ti mc ni tip vi cun dy nh ng h o, rle, in tr dy dn khng vt
qu tr s tr khng qui nh trn nhn hiu l c, s dng rt tin li, nn dung
lng nh mc b h cm dng in thng thay th bng tr khng.

4 - 6 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn nhn hiu b h cm in p ghi nhiu loi dung lng?
p: B h cm in p l bin p dng cho ng h. N dng cch o in p
bn th cp c c s o in p (cao p) bn s cp. Do kim ng h o u
bn th cp m li o bn s cp, trong t c sai s. S sai s ny gm hai phn:
mt l sai s v t l, tc sai s v ln tr s in p; hai l sai gc, tc sai s v v
tr pha vect in p s cp, th cp. Do sai s ca b h cm in p thay i theo s
thay i tr s ph ti ca n, cho nn chnh xc ca n thch ng vi dung lng,
tc dung lng nh mc l ch ung lng tng ng vi chnh xc cao nht. Cc
chnh xc khc ghi trn nhn hiu u c dung lng tng ng ca n, m dung
lng tng ln th chnh xc gim.

4 - 6 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dung lng ln nht v dung lng nh mc th hin trn nhn hiu b
h cm in p c g khc nhau?
p: Dung lng nh mc l ch dung lng m b h cm in p c th
t c khi vn hnh cp chnh xc thit k, nu s dng ph ti trong phm vi

- Trang 151 -
dung lng nh mc th bo m c th t c cp chnh xc thit k. Cn dung
lng ln nht l cn c vo nhit cho php ca cun dy b h cm in p
xem xt, do s dng ph ti n dung lng ln nht th khng th bo m
chnh xc ca n, thng thng dung lng ln nht ln hn dung lng nh mc.

4 - 6 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B h cm c bng nha (pxy), ti sao phi sn lp bn dn ra ngoi
thn nha c?
p: B h cm c bng nha (pxy) khng c v s ra dy m bn ngoi
lp nha ca n cng khng th tip t. Trong vn hnh, khi ng sc in ca in
trng xuyn qua mt tip gip gia khng kh vi nha, do thng s mi cht ca
chng khc nhau nn xut hin in trng tp trung s dn n phng in cc b. V
th, phi sn lp sn bn dn ln ngoi v c bng nha, cho mt ngoi ca b h
cm c in th bng nhau trong in trng, nh vy c th phng nga phng in
cc b.

4 - 6 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ba b h cm in p mt pha c t s l (10000/ 3 )/(l00/ 3 ), khi dng
vi h thng 6kV, nn u dy nh th no?
p: B h cm in p hot ng di in p nh mc th mi c th bo
m chnh xc cn c. V th ba b h cm in p mt pha c t s l
(10000/ 3 )/(l00/ 3 ) khi; dng vi h thng 6kV th phi u thnh A/Y. Lc ny,
in p mi cun dy bn s cp nhn c gn vi in p nh mc 10000/ 3 V ca
n, in p m mi cun dy bn th cp c c gn vi in p nh mc 100/ 3 V
ca n, in p u ra gia cc pha bn th cp bng 100V, c th p ng yu cu
ca ng h v rle.

4 - 6 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng phng php thng thng o in tr cch in v tn hao
mi cht (tg ca s cp b h cm in p kiu xuyn cp i vi th cp, th ba v
t ti sao khi in tr cch in tng i thp th tg c lc tng i ln, li c lc
tng i nh?
p: Cch in phn s cp b h cm kiu xuyn cp i vi th cp, th ba
v t l do cc chi tit cch in nh cch in gia cc cun dy, gi cch in v
tm mt u th cp v.v... u song song li m to thnh, do tr s in tr cch
in trong mi chi tit. Cn quan h gia tng tiu hao mi cht (tg ca mch in
ng tr mc song song v tn hao mi cht gia cc chi tit l:
n 2 1
n n 2 2 1 1
C ... C C
tg C ... tg C tg C
tg
+ + +
o + + o + o
= o
Trong cng thc C
1,
C
2
C
n
l in dung ca cc chi tit cch in, tg
l
,
tg
2
tg
n
l tn hao mi cht ca cc chi tit. V th, tg nh hn tr s ln nht ca
tn hao mi cht trong cc chi tit v ln hn tr s nh nht ca tn hao mi cht
trong cc chi tit. Nu khi cch in gia cc cun dy hoc tm mt u th cp
khng tt dn n in tr cch in tng i thp, th do lng in dung ca cc
chi tit cch in ny tng i ln, cho nn tg o c tng i ln; nu khi ch

- Trang 152 -
vt liu gi khng tt khin in tr cch in tng i thp th do lng in
dung ca gi rt nh, cho nn tg o c tng i nh.

4 - 6 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B h cm in p 35kV ti sao phi c cu ch v in tr ph, cn b h
cm in p 110kV li khng cn?
p: Khong cch gia cc dy ca b h cm in p 35kV tng i nh, d
xy ra s c ngn mch, nhanh chng khc phc s c ngn mch, phi lp cu ch
kiu sng, v lp in tr ph phi hp dung lng ngt ca cu ch nhm hn ch
dng in ngn mch, cn khong cch dy ca b h cm in p 110kV tng i
ln, kh nng xy ra ngn mch rt nh, nu xy ra ngn mch cng khng c cu ch
thch hp, v th trc tip u ln dy in, da vo b ngt mch bo v.

4 - 6 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vic gim st cch in ca h thng 35kV s dng b h cm in p do
ba cun dy mt pha to thnh, cn loi 6 - 15kV s dng kiu 5 tr 3 pha. Ti sao?
p: V rng ph ti ca b h cm in p h thng 6 - 15kV khng ln, s
dng b h cm in p kiu 5 tr 3 pha, em im trung tnh ca cun dy s cp tip
t, va c th dng o in p dy v in p pha. Va c th dng gim st
cch in gia mng in vi t v thc hin bo v rle mt pha tip t, gi r, th
tch nh. Cn cp in p ca h thng 35kV tng i cao, th tch b h cm in p
tng i ln, nu s dng kiu 5 tr 3 pha th s rt nng n, lp rp, vn chuyn u
bt tin, nn s dng ba b h cm in p ba cun dy mt pha, em cun s cp u
thnh hnh sao v im trung tnh tip t, cun dy th cp u thnh hnh sao, cun
dy in p th t 0 u thnh hnh tam gic nh ming. Nh vy va c chc nng
kiu 5 tr 3 pha li va tin vn chuyn, lp rp v bo qun.

4 - 6 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v b h cm in p kiu xuyn 110kV s dng ng s m khng
dng hp st?
p: B h cm ny l do hai n nguyn ging nhau mc
ni tip vo gia pha v t (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 19), in p ca mi
n nguyn l (1/2)U
xg
(in p pha ca li in). Do im gia
ca cun dy mi n nguyn ni vi li st, v th cch in gia
vng dy hai u cun dy vi li st ch cn thit k vi in p
(l/4)U
xg
. Gia hai li st v gia li st vi v u phi cch in.
Nu dng v bng hp st th phi tng rt nhiu vt liu cch
in, khin b h cm thm nng n v gi thnh ch to s cao.
S dng v bng ng s s d gii quyt cch in gia li st vi v v c th gim
c ci cch in ca ng , gim ng k th tch , gim c gi thnh

4 - 6 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn li st b h cm in p kiu xuyn cp, ti sao phi qun thm
cun dy cn bng?
p: Tc dng ca cun dy cn bng l lm cho in p cun dy ca cc n
nguyn phn b ng u, nng cao chnh xc o. Bi v cun dy th cp qun

- Trang 153 -
trn tr li st di ca li st cp cui (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 20),
sau khi cun th cp c ti, dng in ph ti s sinh ra t
thng kh t, khin tng t thng trong li st cp cui nh
hn t thng ca cc li st khc, t khin in th cm
ng ca cun dy cc n nguyn khng bng nhau, do
chnh xc gim thp. V th, lp thm cun dy cn bng m
s vng, chiu qun ging nhau ln li st hai n nguyn, ri
u ngc chiu. Nh vy khi t thng ca hai n nguyn
khng bng nhau, trong cun dy cn bng s sinh ra dng
in vng, dng in ny kh t li st t thng tng i ln,
lm tng t li st c t thng tng i nh, nn t thng
trong li st cc cp i th bng nhau, t khin in p
cun dy cc n nguyn phn b tng i ng u, nng cao c chnh xc
ca b h cm in p.


4 - 6 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi chn thit b in ca trm bin in, ni chung in p nh mc U
H

ca thit b ln hn hoc bng in p nh mc U
S
mang in ni lp t l c
.Cn b h cm in p th ngoi l. Ti sao?
p: Cn c vo U
H
> U
S
chn thit b in ca trm bin in, ch yu l
bo m s an ton tin cy ca n trong vn hnh. nh my ch to, thit b in cn
xem xt in p lm vic cao hn in p nh mc 10 - 15% cn theo qui nh, in
p cao nht ca li in khng c ln hn 5% in p nh mc ca li in. V
th, ch cn chn U
H
> U
S
th c th bo m s vn hnh an ton tin cy ca thit b
in trong li in. Cn b h cm in p l thng qua bn th cp o in p
bn s cp, ngoi yu cu chu p ra cn c yu cu chnh xc. V th U
H
phi thch
ng vi in li u vo, ni chung yu cu in p bn s cp U
l
tc dng vo n
phi tha mn 1.1U
H
> U
l
> 0.9 U
H
. Nh vy mi bo m chnh xc nht nh.

4 - 6 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tc dng ca dy cu ch bn cao p v bn thp p ca b h cm in p
c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng ging nhau. Ni chung trong mch in bn thp p u lp dy
cu ch in p thp khng ln hn 2 ampe, dng phng nga qu ti hoc ngn
mch ca mch in u vi bn thp p. Cn cu ch bn cao p ch c th phng
nga ngn mch ca chnh b h cm, khng th chng qu ti. Bi v, dng in m
cng c hc ca dy cu ch cao p c th chu ng c phi ln hn nhiu ln
dng in nh mc ca cun dy. ng thi, c lc cn mc ni tip in tr hn
dng, dng hn ch dng in khi ngn mch.

4 - 6 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn u ra th cp ca b h cm din p
kiu in dung phi mc ni tip mt cun dy in cm L?

- Trang 154 -
p: B h cm in p in dung, k thc l mt b phn p in dung (nh
hnh 4 - 6 - 23). Khi khng ti, in p u ra ca hai u a, b l:
1 1
2 1
1
2 C
KU U
C C
C
U =
+
=
Nhng khi u ph ti vo hai u a, b th U
C2
s nh hn tr s phn p in
dung, m dng in ph ti cng ln th in p cng thp, chnh lch rt ln. Ch yu
l do st p trn tr khng trong Z; ca chnh t in gy nn.
) C C ( j
1
Z
2 1
i
+ e
=

Nu u ra a, b mc ni tip in cm L, th:
) C C ( j
1
L j Z
2 1
i
+ e
+ e =

Khi
) C C (
1
L
2 1
+ e
+ e th Z'
i
= 0, tc mc ni tip L b sung c tr khng
trong ca t in. Lc ny U
C2
s khng st qu nhiu do dng in tng, nn nng
cao c chnh xc ca b h cm in p kiu in dung.

4 - 6 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u nhiu ng h vo th cp b h cm dng in, ti sao chnh xc
s gim thp?
p: u nhiu ng h vo th cp b h cm dng in th s tng th in
ng ca th cp v in p ca s cp, t lm tng dng in khng ti ca n.
Cn sai s ca b h cm dng in s tng ln theo s tng ln ca dng in khng
ti, nh vy s lm gim chnh xc.

4 - 6 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng mt b h cm in p c vi loi dung lng tiu chun
khc nhau, v l khc nhau theo mc cao thp ca cp chnh xc ? Nu cn c
vo dung lng ln nht (gii hn) qui nh u ph ti (my mc o v rle) c
c khng?
p: Cp chnh xc ca b h cm in p l cp chnh xc cao nht c th c
ca n di ph ti nh mc. Nu ph ti tng ln, sai s cng tng ln, cp chnh xc
s gim, ngc li cp chnh xc s cao hn. V th, cp chnh xc ca b h cm in
p c lin quan rt ln n ph ti. Dung lng tiu chun ca n chnh l cn c vo
dung lng m mt cp chnh xc no c th cho php qui nh. Cho nn, dung
lng tiu chun ca n s c s qui nh khc nhau ty theo cp chnh xc khc nhau.
Dung lng ln nht m b h cm in p qui nh khc vi dung lng tiu
chun, n l dung lng ln nht m iu kin pht nhit vn hnh lu di cho php,
khi qui nh dung lng ny khng xt n chnh xc, cho nn sai s tng i ln.
Khi ng h o v rle m ngun nui c yu cu cp chnh xc th khng th p dng
dung lng ln nht v khng c vt qu dung lng tiu chun qui nh. Nu
khng s tng sai s, nh hng lm chnh xc. Ch c khi ng h m ngun nui

- Trang 155 -
khng c yu cu cp chnh xc v tr s sai s khng nh hng n s lm vic
chnh xc ca n th mi cho php dng n dung lng ln nht.


- Trang 156 -
CHNG VI

NG C IN KHNG NG B

6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn
ca ng c in khng ng b

6 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng c in kiu lng sc c th t n tc quay ng b khng?
p: ng c in kiu lng sc s d c th quay c l do t trng quay
ca stato ct vt dn ca rto, sinh ra dng in cm ng, ri tc dng vi t thng m
to ra. Nu t n tc quay ng b th gia t trng quay ca stato v rto
khng c s vn ng tng i, tc khng th sinh ra dng in cm ng, do cng
khng th sinh ra m men quay, cho d mt khng ti th vn cn c lc cn ca gi,
cho nn tc quay tt nhin gim, tc khng bao gi c th t n tc quay ng
b.

6 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng dng in khi ng ca ng c in cm ng rt ln, nhng
m men quay khng tht ln, ti sao?
p: Khi mt in cm ng quay, tn s dng in trong rto rt thp, cho
nn in khng rt nh, dng in v in th gn cng pha, phng chiu ca lc t
trng stato tc dng ln dy dn rto l thng nht, hoc chng ta c th xem t
trng ca stato to vi t trng ca rto thnh 90
o
, khi khi ng vi m men quay
ln nht, nh th hin trong hnh (a) tn s ca rto rt cao, in khng rt ln, h s
cng sut rt thp, ni nh vy tc l dng in i sau in th gn 90
o
. T trng rto
gn nh song song vi t trng stato, cng c ngha rto c mt s lc trit tiu ln
nhau, cho nn cng dng in ln, m men quay vn rt nh, nh hnh (b).

6 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt in bn ng mc song song, mi cc mi pha c 4 cun
dy, liu c th em 4 cun dy ca mi mt pha cc u thnh 4 ng?

- Trang 157 -
p: Bn cun dy trong cng mt pha cc th in p cm ng trong c
lch v tr pha, khi cc cun dy ny mc song song, gia chng s sinh ra dng in
mch vng, khng th quay bnh thng. Do khng th mc song song bng
phng php ny.

6 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu khe h khng kh ca mt hai cc khng u nhau, s c hay khng
hin tng lc ko t mt chiu? Ti sao?
p: i vi my in hai cc bt k khe h khng kh ca n hai cc c u
hay khng, u khng c hin tng lc ko t mt chiu. Bi v t thng ca mch t
tt phi thng qua khe trng hai ln. Nu mt ln thng qua cc N th phi c mt ln
thng qua cc S. Cho nn bt lun t thng ca cc N hoc cc S, khi n thng qua
bn khe trng nh th cng phi thng qua bn khe trng ln, tc bt k khe trng c
u hay khng th tng t tr di hai cc u khng thay i, do ln ca lng
t thng hai cc bng nhau, cho nn khng c hin tng lc ko t mt chiu.

6 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt in khng ng b ba pha c nh 0.6kW, dng in khng ti
vt qu bn dng in nh mc ti. Th th tiu hao khng ti ca mt liu
c vt qu bn 0.6kW khng? Khi vn hnh ti c phi
cng ch c th a ra cng sut cha dy mt na cn li, tc
0.3kW khng?
p: Khng phi. V rng gia in p v dng in
ca mt u c lch gc pha. Lch gc pha khi khng ti l
gn 90
o
, cn lch pha khi ti th nh hn nhiu. Cho nn
cng sut ca mt khng th n thun ly tr s dng in
ln hay nh nh gi m cn lin quan ti lch gc pha. th vc t ca in p
v dng in khi khng ti v ti nh th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 5. Cng sut u vo
khi khng ti P
o
= UI
o
cos
o
, Cng sut u vo khi ti P = UIcos. Qua th c
th thy, dng in khng ti I
o
ca mt tuy ln hn mt na ca dng in nh mc
I, nhng do gc h s cng sut j ca mt khi c ti nh mc, nh hn nhiu so vi
gc h s cng sut
o
khi khng ti. Cho nn cng sut u vo P
o
ca mt khi
khng ti rt nh, cn xa mi t mt na cng sut u vo nh mc P ca mt.
ng nhin, u ra khi ti cng khng phi 0.3kW.

6 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng dng in u dy ca mt mt in
khng ng b ba pha ln lt l I
A
= 2.1A, I
B
= 2.2A, I
C
=
2.3A. Cn c vo cc tr s ny c th xc nh quan h v tr
pha ca dng in cc dy u c khng?
p: Dng phng php dng hnh hc. Trc tin
dng AOAB' (nh hnh 6 - 1 - 6), sao cho OA = 2.1, OB' =
2.2, AB' = 2.3. Sau ko di B'O n B sao cho OB = OB' ,
qua O dng OC // AB' , OC = AB' , chiu ging nhau. Vc t
OA, OB , OC chnh l th vc t ca I
A
, I
B
, I
C
gc kp gia cc vc t chnh l gc
lch pha gia cc dng in.

- Trang 158 -
6 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh, dng ampe k kp
o c dng in ca mt pha l 10A, khi ln lt o hai dy v ba dy pha th s
c ca ampe k phi l bao nhiu?
p: Mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh
bnh thng c th coi nh l mch in ba pha m dng in
ba pha v ph ti ba pha u cn bng, i xng, cho nn cng
dng in ba pha u bng nhau, nhng lch pha 120
o
, nh
th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 7. Nu dng in ca mt dy pha trong

.
I
A
= 10A, th cng dng in khi o hai dy pha s l
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
, dng phng php hnh binh hnh bn cnh dng
th vct, s c
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
= 10A, cho nn dng in khi o hai dy pha s c
c trn ampe k vn l 10A. Khi o dng in ca ba dy pha, qua th c th
thy
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
=
.
I
C
, nhng chiu ngc nhau, tc
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
+
.
I
C
= 0. Cho nn s c trn
ampe k bng 0.

6 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt hai tc xoay chiu ba pha c hai nhm cun dy khc s cc.
Khi hai nhm cun dy ny u u theo phng php hnh sao hai ng song song
th dng in v cng sut khng ti u tng i ln, khng th s dng bnh
thng. Ti sao?
p: l do cch u ny, sau khi mt nhm cun dy thng ngun, cn
nhm cun dy u hnh sao hai ng song song kia ging nh l cun dy th cp
ca bin p ngn mch (nh hnh 6 - 1 - 8) i vi nhm cun dy thng in. Vy l
dng in ca nhm cun dy thng in (tng ng cun s cp ca bin th) s
rt ln, cng sut tiu hao cng rt ln. Do , i vi loi mt hai tc c hai
nhm cun dy, khng th p dng phng php u hnh sao hai ng song song.

6 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong hng mc sn phm ca mt in khng ng b u phi
c t s m men quay ln nht v m men quay nh mc?
p: Mt khng ng b, khi vn hnh lu di u khng cho php m men
quay c ph ti vt qu m men quay nh mc, nhm trnh qu nng, gy chy
hng. Nu thi gian m men quay ph ti vt qu m men quay nh mc rt ngn,
khi mt cha vt qu nhit tng cho php ph ti gim th c th c, nhng

- Trang 159 -
khng vt qu m men quay ln nht, nu khng mt s ngng quay. Qua c th
thy, m men quay ln nht l phn nh kh nng qu ti thi gian ngn ca mt
khng ng b. Cho nn, trong thng s sn phm mt khng ng b, u phi cung
cp t s gia m men quay ln nht v m men quay nh mc. Ni chung, t s
ca mt l 1.8 - 2.2.

6 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt kiu lng sc dng trn xe cu, pht in dy ng thau ca
rto b t gy, ngi ta nh dng dy ng thay, cho rng nh vy c th gim
thiu tiu hao in tr rto, trnh c dy ng vng b t do qu nng. Ngh nh
vy c hp l khng?
p: Rto dng dy ng vng lm lng sc th khng c thay th bng dy
ng . Bi v mc ch rto dng dy ng thau l v in tr ca n tng i ln,
c th thu c m men quay khi ng tng i ln. Nu thay bng ng in
tr nh th m men lc khi ng s gim rt nhiu, khng th p ng yu cu c
tnh khi ng ca mt xe cu.

6 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tin nh vng u ca mt kiu lng sc c th nng cao m men
quay khi ng?
p: M men quay khi ng ca mt cm ng t l thun vi h s cng sut
khi khi ng, nu tin nh vng u th in tr ca cun dy rto s tng ln, nh
vy khi khi ng dng in hu cng s tng ln, khin m men quay khi ng tng
ln. Nhng khng th tin bt qu nhiu, nu khng hiu sut s gim, nhit tng
cao.

6 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt cm ng m m men quay khi ng khng t yu cu, nu
tin nh bt mt cch thch ng ng knh ngoi ca rto th m men quay khi
ng s tng ln?
p: M men quay khi ng ca rto cm ng gn nh t l nghch vi in
khng r ca rto - stato. Tin nh va phi ng knh ngoi cc rto s lm tng khe
h khng kh, v th s gim nh in khng r, m men khi ng s tng ln.
Nhng vic tng khe h trng li lm cho dng in khng ti cng tng ln,
lm gim h s cng sut. Cho nn p dng bin php tin nh ng knh ngoi ca
rto, nng cao m men quay khi ng l c hn nht nh.

6 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dung lng tm thi v dung lng lin tc ca mt c g khc nhau?
p: Dung lng ca mt ch yu quyt nh bi s tng nhit cch in.
Dung lng lin tc l ch ph ti ln nht m mt c th chu c khi vn hnh
lu di nhng nhit khng vt qu ngoi hn nht nh. Dung lng tm thi l
ch ph ti ln nht m mt c th chu c khi thi gian vn hnh ca mt rt
ngn (v d 15 pht, 30 pht v.v...) m thi gian dng my kh lu nhit ca mt
khng vt qu gii hn nht nh. R rng dung lng tm thi ca cng mt mt
s ln hn dung lng lin tc.

- Trang 160 -
6 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b c cng cng sut, ti sao loi tc quay cao, gi
li r hn?
p: Cng sut u ra P t l thun vi tch ca m men quay M v tc quay
n. Khi P nh nhau, n cao, M nh. Ngc li, n thp th M s ln. M li t l thun vi
t thng | v cng dng in I trong mt, cn | v 1 li ph thuc vo kch
thc ca mt, | v I cng ln th kch thc ca mt cng ln. Qua nhng u trn
c th thy, mt c cng cng sut, khi n cao, M nh th kch thc ca mt c th
gim, tc lng s dng st, ng c th gim thiu, v th gi s r hn.

6 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b u hnh sao, khi bt cng tc ca n sang quay
ngc chiu th chiu quay ca n khng thay i. Sau khi dng my, pht hin cu
ch mt pha b t. Ti sao sau khi t cu ch mt pha th mt khng th quay thun,
quay ngc?
p: Mt khng ng b 3 pha, lc vn hnh, sau khi t ngun in mt pha
th tng ng nh mt mt pha, chiu ca m men quay in t ca n ging vi
chiu quay c, khin mt vn quay theo chiu c. Lc ny nu thay i th t pha
ca ngun in, do thiu pha, mt vn tng ng vi mt mt pha, chiu m men
quay ca n vn gi nguyn khng i, cho nn khng th thay i chiu quay ca
mt.

6 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt in khng ng b ba pha khi dng my thiu pha th
khng th khi ng c, cn khi ang quay th thiu pha vn c th tip tc quay?
p: Mt khng ng b ba pha, khi trng thi dng, nu cun dy mt pha
h mch hoc mt ngun in mt pha, lc thng ngun, th t trng do cun dy
sinh ra c th chia thnh hai t trng quay vi ln bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau.
Chng cng vi m men quay do tc dng ca rto sinh ra, cng c ln bng nhau,
ngc chiu nhau. v th m men quay khi ng bng khng nn khng th khi
ng c.
Khi mt ang quay m thiu pha, t trng do cun dy sinh ra cng c th
chia thnh hai t trng quay bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau. Nhng tc quay tng
i gia t trng quay c chiu quay ngc vi chiu quay mt v rto rt ln, th
in ng cm ng sinh ra trong rto v tn s ca dng in gn nh gp hai ln tn
s ca ngun in, cm khng ca rto rt ln, v th lng hu cng ca dng in c
tnh quyt nh n ln ca m men quay rt nh, cho nn m men quay ngc
chiu nh hn nhiu m men quay thun chiu. V th mt c th tip tc quay.
Nhng cng sut cho php lc ny ch c th bng mt na cng sut nh mc, nu
ph ti l ph ti dnh mc th dng in chy qua cun dy t s vt qua dng in
nh mc, khin ng c nng chy.

6 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi em rto ly t trong sng ca mt ra, u vi in p nh mc
th nghim, c th pht hin thy cng dng in ca stato ln hn nhiu ln
cng dng in khng ti bnh thng. l nguyn nhn g?

- Trang 161 -
p: Sau khi ly rto t trong stato ra, t tr ca mch t s thay i. Vn l t
thng c th thng qua li st ca rto, sau khi ly rto ra, ch c th thng qua trong
khng kh, m t dn sut ca khng kh thp hn nhiu so vi li st, v th lm tng
t tr. Cn c vo nh lut m mch t, t thng | = t th IW/ t tr R
m
, mun duy
tr | khng thay i trong li st stato, dng in kch t I s i hi ln hn nhiu ln.
V th dng in khng ti ln hn nhiu ln khi bnh thng v thi gian ko di th
cun dy stato s b chy do qu nng.

6 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi khng ti, dng in ba pha ca mt khng ng b ba pha 380V
gn cn bng, nhng c ting rung chn ng nghim trng. Sau khi quay vi gi vn
khng c g khc thng. Nu h p xung di 300V hoc tng ln trn 420V, ting
rung chn ng u gim r rt. Ti sao?
p: Dng in ba pha cn bng v sau khi quay vi gi vn khng c g khc
thng, chng t cun dy khng hng. Ting rung chn ng l do khe h gia stato,
rto khng u gy ra. Pha khe h nh th mt t thng tng i cao, lc ht t
tng i ln, nn gy chn ng b my. Khi chn ng ny cng hng vi tn s
dao ng t nhin ca b my th tnh hnh cng nghim trng. Nu h in p xung
th lc ht t khng cn bng s gim, chn ng cng gim, nu in p tng th c
hin tng bo ha t trong li st, khin mt t thng ca khe h c xu th qun
bnh, do lc ht t khng cn bng gim, chn ng cng gim.

6 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm th no c th ng bin php n gin phn bit s cc ca ng
c in khng ng b ba pha?
p: V trong r t ca mt c t d, cho nn trong tnh
hnh cun dy stato thot ly li in lm quay roto, trong cun
dy stato s sinh ra dng in xoay chiu. Cn c vo nguyn l
ny, c th dng mt mili ampe k hoc mili vn k mt chiu
u vo dy ra ca mt pha bt k cun dy stato ba pha, nh th
hin hnh 6 - 1 - 19. Sau , nh du lin tc, t t quay rto,
lc kim ng h s lch khi v tr 0. Quay mt vng, nu
ng h c chia hai bn th s ln kim lch khi 0 s bng s cc ca mt. Nu
ng h chia mt bn th s ln kim lch 0 s bng logarit cc ca mt ny.

6 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b ba pha kiu lng u dy theo hnh 6 - 1 - 20 (a).
Ti sao khi quay rto thun chiu th trong khonh khc vn k xut hin in pV
1
>
3 Vn, V
2
< 3 Vn?
p: Dng din mt chiu chy qua cun dy stato ba pha, nn trong mt sinh
ra t trng khng i t cc nh ng nt t trong hnh (b) th hin. Khi quay
rto, do cun dy rto ct t trng ny, do sinh ra in th, v cun dy rto l
ngn mch, trong s sinh ra dng in v sinh ra t trng rto. Chiu ca dng
in rto v cc tnh ca t trng rto nh th hin hnh (b). Khi rto t quay xoay,
t trng rto ct cun dy stato khin trong cun dy stato ba pha cm ng ra in
th tc th. in p m vn k o c s bng tng in p mt chiu do ngun in

- Trang 162 -
mt chiu hnh thnh v in th cm ng tc th. T hnh v v t bng km theo, c
th thy c: V
2
= 3-DV, V
1
= 3+DV, cho nn V
1
>3 Vn, V
2
<3 Vn.

Pha A Pha B Pha C
ln ca dng in mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
I
A

2
1
I
A

2
1
I
A

Chiu ca dng in mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
T cui
n u
T u n
cui
T u n
cui
Chiu tng ca in th mt chiu
trong cun dy 3 pha
T u n
cui
T cui
n u
T cui
n u
tng ca in th mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
6V 3V 3V
Chiu in th tc th do cun dy
stato sinh ra khi quay rto

T u n
cui
T cui
n u
ln ca in th tc th do cun
dy stato sinh ra khi quay rto
0 AV AV

6 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt dung lng tng i ln a s p dng cch u A, cn
mt dung lng tng i nh a s p dng cch u Y?
p: Vi in p nh mc ging nhau, s vng cn thit ca cch u A bng
3 ln ca cch u Y, cn khi cng sut ging nhau, dy dn ca cun dy u A
nh hn cch u Y. Mt dung lng nh, do li st nh, th in ng phn khng
ca mi vng thp nn s vng ca bn thn s nhiu, dy dn s phi tng i nh,
cng c hc km, qun mt cng. ng thi, cch in trong rnh li st chim t
l cng ln, nh hng dung lng ca mt. Nu dng cch u A th khuyt im
trn cng ni bt. i vi mt dung lng tng i ln, do li st tng i ln,
in th phn khng ca mi vng cao, nn s vng ca bn thn t, dy dn to, nu
dng cch u Y, th dy dn cng ln, qun cng kh. Hn na, vi mt dung lng
tng i ln hn ch dng in khi ng, thng phi h p khi ng, i vi
cch u A th c th p dng phng php khi ng Y - A tng i d.

6 - 1 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dng in khng ti ca mt khng ng b ln hn ca my
bin th, cn dng in ngn mch li nh hn?
p: Ging nh my bin th, ng c khng ng b bt k l khi khng ti
hoc khi c ti, t trng chnh ca n u l do thnh phn dng in kch t trong
cun dy bn s cp (i vi ng c in khng ng b l cun dy stato) sinh ra,
khe h mch t chnh cng ln th dng in kch t cn thit sinh ra t trng s
cng ln. Trong mch t chnh ca mt khng ng b c khe h, dng in khng
ti ca n c th t 20 - 50% dng in nh mc, cn trong my bin th khng c
khe h, dng in khng ti ca n ch chim khong 5% dng in nh mc. Cho
nn dng in khng ti ca mt khng ng b s ln hn nhiu so vi ca my
bin th. Khi mt khng ng b v my bin th ngn mch, th dng in ngn
mch bn th cp ca n u do in khng r bn th cp v in tr ca chnh cun
dy quyt nh. Cun dy ca mt khng ng b t trong rnh li st, t thng r

- Trang 163 -
tng i ln, cho nn in khng r thng thng ln hn ca my bin th. V th,
dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b ch c 3.5 - 8 ln dng in nh mc,
cn dng in ngn mch ca my bin th cao gp 10 - 20 ln dng in nh mc,
tc dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b nh hn rt nhiu.

6 - 1 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b , my pht in khng ng b, b hm in t c
g khc nhau ?
p: Mt khng ng b, my pht in khng ng b, b hm in t l
ba trng thi chuyn ng khc nhau ca my in khng ng b.
Tc quay ca rto ng c khng ng b nh hn tr s ng b, in nng
a vo stato trn trc c dn ra c nng.
Tc quay ca rto my pht in khng ng b ln hn tr s ng b, c
nng do ng c a vo bin thnh in nng dn ra.
Rto b hm in t quay ngc chiu vi t trng ca stato, sinh ra lc hm,
in nng do li in a vo v c nng t my ng lc a vo u chuyn thnh
nng lng tiu hao, khi mt u ngc, tc thc hin trng thi vn hnh ca b
hm in t

6 - 1 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h s cng sut ca mt khng ng b khi khi ng v khng
ti u rt nh, cn h s cng sut khi ti li c nng cao?
p: Mt khng ng b khi khi ng hoc vn hnh khng ti, th dng
in ca stato ch yu l dng in kch t. Do dng in kch t l dng in cm
ng v cng, do lc ny h s cng sut rt thp, ni chung khong 0.2. Khi mt
in khng ng b c ph ti th dng in rto tng ln, lc ny dng in stato
cng tng ln theo, mt in hp thu dng in hu cng tng ng t li in,
cng vi dng in khng ti, thnh dng in tng. Do tr s phn trm ca dng in
khng ti tng i nh, cho nn tr s cng dng in ca n c bn nng cao
theo ph ti, m ph ti l dng in hu cng, v th h s cng sut cng nng cao
theo

6 - 1 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu dung lng ca mt in khng ng b gn vi dung lng ca
my bin th, ti sao dng in khng ti ca mt in khng ng b li tng i
ln?
p: Mch t ca mt khng ng b, ngoi phn ln l do li st stato v li
st rto to thnh ra, gia stato v rto cn c khe trng, t tr ca khe h tng i
ln. Cn li st ca bin th l mt mch t khp kn, t tr tng i nh. Do so
vi my bin th, mt in khng ng b c dng in khng ti tng i ln.
Dng in khng ti ca bin th bng 1 - 8 % dng in nh mc, dng in khng
ti ca mt in khng ng b, ni chung bng 20 - 50% dng in nh mc.

- Trang 164 -
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b

6 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S cnh tn nhit mt in khng ng b c nh kiu ng kn,
khong bao nhiu l va?
p: Tc dng ca cnh tn nhit mt mt l tng in tch ta nhit, mt khc
c tc dng dn dng kh, khin dng kh sau khi ri khi ca chp gi s di chuyn
hng trc theo mt b my, nhm nng cao hiu qu lm mt b mt. Nu cch tn
nhit tng i t, th cn gi nh, lng gi tng i ln, nhng din tch tn nhit
nh th s nh hng hiu qu lm mt ca mt. Nu cch tn nhit tng i nhiu
th din tch ta nhit tng ln, nhng cn gi cng tng, lng gi gim, cng s nh
hng hiu qu lm mt. Cho nn cch tn nhit qu nhiu hoc qu t u khng c
li i vi tng nhit ca mt. S lng ca cnh ta nhit phi thng qua thc
nghim khoa hc quyt nh.

6 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mt nhiu tc hai nhm cun dy, ti sao thng gn cun dy
tc thp vo tng trn ca rnh, cun dy tc cao vo tng di ca rnh?
p: Trong mt nhiu tc hai nhm cun dy, tnh nng khi quay tc
thp km hn khi quay tc cao. ci thin tnh nng khi quay tc thp, c
bit gn cun dy tc thp vo tng trn ca rnh, nh vy va c th gim r t
rnh, li c li cho ta nhit ca cun dy. Cun dy tc cao gn tng di ca
rnh, cho d r t hi ln hn, nhng khng nh hng ln n tnh nng vn hnh,
li v tc quay cao, cun dy tuy tng di, ta nhit cung rt tt, ng thi
khong cch cc ca cun dy tc cao rt ln, phn u di gn tng di cng
tng i thun tin.

6 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T mt u ca cun dy mt in cm ng ba pha, lm th no c th
nhn c mt in ny c my cc?
p: S nhm pha cc ca cun dy mt in cm ng ba pha, bng s pha x
s cc. tng cng cch in gia cc pha mt u ca cun dy, gia cc nhm
mi cc c dng cch in cch ngn, v th m cch in gia cc pha c th bit
c s nhm pha cc ri chia cho 3 s c s cc.
Nhng vi loi mt in bin i s cc v ni kt che cc, th khng th
dng phng php ny bit c s cc.

6 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt s mt khng ng b rto kiu lng, mt u kiu lng rto ca
n, ti sao c lc khoan mt hoc vi l trn khng qui tc?
p: Trong ch to mt, nu cn bng ng ca rto mt, gia cng khng
t yu cu thit k th s lm cho mt sinh ra chn ng v ting n khi quay tc
cao. Do , nh my ch to thng xuyn phi "hiu chnh cn bng ng" i vi
rto ng c. i vi mt kiu lng, nu khng cn bng thng p dng phng
php khoan b mt t nhm c phn mt u rto dng lng hoc khoan l trn li

- Trang 165 -
st rto t mc ch hiu chnh cn bng ng. Phng php ny n gin, tin
li, v trong tnh hnh lng khoan b khng nhiu, s khng nh hng r rt i vi
tnh nng ca mt. Do tnh ly tn ca trng thi cn bng ng rto, thm na, p
dng phng php trn kh hiu chnh mt ln c, cho nn "l cn bng" cng
khoan mt cch khng c qui tc.

6 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khe h gia stato v rto ca mt in cm ng tng ln, kt qu s ra
sao?
p: Dng in kch t cn thit ca mt c lin quan mt thit vi khe h
gia stato v rto. Khe h ln, dng in kch t tng ln. V th h s cng sut thp,
v do nguyn nhn ny, phi hi gim lc ra, h thp hiu sut. Nhng cng khng
c qu nh, lm cho stato ma st vi rto, cng nh hng ti s thng gi hng
trc.

6 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S rnh rto ca ng c in cm ng rto lng sc, ti sao ni chung
khng s dng s l?
p: Bi v rnh rto l s l s sinh t th sng hi bc chn, tc dng vi t
th sng hi bc l ca stato sinh ra m men lc chn ng, khin mt xy ra chn
ng c hc v ting n, cho nn ni chung khng lm rnh rto s l.

6 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S rnh stato v s rnh rto ca mt in khng ng b ba pha ti sao
khng bng nhau?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu ba pha chy qua trong cun dy stato ca mt
in khng ng b ba pha s sinh ra t trng quay sng gc stato v t trng sng
hi, cm ng ra dng in trong cun dy rto, sinh ra t trng quay sng gc v t
trng sng hi rto. T trng quay sng gc stato v rto quay ng b, chng tc
dng ln nhau sinh ra m men lc sng gc ca mt, khin mt quay. T trng
sng hi ca stato v rto tc ng ln nhau s sinh ra m men lc ph, di tc
quay ca rto khc nhau, th ln v chiu ca m men lc ny s khc nhau. Nu s
phi hp s rnh ca stato v rto chn khng ng s dn n t trng sng hi
cng bc ca stato v rto tc dng ln nhau sinh ra m men ph tng i ln. Khi
iu kin mt, trong tnh hnh tc quay tng i thp, s xut hin m men ph
ngc chiu tng i ln, dn n tc quay ca mt khng th tip tc tng ln
n tc quay nh mc, n ni mt khng th s dng c bnh thng.
Mt in kiu lng sc ni chung, khi s rnh ca stato v rto bng nhau t
s sinh ra m men ph tng i mnh, cho nn khng s ng s rnh ca stato v
rto bng nhau.

6 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mt khng ng b, ti sao gia cun dy rto lng sc vi v
my khng cn cch in cn gia cun dy rto kiu qun dy vi v my phi cch
in?

- Trang 166 -
p: S pha ca rto kiu lng sc bng s rnh di mi i t cc. Mi pha
ch c mt s dy dn (vng) cho nn in th cm ng ca mi pha rt nh, ng thi
in tr ca phin thp silic ln hn nhiu so vi in tr ca cun dy lng sc, cho
nn phn ln dng in chy qua cun dy. V th, cun dy lng sc khng cn cch
in i vi v. Trong cun dy rto kiu qun dy, s pha v cun dy stato ging
nhau, s vng ca cun dy mi pha tng i nhiu, cho nn in th cm ng mi
pha rt ln. Nu cun dy khng cch in vi v s sinh ra ngn mch vi t, dn
n chy mt.

6 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao rnh rto ca rt nhiu mt cm ng kiu lng sc li xin?
p: Rto ca mt cm ng kiu lng sc p dng rnh xin c th trnh b
kha kt khng quay khi khi ng, phng nga ng c khng th tng tc c khi
tc thp, loi tr chn ng v ting n ca mt do quan h in t gy nn, cng
gim thiu tn tht nng lng do sng hi gy ra.

6 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rnh stato vo rto ca mt in ti sao thng tr ming rnh nh
gn b mt li st?
p: T thng do stato sinh ra, mt phn b r t ming
rnh, mt phn tr li stato t ming rnh rto, hnh thnh t thng
r khng tip ni vi vt dn rto (nh th hin ng nt t
trong hnh 6 - 2 - 10). T thng r khng th sinh ra m men quay.
Cho nn phi tm cch gim thiu t thng r. V th tr mt rnh
hp thch hp ming rnh nhm tng t tr ca t thng r, c th gim thiu r t.
Mt tc dng khc ca ming rnh cng thng l nhm gn dy dn vo trong rnh.

6 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao rto ca mt s mt lng sc chia thnh hai phn c hng rnh
xin khc nhau, nh th hin hnh 6 - 2 - 1 1 (a)?
p: Vt dn mang in trong t trng lun lun chu tc dng ca lc vung
gc vi vt dn ny. Ni chung, rto ca mt lng sc phn ln p dng hnh thc
rnh xin. Lc , lc F
o
tc dng ln dy dn khng nhng sinh ra m men
quay M trn trc, m cn sinh ra phn cc f hng trc, nh hnh (b) th hin. Lc
hng trc ny s lm hng trc, ng thi cng c th lm cho rto di chuyn
hng trc. Khi xin ca rnh khng thay i th cc hng trc ny t l thun vi
lc u ra ca mt. V th, i vi mt dung lng ln s c bit nghim trng.
Sau khi rto chia thnh hai phn c hng rnh xin khc nhau, lc hng trc ca

- Trang 167 -
chng va ng trit tiu nhau, nh th hin hnh (c). p dng kt cu ny cn c th
gim tn hao ph, m men ph v ting n ca mt.

6 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy rto ca mt in khng ng b kiu lng sc u ngn
mnh. Ti sao khng trc tip dng khi tr trn bng ng, nhm hoc st lm
rto ca mt?
p: S d rto ca mt in khng ng b kiu lng sc c th quay c
l v vt dn mang in trn rto tc dng vi t trng quay sinh ra m men quay M.
M = C
m
|
o
I
2
cos
2

Trong cng thc:
C
m
l thng s, do kt cu ca mt quyt nh.
|
o
l t thng chnh ca t trng quay
I
2
l dng in trong vt dn ca rto

2
gc lch pha gia dng in v in th ca rto.
Nu rto s dng khi tr trn bng ng hoc nhm lm th t dn sut ca
n rt thp. sinh ra |
o
nh nhau nhm t m men quay nh mc th dng in
ca cun dy stato phi rt ln hoc s vng phi rt nhiu, nh vy s dn n tn
hao ng ca mt rt ln. Nu rto lm bng li st hnh tr trn, tuy gii quyt c
vn t dn sut ca rto, nhng in tr sut ca st ln hn nhiu so vi ng
hoc nhm, v th m men quay M gim, tc quay n s gim, ng thi tn hao
trong rto tng ln. Rto kiu lng sc phi s dng kt cu li st chng p bng
phin thp silic, cun dy lng sc bng ng hoc nhm.

6 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thanh ng hoc thanh nhm ca rto mt lng sc c phi cch in
vi li st bng phin thp silic ca rto khng?
p: Do in p gia cc dy ng rt thp, m hai u b ngn mch, do
khng cch in th cng khng c dng in chy qua li st, cng tc l khng cn
cch in gia n vi li st.

6 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rto ca mt lng sc liu c th ty lp vo trong stato kch thc
ging nhau khc s dng (v d: rto bn cc lp vo stato su cc) khng?
p: Ni chung, mt c th vn hnh, nhng tnh nng vn hnh tng i
km. c bit khi phi hp s rnh ca stato - rto khng ng, c th sinh ra m men
ph trong qu trnh khi ng, dn n khng khi ng c, cng c th gy
ting n khi vn hnh, gim ch tiu nng lc khi vn hnh.

6 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao lng trong v lng ngoi ca mt in cm ng hai lng li
thng p dng vng ngn mch ring?
p: V mt cm ng hai lng chut yu cu in tr vt dn trong hai lng
khng ging nhau, dng in chy qua cng khc, v th mc pht nhit cng khc
nhau. p dng vng ngn mch ring, lng trn v lng di c th gin dui ra t

- Trang 168 -
nhin khng nh hng ln nhau. Nu gp li dng mt vng th do lng trn lng
di gin dui khc nhau gy nn ng lc c hc, hn na khi thit k tch ring 2
vng th cng tng i d nm c tr s in tr khi ng.

6 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S cnh qut nhm c trn rto mt in khng ng b lng sc, nhiu
th tt hay t th tt?
p: Cnh qut vi s lng nht nh s c tc dng tt i vi s tn nhit
ca rto. S cnh qut qu t, hiu qu tn nhit tng i km, nhng s cnh qut
qu nhiu cng cha chc c th nng cao kh nng tn nhit. Hn na s cnh qut
tng ln qu nhiu s gy phc tp cho cng ngh c nhm, tng tiu hao nhm, ng
thi cng khin rto khi tm cn bng ng, trng lng cn b p khng c ch c
nh do kch thc gia cc cnh qut qu nh. S lng cnh qut phi xem xt ng
thi tnh nng k thut v ch tiu kinh t.

6 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rto lng sc bng nhm c th cnh qut c trc tip trn vng u so
vi cnh qut lp c kch thc ging nhau, th hiu qu c ging nhau khng?
p: Cnh qut c trn vng u c th trc tip truyn nhit lng bn trong
rto n cnh qut khin khng kh ngui tc cao tip xc vi mt cnh qut s
nhanh chng mang nhit lng i, hiu qu lm mt tng i tt. Cnh qut lp ngoi
cho d tnh hnh thng gi nh nhau, do nhit lng m rto sinh ra khng th trc
tip truyn n cnh qut, hiu qu lm mt s tng i km. Ngoi ra cnh qut lp
ring th vt liu v cng lm u tng ln, hiu qu kinh t cng khng tt.

6 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Qut gi ngoi ca mt 4, 6, 8 cc kiu ng kn c cng s my c th
dng ln nhau khng? ti sao loi 2 cc li khng th dng ln nhau?
p: Kch thc bn ngoi (ng knh ngoi v rng cnh qut) ca qut
gi mt 2 cc nh hn loi 4, 6, 8 cc. Do tc quay ca mt 2 cc qu cao, gim
thiu kch thc ngoi c th gim ng k tn hao ma st gi v ting n thng gi
ng thi nhit tng cng c th ph hp. Kch thc bn ngoi ca n ni chung
bng vi qut gi 4, 6, 8 cc c b my nh hn 1 s, khin n c th dng thng
khun g ca qut, ch ng knh li ct ln hn.


- Trang 169 -
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc

6 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chnh lch gia in p u v in p nh mc ca mt in
khng nn vt qu 5%?
p: Khi chnh lch gia in p u vi in p nh mc khng vt qu
5% th cng sut u ra ca mt c th duy tr tr s nh mc.
Nu in p qu thp th mt khi ng kh khn, d qu nng. V sau khi
in p st xung th lng t thng trong mt gim s dn ti gim phn lng
dng kch t, lm tng phn lng dng ph ti, c bit khi ph ti tng i ln, tr
s tng ca phn lng dng ph ti ln hn tr s gim ca dng kch t khin dng
in tng ca stato tng ln vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. V tiu hao cng sut trn
cun dy stato v rto tng ln, nn lng pht nhit tng. Mt do qu nng khin
cch nhit lo ha, thm ch chy cun dy.
Nu in p qu cao, nht l khi in p vt qu + 10% tr s nh mc ca
mt th mt t khng ca li st m t s tng mnh, tn hao li st tng ln, ng
thi phn lng dng kch t cng tng mnh s lm tng dng in tng stato, khin
cun dy mt qu nng.

6 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b u kiu A vn hnh vi ti nh i thnh cch u
Y, ti sao c th nng cao h s cng sut ca mt?
p: Khi mt khng ng b vn hnh vi ti nh th thnh phn ch yu ca
dng in l dng in kch t v cng, cho nn h s cng sut tng i thp. Nu
mt ti nh u kiu A i thnh kiu Y, do in p pha ca cun dy mt h xung
cn 1/ 3 so vi c, mt t thng trong li st cng gim cn 1/ 3 so vi c, v th
lm cho dng in kch t v cng gim r rt, nh th nng cao h s cng sut
nhng cn ch vi ph ti nh nhau, sau khi u li, dng in trong cun dy s
tng 3 ln, lm cho cun dy khng n ni qu nng, cn bo m dng in
khng vt qu tr s nh mc.

6 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My nn ma st dng vc t khng ng b 380V u A ko, nu u
nhm thnh hnh Y th hu qu s ra sao?
p: Mt c th khi ng bnh thng nhng khng th hot ng bnh
thng do m men quay ca mt khng ng b t l thun vi bnh phng ca in
p pha, sau khi cun dy u A u thnh Y th in p mi pha ca cun dy stato s
gim cn 1/ 3 , m men quay ca mt gim cn 1/3. Khi my nn khng hot ng,
do ph ti ca mt rt nh cho nn mt c th khi ng, bnh thng, nhng khi
my nn hot ng, ph ti tng mch m m men quay ca mt tng i nh, cho
nn tc quay ca mt gim mnh, dng in tng ln, khng th hot ng bnh
thng. Lc ny nu khng kp thi dng my th s chy mt.


- Trang 170 -
6 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi in p tng cao hoc st gim s c nh hng g i vi tnh nng
ng c in cm ng?
p: nh hng ca vic tng hoc gim in p i vi tnh nng ca mt
cm ng ty theo tr s bin i ca in p v ph ti ln hay nh m c s khc
nhau. S thay i thng thng nh sau:
Khi in p tng cao th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u tng theo, khi ti nng th h s cng sut, dng in stato s gim xung
theo, khng nh hng ln n hiu sut; khi ti nh, dng in c kh nng tng ln.
Khi in p st gim th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u gim theo, cn h s cng sut, dng in stato u tng cao, khi ti, hiu
sut cng gim theo, nhng khi na ti, hiu sut c th nng cao mt cht.

6 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vi mt in thng thng c ph ti nh hn lc a ra nh
mc (nh mt ca my si mnh) th in p ca ngun in thp hn in p nh
mc ca n mt cht l tt?
p: Khi in p s dng ca mt st gim, do t thng gim, mc bo ha
gim, i vi mt kch qu v mt m phin thp silic tng i km th cng r,
dng in khng ti (dng in kch t) cng gim theo, lc ra cng gim. V th, i
vi mt m ph ti nh hn lc ra nh mc, s dng mt cch c thc in p thp
mt cht, ly dng in sau khi c ti khng vt qu tr s nh mc ca my lm
gii hn. Nh vy dng in kch t gim thp, gim thnh phn v cng trong dng
in nh vy h s cng sut s c nng cao tng i.

6 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mt khng ng b 3 pha quay khng ti, in p ngun in cng
thp th dng in cng nh, cn khi quay c ti, in p thp, dng in ngc li s
tng? Ti sao?
p: Dng in khng ti ca mt ch yu l dng in kch t. in p ca
ngun in thp th phn in th cm ng trong cun dy stato nh, t trng quay
sinh ra phn in th trong mt yu, o dng in kch t sinh ra t trng gim,
dng in khng ti s nh. Khi mt quay c ti, a ra cng sut, ni chung h s
cng sut v hiu sut ca mt khi c cng ph ti l c bn khng i. Cng sut
a ra quyt nh bi tch gia in p ngun vi dng in ca mt. Cho nn khi
quay c ti, in p ngun thp th dng in ca mt phi ln mi c th a ra
cng sut c ph ti nh nhau.

6 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy stato ca mt in cm ng 3 pha u A s dng, nu cun
dy mt pha trong b t, sau khi thng ngun in xoay chiu 3 pha, liu c quay
c khng?
p: C th quay c. Lc mt tng ng vi cch u hnh V sau khi
thng in xoay chiu 3 pha, vn c th sinh ra t trng quay, khin rto quay,
nhng cng sut u ra ca mt s gim khong mt na.


- Trang 171 -
6 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt u c dy tip "khng" hoc dy tip t in p ca mt l
220/380V, khi s dng vi ngun in 380V th phi em mt u thnh hnh Y, liu
c th t im Y ly ra mt dy dn ni vi v ca mt lm dy an ton tip 'khng"
khng?
p: Khi mt vn hnh trong tnh hnh bnh thng vi ngun in 3 pha th
in th im sao l 0, nhng khi ph ti 3 pha khng cn bng hoc cu ch mt pha
b t, dn ti vn hnh mt pha, lc ny im Y i vi t c in p, nu ngi
chm phi v mt s c nguy c in git v th cch u ny khng an ton.

6 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng in 3 pha ca 1 mt lng sc 3 pha khng cn bng, pha ln nht
cn nh hn tr s nh mc, nhng rto rt nng, nhng vn c th tip tc quay
c ti, kim tra khng ra s c, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dng in 3 pha khng cn bng do ngn mch, h mch, u nhm cun
dy stato gy nn th khng th vn hnh c ph ti bnh thng v lm cho rto nng,
ch c khi in p u 3 pha khng cn bng, in p chia thnh 2 phn lng: th t
thun v th t ngc phn lng th t thun khin mt quay bnh thng, phn
lng th t ngc s gy nn dng in ngn mch rt ln trong rto. Lc ny tuy
cng dng in stato ca 3 pha khng cn bng u khng vt qu nh mc,
dng in trong rto c kh nng vt qu rt nhiu, do pht nng. Tnh hnh
ny khng th tm ra bt c s c no trn mt, phi iu chnh din p ngun in
mi c th ci thin c.

6 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu 2 mt 380V hnh Y, sau khi mc ni tip stato ri u vo in p
380V nh hnh 6 - 3 - 10, hai mt c th cng lc quay khng ti c
khng?
p: Nu 2 mt c quy cch ging nhau, lc u in p pha m
2 mt nhn c mi ci l 1/2 x 220V u bt u quay, khi mt chic
c m men lc khi ng tng i ln hoc m men ma st tng i
nh (2 mt khng th hon ton ging nhau) th s khi ng tng i
nhanh, tr khng tng ng ca n tng i cao, in p u c
phn phi cng cao hn chic kia, khi ng cng nhanh, in p phn tc
dng cng cao, tc dng tun hon ny khin mt mt nhanh chng ti
gn tc quay cng k, in p u ti gn ton b in p bn ngoi,
cn chic kia do in p dn dn gim, tc quay gim dn i n ngng
hn. Nu 2 mt kch thc khc nhau u ni tip th in p bn ngoi m mt nh
nhn c tng i cao, nhanh chng khi ng cn mt ln ngng quay cho nn
kh nng 2 mt cng quay l rt nh

6 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt 3 pha 10kW, 380V, u A, 20A, dng cng tc Y/A khi ng,
khi quay dng in 3 pha ln lt l 28, 17, 16A, cha n na gi lp tc nng ln,
dng my ngui ri li khi ng, c th hot ng lu di nhiu ln vn khng b
chy, l s c g?

- Trang 172 -
p: Lu vn khng b chy m vn c th khi ng, vn
quay c ti chng t khng phi ngn mch hoc u nhm dy.
Dng in 2 pha cha t ti tr s ti m cun dy nng, hn
na t s dng in ln nh gn bng 1.73 t hnh 6 - 3 - 11, c th
thy r, y r rng l do t mt pha ca mt gy nn. Sau khi t
mt pha, dng in pha ca 2 pha u vt qu dng in nh
mc 20/1.73 : 11.6 (A) cho nn nhanh chng nng ln. Khi mt
u Y c th khi ng bnh thng, chng t ng dy v mt u khng c s c,
khi i thnh cch u A, mt pha b t, r rng l cng tc Y - A b hng.

6 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt cm ng 3 pha 380V, khi khng ti, dng in
3 pha gn cn bng, nhng c ting rung nghim trng, vn hnh vi
gi cng khng c tnh hnh khc thng, vy m khi in p gim
cn di 300V hoc tng cao ln n 420V th ting chn ng gim
r rt. y l do nguyn nhn g?
p: y khng phi l s c cun dy, bi v dng in 3
pha cn bng m vn hnh vi gi vn khng c tnh hnh khc
thng, y cng khng phi l ting chn ng do cn bng ng
ca rto khng tt gy nn, bi v m thanh c th thay i theo s
ln xung ca in p. S c ny l do khe h gia stato v rto
khng u gy nn, mt t thng mt khe h nh tng i cao, lc ht t tng
i ln, gy nn chn ng khng cn bng. Khi tn s chn ng t nhin ca b my
xy ra cng hng vi chn ng ny th tnh hnh s cng nghim trng. in p
gim, sc ht t khng cn bng s gim, chn ng gim, in p tng ln, hin
tng bo ha ca t thng trong cun dy khin mt t ca khe h c xu hng
bnh qun (pha mt t khe h cao th tng tng i t, pha thp th tng tng i
nhiu) do sc ht t khng cn bng gim, cho nn tng gim in p u khin
ting n chn ng gim.

6 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt ba pha khi quay, dy ngun mt pha b t. Nu dng vn k o
in p trn bng u dy ca mt, th gia pha b t vi hai pha khc c in p
khng?
p: Nh hnh 6 - 3 - 13, sau khi t dy ngun ca pha C, nhn bn ngoi
ngh rng V
AC
v V
BC
phi l 0, nhng do mt vn quay, trong ba pha u c in p
phn tc dng, do gia pha C vi hai pha A, B vn o c in p, ch hi thp
hn in p ngun.

6 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng in khng ti ba pha ca mt mt in, chnh lch nhau khng
n 10%. Dng phng php n gin g xc nh c n l do in p ngun
in khng cn bng hay do bn thn c s c?
p: C hai nguyn nhn dn n dng in lch nhau khng qu 10%. Th
nht l in p ngun in ba pha lch nhau rt nh (khong 0.5%) chnh lch s c
ba pha trn vn k khng r. Th hai l s vng ca cun dy mt khng bng nhau,

- Trang 173 -
mch t khng u (khe h khng u, s rnh ca mi cc, mi pha l phn s c
mu s 3). Mun xc nh n l do nguyn nhn bn trong hay nguyn nhn bn ngoi
gy nn th phng php n gin l, i u u dy vi ln gia ba dy ngun vi
dy mt xem tnh hnh thay i ca dng in khng ti. Nu th t ln nh ca
dng in bin ng theo th t pha ca ngun in, v d I
1
lun lun ln nht, I
3

lun lun nh nht th do in p ngun khng cn bng, nu th t ln nh l mt
pha no ca mt lun lun ln nht, mt pha no lun lun nh nht th do
hng bn trong mt. Khi th t ln nh khng c nh th mt v ngun in u c
vn .

6 - 3 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rto lng sc ca mt ba pha, sau khi t mt thanh dn, dng in hm
3 pha khng cn bng, nhng dng in khng ti vn cn bng. Ti sao?
p: Trong thanh dn rto b t khng c dng in, dng in trong pha no
ca stato i ng vi thanh dn ny s gim (iu ny tng t nh tnh hnh ca
my bin th, khi th cp b h mch th dng in ca s cp lin gim) cho nn dng
in ba pha khng cn bng, khi rto quay, cng vi s thay i v tr thanh dn b t,
dng in ba pha bin i ln, tc quay tng cao, s thay i dng in qu
nhanh, kim ng h khng kp dao ng, hn na khi khng ti, dng in trong rto
khng ln, nh hng ca thanh dn b t i vi dng in s gim, cho nn nhn
mt ng h th dng in ba pha vn cn bng.

6 - 3 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt lng sc hai cc, khi khi ng, ming rnh rto c tia la,
nhng c th quay bnh thng. Tho ra kim tra li khng tm ra bnh. l nguyn
nhn g?
p: Khi khi ng, in p cm ng trong dy dn ca rto l cao nht, hiu
in th gia dy dn cng ln nht, lc ny dng in gia dy dn c mt phn
truyn dn qua li st c in tr tng i cao. Khi s phi hp gia dy dn vi
rnh tng i lng, li phi chu lc in ng ln, s c kh nng chn ng v sinh
ra hin tng khi thng khi ngt vi li st, do sinh ra tia la (trong rnh cng c
kh nng c tia la nhng khng nhn thy). Sau khi khi ng, hiu p trong dy dn
rto thng gim xung di 5% so vi khi khi ng, ng thi chn ng ca dy
dn cng nh, v th khng c tia la. y khng phi l s c, cho nn c th vn
hnh bnh thng.

6 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C lc trn dy vo ca mt lp ng cu ch v rle nhit qu ti,
nhng vn khng phng nga mt qu nng hoc chy hng. Ti sao?
p: Lp ng dy ch ch c th kp thi chy t dy ch khi cun dy hoc
ng dy ca mt ngn mch, phng nga chy mt. Rle nhit qu ph ti rt
nhy ch c th kp thi nhy ngt cng tc khi mt qu ti, phng nga dng in
qu ti qu ln hoc thi gian tng i di khin mt qu nng hoc chy hng.
Nhng chng u khng th phng nga vn qu nng hoc chy hng do tn nhit
ca mt khng tt. V d mt s dng trong nh my dt hoc trong mi trng
khng sch, c lc do cc si bng hoc cc cht bn lm nght ng thng gi tn

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nhit, khin mt qu nng hoc chy hng. Nu lp rle bo v qu nhit trong cun
dy mt, trc tip phn nh nhit ca cun dy th c th phng nga qu nng
bao gm c do tn nhit khng tt gy ra.

6 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cun dy mt tip t, c phi l nht nh s lm t dy cu ch
khng?
p: Khng nht thit. Phi xem ni tip t quyt nh. Nu dng in sau
khi tip t gy nn vt qu dng in nh mc cng nhiu th dy cu ch t cng
nhanh. Nu mt u Y, im tip t gn im gia, th dng in tip t rt nh,
khng th lm t dy ch.


- Trang 175 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng

8 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ngi ni rng "mt khng ng b 3 pha khi khng ti th dng in
khi ng nh, khi ti th dng in khi ng ln". ng khng?
p: Khng ng. Ni chung dng in khi ng khi mt khng ng b
khi ng trc tip l bng 4 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. Khi khi ng khng ti v
khi ng ti, thi im va thng ngun, tc quay u t 0 bt u tng ln,
cng vi s tng khng ngng ca tc quay, dng in khi ng cng u t cng
mt tr s bt u khng ngng gim, khi khng ti s gim xung n dng in khi
ng v m men quay khi ng ca n u ging nhau. Ch c khi khng ti, dng
in khi ng gim xung nhanh, qu trnh khi ng ngn, ti dng in khi
ng gim xung chm, thi gian khi ng lu.

6 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trc quay ca mt ba pha lng sc khi v tr chu vi khc nhau, ko
cng mt c my, ti sao xy ra hin tng c lc khi ng c, c lc khng khi
ng c?
p: Bi v, mt ba pha lng sc ngoi m men lc chnh do t thng sng
gc v dng in sng gc sinh ra, cn tn ti m men lc ph, v d m men lc ph
khng ng b do th t ng sng hi bc cao (bao gm sng hi dng rng) sinh ra
v m men lc ng b do phi hp s rnh ca stato v rto khng ng gy nn.
Cc m men lc ph ny s gy nhiu lon vic vn hnh v khi ng ca mt cng
khng ging nhau, do sinh ra hin tng khng khi ng c.

6 - 4- 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khi ng vi b khi ng u sao - tam gic c u im g?
p: Gi khi ng Y - A tc l ch loi mt khi khi ng th cun dy
ca stato u thnh hnh Y, khi hot ng u thnh hnh A. Chng ta bit rng khi u
thnh hnh Y th:
Dng din dy = dng in pha =
g tr khan 1.73
day ap ien
g Tr khan
pha ap ien

=
Khi u hnh A th:
Dng in dy = 1.73 dng in pha =
g Tr khan
1.73 day ap ien
=
So snh hai ci:
3
1
) hnh (au day ien Dong
Y) hnh au ( day ien Dong
= =


Cho nn, dng in dy khi ng khi u cun dy stato thnh hnh sao ch
bng 1/3 khi u thnh hnh tam gic.

6 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt khng ng b ba pha u A, ko bm nc chuyn ng ti
lui. V sau do bin th t ngu khi ng st p b chy, liu c th i sang dng Y -
A khi ng?

- Trang 176 -
p: Khng c. Do bm nc chuyn ng ti lui thuc thit b khi ng
ti nng, yu cu m men quay khi ng tng i ln, nn phi p dng phng
php khi ng b t ngu. Cn b khi ng Y - A m men quay khi ng nh, kh
nng khi ng ti nng km, v th khi s dng s xut hin hu qu khng tt, nh
khi ng kh khn, thi gian khi ng lu, thm ch chy mt. V th khng c
ty tin thay phng php khi ng b t ngu bng phng php khi ng Y - A

6 - 4- 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: gim dng in khi ng, mt in lng sc ba pha c va thng
dng cch u Y - A khi ng. i vi ba loi mt: u A 380V, u Y/A
660/380V, u Y /A 380/220V, khi s dng ngun in ba pha 380V, phi chng u
c th s ng phng php khi ng ny?
p: Phng thc khi ng Y - A c th khin in p ca cun dy mi pha
ca stato mt khi khi ng gim cn 1/ 3 A so vi khi hot ng bnh thng, t
t c mc ch khi ng h p, gim dng in khi ng. in p nh mc ca
cun dy mi pha hai mt u A 380V v u Y/A 660/380V l 380V. Khi khi ng
u hnh Y c th khin in p pha ca n h xung cn 220V, t c mc ch
khi ng h p. Khi ng kt thc tr li u thnh A. Mt u Y/A 380/220V,
in p nh mc ca cun dy mi pha l 220V. Do khi cng vi ngun in
380V, ch c th u thnh hnh Y, khng th u thnh A nu khng s chy mt,
nn khng th dng Y - A khi ng.

6 - 4- 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt in kiu lng sc c ln, ti sao qui nh trng thi nng ch cho
php khi ng mt ln, trng thi ngui cng khng cho php khi ng lin tc?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt kiu lng sc c ln thng thng gp 4
7 ln dng in nh mc, ph ti ca n ni chung u tng i nng hoc lc qun
tnh tng i ln, cho nn thi gian khi ng rt lu. Khi khi ng, cun dy stato
v rto nng nhanh, cho nn trng thi nng ch cho php khi ng mt ln.
trng thi ngui, tuy nhit ca mt tng i thp, nhng sau mt ln khi ng,
nhit ca cun dy stato, rto tng mnh trong thi gian ngn, nu cha ngui hn
li khi ng ln hai th nhit ca cun dy stato, rto t s tng cao hn, tng
nhanh s lo ha thm ch chy hng cch in cun y. Cho nn, trng thi ngui
cng yu cu phi cch mt thi gian thch hp ri mi cho php khi ng ln sau.

6 - 4- 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao i vi mt dung lng ln hoc mt dung lng nh nhng
khi ng dy th nht thit phi ngh cch gim thiu dng in khi ng?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc thng
dng, gp khong 4 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. V th: (1) Khi dung lng ca mt
rt ln, nht l khi dung lng ca ngun in khng ln hn bao nhiu so vi dung
lng ca mt th dng in khi ng rt ln s dn n in p ngun st gim.
iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho vic khi ng mt ny m cn nh hng
n s hot ng ca cc mt khc v thit b in khc c cng mt ngun cung
cp. (2) Khi dung lng ca mt tuy khng ln nhng khi ng rt dy, thng

- Trang 177 -
xuyn c dng in ln hn nhiu so vi dng in nh mc chy qua, s lm cho
nhit ca mt vt qu nhit cho php. V th, i vi mt dung lng ln
hoc mt dung lng nh nhng khi ng dng th nht thit phi tm cch gim
nh dng in khi ng.

6 - 4- 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi khi ng mt 220kW 6kV, c ngi lun m tt hai, ba ln ri mi
cho mt quay, cho rng nh th c th gim lc cn c hc. Cch lm nh vy c
ng khng?
p: Phng php thao tc nh vy l v cng sai lm. Bi v (1): Khi khi
ng, mt dung lng ln c dng in xung kch rt ln, dng in ny khin cun
dy ca mt sinh ra lc in t rt ln, d lm lng cun dy, hng cch in, dn
n nh thng, chy hng cun dy. (2) B phn ngun in, do dng in khi ng
qu ln v thao tc dy, khin u tip xc ca cng tc u chng chy hng, v do
u tip xc ko ra h quang lm hng tnh nng ca du cch in. (3) Thao tc ng,
ngt lin tc ny s dn n thao tc qu p, gy nh thng cch in cun dy v
cch in khc do qu p. (4) S ln khi ng mt dung lng ln tng ln s nh
hng n tnh n nh ca ton b li in v s vn hnh ca cc thit b in
khc. V th khng nn khi ng nhiu ln, cn c gng sao cho ch khi ng mt
ln.

6 - 4- 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng b iu p kiu cm ng khi ng h p mt khng ng
b dung lng tng i ln, ampe k ch bo rt ln, trong mt lc li khng h
xung c. Nhng khi nng cao in p n tr s nh mc, ch bo ca ampe k li
nhanh chng h xung n tr s bnh thng. Ti sao?
p: Khi khi ng h p, m men quay nh, thi gian vn hnh tc thp
ca ng c lu, do dng in trong mt lc khng h gim xung c. Do m
men quay ca ng c t l thun vi bnh phng ca in p ngoi, v th sau khi
nng cao in p, m men quay tng ln theo t l thun, khin rto nhanh chng t
n tc quay nh mc, dng in cng h xung n tr s bnh thng, thi
im nng cao in p, dng in hi tng ln, nhng tip s nhanh chng h
xung.

6 - 4- 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: M men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ti sao
ln hn m men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc?
p: Khi khi ng, mt khng ng b kiu qun dy, mc ni tip in tr
khi ng vo mch cun dy rto, lm gim gc pha gia dng in rto v t trng
quay, khin thnh phn hu cng ca dng in rto tng ln, t lm tng m men
quay khi ng.
Trong mch rto ngn mch ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc khng c
cch no mc ni tip in tr, cho nn h s cng sut khi khi ng rt thp, dng
in ca rto i sau t trng quay mt gc pha rt ln, khin thnh phn hu cng
ca dng in rto rt nh, li sinh ra m men lc ph nht nh, lm yu m men

- Trang 178 -
quay khi ng, v th m men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc
tng i nh.

6 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt xe cu ti sao thng dng b hm in t m khng dng phng
php hm u ngc?
p: Xe cu yu cu phi c th dng ph ti bt c v tr no trong khng
trung, tc l sau khi mt ngng quay, cn phi c m men lc ngn ph ti ri xung
t nhin, cn hm u ngc th khi mt ngng quay phi ct ngay ngun in (nu
khng s quay ngc), khng cn m men lc hm na, thm na khi hm u ngc
s lm cho mt thng qua dng in tng di ln, i vi mt xe cu yu cu khi
ng quay thun chiu, cho nn trn xe cu ni chung khng dng phng php hm
u ngc.

6 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy stato ca ng c khng ng b kiu hm t bn JPZ3 l bnh
thng, nhng sau khi thng in khng ti, khng th khi ng c. Ti sao?
p: Loi mt c thit b hm ny, khi khng in, mt phn t thng trong
t trng khe h thng qua khi hm st c lin vi rto, theo khe h hng trc vo
a hm st lng trn trc, tr v stato thnh mch kn. Khi t thng thng qua khe h
hng trc sinh ra lc ht khin a hm st di chuyn hng trc v pha rto, b
hm tch khi np u, cho nn h thng in l mt c th quay. Mt sau mt thi
gian s dng, khi hm st c th mn khuyt khe h hng trc qu ln, khin a
hm st khng c ht cht, rto s khng th thot hm, gp phi tnh hnh ny th
khng th khi ng c.

6 - 4- 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi khi ng mt cm ng nh th hin
hnh 6 - 4- 13, sau khi li dng bin th t ngu h p
khi ng, ng cng tc 2, mt lm vic di in p
bnh thng, ti sao phi ngt cng tc 3 trc?
p: Sau khi ng cng tc 2, trn u ra ca bin
th t ngu nhn chia in p dy in li, m lc cun
dy gia u ra v dy dn vo b ngn mch, trong bin p
s c dng in rt ln, khin cun dy b hng do nng, nn
phi ngt cng tc 3 trc.

6 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: M men lc hm phanh xe in t ca mt mt tuy vt qu yu cu,
nhng khi khi ng, st p qu ln, nam chm khng th ht hp, mt khng th
khi ng. C phng php n gin no b cu?
p: Khi nam chm ht hp phi khc phc lc tc dng ca l xo v trng
lng ca bn thn, lc l xo tng i ln, do nu gim lc nn ca l xo, tc c
th gim in p cn thit phanh hm xe, do m men lc hm c ca phanh qu ln,
gim thch hp lc nn ca l xo vn c th c. Nu nh vy vn cha gii quyt
vn , c th hi gim khong cch ca nam chm in, tc c th tng lc ht v

- Trang 179 -
gim dng in khi ng (gim st p), nh vy tuy lm cho khe h gia phin hm
v bnh thng tng i nh, nhng nu bo dng thch ng, ni chung cn c th
s dng c.

6 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mc cu chnh trn cn cu c lp b phanh in t. Sau khi ngt
in th s phanh hm mt. Khi khi ng mt, b phanh hay mt yu cu thng
in trc?
p: Mt thng in trc, khi nh phanh, mt lp tc quay. Nu phanh
thng in trc, th sau khi nh phanh mt vn khng th quay ngay c. Hai
trng hp ny nu ph ti t trn khng h xung hoc t mt t nng ln u
khng c vn g. Nhng khi ph ti ang dng li trn khng ri tip tc nng ln,
nu phanh thng in trc, th trc khi mt khi ng, b ph ti ko quay ngc,
sau mi nng ln, khng nhng ko di thi gian khi ng m cn tng m men
cn ca ng c khi khi ng, thng dn ti khi ng kh khn, do yu cu
mt phi thng in trc. Nhng trong tnh hnh chung, c hai ci u c th thng
in cng lc nhm n gin ha thit b iu khin.

6 - 4 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khi khi ng c ti nng v ti nh th cng dng in khi
ng ca n ging nhau, nhng ti sao khi khi ng ti nng li d b chy?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt quyt nh bi in p khi ng v tham
s ca ng c, v th di in p khi ng ging nhau th dng in khi ng khi
khi ng ti nng v ti nh u ging nhau, nhng thi gian khi ng ti nng lu
hn nhiu thi gian khi ng ti nh, do dng in ln chy qua cun dy ca mt
lu nn mt d xy ra s c chy hng.

6 - 4- 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt vo ma ng thng kh khi ng hn ma h?
p: l v nhit ca ma ng tng i thp, sau khi dng my mt
thi gian, dnh ca du bi trn trong bi ca mt tng i ln, ngoi ra curoa
truyn ng cng co li tng i cht, khin m men lc trng thi tnh tng ln, nn
khi ng tng i kh khn. Ma h do nhit tng i cao, dnh ca du bi
trn trong bi mt tng i nh, curoa truyn ng cng khng cht nh ma ng
nn d khi ng.

6 - 4 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: trnh vt qu lng nhu cu cao nht quy nh ca hp ng cung
cp in, khi khi ng mt, n v dng in tt nht phi cch nhau 15 pht tr
ln?
p: H s dng 100kVA tr ln u nn lp ng h MD (ng h o lng
nhu cu cao nht v cng sut). Trong ng h lp thng k s vng quay ca a
nhm c 15 pht mt ln, tc cng sut bnh qun trong 15 pht. Kim ng h ch l
cng sut bnh qun ln nht mt ln trong c thng, tc cng sut ln nht, l cn c
h s dng v n v cung cp in k hp ng liu c vt gii hn khng.
Khi khi ng mt, nht l mt tng i ln khi ng ti nng, cng sut cn

- Trang 180 -
thit trong thi gian ngn ln hn cng sut cn thit khi quay bnh thng. Khi ng
khng hp l s vt gii hn. Nhng ph ti nh ny rt ngn, ch my chc giy.
Nu hai thit b khi ng so le nhau 15 pht tr ln th c th lm cho hai ln khi
ng trc sau khng nm vo trong bng thng k cng sut bnh qun 15 pht mt
ln, nh trnh b pht do vt gii hn.

- Trang 181 -
6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp

6 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b cn cu nh cu treo, my ti u s dng mt kiu qun
dy?
p: Cu treo, my ti u l thit b ti nng, khi ng lin tc, c yu cu
iu chnh tc . Nu s dng mt kiu lng sc th dng in khi ng ln, m
men quay nh, kh iu chnh tc , khi khi ng nhiu ln dng in ln s dn ti
dao ng in p in li, lm nng cun dy, tng nhanh lo ha cch in, gim
tui th ca mt. B lc xung kch nhiu ln ca dng in ln, cun dy d b tc
dng ca lc in t, sinh ra bin dng. p dng mt kiu qun dy, c th thng qua
in tr u ngoi ca mch rto gim dng in khi ng, tng m men quay
khi ng, iu chnh tc bnh n.

6 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt cm ng kiu qun dy, sau khi kt thc khi ng c lc trong
mch rto cn thng xuyn ni vi mt on in tr khng ngn mch. on in
tr ny c tc dng g? Liu n c sinh ra tn tht nhit?
p: Mt cm ng kiu qun dy khi dng trong cc loi my c bnh
(nh my ct, my dp, my nn), mt khng quay ngc, ph ti bin i mch theo
chu k, ph ti va p rt ln. Nu trong mch rto thng xuyn u vi mt on L
in tr khng ngn mch, c th mm ha c tnh c hc ca mt. Khi ph ti va
p, nh khi ct thp tm, th tc gim rt ln, khin bnh phng thch ng
nng tch tr tng i nhiu, h tr mt khc phc ti va p.
V th, tuy c tn tht nhit nhng vn u mt on in tr khng ngn mch
vo mch rto.

6 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt kiu vnh gp dng my ti khi ti nng chiu i xung, tng
in tr u ngoi ca rto s c nh hng g n tc quay?
p: Trong mch rto ca mt kiu vnh gp ni chung, tng thm in tr
th tc quay s gim. Nhng vi mt dng trong my ti khi ph ti chiu i
xung, v vt qu tc quay cng k tr thnh my pht in cm ng chuyn
ng tc hm ph ti tip tc gia tng. Lc ny, nu tng thm in tr ca r t, s
lm gim dng in rto, gim m men lc hm, mt c th do tc dng ca trng
lng ph ti m li gia tng tc quay, sau khi tc quay tng, m men lc hm
ca mt tng theo, sau khi t ti tc quay mi no , m men lc hng xung
v m men lc hm mi c cn bng, tc quay mi khng tng na. Cho nn lc
ny tng in tr ngoi ca rto s lm tc quay ca mt tng ln.

6 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ti sao khng th dng phng php
thay i s i cc thay i tc ?
p: Tc quay ng b ca mt n : 60f/p, f l tn s ngun in, p l s
i cc ca mt. Khi p thay i, n s thay i. Thay i s i cc iu chnh tc

- Trang 182 -
phi cng lc thay i s cc ca stato, rto. Thay i s cc stato ca mt kiu
lng sc th s cc ca rto s t ng i theo. Nhng s cc ca rto mt khng
ng b kiu qun dy do cun dy rto quyt nh, mun thay i s cc ca rto
phi thay i cch u cun dy ca n. iu ny l rt kh. Cho nn mt khng
ng b kiu qun dy khng th ng phng php ny iu chnh tc .

6 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt cm ng khi rto b h mch, ct khi in li c nguy him g i
vi mt khng?
p: Mt khi vn hnh tch tr rt nhiu nng lng in t, c bit l do
mt cm ng tn ti khe trng cng c li cho tch tr nng lng t. Khi ct mt ra
khi in li th nng lng ny t phi thng qua hnh thc no tiu hao cho
ht, nu lc ny, rto ca mt h mch th nng lng in t ny ch c tiu hao
nhanh chng trong stato, do t thng ca stato trong chc lt bin thnh O, v th dn
ti qu p trong stato, in p ny c th cao ti gp 3 - 5 ln in p nh mc s dn
ti sinh ra h quang trn cng tc v c th nh thng cch din ca mt.

6 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy c b bin tr khi ng, trong qu
trnh khi ng, nu t ngt ngt ngun in, ti sao h quang in gia u tip xc
cng tc c bit mnh, khin u tip xc chy r nghim trng?
p: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy khi khi ng, cun dy rto ni tip
vo bin tr khi ng. Nu trong qu trnh khi ng mt, nhanh chng ct t
ngun in, t trng ca mt nhanh chng suy gim, do mch cun dy rto c in
tr tng i ln, t dn n qu p rt cao trong cun dy stato (trong tnh hnh
rto h mch, qu p s t ti gp 3 - 4 ln in p nh mc) th gia u tip xc
ca cng tc s sinh ra h quang mnh, lm chy r nghim trng u tip xc. Cho
nn khi ngt ngun in ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ang vn hnh trc
tin phi ngn mch vng trt ca rto cho nng lng khi t trng suy gim b
tiu hao trong rto.

6 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu thay bin tr khi ng trong mch rto ca mt khng ng b ba
pha kiu qun dy bng b in khng, nh vy in tr r
2
trong mch rto khng thay
i, cn in khng x
2
tng ln. Do tr khng z
2
=
2
2
2
2
x r + trong mch rto tng
ln, v th t c mc ch gim dng in khi ng I
q
khi khi ng. Bi v cng
sut in m b in khng tiu hao nh hn nhiu so vi b in tr nh vy va c
th gim dng in khi ng, li c th tit kim dng in. Liu c c khng?
p: Cch lm ny ch xt ti lm gim dng in khi ng, m khng xt ti
phi c m men quay khi ng. Sau khi ni tip bin tr vo mch rto, khng
nhng gim dng in rto I
2
m cn gim h s cng sut cos
2
ca mch rto. M
men quay khi ng ca mt M
q
= K
m
|I
2
cos
2
(K
m
l thng s, | l t thng chnh).
Do I
2
v cos
2
u gim, m men quay khi ng ca mt s tr nn rt nh,
khin mt khng th khi ng c, cho nn mch in rto ca mt khng ng
b kiu rto qun dy khng c s dng b in khng khi ng.

- Trang 183 -
6 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi t mt dy pha ca rto mt kiu
vnh gp b t, dng in khng ti lin dao ng c
tnh chu k, ti sao?
p: 12 on cung trn vng ngoi hnh 6 - 5
- 8 biu th nhm pha cc ca stato bn cc, I, II, III
biu th th t pha thuc nhm pha cc cc. Vng trong
th hin rto, ch c du hiu "0", biu th pha b t.
Do trong pha b t khng c dng in cm ng, dng
in trong cun dy stato i ng vi pha cng tng
i nh, khi rto quay t t, dng in ca cc pha s
dao ng ln c tnh chu k. Nu mt t n tc quay cng k th trong ba
pha ca rto u khng c dng in cm ng, dng in stato khng cn dao ng,
cn khi khng ti gn cn tc cng k, tng ng vi rto quay ngc chiu vi
tc quay rt chm, cng lm cho dng in stato dao ng ln theo chu k. C
quay v tr mt cc, dng in thay i mt ln, cho nn s ln thay i mi pht = tc
quay cng k x trt kh khng ti x s cc.

6 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt kiu vnh gp ba pha 6 cc, rto 30 rnh, khi hm, chnh lch
dng in ba pha l trn 20%. Khi rto h mch v khng ti, dng in ba pha li cn
bng. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l s rnh mi pha cc ca rto khng
phi l s nguyn, m l
3
2
1
6 3
30
=

rnh, khin cho s rnh mi pha mi cc ca rto


khng th phn phi u, bt c v tr no ca rto u khng th lm cho tr khng
ca 3 pha bng nhau, m dng in hm l do tr khng quyt nh, cho nn dng in
hm 3 pha khng bng nhau. Khi khng ti v rto h mch th dng in trong rto
bng 0 hoc gn bng 0, rto khng nh hng hoc nh hng rt t n dng in
stato cho nn lc ny dng in 3 pha cn bng.

6 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt kiu vnh gp vn hnh ti, nu o dng in mt pha bt k ca
rto, s pht hin tr s dng in nh hn nhiu so vi tr s nh mc ghi trn nhn
my, li cn thay i c tnh chu k. Ti sao?
p: Dng in trong rto l in xoay chiu, tn s ca n bng tch gia tn
s ngun in vi trt, gi s trt ti ca mt l 5%, tn s dng in
thng l 50Hz, v th tn s dng in rto l khong 50x5% : 2.5Hz. S c c
trn ampe k xoay chiu ph thng khng dao ng theo s bin i chu k ca dng
in, nguyn nhn ca n l do dng in thay i qu nhanh khng kp lm kim dao
ng, cn by gi tn s ch c 2.5 Hz, kim c th dao ng theo s thay i ca dng
in, nhng do kim cha dao ng n tr s ln nht, dng in bin i nh i,
khin kim dao ng ngc li, cho nn s c thy s nh.


- Trang 184 -
6 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b h JZR2 s dng cn cu v trong luyn kim, ti
sao bc gp u rto ca u vnh gp d b "n pho" (nt la) cn bc gp u khc
li khng "n pho"?
p: Bc gp u rto mt h JZR2 "n pho" hu nh u xy ra pha u
vnh gp. Khi mt quay, di p lc nht nh, vnh gp s ma st vi chi in, v
th khng ngng tung bt carbon vo khng gian chung quanh. Tuy gia bung vnh
gp vi khoang trong mt c tm ngn bi, nhng khe h gia tm ngn bi ca
stato, rto i vi bt carbon m ni th vn rt ln, nn bt carbon ri trn bc gp
u rto gn v chung quanh n. Bc gp u c cch mt ci bc cch in mt
ci, cho d c bc cch in tng ci th phn chn ca bc gp u cng khng th
cch in kn khp c c, bt carbon ri ln n s dn dn hnh thnh mch thng,
cui cng dn n in p gia cc pha khc nhau nh thng, nt la. Do khe h gia
stato rto rt nh, c bit l khi di ca li st tng i di, bt carbon ni chung
kh lt vo u kia, cho nn bc gp u kia ca u vnh gp rt t khi nt la.

6 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B bin tr khi ng ngm du ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy
c th s dng lm iu chnh tc khng?
p: Khng c. Bi v b bin tr khi ng u c thit k vn hnh
thi gian ngn. Nu dng lm bin tr iu chnh tc , th mt phn on phin in
tr s phi lm vic trong mch rto lu di, khin nhit ca n tng cao, lm hng
bin tr. Ngc li, bin tr iu tc li c th dng hn ch dng in khi ng
ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy.

6 - 5 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ba pha dung lng ln, dung
lng va ni chung khng dng phng php mc ni tip in tr vo r to iu
chnh tc ?
p: Nhc im ln nht ca mt vnh gp dng bin tr iu chnh tc
mc ni tip vi rto iu chnh tc l nng lng tiu hao trong bin tr qu
ln, nu tc quay mun iu chnh ti mt na tc quay nh mc th gn nh
nng lng tiu hao trong bin tr tng ng n mt na cng sut u ra. Cho
nn mt khng ng b kiu qun dy dung lng ln, dung lng va a s li
dng phng php xuyn cp iu chnh tc , thng qua thit b bin tn a
nng lng phi tiu hao trong rto tr v li in. Ch c mt khng ng b kiu
qun y dung lng nh, khng thng xuyn vn hnh, vn hnh vi ti nh, yu
cu tc quay khng thp lm th mi dng phng php mc ni tip in tr vo
rto iu chnh tc .


- Trang 185 -
6 - 6 Mt mt pha

6 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong my git gia nh s dng mt in mt pha, ti sao t s s vng
ca cun dy chnh v cun dy ph l l?
p: My git gia nh hin nay thng s dng
kt cu quay trn bnh sng. Qu trnh hot ng l:
quay thun chiu 30 giy, dng 5 giy, quay ngc
chiu 30 giy, sau tun hon tr i tr li. n
gin vic iu khin quay thun, quay ngc, p dng
hnh thc u dy nh hnh 6 - 6 - 1, khi quay thun th
A l cun dy chnh, khi quay ngc th B l cun dy
chnh. V m men quay v cng sut a ra ca mt
khi hai chiu thun ngc u phi bng nhau, nu tham s kt cu ca cun dy s
cp, th cp u ging nhau, tc t s s vng phi l 1.

6 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi tho sa ton b qut in ca mt kiu cc c chp, tc
quay bnh thng, nhng bt k thay i u u dy th no th chiu quay lun
lun b ngc?
p: l do lp ngc li st stato. Mt mt pha kiu cc c chp khng
th dng phng php thay i u u dy thay i
chiu quay ca mt. l do trong cc t stato ca mt
kiu cc c chp, t thng di mt cc b vng ng che
lp lun lun tr hn t thng di mt cc khng b che
lp, tng ng nh c mt t trng quay di chuyn t b
phn khng b che lp n b phn b che lp, nh th hin
hnh 6 - 6 - 2 (a), cho nn n ko rto quay theo chiu .
Thay i dy dn vn nh th. Nu tho li st stato ra, ri
lp li ngc chiu nh th hin hnh (b), th c th thay i
chiu quay ca mt.

6 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt chic qut trn, trc khi sa khng khi ng c, nhng ng y
mt cht th c th quay. Sau khi sa c th khi ng nhng quay ngc. Nguyn
nhn g gy ra hai tnh hnh trn?
p: Mt qut trn s dng l mt mt pha t
in. Nguyn l u dy ca n nh hnh 6 - 6 - 3. Mt
c hai cun dy. A l cun y chnh. B l cun dy khi
ng. T in C u ni tip trong cun dy khi ng B.
Nu mch cun dy B khng thng, th s khng c m
men quay khi ng. C th thy, nguyn nhn ca tnh
hnh th nht l t mch in cun dy khi ng hoc
hng t in. Chiu quay ca qut do quan h pha gia t
thng |
1
cun dy A v |
2
ca cun dy B quyt nh,
mc ni tip t in C vo cun dy B c th khin lch

- Trang 186 -
pha gia |
2
v |
1
gn 90
o
, nhng pha ca |
2
vt trc hay tt sau so vi |
1
l do cun
y B u thun hay u ngc quyt nh. Chiu quay ca qut nht nh l t v tr
t thng c pha vt trc quay hng sang v tr t thng tt sau. Nh th hin trong
hnh v, th khi |
2
tt sau so vi |
1
th qut s quay theo chiu kim ng h, nu f vt
trc |
1
th qut quay ngc chiu kim ng h. C th thy, chiu quay ca qut trn
khng ng l do u ngc cun y B.

6 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt chic qut trn mt pha kiu t in sau khi qun li, lc quay th,
pht hin qut quay ngc, th l chuyn t in u sang dy dn ca cun dy khc,
kt qu chiu quay ng, nhng tc quay tng i chm, lng gi rt t. Ti sao?
p: Phng php thay i chiu quay ca mt mt pha t in phi l i
u hai si dy dn ca cun dy ph ri u vo ngun in. Nu t in i sang
u vi dy dn ca cun dy khc, th thc t l em cun dy chnh i thnh cun
dy ph, cun dy ph bin thnh cun dy chnh. Tuy cng c th thay i chiu
quay ca mt nhng o s vng v ng knh y ca cun dy chnh v cun dy
ph khc nhau, t lm thay i c tnh vn hnh ca mt, v th mt khng th
quay bnh thng.

6 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt ca mt chic qut, khi s dng, tc quay t ngt tng nhanh,
v nng bng tay, sau khi thay i cm, va cm phch vo, ch thy trong qut le
ln tia la, cun dy chy en, cu ch chy. Qua kim tra, thy dy u nh th hin
hnh 6 - 6 - 5. y l nguyn nhn g?
p: y l s c c nguyn nhn t gia cun dy ca qut vi t. Hin
tng ny gp tng i nhiu trong h thng bo v dy trung
tnh tip t. S c thng xy ra trong hai cun dy ca dy
vo, nh im tip t trong cun dy D th hin trong hnh.
Nu u 1 u vi dy pha, u 2 u vi dy trung tnh, dng
in thng qua cun dy A, B, C n u g ca cun dy D. Do
cun dy D b u ngn mch im g (g - 2) khin dng in
trong ton cun y tng ln, tc ca qut c th cao hn c,
ng thi lm nng cun dy. Nu sau khi dng in tng m
vn nh hn dng in nh mc ca cu ch, th dy ch s
khng t. Trong tnh hnh ny, nu thay i cm, c kh
nng lm cho u 1 u vi y trung tnh, u 2 u dy pha. Nh vy dy pha ch
thng qua mt phn nh ca D l tip t, dng in s rt ln, th l sinh ra hin
tng te la, khin cun dy chy en, dy cu ch b t. Cho nn, khi tc quay
ca qut xy ra khc thng, trc tin phi kim tra cch in gia qut vi t xem
c tt khng, nhm bo m an ton.

6 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc my m thng trng thi khng ti hoc ti nh, ti sao khng nn
s dng mt mt pha kiu t in?
p: Khi ti nh hoc khng ti, mt mt pha t in vo trng thi vn
hnh hai pha khng i xng, tn hao ca cc b phn do dng in th t pha m gy

- Trang 187 -
nn, ngc li ln hn l khi ti, nhit ca n cng cao hn trng thi ti.
Cho nn cc loi my mc thng trng thi khng ti hoc ti nh th khng nn s
dng mt mt pha t in.

6 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my khoan in cm tay phi s dng mt (kch) ni tip mt
pha?
p: Mt (kch) ni tip xoay chiu mt pha c cc u im sau:
(l) C c tnh c hc mm, tc khi ph ti tng, tc gim nhanh, khi ph ti
gim, tc tng cao.
(2) Kh nng qu ti tng i ln.
(3) Ngun in xoay chiu mt pha d c.
Ba u im trn dy va ng thch hp vi yu cu ca my khoan in cm
tay. Cho nn, ni chung khoan in cm tay u s dng mt (kch) ni tip mt pha.

6 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tc quay ca u khoan mt s khoan in l khong 700 - 900
vng/pht. Cn tc quay ca rto khoan in l trn mt vn vng pht, phi dng
bnh rng gim tc. Ti sao khng ch to rto ca khoan in c tc thp?
p: Tc quay ca rto khoan in cao c th thu nh th tch, bi v mt
c th tch nh nhau th tc quay cng cao, cng sut cng ln. Nu tc quay ca
mt rt thp th th tch ca khoan in s phi rt ln.

6 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt mt pha t din khi khng ti, nhit li tng cao hn khi
vn hnh c ph ti nh mc?
p: Mt mt pha t din ch khi di ph ti nh mc, t in chia pha mi
c th lm cho khe trng ca mt hnh thnh t trng quay trn, lm cho mt
vo trng thi hot ng tt nht. Khi khng ti, t trng quay dng elp, nh vy c
th lm tng tn hao ca mt. Khi tn hao do t trng quay dng elip m tng ln
ln hn tn hao do dng in hot ng nh m gim, th tng tn hao s ln hn khi
ph ti nh mc. Cho nn, nhit khng ti ca ng c, ngc li cao hn khi hot
ng ph ti nh mc.

6 - 6 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hnh 6 - 6 - 10 (a) l s u dy ca mt ba pha dng lm mt mt
pha. Cun dy chnh l do hai cun dy pha ni tip li to thnh. Ti sao hai cun dy
pha ny phi u vi nhau cng u?

- Trang 188 -

p: Mt mt pha yu cu cun dy chnh, cun dy ph lch nhau mt gc
in 90
o
trong khng gian. T thng do hai cun dy sinh ra phi lch nhau mt gc
in 90
o
trong khng gian. Cun dy chnh u vi nhau theo u cng tn s ph hp
yu cu ny. Nhn hnh (b) ta thy: t thng cun dy chnh |
12
c hp thnh bi t
thng |
14
ca cun dy pha th nht v t thng |
52
ca cun dy pha th hai lch
nhau vi t thng |
36
ca cun dy pha th 3 (tc t thng ca cun dy ph) mt gc
90
o
. Nu ni u vi cui cun dy th t thng cun dy chnh ph trn cng mt
ng trc, s khng ph hp vi yu cu b tr khng gian ca cun dy chnh ph.


- Trang 189 -
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha

6 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha, khi dng phng php thay i th t pha
thay i chiu quay, ti sao trong tnh hnh ph ti nh nhau, dng in a vo
ng c ln hn c?
p: Bi v sau khi thay i chiu quay ca mt, t trng quay v in th
cm ng ca n trong cun dy stato v chiu in th ca cun dy iu chnh do
chi in sinh ra u thay i theo. Nu khi mt vn hnh thp hn tc quay ng
b, khi cha thay i, nng cao h s cng sut, v tr ca chi in phi sao cho
thi gian m t trng quay ct cun dy iu chnh gia chi in tr hn thi gian
ct cun dy stato, nhng sau khi thay i, chiu quay t trng quay, t trng quay
s ct cun dy iu chnh trc. Nh vy, pha ca in th ph s vt trc cun
dy stato, khin h s cng sut h thp. Cho nn, trong tnh hnh cng sut khng
thay i th dng in u vo ca mt s tng cao.
Khi thay i chiu quay mun lm cho dng in vi cng ph ti vn gi
nguyn khng i phi cng vi thay i th t pha, chuyn i c v tr bnh rng
lin ng.

6 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt bin i tc c gp chnh lu ba pha cp in bi rto th chiu
quay ca rto v chiu quay ca t trng ca n c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng cng chiu. Bi v sau khi r t u vo ngun in, trong rto s
sinh ra t trng quay, nhng stato c nh, cho nn khng th quay theo chiu ca t
trng quay. Do quan h phn tc dng, rto s quay ngc chiu quay ca t trng
xoay.

6 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu pht hin tn hao ma st gia chi than vi b i chiu ca mt
c gp chnh lu qu ln, liu c th bi mt t du bi trn ln b mt b i chiu
gim ma st khng?
p: Tuyt i khng c bi du bi trn ln b mt b i chiu, v rng
du bi trn s lm cho bi carbon v bi t bm ln b i chiu v tch t li trong
cc rnh gia cc phin i chiu. Bt carbon dn in, v th s lm ngn mch ln
nhau gia cc phin i chiu, gy nn la vng, b i chiu s nhanh chng b chy
hng. Nu trn b i chiu c dnh du m cn phi dng xng ra sch mi ng.


- Trang 190 -
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt

6 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt thp p qun chng hai lp, cun dy trong mt rnh no
ca stato, do s c chm v, lm chy vi si dy ng. Ngoi phn b chy ra, cht
cch in ca cc b phn khc ca cun dy u tt nguyn, lm th no sa cha vi
yu cu nhanh, tt r?
p: t ngt chy t vi si dy ng, cch in ca cun dy cn cha b
hng, ch cn u li ch b t l c th lm vic bnh thng, khng cn tho mt
phn hoc ton b qun li. Nhng trong rnh khng cho php c u ni. C th
ct bt mt phn ch t, mi hai u ch t c thay bng on dy dn mi t
vo trong rnh, cn hai u em hn vi ch t ngoi rnh ( ch u ni bc kn
bng l ng mng). Khi ni xong nhng cha hn, kim tra xem c ch no khng
thng vi ton b cun dy, nu c sa cha xong mi hn. Cch in lt rnh b chy
hng phi thay (sau khi sa cha, nu khng cn h hng th dng in khng ti ba
pha phi cn bng). S b th nghim khng cn h hng xong cn phi qua x l
ngm sn, sy kh.

6 - 8 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy hoc nhm cun dy ca mt mt ba pha u ngc. Dng
dng c hu hiu n gin g kim tra?
p: Dng mt kim nam chm nh v hai cc pin. Trc tin tho np u v
rto ca mt t thng ng rto ln, sau u pin vo mt pha bt k, cho kim
nam chm di chuyn theo chu vi ng trn st b mt li st, phi nhn thy kim nam
chm chuyn ng u, c cch mt s rnh c bao bi mt cc, s chuyn ng
180
o
. Nu pht hin kim nam chm t ngt i chiu mt ch no , chng t
cun dy ni u nhm. Nu s rnh cch nhau khng c qui lut th cun dy hoc
nhm cun dy u sai.

6 - 8 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt in sau khi sa cha phc hi, ti sao khng cho php dng in
khng ti qu ln hoc qu nh?
p: Dng in khng ti ca mt vo khong 30 - 50% dng in nh mc.
Nu s vng ca nhm cun dy khi sa cha phc hi mt nhiu ln, hoc u
nhm (nh u A nhm thnh Y) th dng in khng ti ca mt s rt ln. Dng
in khng ti qu nh, cng sut u ra ca mt khng . Dng in khng ti qu
ln th mt d nng, cho nn u khng cho php.

6 - 8 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi cun dy mt ngn mch, theo l thuyt th dng in khng
chy qua cun dy ngn mch na, nhng khi tho cun dy ra, pht hin ch ngn
mch b chy c bit r rt. Ti sao?
p: Bi v trong mt tn ti t trng xoay chiu mnh, cho nn sau khi
cun dy b ngn mch vn c t thng xoay chiu chy qua, v cm ng ra th in
ng cm ng trong cun dy ngn mch. Th in ng cm ng ny s sinh ra dng

- Trang 191 -
in rt ln trong cun dy ngn mch, khin n chy hng. V th ch ngn mch
ca cun dy b chy rt r.

6 - 8 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi do ngun in t pha dn n chy nhm cun dy mt, n c c
trng nh th no?
p: Mt u hnh sao, khi ngun in t pha, do nhm cun dy mt pha
khng c dng in, cn dng in hai pha kia vt tr s nh mc, v th trn nhm
cun y s c c trng tng i r: mt nhm cun dy hon ton tt, nhm cun
dy ca hai pha kia tr nn en sm. Mt u hnh tam gic th khi t mt pha
ngun in, ch c dng in cun dy mt pha tng ln, cho nn cun dy mt pha b
en, nhm cun dy ca hai pha hon ton tt.

6 - 8 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong khi quay, stato v rto ca mt xy ra ma st, liu c th tin nh
ng knh ca rto gii quyt?
p: Khng c. V rng hin tng ma st gia stato v rto trong khi mt
quay ni chung l do cc nguyn nhn: bi mn khin rto h xung hoc vng
ca trc mt qu ln v.v... V th phi tm ra nguyn nhn khc phc. Nu n
gin tin nh ng knh rto th s lm cho khe h gia stato v ro to tng ln, dng
in kch t ca mt tng s lm km tnh nng vn hnh ca mt, gim ch tiu
hiu sut h s cng sut. V th, lm nh vy l sai lm.

6 - 8 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi trong stato ca mt c bt st, s c nh hng g i vi mt?
Lm sao khc phc?
p: Trong mt nu c bt st, th sau khi stato thng in, chu tc dng ca
t tnh bt st s dng c dy, gy nn ma st ln nhau gia rto v stato thng qua bt
st, khin nhit mt tng ln, nh hng n hiu sut ca mt. Khi nhiu ni
trong stato c bt st th phi tho rto ra, cho in p thp hn in p nh mc 1/3
vo stato, khin bt st ng dng nh kim, lc ny dng kh nn thi bay chng.

6 - 8 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ly ngn mch mt, ti sao sau khi tho rto ra, li cn mt t
thanh st hoc ming st vo trong stato?
p: Dng in sau khi thng in khng nhng do in tr bn trong cun
dy quyt nh m cn lin quan n in cm ca n. in cm cng ln th dng
in cng nh, thanh st trong stato lm tng in cm ca n, nh th gim c
dng in.

6 - 8 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh x l sy ngn mch thp p i vi mt, ni chung
dng in xoay chiu m khng dng in mt chiu?
p: Tin hnh x l sy mt, l bi v bn trong mt b m, c nc. Nu
dng in mt chiu khi sy, do in mt chiu c tc dng in gii i vi nc,

- Trang 192 -
khin cch in ca mt cng tr nn km. in xoay chiu khng c tc dng in
gii i vi nc, hn na d c c hn so vi ngun mt chiu, cho nn ni chung
khi tin hnh x l sy ngn mch in p thp i vi mt, u dng in xoay
chiu.

6 - 8 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o u v cui ca cun dy rto ca mt xoay chiu, thng dng
cch u dy nh hnh 6 - 8 - 10, cho in p xoay chiu tng i thp (khong 50V)
ln pha A, o U
AB
, U
AC
, U
BC
nu c c U
AB
= U
AC
> U
AO
, U
BC
0 th A, B, C l
u. Ti sao?
p: Sau khi cho in p ln pha A, cun dy ny s
sinh ra t trng xoay chiu, cm ng ra in p trong hai
pha B, C. Do cun dy hai pha B, C u lch pha 120
o
vi
pha A v v tr khng gian, nn in p cm ng ca chng
bng nhau, do U
AB
= U
AC
> U
AO
, hai im B, C khng
chnh lch in th, U
BC
= 0. Nhng nu o c U
AB
= U
AC

< U
AO
th ch cn i u ca pha A, cn nu o c U
AB
>
U
AO
, m U
AQ
< U
AO
th ch cn thay i hai u pha C s
c quan h ni trn.

6 - 8 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu su u dy ra ca rto mt cm ng ba pha khng u vo tr u
dy v my, cng khng nh du u v ui, th phi dng phng php g
u n thnh Y hoc A m khng b sai?
p: Trc tin dng ng h m xc nh hai u dy no l thuc mt nhm
cun dy, sau ly bt k mt u ca cun dy cc pha u thnh hnh sao (nh
hnh 6 - 8 - 11). Cho in xoay chiu in p thp (nh
30V) vo cun dy mt pha, nu o c U
12
= U
13
>30V
(khong 35V) th cch u l ng. Nu U
12
(hoc U
13
ch
c hn 20V th phi i hai u dy 2, 5 (hoc 3,6) ca
cun dy l c. Nu mun u thnh tam gic c th p
dng phng php trn o c cc tnh tng i ng
ri ni u ui l c (42, 53, 61) u vi nhau.

6 - 8 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm th no dng ng h vn nng v pin kh phn bit u v ui
ca nhm cun dy rto mt ba pha?
p: Trc tin tm ra hai u ca cun dy mi pha, ri
u dy theo hnh 6 - 8 - 12, sau ly dy m ca c qui ln
lt tip xc vi du D
5
v D
6
, nu kim ng h mV quay cng
chiu th cc tnh u D
5
, D
6
l cng tn. Tip , i mt u
ca ng h mV t D
4
sang D
5
,cng dng dy m ca pin, tip
xc vi D
4
v D
6
, nu kim ng h m quay chiu ging nh
trc th D
4
, D
5
, D
6
hoc D
1
, D
2
, D
3
u l u cng cc tnh (tc
cng l u u hoc cng l u cui).


- Trang 193 -
6 - 8 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt khng ng b, khi cha thng in c th ly tay quay rto
mt, nhng khi khi ng khng ti, mt li b ht cht khng ng y. Sau khi
ngt ngun in, rto li c th ly tay quay c. Ti sao?
p: l do sung v rto ca mt ny khng ng tm, gy nn khe h
khng u, khin mt t thng bn khe h nh s cao, lc ko t ln ngc li lc
ko t bn khe h ln s nh, do sinh ra lc ko t mt bn rt ln.
Lc ko t mt bn khe khi ng l tr s ln nht, ln gp nhiu ln khi quay.
Sau s gim dn theo s tng ln ca c quay. Khi m men quay do lc ko t
mt bn sinh ra ln hn m men quay khi ng ca mt th rto ca mt s b ht
cht, khng th khi ng c.

6 - 8 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt ba pha kiu lng sc, quay khng ti bnh thng. Khi c ti th
kh khi ng, khi quay tc th kh chm. Ti sao?
p: Nu sng ca mt c s c th khi khng ti cng khng th quay bnh
thng c. Nu do thit k khng tt dn n kh khi ng th sau khi khi ng
tc quay khng n ni gim r rt, khng nh l trong rto c dy dn b t,
khin dng in chung quanh trong rto khng cn bng, sinh ra lc ko t khng cn
bng, tng in tr rto, do kh khi ng, m tc khi quay gim r rt.

6 - 8 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt ba pha u hnh sao kiu lng sc (C 6 u dy ra) ly ba u
trong s u vi ngun in, ba u khc lm im trung tnh. Lc ny mt c th
quay bnh thng. Nhng i ba u u vi ngun in th mt khng quay c,
m li pht ra ting ku ong ong. l nguyn nhn g?
p: Mt ny nht nh c mt pha chm v, m im chm v cch im
trung tnh khng xa, do ni ny c bn c cng in th vi t, dng in r rt nh,
nn mt sau khi thng in c th quay c bnh thng. Nhng, gi s dng ba
u c chm v lm dy vo ca ngun in th in th gia im chm v vi t s
rt cao, dng in r rt ln, khin mt ny tr thnh khi ng mt pha nn khng
th quay, li pht ra ting ku ong ong.

6 - 8 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rto lng sc b t thanh lng s c nguy him g v c trng ca n?
p: Rto t thanh lng s c cc triu chng sau:
(1) M men quay khi ng st gim, khi nghim trng khng ko ni ph ti
khi ng.
(2) Khi ti, tc quay gim r rt, rto nng. Khi t thanh lng nghim
trng s xut hin: (1) Khi ti thn my rung d di, v c ting n tng i ln.
(2) Khi vn hnh c ph ti, kim ca ampe k dao ng theo chu k. (3) Tho mt ra
ch t thanh lng ca rto c vt chy en.


- Trang 194 -
6 - 8 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mun s dng ampe k dng km kim tra dng in cc pha ca mt
khng ng b ba pha xem c i xng khng, nhng c mt dy dn nm cht gia
cc thit b in khc, khng th o c. Lm sao c th o c?
p: Cng lc hai dy dn ca hai pha c th o c vo trong ampe k
dng km, s c o c chnh l dng in ca pha th ba. Bi v mt khng ng
b ba pha u l cch u ba pha ba dy, dng in ba pha ca n
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
+
.
I
C
= 0,
tc
.
I
A
= - (
.
I
B
+
.
I
C
) cho nn c th dng phng php trn o (du m th hin
dng in pha A trn thc t bng tng dng in ca hai pha o c, nhng chiu
ngc nhau v khng nh hng kt qu o).

6 - 8 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cun dy ca mt b m, thng in hoc ngn mch sy th dng
in phi t t tng ln cho nhit tng dn, hay cn lp tc tng ln ti nhit
cn thit?
p: Khi cun dy mt b m, p dng phng php ngn mch sy, th
nhit lng ca mt l do bn trong cun dy sinh ra, nu khi sy, dng in tng rt
nhanh s lm Cho nhit bn trong cun dy tng cao rt nhanh. Khng kh hoc kh
m bn trong cun dy khng kp pht tn, s n bn trong, khin cun dy b hng
c hc, cho nn ni chung yu cu gia nhit i vi mt ln n 60 ~ 70
o
khng c
di 12 ~ 30 gi. Mt 50kW tr ln v mt kiu ng kn l 3 - 4 gi. Mt dung
lng nh th thi gian c th rt ngn.

6 - 8 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khng ch cng tc ca mt khng c hm v sau khi bt ngt cng tc
dy vo trn mt cp, liu c th sa cha c ngay cng tc v ng dy ca mt
khng?
p: Khng c. Sau khi ngt ngun in ca mt, do tc dng qun tnh,
rto ca mt vn tip tc quay mt lc na mi dng li. C nhng thit b lng
qun tnh tc cao c ln, t lc ngt in cho n lc dng, thm ch i hi thi
gian trn 30 pht. Trong thi gian ny, do trong li st rto c t d s sinh ra in th
cm ng t d trong nhm cun dy stato, ti thi im ngt ngun in, tr s in
th cm ng t d cng t t gim xung cho n khi gim xung n 0, cho nn
trc khi mt cha ngng quay hn, khng c kim tra sa cha cng tc v
ng dy ca mt.











- Trang 195 -

CHNG VIII

KT CU, CNG NGH V NHNG
VN KHC CA MY IN

8 - 1 Kt cu ca my in

8 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in ng kn c tht ng kn ton b khng?
p: My in gi l ng kn ton b tht ra khng phi l ng kn ton b,
ni chung pha di b my cn cha li mt hai l nh nc ng chy ra, my
in s dng ph thng khng c ng kn kiu chng n, nhng di p lc cng c
r hi, my in tht s khng c r hi, ni chung l khng c.

8 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cu to ca mt kiu lng sc l n gin nht, ti sao khoan in c
nh khng dng m s dng kiu kch t ni tip?
p: M men quay ln nht ca mt mt pha kiu lng sc khng cao, nu
dng n ko khoan in, th khi tay n hi nng, s ngng quay, khng ph hp yu
cu cng ngh. Mt xoay chiu kiu kch t ni tip khi ph ti ln c th h thp tc
quay tng m men quay trong phm vi rt ln, khng n ni hi nng tay dng lc
ngng quay, cn khi ph ti nh, c th t ng nng cao tc quay, tng tc
khoan l, cho nn cu to ca n tuy tng i phc tp nhng vn c s dng rng
ri. Nhng khoan in c tng i ln th thng s dng kiu lng sc ba pha.

8 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My pht in ma st dng n xe p, ti sao phi l kiu nam chm
vnh cu m khng th s dng kiu kch t?
p: V dng in kch t ca my pht in kiu kch t thay i theo tc
quay ca my pht in, v th khi tc quay ca my pht in hi bin ng, th
in p thay i rt ln, khi tc quay thp hn tr s gii hn nht nh th in p
bng 0. Nu s dng trn xe p th khi tc xe p nhanh th in p s rt cao,
cn tc hi chm th in p s thp khin n khng sng, thm ch khng c cht
in p no. V th, my pht in ma st dng cho n xe p phi s dng kiu nam
chm vnh cu.

8 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my cu hng trn tu thy s dng phi hp mt c rto ng
knh nh, di ln hoc mt hai rto?
p: V trong tuyn ko in ng lc nh khi ng, phanh hm, iu chnh
tc v.v.. do trong trng thi qu khi ng hoc phanh hm, mt s sinh ra tiu
hao nng lng ln, lm nng d di. Cho nn phi hn ch s ln cho php thng
mch ca mt in, iu ny s hn ch cng sut c hc. gim thiu tiu hao

- Trang 196 -
nng lng ny, cc my mc c gii nh cn cu trn tu thy phi s dng mt c
bit, lng qun tnh chuyn ng nh, nh mt c rto ng knh nh, di ln
hoc mt hai rto.

8 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my pht in mt chiu u l kiu phn ng quay, cn my pht
in xoay chiu u l kiu t cc quay?
p: Bi v my pht in mt chiu to ra l in xoay chiu, phi qua b i
chiu chnh lu bin thnh in mt chiu. Nu i phn ng thnh stato, vn phi
cho in xoay chiu ca stato qua b i chiu chnh lu bin thnh in mt chiu,
nh vy th ch to s kh khn. M phn ng my in xoay chiu ln, in p cao,
dng in khng cn qua b chnh lu i chiu, cho nn dng lm stato, cn dng
in m t cc cn th nh, in p thp, c th thng qua vng trt dn in vo, ch
to tng i d, cho nn dng lm phn quay.

8 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tc quay ca khoan in ni chung ch vi trm vng/pht, ti sao u
s dng mt tc rt cao, li dng bnh rng gim tc m khng trc tip s dng
mt tc thp?
p: Khi cng sut ra c nh, th th tch ca mt gn nh t l nghch vi
tc quay, tc quay cng cao, th tch cng nh trng lng cng nh. Khoan in
l dng c in cm tay, trng lng yu cu phi nh, s dng mt tc quay cao
(bao gm c b gim tc) c th thu nh th tch, gim trng lng. Nh khoan in
vi qui cch 13 mm nh nhau, th loi khoan in 3000/pht s nng 6.8kg, khoan
in 15000 vng/pht s nng 4.5kg. Nu ly cng sut ra nh nhau, so snh trng
lng ca mt c tc quay khc nhau th s tng gim ni bt.

8 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khe h gia stato, rto ca mt cm ng th nh, cn khe h ca
mt ng b th ln?
p: Khe h ca mt cm ng ln hay nh s trc tip nh hng n h s
cng sut bi v khe h cng ln th dng in kch t phn khng (v cng) m mt
ly t li in s cng ln, h s cng sut ca mt s gim r rt. bo m h
s cng sut cua mt in cm ng khng n ni qu thp, cn phi lm sao cho khe
h ca mt tng i nh. Mt ng b th li khc. Dng in kch t ca n
khng do in li xoay chiu cung cp, m do dng kch t mt chiu. Cho nn, khe
h ln nh khng nh hng n h s cng sut. Mt khc, khe h ca mt ng b
cng ln th kh nng qu ti ca n cng cng ln, cho nn khe h ca mt ng b
tng i ln. Nhng khe h qu ln cng s lm cho t th kch t mt chiu tng
ln, khin kch thc thit k ca c mt tng ln. Cho nn cn c khe h va phi
thch hp. Nhng ni chung, khe h ca mt ng b phi ln hn mt cm ng
mt cht.

8 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt s dng trong nc hoc trong ging c g khc so vi mt bnh
thng?

- Trang 197 -
p: Mt s dng bnh thng a phn l kiu phng h hoc kiu ng kn.
Loi phng h c th phng nga nc ma tt vo, loi sau c th phng nga bi
bm, tp cht trong khng kh xm nhp.
Mt s dng trong hm m l kiu chng n, n hon ton kn v c th chu
c b n m khng b ph hoi. Khi do cc nguyn nhn nh ngn mch, nh thng
lm cho mt pht ra tia la in, thm ch dn ti n bn trong s khng gy n ton
b hm m.
Mt s dng di nc l kiu ngp trong nc. Bi v nc bin hoc nc
sng ni chung u cha mui v cc khong cht, chng u l cht dn in. Nu
nc vo trong mt s ph hoi cch in, gy ngn mch. Cho nn mt ngp trong
nc phi c tnh nng kn tt, c th phng nga nc xm nhp vo bn trong mt.

8 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cnh qut c bn ngoi v mt kiu ng kn hon ton c tc dng g?
p: Tc dng ca n ch yu l tn nhit. Bi v nhit lng tn ta t l
thun vi din tch tn nhit. Mt ng kn hon ton da vo b mt v my tn
nhit, mc ch ca vic c nhiu cnh qut bn ngoi v my l lm tng din tch
tn nhit, t gim nhit ca mt, ko di tui th mt. ng nhin nh vy
s lm phc tp thm cng ngh.

8 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt c nh, c va phi dng nm rnh t tnh?
p: Do yu cu cch in v cng ngh, li st mt c va v c nh p
dng rnh m ming, ni chung, dng nm rnh phi t tnh lm kn ming rnh, do
sng hi t trng khe h tng ln, khin tn hao st v tn hao dao ng xung b mt
rng rto tng ln, do tn hao st ph tng ln s dn ti gim thp hiu sut ca mt,
nhit ca nhm cun dy cng tng ln theo. ci thin tnh hnh ny, c 1 s
mt c va c nh p dng nm rnh t tnh, ni chung tn hao rt c th gim 40 -
60%, dng in khng ti gim 15 - 25%, nhit cun dy ln nht c th gim 20%.
Nh vy s c cc u im ci thin tnh nng, nng cao hiu sut, gim tiu hao in
nng ca mt.

8 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: 2 mt c kch thc gn bng nhau nhng tc quay khc nhau, ti sao
phn gng li st stato, rto ca my c tc cao li dy cn phn ch li st tc
thp li mng?
p: Mt c kch thc gn bng nhau th tc quay cao s c s cc t
m din tch mi cc s ln, t thng mi cc v t thng thng thng qua phn gng
rto, stato u tng tng ng, bo m mt t thng nht nh ca phn gng,
cao gng cn tng dy tng ng. Ngc li, s cc ca my tc quay thp
s phi nhiu, din tch mi cc s nh t thng mi cc v t thng thng qua phn
gng stato, rto u gim tng ng, cao gng cng gim mng tng ng.

8 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao rto ca my pht in tua bin kh ch to thnh dng nh m di,
cn rto my pht in tua bin nc th ngn m to?

- Trang 198 -
p: Bi v, tc quay ca my pht in cng cao th t sut li dng vt
liu ca n cng cng ln, gi thnh s cng thp, ch tiu kinh t khi vn hnh cng
cng cao. V th, khi thit k trong iu kin bo m tn s nht nh, lun lun c
gng gim s cc tng tc quay. Tc quay cao nht ca my pht in c dng
in tn s 50Hz l 3000vng/pht, lc ly tm khng vt qu cng cho php
ca vt liu th phi hn ch ng knh ca rto, t c in p v dung lng
nht nh th phi c gng tng di ca li st rto, khin rto nh m di. My pht
in tua bin nc th tc quay ca n l do chnh lch mc nc quyt nh, ni
chung vo khong 80 - 500vng/pht, bo m tn s nht nh th cn phi tng s
cc ca mt, nh vy buc phi tng ng knh ca rto. ng thi, xt n s thay
i dt ngt ca ph ti, thay i tc quay ca my pht in khng n ni qu
nhanh, phi tng lng qun tnh chuyn ng GD
2
, cng tc l phi tng ng knh
rto. V th rto va to va ngn.

8 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao qut ca mt cao tc u dng qut ng knh tng i nh?
p: Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy ra ting n ca mt l ting n khng
kh. S lu ng ca khng kh khi qut quay s sinh ra ting n khng kh. Ting n
ny c lin quan ti kt cu ca qut, ln ca kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc, tc
quay cao hay thp, tnh hnh cn gi kt cu ng gi... Ni chung ng knh ca
qut cng ln, tc quay cng cao th ting n cng ln. ng thi khe h gia mp
qut vi bung thng gi qu nh s sinh ra ting rt. khc phc ting n ny, i
vi mt cao tc khng nn s dng qut ln m u dng qut ng knh tng i
nh.

8 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B my ca mt mt chiu s dng thp c cn b my ca mt xoay
chiu s dng gang, l do ti sao?
p: B my ca my in mt chiu khng nhng dng t cc m cn
dng lm vt dn t, m dn t sut ca gang thp hn thp c, tnh nng dn t cng
li khng n nh. Cho nn b my ca my in mt chiu s dng thp c ch
khng s dng gang. Cn b my ca my in xoay chiu ch dng stato,
khng dng lm vt dn t, cho nn ch to bng gang.

8 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b i chiu ca my in mt chiu, ni chung lp u trc
khng th ra?
p: u trc th ra v b i chiu ca my in mt chiu, nu lp cng mt
u s c cc nhc im sau: (1) B i chiu ca my in mt chiu phi thng
xuyn kim tra sa cha cn u th ra ca my in c my ng lc (i vi my
pht in) hoc my phi ko (i vi mt) v th kim tra sa cha bo dng
khng tin li. (2) My in mt chiu thng p dng hnh thc thng gi, khng kh
lm mt t u b i chiu a vo, thng qua cc chnh v rto, sau thot ra
u khc. Nu u th ra ca trc v b i chiu cng mt u th khng kh a
vo my in c th do thng qua my mc ni vi n b nng, do nh hng
n tng nhit ca my in. (3) Phn my mc ni vi my in c th sinh ra

- Trang 199 -
cht bn hoc cht kh c hi d b ht vo, nh hng n s sch bn trong my, gy
n mn cch in hoc ngn mch. (4) Chn ng do u th ra ca trc truyn n
(do phn my mc ni vi my in sinh ra v do lp rp khng ng gy ra) s nh
hng s hot ng bnh thng ca b i chiu gy ra tia la. Cho nn, ni chung
b i chiu ca my in mt chiu lun lun lp u kia ca u trc th ra.

8 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b cao tc c va, c ln JK, JKZ c th p dng
phng php hon i hai dy vo lm cho n quay ngc khng?
p: Khng c. Mt cao tc loi ny s dng qut xoay chn vt (cch
xon) hng trc, khng kh lm mt c ht vo t pha di hai u mt, qua u
cun dy stato, khe h, ng thng hng knh l gi hng trc ca li st rto, n
phn gia di b my th thot ra. Nu hon i hai si dy vo ca b i chiu,
khin mt quay ngc, th ton b ng thng gi lm mt u o ngc. Do o
hng khng tt, cng vi tc dng qut ca rto, lc cn ca gi tng ln, lng gi
gim, khin mt qu nng. Mt loi ny u c hai u trc nh ra, nu c v tr dy
ra th cp in dy vo li tng i di, khi sn xut cn quay ngc, c th i u
my in s dng. Nu v tr dy ra v di ca cp in b hn ch th c th
dng phng php gia nhit cc b nhanh i ln nhau qut chn vt hai u rto.

8 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b my mt xoay chiu c c gn ta nhit, cn mt mt chiu
li khng c?
p: Li st ca stato mt xoay chiu c nh trong b my. Nhit lng do
tn hao ng ca nhm cun dy stato v tn hao dng xoy t tr ca li st stato
sinh ra ch yu thng qua b my tn vo trong khng kh, c gn tn nhit trn v
my c th tng din tch tn nhit, gim tng nhit ca mt. Mt mt chiu, do
trong b my c nh t cc chnh, ln v chiu ca t thng trong b my u l
c nh, trong stato khng c tn hao st, gia t cc chnh c khng gian tng i
ln, nhit lng do cun dy cc chnh sinh ra, c th tn ra qua thng gi gia cc
cc mt cch tin li. Cho nn trn b my khng c gn ta nhit, nh vy vic ch
to b my cng tin li. Nhit lng do tn hao ng v st ca rto sinh ra
thng.qua phn ca ming u mt mt chiu tn vo trong khng kh.

8 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c lc trn np u trc sau ca mt lng sc ba pha kiu kn
u c ba l c inh vt?
p: l l chuyn dng o khe h gia rto, stato ca mt khi kim tra.
Khi o c th tho inh vt ra, cm cn l vo l c th o khe h mt cch d dng.

8 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cnh qut ca rto mt kiu phng h, ti sao khng c cch qu xa
tm chn gi?
p: Gi s cnh qut rto c cch tm cn gi qu xa, th dng kh do cnh
qut thi ra v khng kh ca ht gi s hnh thnh dng xoy, t lm yu dng
kh trc tip thi ln phn u cun dy v li st stato cn lm mt nht. Cho nn,

- Trang 200 -
ngoi p ng yu cu v mt c kh ca mt ra, khong cch gia cnh qut rto vi
tm cn gi khng c qu xa, nhm trnh nh hng hiu qu lm mt.

8 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my pht in xoay chiu c ln u c nh nhm cun dy phn
ng ln stato?
p: Bi v in p ca my pht in c ln tng i cao, cch in ca
cun dy i hi cao, phn quay m mun nng cao tnh nng cch in ca nhm
cun dy th tng i kh khn. Cn in p ca nhm cun dy t trng th thp,
d cch in. Mt khc, nu lp nhm cun dy phn ng ln rto th trng lng ca
n s nng gp nhiu ln, gy nhiu kh khn v k thut. Cho nn, my in xoay
chiu c ln u l kiu t trng quay.


- Trang 201 -
8 - 2 Li st

8 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ch to, nu khng thay i thit k c, em l thp silic (D11) dng
mt lp ln li st bin th, cn l thp silic (D41) dng bin th lp ln li st
mt, s xy ra chuyn g?
p: Do hm lng silic khc nhau, nn l thp silic D41 v D11 khc nhau v
tnh nng. Tn hao st ca D41 tng i nh, cn vn ampe kch t tng i ln,
tnh nng c gii tng i km, c tnh gin. Tn hao st ca D11 tng i ln cn
cng sut (vn ampe) kch t tng i nh, tnh nng c hc tng di tt, hi gin.
V d, vi mt t thng 1.4 tesla (T) (14000 Gaox) th mi khng phin thp silic
D11 s tn hao st l 6.9W, 11.5VA kch t, cn D41 ch c 2.59W, 25.8VA kch t.
Do nu em D11 dng vo li st bin th th tn hao st s tng 2 - 3 ln. Cn
dng in kch t li gim khong mt na so vi c, khin bin th nng, thm ch
khng vn hnh c.

8 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S hai phin dp, ci no chnh xc, ti
sao?
p: Hnh 8 - 2 - 2 (a) chnh xc, hnh 8 - 2 - 2 (b)
sai. V bng phin dp sau khi dp ct th mp ming t
dp nht nh sinh ra bavia (ra xm) v mt bn. Khi
chng cc phin, nu chng ngc hai phin k nhau th
s lm cho mp bavia chng ln nhau, dn n tn hao st
tng. V tr l na hnh trn (k hiu i xng) hnh (a) khng i xng vi rnh, khi
chng ngc phin dp, c th nhn bit ngay (bi v khi t l na hnh trn pha
tri rnh, khi xp chng ngc, s bn phi rnh). Cn l nh na hnh trn hnh
(b) nm trn trc i xng vi rnh, khng th pht hin phin dp xp chng ngc.

8 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phin dp ca li st rto mt khng ng b c th khng sn cch
in, phin dp li st rto ca mt mt chiu cng c th khng sn cch in c
khng?
p: T trng ca stato mt khng ng b quay theo tc quay ng b,
cn rto li quay cng chiu vi t trng. V th, tn s xoay chiu ca t trng
trong li st rto v cng thp, tn hao st trong cng rt t. Cn t trng ca
mt mt chiu l khng i, tn s xoay chiu ca t trng trong li st khi rto
quay tng i cao v t l thun vi s cc v tc quay. gim tn hao dng
xoy trong li st, phin dp ca rto mt mt chiu ni chung u phi sn cch
in.

8 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hnh dng rnh ca stato my in xoay chiu, i vi my dung lng
va v nh th lm thnh rnh hnh qu l ming na ng, my tng i ln th lm
thnh rnh ming na m, my dung lng ln th lm thnh rnh ming m. Ti sao?

- Trang 202 -
p: Xt theo tnh nng ca my in xoay chiu th ming rnh cng nh cng
tt (t th kch t cn thit nh, cho nn h s cng sut c th hi cao, dao ng t
trng cng nh, do tn hao v chn ng sinh ra u tng i nh). Nhng tit
din dy dn ca my in dung lng tng i ln, ni chung chu dy dn dt, c
bit l vi in p tng i cao, cun dy lm thnh cun dy to hnh, trc khi gn
nht vo trong rnh phi bc tt cch in, nhm bo m cht lng cch in, cho
nn phi dng rnh m ming.

8 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rnh stato ca my in dung lng nh p dng rnh ming na ng
nh hnh 8 - 2 - 5 (a). Ti sao rnh stato my in dung lng ln thng p dng rnh
ming m nh hnh 8 - 2 - 5 (b)?
p: V my in dung lng nh ni chung s dng
in p thp, dng in nh, dy dn nh, s vng nhiu, dy dn
c th tng dy vo c, cho nn p dng hnh rnh ming
na m. Cn my in dung lng ln s dng in p tng i
cao, yu cu cch in ca cun dy i vi li st rt cao, phi
to cun dy thnh hnh v x l cch in tt mi t vo. Cho
nn ming rnh phi rng mt cht c th nht cun dy vo v
th p dng hnh rnh ming m?


8 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: t nht dy vo rnh ming m d hn l vo rnh ming na ng.Ti
sao my in in p thp khng dng rnh ming na ng?
p: Khe h gia stato v rto ca my in cng ln th dng in kch t
cng ln, hiu sut v h s cng sut u gim. Rnh m ming tng ng vi
tng khe h, s lm cho tnh nng ca my in tr nn km. Mun thu c tnh nng
tng i tt th phi dng rt nhiu vt liu, cho nn c gng trnh dng. Nhng my
in cao p phi bc xong cch in ca cun dy ri mi t ton b vo th buc
phi s dng rnh ming m.

8 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phin dp ca stato c ng knh ngoi nh nhau, ti sao loi c s cc t
th ng knh trong nh?
p: T thng di mi cc ca li st my in u phi chy qua phn gng
ca li st rto. Nu t thng mi cc qu ln th s dn n cng cm ng t
b phn gng qu cao, tc mch t qu bo ha, t s nh hng bt li n s vn
hnh ca my in. T thng mi cc t l thun vi khong cch mi cc, khong
cch cc ca mi cc loi s cc t s ln, t t thng mi cc cng ln. lm
cho t thng mi cc c tr s hp l, loi s cc t phi rt nh ng knh trong ca
phin dp, khin cao ca gng cng ln tng ng, nh vy mi c th khng lm
cho phn gng ca li st my in qu bo ha t.


- Trang 203 -
8 - 3 Cun dy

8 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi qun li cun dy ca mt cm ng cch in cp E, nu i thnh
cch in cp A th tnh nng ca n thay i th no?
p: Khi qun li cun dy, nu s vng, cch u, tit din ca dy dn cun
dy u khng thay i, ch i vt liu cch in t cp E thnh cp A th dng in
khi ng, m men lc khi ng, m men lc ln nht, h s cng sut v hiu sut
ca mt u khng i. Nhng do nhit cho php gim, khi lm vic lu di th
dung lng u ra s gim khong 20%.

8 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhit cho php ca cch in cp A l 105
o
C, ti sao my in cch
in loi A qui nh nhit cho php cao nht ca n khi o bng phng php in
tr l 100
o
C (nhit tng cho php 60
o
C, nhit chung quanh l 40
o
C) Cn khi o
bng nhit k l 95
o
C (nhit tng cho php l 55
o
C)?
p: V tnh hnh pht nhit v tn nhit cc b phn ca my in khc nhau,
do nhit ca b phn no l cao nht, gi n l im nng nht. bo m
cch in ca cc b phn my in khng qu nng. phi lm cho nhit ca im
nng nht khng vt qu nhit cho php ca cch in. Nhng nhit ca im
nng nht, trn thc t kh o c, m xc nh theo kinh nghim: nhit bnh
qun o c bng phng php in tr thp hn n 5
o
c, nhit bnh qun o c
bng nhit k thp hn n 10
o
C, V th nhit cho php ca my in cch in cp
A c qui nh nh trn.

8 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ngy nay phn ln my in i sang dng dy bc sn cng
cao hoc dy bc si thy tinh thay cho dy bc si?
p: Do si vi m dy bc si s dng l hng ha tt yu ca i sng nhn
dn, m cp cch in ca dy bc sn cng cao, dy bc si thy tinh li cao hi
si bng, tnh nng chu nhit v cch in tt, s dng loi dy dn ny c th nng
cao dung lng ca my in m khng tng th tch ca my, ng thi li c th tit
kim c si bng.

8 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy dn trn gn nht vo trong rnh li st my in nu qu lng
cng khng nn?
p: Dy dn trn gn nht vo trong rnh lng mt cht, ng nhin c th
d a nht dy dn vo rnh, nhng vt liu li st s khng th c tn dng ht.
ng thi khe h ca rnh qu ln, kh lm cho sn ngm chn y hon ton, dn
n dy dn tn nhit khng tt, nhit tng cao, li khng d lm cho cun dy gn
kt thnh mt khi, nn nh hng cng c hc ca n.


- Trang 204 -
8 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my in c va c ln ni chung u s dng nhm cun dy hai
lp?
p: Cun dy hai lp ngoi vic c th la chn khong cch cc tit on
mt cch c li nht, t c dng sng t th khe h tng i tt, tit kim vt
liu, tng i d chn s vng ca mi chi tit ra, cn c u im l cc nhm cun
dy c th u song song vi nhau. Khi s rnh ca mi pha mi cc l s chn th cc
nhm cun dy c th u song song ton b, t gim c dng in mch nhnh
v tit din dy dn, tin gn dy. Ngoi ra, trong mt nhm cun dy hai lp no ,
khi v tr ca rto lch tm vi stato, th trong cc mch nhnh u song song ca
nhm cun dy s gy nn dng in cn bng. T thng cn bng do dng in ny
sinh ra c th loi tr lc ko t mt bn. Nhm cun dy hai lp cn thch hp vi
cun dy rnh s l, to thun li cho s thng dng phin dp. My in c khi
lng sn xut khng ln, yu cu tnh nng tng i cao, phn ln s dng nhm
cun dy hai lp.

8 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lp sn ca dy bc sn c th chu ng din p 380V tr ln, ti sao
gia cc pha ca mt in cn phi c cch in ring?
p: Dy bc sn cng cao trong th nghim chu p phi chu ng in
p cao vi ngn vn. Nhng sau khi xut xng, qua cc cng on vn chuyn, qun
dy, ra dy, chnh hnh v.v... lp sn chu tn thng vi mc nht nh, cng vi
s dng lu ngy chu m, chu lc, tnh nng chu p st gim. Nu khng c cch
in gia cc pha, c kh nng gy nn ngn mch gia cc pha.

8 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao s c nh thng cch in gia cc vng dy ca my in cao
p xy ra nhiu hn s c cch in chnh (cch in i vi t)?
p: Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu l: (1) Cch in gia cc vng ca my
in cao p thng thng ch 1 - 3 lp, s trng hp nhng nhc im, khim khuyt
gia cc lp v xc sut pht trin u ln hn nhiu so vi cch in chnh.(2) Khi
qu p, hiu in th trn cch in mt phn vng dy rt cao, gy nn nh thng
cc b gia cc vng dy. (3) Th nghim kim tra khim khuyt cch in gia cc
vng dy kh hn cch in chnh, khin khim khuyt cch in gia cc vng dy
kh kim tra v khc phc trc. (4) Tn thng c hc trong ch to my in, cng
vi chn ng lp i lp li, n mn in qung trong khi vn hnh v hiu ng tch
ly ca nhiu ln qu p v.v... u thc y lo ha cch in gia cc vng dy, lm
gim cng c hc ca n v cng trng nh thng. Cc nguyn nhn ny
dn n s c cch in gia cc vng dy nhiu hn cch in chnh.

8 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy dn ca my in, bin th dung lng nh th dng dy trn
cn my c dung lng tng i ln th dng dy dt?
p: Dy dn trn khi gia cng ch to v qun dy u tng i thun tin,
nhng sau khi qun thnh cun dy, khe h trn mt ct ngang ca n rt nhiu, tc
nng sut khng gian rt thp, iu ny khng c g gh gm i vi my in, my

- Trang 205 -
bin th dung lng nh, dy dt tit din nh khi gia cng ch to v qun cun dy
u c kh khn, do my in, my bin th dung lng nh u s dng dy dn
trn. Cn my in, my bin th dung lng ln, nu nng sut li dng khng gian
km th s lm cho th tch ca c my tng ln r rt, s dng bt tin, gi thnh ch
to tng, hn na dy dt tit din tng i ln khi gia cng ch to v qun dy u
khng kh, cho nn my in, my bin th dung lng tng i ln u dng dy
dn dt.

8 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhm cun dy my in cao p, b phn no d sinh ra in qung
(hoa)? Ti sao? Lm sao loi tr n?
p: B phn d sinh ra in hoa c: (1) Ch ming rnh ra ca nhm cun
dy (cng in trng y rt cao). (2) Ch ng thng gi stato (ng sc
in ch ny tp trung dy ch gc nhn ca l thp silic, to iu kin thun li cho
s ion ha ca khng kh). (3) trong khe trng v bt kh bn trong vt liu cch
in (do in trng phn b khng u). (4) b mt v mt u cun dy (cng
in trng phn b khng u).
loi tr nh hng khng tt ca in hoa gy tn hi cch in, ni chung
nhm cun dy cao p u c sn loi sn bn dn vi in tr sut khc nhau, t
c mc ch iu tit in trng, ci thin s phn b in th.

8 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy stato ca my pht in tua bin kh ti sao phi hon i v tr?
p: Cun stato ca my pht in c lp trong
rnh dy li st stato. Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua
cun dy. quanh cun dy s xut hin t thng xoay
chiu. Do tnh dn t ca li st mnh, ng sc t
phn b khng u theo cao rnh. Nu chia dy dn
thnh mt s lp theo chiu cao, dng in trong mi lp
dy dn s hnh thnh ng sc t ring, thng qua li st y rnh, hnh thnh mch
kn, lp gn y rnh b tt c cc ng sc t bao vy, cm khng ln nht. Dy dn
lp trn cng ch b ng sc t ca chnh n bao vy, cm khng nh nht. Dng
in chy qua dy dn cm khng ln th nh, dng in chy qua dy dn cm khng
nh th ln. Do dng in phn b trong dy dn khng u, tng tn hao cun dy,
khin cun dy lp y khng th li dng ht. Rnh cng su, nh hng ny cng
ln, cho nn trong my in dung lng tng i ln (bao gm my pht in tua bin
nc) khi dng in stato l 1000 ampe tr ln th phi i v tr ln nhau gia dy dn
lp trn, lp di ca cun dy (xem hnh 8 - 3 l0), khin dng in cc lp phn b
tng i u, dy dn bng ng s c li dng y .

8 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi kim tra sa cha my pht in ti sao phi kim tra k lng phn
mt u cun dy stato v tnh hnh c nh phn rnh?
p: Khi my pht in ngn mch phn ngoi, dng in ngn mch chy qua
cun dy khin n chu lc in ng rt ln. Nu c nh khng tt th cun dy s
bin dng hoc bng ny trong rnh, gy nn s c, hn na sc in t sinh ra gia

- Trang 206 -
cc cun dy khi my pht in c ln vn hnh cng tng i ln. Sc in t xoay
chiu gia que dy trn, di cng rnh khin que dy chn ng lin tc, nu c nh
khng tt th trong thi gian tng i ngn s lm mn hng nghim trng cch in.

8 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhm cun dy ca mt ti sao phi tm sn?
p: Tc dng tm sn do cun dy no l: (1) Nng cao kh nng chu
nhit ca vt liu cch in. V nh, la sp sau khi tm sn c th t tiu chun cch
in cp A. (2) Tng cng kh nng chng m v tn nhit. Nhm cun dy khng
tm sn th gia vng dy vi li st u c khe h. Sau khi tm sn, khe trng c
chn kn bng sn cch in, tnh nng chng m, dn nhit (tc tn nhit) c nng
cao nhiu. (3) Nng cao cng c hc. Mt m cun dy khng tm sn, khi khi
ng, dy dn trong rnh s chu s va p ca sc in t nht nh, lu ngy do
nhiu ln chn ng, ma st, d b tn thng. Sau khi tm sn, dy dn hnh thnh
mt khi thng nht trong rnh li st, kh b hao tn.

8 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi x l tm sn cun dy mt, ti sao phi sy kh trc?
p: Mc ch sy kh trc l nhm loi bt nc trong vt liu cch in
ca cun dy ra. Nu khng loi tr ra ht th nc cha trong cch in ca cun dy
s b mng sn tm bao vy khng bc hi ra c, cho d x l tm sn sau c tt
th tnh nng cch in ca n cng khng tt. Vt liu cch in thng thng trong
khng kh m tng i 65% tr ln s bt u ht m mnh. V th khng c
xem nh vic sy kh trc.

8 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhit khi tm sn cho cun dy my in, thit b in, u qui
nh l 60 ~ 70
o
C?
p: Bi v nhit th sn mi ngm vo bn trong cun dy, bo m
cht lng ngm tm. Nu nhit cun dy qu cao, th sau khi t n vo trong sn,
s nhanh chng hnh thnh mng sn b mt cun dy, sn s kh ngm vo trong
cun dy. ng thi, lm bay hi cht ha tan hn, tng nhanh lo ha hn. Nu nhit
cun dy qu thp th kh nng thm thu ca sn tng i km, kh ngm vo.

8 - 3 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tm sn cho cun dy my in, dnh ca sn phi tng
bc nng cao theo s ln ngm sn?
p: Bi v ln u ngm sn l sn c th ngm tt vo lp trong ca th
cch in, cho trc tip thi vo cun dy ca my bin th hoc mt, khin mt b
phn cun dy qu nng, gy gin ha. Sau khi t mt tm chn c th khin gi
nng i lu ng trong bung sy m khng nh hng ti cch in ca cun dy.

8 - 3 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi lng ng bc bng nha vo dy ra ca cun dy phi tin
hnh sau khi sy kh tm sn cun dy m khng nn tin hnh trc?

- Trang 207 -
p: Bi ng bc bng nha sau khi qua ngm sn sy s tr nn cng, gin,
d gy. ng bc sau khi cng th khng thch hp lm cch in ca dy dn cun
dy.

8 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b in dng vt liu cch in lp chn hoc ngm tm nh my
pht in cao p, u ni cp in v.v... ti sao khng cho php tn ti khe trng?
p: Bi v trong khe trng c khng kh, n thay i theo ln ca dng
in ph ti, s sinh ra hin tng nng n ngui co, kt qu sau nhiu ln co n c
th lm tng khe trng, thm ch gy nt; mt khc, khi in p tng ln n mc
nht nh, do tc dng ca in trng khin cht kh ion ha, sinh ra zon (O
3
) v
cht xyt nit (N
2
O) khin cch in lo ha nhanh, tr nn gin, tnh nng gim, lm
hng thit b.

8 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in sau khi ngm tm sy kh, ti sao khng nn dng bn chi st
nh sch mng sn khoang bn trong li st?
p: Bi v khi dng bn chi st chi mng sn khoang bn trong my
in, nu dy st b gy c th c u dy st nh lu li trong ming rnh li st, nht
l khi dy st cm vo trong mp chn rnh, s dng kh nn cng khng th thi sch
c. Cn khi my in vn hnh th u dy st s lm sy st rto. V th khng nn
dng bn chi st chi mng sn.

8 - 3 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trc khi lp rto ca my in vo stato ti sao phi dng kh nn thi
sch b mt cun dy v vng trong li st?
p: Bi v stato ca my in sau hng lot cng on gia cng u kh trnh
khi dnh bi st nh trn b mt cun dy stato v vng trong li st. Khi my in
hot ng, do tc dng ca t trng s thi cc bi st ny vo trong khe h ca stato,
rto v khe h gia cc cun dy, khin my in xy ra s c. Cho nn trc khi lp
rto vo stato, phi dng kh nn thi sch b mt cun dy stato v vng trn trong
li st.

8 - 3 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tc rt nhm cho rto nhm c khng vt qu nhanh cng
khng c qu chm?
p: Khi tc rt nhm qu nhanh, cht kh bn trong rnh li st rto khng
c y ra ht, khin thanh nhm sinh ra hin tng l kh hoc t gy thanh nhm.
Cn khi tc rt nhm qu chm, do nhit ca cht lng nhm h xung, thanh
nhm khng c lin kt tt vi nhau. Cho nn phng php ng l, trc tin t t
rt mt phn nc nhm, sau nhanh chng rt ht nc nhm cn li, nh vy c
th bo m cht lng ca rto bng nhm c.


- Trang 208 -
8 - 3 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhit cng cao th tr s in tr cch in ca rto cng thp?
p: Cch in ca mt l vt liu cch in dng si, giu tnh ht m, khi
nhit tng cao, nc trong cch din s lp tc ko di ra v pha hai cc in
trng, nh vy ht nc di nh trong vt liu si s tng tnh dn in. Ngoi ra
trong nc cha tp cht ha tan hoc trong cht cch in cha vt cht tnh kim v
tnh axit s b nc phn gii cng s lm tng dn in sut, do lm gim tr s
in tr cch in.


- Trang 209 -
8 - 4 trc
8 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia gi trc v y ca mt ng b tng i ln phi m tm
cch in, ti sao mt khng ng b li khng cn?
p: Chy qua rto mt ng b l in mt chiu, do cc nguyn nhn nh
khe h gia stato v r t khng u, t tr ca cc mch t song song rto c kh
nng khng bng nhau, gy ra t trng khng bng nhau khin hai u trc ca mt
sinh ra in th, trc trc, np b t ha cng c th gy nn iu th ny. Trong
mt ng b tng i ln, in th ny c th ln ti mc nh thng mng du
trong trc, hnh thnh dng in thng qua gia trc vi y trc. Dng in
ny c tc dng n mn i vi c trc, bc trc, nn m lp cch in vo gia gi
trc vi y nhm tng in tr trong mch kn dng in trc, khin dng in trc
gim xung cn rt nh. Mt khng ng h do khng c tnh hnh in th cm ng
sinh ra dng in trc, v th khng cn m cch in.

8 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Du trong trc my in nhiu tt khng?
p: M bi trn my in l hn hp gia du nhn v cht c tinh x phng.
Tc dng ca cht c tnh x phng l lm cho hn hp c nh ln v tr s dng, du
nh c tc dng bi trn. Du m qu nhiu th bi s khng ngng khuy ng trong
du m lm nhit tng, th tch n ra, ngoi vic tng tn hao ma st v pht nhit
ra cn c th trn chy ra ngoi n cun dy ca my in, c hi cho trc v cun
dy, cho nn m bi trn trong trc khng nn qu nhiu. Nhng cng khng c
qu t, nu khng bi s nhanh chng b hng do thiu bi trn.
Ni chung bi mi hoc sau khi sa cha, khi cho du m vo ch cn lp y
mt na n 2/3 khe trng l c.

8 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s my in dng trc bc trt?
p: My in c ln c trng lng ln, tc cao, bi bnh thng chu
khng ni ph ti ln nh vy, cho nn u phi dng trc bc trt. My in c
nh, c bit l my in thng gp trong i sng hng ngy nh qut in, my ht
cng dng trc kiu bc trt. ch yu l v khi vn hnh, ting n ca trc bc
trt nh, ting n nh thng thng l mt trong cc yu cu quan trng ca my
in nh. My in loi va kiu c cng dng trc bc trt, l v trnh ch
to hi y cn hn ch, trc ln cha tt bng trc trt.

8 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi nh k kim tra, b sung du, thay du trc mt in?
p: Mt in trong qu trnh vn hnh s dn u du trong trc dn dn b
bn v hao ht, thm ch ht hn. Nh vy gia c trc v bc trc s qu nng, do
nhit ln cao nn n ra, th l lc ma st tng, thm ch dn n mt ngng quay.


- Trang 210 -
8 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: trc trong my in dung lng ln, tc quay tng i thp th
thng dng bc trt (lt), tc tng i cao th thng dng bi hoc bi a.
Ti sao?
p: Mt in dung lng ln, tc quay thp, trc, mt mt phi chu p
lc thng ng ca b phn chuyn ng tng i ln, cn c bc trc vi kh nng
chu trng lng tng i ln lm trc, mt khc nh hng ca lc ma st
trc tc quay thp tng i nh, nn c th dng bc trc vi lc ma st tng i
ln lm trc cho nn trc mt dung lng ln, tc thp thng dng trc bc
trt. Mt tc quay cao, bi mt mt chu p lc thng ng ca b phn chuyn
ng tng i nh, c th dng bi hoc bi a vi nng lc chu tng i nh
lm trc; mt khc, vi tc quay cao nh hng lc ma st cc b phn chuyn
ng i vi trc tng i ln, nn phi dng bi, bi hoc bi a vn c lc ma
st tng i nh.

8 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trc hai u mt s my in khng ging nhau?
p: u mang puli ai curoa ca my in c
nh dng trc ln mt cht, u mang puli ai curoa
ca my in c va dng bi a, cn u kia dng
bi trn. l v u mang puli ai curoa chu tc dng
curoa, p lc ln hn u kia (xem hnh 8 - 4 - 6), bi
a hoc trc ln mt cht mi c th chu c p
lc tng i ln.

8 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in dung lng ln dng trc c , ti sao ti thiu phi m mt
tm cch in gia trc v tm y, ng thi, ch bu lng c nh cht v mt
bch ng du v.v... u phi c m cch in?
p: Do khe h ca my in khng u, li st s dng l dp hnh qut v
phin i c l thng gi hng trc, to ra cch mch t khng i xng hoc do
nhm cun dy khng i xng, khin cho trc quay ct t thng sinh ra in th vi
vn. in th ny s sinh ra dng in trc rt ln trong mch kn do trc, bi v tm
y to thnh, khin cho bc trc, c trc b n mn v chy r bi tia la in, khi
nghim trng s lm nng chy bc trc, bn du bi trn, t gim hiu sut. Bin
php tt nht phng nga dng in trc l ct mch ca dng in ny, cho nn
phi cch in cho trc v tm chy, ng thi cng ct mch to bi my ng
lc, my c ko, my kch t c chn y v ng du trc v.v... to nn.

8 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt in c bc trc, sau khi m my phi lp tc kim tra vng
du trong bc trc xem c xoay khng?
p: Bi v khi mt vn hnh, trc ca n da vo du do vng du a du
bi trn. Nu vng du khng quay th gia trc vi bc trc bng hp kim s
khng c du bi trn, ma st tng, khin bc trc nhanh chng b mn (thng gi

- Trang 211 -
chy bc). Cho nn, sau khi m mt phi kim tra vng du xem c quay khng. Nu
vng u khng quay th phi gy by cho xoay, nhng phi ch an ton.


- Trang 212 -
8 - 5 B i chiu, vnh gp v chi in

8 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in mt chiu thng thng s dng chi in graphit cn vnh gp
ca my xoay chiu a phn dng chi in graphit - ng. Ti sao?
p: H s in tr ca chi in graphit tng i ln, mt dng in cho
php tng i nh, in tr tip xc cng tng i ln, n tuy tng tiu hao v tng
tit din chi in cn thit, nhng do h s in tr tng i cao, khin cho trong
qu trnh i chiu, dng in trong linh kin b ngn mch bi n tng i nh, c
th ci thin tnh hnh i chiu, v vy thch hp vi my in mt chiu ni chung.
H s in tr ca chi in graphit ng nh, mt dng in cho php ln, st p
tip xc nh, dng vi my in mt chiu ni chung th s lm cho tnh hnh i
chiu km, nhng dng cho vnh gp ca my in xoay chiu th c th h thp tn
hao, gim nh tit din (chi in graphit ng cng thng s dng trong my in
mt chiu in p thp, dng in ln).

8 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn b mt vnh gp v c chnh lu ca my in lun lun dng
chi in a in nng vo hoc ra m khng dng kim loi mm khc?
p: Khi s dng kim loi mm nu gp phi xut hin tia la trn b mt vnh
gp v c chnh lu s khin n b chy dnh, cho nn phi s dng chi in, nh vy
vn khng lm mn nhanh b mt vnh gp hoc c chnh lu, va khng xy ra chy
dnh khi c tia la.

8 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn b mt vnh gp ca rto mt s my pht in phi tr mt
ng rnh xon c?
p: C hai tc dng: (1) Rnh xon c tr theo chiu quay ca rto. Nh vy,
sau khi chi than b mn, bt dn in ca n s theo ng rnh ny vng ra ngoi
rto, trnh c tch t bt dn in ni cun dy kch t dn n vnh gp m trong
rto, lm gim cch in. (2) Tng cng c tc dng lm mt thng gi ca chi
in, t h thp nhit ca chi in v vnh gp, gim mn hng.

8 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn c chnh lu hoc vnh gp ca mt s my in c chm
rnh ren?
p: Khi chi in tip xc vi c chnh lu hoc vnh gp khng chm rnh
ren, ni chung ch c 5 - 7 tip im, sau khi chm rnh ren th s tip im tng ln
10 - 15 ln, nh vy c th gip cho chnh lu tt hn, gim bt tia la, li do c ren,
c th tng b mt lm mt ca chi in v c chnh lu.

8 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Chi in ca my in c th s dng ln nhau khng?
p: Chi in cc nhn hiu khc nhau c in tr tip xc v h s in tr
khc nhau, s dng ln ln chi in khc nhn hiu trn my in, khin dng in

- Trang 213 -
phn b khng u, chi in c dng in ln chy qua s sinh ra tia la, khin my
in xy ra s c. Nu l chi in kim loi graphit th khi dng in vt qu 20
ampe/cm
2
, in p tip xc t l thun vi mt dng in tng ln, dn n dng
in chy qua chi in ny cng ln, d lm hng b i chiu (hoc vnh gp) v
chi in ca my in. i vi chi in graphit, do h s nhit (dng in cng ln,
nhit cng cao th in tr cng nh) ca carbon, cng d b chy qu ti, lng
lo. V vy i vi my in nn c gng dng chi in cng nhn hiu, nu iu
kin khng c php t nht s dng cng mt loi sn phm chi in cng cc tnh.

8 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b mt mt u ca mt s loi chi in c m ng?
p: gim thiu in tr qu gia dy dn vi chi, ch 1/3 tng
cao ca mt s chi in c m mt lp ng dy khong 0.02 - 0.04mm. Nh vy c
th gim thiu st p chi in, ng thi phng nga chi in qu nng.

8 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu t my in c c gp in vn hnh trong chn khng, c c
khng?
p: Khng c, my in c c gp in nu vn hnh trong chn khng th
c gp in s nhanh chng chy hng. l bi v b mt c gp in c lp mng
mng xyt ng, n co in tr tng i cao c th hn ch dng in i chiu,
gim tia la, trong chn khng do thiu xy, sau khi lp mng mng xyt ng b mn
hng, lp mng mng mi khng th hnh thnh, v th khi i chiu s pht sinh tia
la nghim trng, c chnh lu nhanh chng b chy hng.

8 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tuyt i khng c dng giy nhm ct cng nh bng c
chnh lu my in mt chiu v mi bng chi in?
p: Bi v khi nh bng v mi bng, ct cng s gm vo trong c chnh
lu hoc trong rnh lm gia cc phin chnh lu, khi t my vn hnh s mi mn
tng i mnh c chnh lu. Cho nn, phi dng giy nhm ct thy tinh mn nh
bng c chnh lu v mi bng chi in.

8 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c lc phi m mt ng rnh cong trn b mt vng gp in
my pht in ln?
p: M ng rnh cong tng i su trn b mt vng gp in l nhm
tng tn nhit, h thp nhit ca vng gp, mt khc l nhm tng ln tip im,
gim s xut hin tia la.


- Trang 214 -
8 - 6 o kim my in

8 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: o nhit ca my in, my bin th, ti sao khng nn s dng nhit
k thy ngn?
p: Nhit k c loi l nhit k thy ngn, c loi l nhit k cn v.v..., trong
trng hp chung u c th s dng. Nhng khi o nhit ca my in, my bin
th, nhit k nm trong trng in t. Thy ngn l cht dn in, trong trng in
t s sinh ra tn hao dng xoy, do s dn n sai s o. Cho nn, o nhit my
in, bin th tt nht s dng nhit k cn.

8 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi o tr s in tr mt chiu ca cun dy my in?
p: Mc ch o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy my in l nhm kim tra
in tr tip xc u hn ni dy dn phn u cun dy xem c thay i khng, cht
lng hn ni ra sao? Cun dy mi qun cn c th qua kim tra ra s vng ca
cun dy pha v u ni c ng khng.

8 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: o th cch in gia cc vng dy ca bin th i hi ngun in c
in p v tn s u gp 2 ln tr s nh mc. Nu trong xng khng c thit b
ny, lm th no li dng bin th ba pha, mt
kiu qun dy v kiu lng sc hin c thu c
ngun in ny?
p: C th dng bin th ba pha, mt lng
sc ba pha, mt rto qun dy ba pha, mi loi
mt my, u ni theo hnh 8 - 6 - 3 s c th thu
c in p th nghim gn bng hai ln tr s nh
mc. Trong hnh, B l bin th cn o th, TB l b
iu p, D l mt kiu lng sc 4 cc 380V. F l mt kiu rto qun dy 4 cc v
stato bin i thnh 800V. D, F ni ng trc vi nhau. iu chnh TB, cho t my
sau khi thng in, t trng do rto F sinh ra ngc vi chiu quay ca chnh n.
Nh vy, lm cho t trng rto ct stato vi tc gn gp hai ln tc ng b.
Lc ny, trn nhm cun dy stato s cm ng ra in p vi tn s gp hai ln tn s
nh mc, ging ln B. iu chnh in p u ra ca TB l c th iu chnh tr s
in p u ra ca F.

8 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p xoay chiu ca cc thit b nh: my pht in,
bin th, cng tc du cao p v.v... ti sao phi u song song mt khe h cu vi vt
c th nghim?
p: Khe h cu ny c hai tc dng. Mt l o in p th nghim. V in
dung ca cc thit b nh my pht in, bin th v cng tc du cao p v.v... tng
i ln, dng in in dung chy qua vt th nghim c th lm thay i t s bin p
ca bin th th nghim hoc lm thay i hnh sng in p, khin cho s c ca vn

- Trang 215 -
k khng chnh xc. Li dng nguyn l gia khong cch khe h cu vi in p
phng in c mt quan h nht nh c th o c in p th nghim ging ln
vt th nghim. Mt tc dng khc l bo v vt th nghim khng b qu p nh
thng. Bi v trong khi tin hnh th nghim, in p ngun in c th dao ng,
khin in p ging trn vt th nghim vt qu in p th nghim nh mc.

8 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng tay d th nhit v tnh hnh chn ng ca my in,
dng tai nghe m thanh vn hnh ca my in, c nhng iu cn ch no v an
ton?
p: Khi dng tay d th nhit v tnh hnh chn ng ca my in, nn
mu bn tay v pha my in, chm nhanh rt ra, tuyt i khng t pha lng bn tay
ln my in.
Khi nghe thm d m thanh vn hnh ca my in, tuyt i khng s dng
que kim loi, m nn dng que cch in hoc que kim loi c lp cn cch in tt,
tay v tai khng c tip xc vi phn kim loi. Cn cn phi phng nga que thm
d m thanh trt khin nhn vin thao tc b ng, gy nn tai nn.

8 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong th nghim c tnh d phng ca my pht in, ni chung
khng tin hnh o tr s tang tn tht mi cht?
p: Do cch in ca cun dy my in quay c th xem nh linh kin in
dung phn b. Tr s tang tn tht mi cht o c l tng ca tg ca cc linh kin
in dung, nh th hin cng thc sau:
n 2 1
n n 2 2 1 1
C ... C C
tg C ... tg C tg C
tg
+ + +
o + + o + o
= o
Trong khi linh kin in dung khng ln, c bit tn ti khim khuyt cc b
lm cho tg ca n tng, nh hng rt nh n tg tng; v th, o tr s tang tn tht
mi cht i vi pht hin khim khuyt cc b ca my in quay khng c gha g
lm.

8 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thc hin th nghim chu p xoay chiu v mt chiu ca my pht in,
hiu qu c g khc nhau? C th thay th cho nhau khng?
p: Khi th nghim chu p xoay chiu, trn cch in sinh ra tn hao xoay
chiu pht nng v hiu ng tch ly, s phn b in p cch in ca n ging nh
trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng ca my in. V th c th kim tra c mt
cch nhanh nhy khim khuyt c tnh lo ha do ion ha sinh ra, s nh thng xoay
chiu a phn xy ra ni bc thang in p tng i ln nh trong rnh v
ming rnh, cng tc l ni b n mn, lo ha nghim trng trong khi vn hnh, v th
phn on c tnh quyt nh. Nhng khi lm th nghim xoay chiu, do s phn b
dng in in dung phn u khin b mt cch in phn u sinh ra st p tng
i ln. V th, in p trn cch in phn u s nhanh chng suy gim theo mc
tng ca khong cch. Chu p mt chiu khng c hiu ng dng in in dung phn
u, u im ln nht l c th pht hin mt cch tng i hu hiu khim khuyt
ca phn u li st t khong cch xa v khim khuyt c cch in b m xuyn qua

- Trang 216 -
c th phn nh ra mt cch rt nhy trong ch bo ca miliampe k. Nhng chu p
mt chiu c s khc bit vi iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, nn cng c tnh hn
ch cc b ca n. C th thy mi ci c ci u ca n, khng th thay th cho nhau.

8 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tr s tng nhit th nghim vo ma ng v ma h ca cng mt my
in c ging nhau khng?
p: Tr s tng nhit th nghim ma ng phi thp hn ma h. Bi v nhit
mi trng ma ng thp, tr s in tr ca nhm cun dy stato v rto hi thp
hn ma h, do tn hao ng (hoc tn hao nhm) ca stato v rto thp hn mt
cht, iu kin tn nhit cng tt hn, cho nn nhit thp hn. V th, khi th
nghim tng nhit ca my in u phi cn c vo nhit mi trng, em
nhit th nghim tnh c chit tnh vo tr s nhit carbon khi nhit mi
trng tiu chun.

8 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao th nghim chu p vi tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca my pht
in dung lng ln, c khi c th dng th nghim chu p tn s siu thp 0.1 Hz
thay th?
p: Khi lm th nghim chu p vi tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca my pht
in dung lng ln, dng in in dung rt ln, cho nn i hi bin p v thit b
iu p th nghim dung lng tng i ln. Do dng in in dung t l thun vi
tn s, nu dng ngun in tn s 0.1 Hz lm th nghim th tn s ca n ch bng
1/500 tn s lm vic, c th gim tng ng dng in in dung, dung lng thit b
th nghim cng c th gim ng k. Thc tin chng mnh rng, ch cn lm th
nghim chu p vi tn s siu thp 0.1Hz, tr s chu ca n nhn vi h s thch
hp, cng c th pht hin c khim khuyt cch in.


- Trang 217 -
8 - 7 Nhng vn khc

8 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dung lng nh mc ca mt c biu th bng cng sut tc
dng (hu cng), cn dung lng nh mc ca my bin p li biu th bng cng
sut biu kin?
p: Mt hoc my bin p, do b hn ch bi nhit , trong vn hnh, dng
in khng cho php vt tr s nh mc ca n, tc cng sut biu kin khng c
vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. Cng sut tc dng l php tnh ca cng sut biu
kin v h s cng sut. Khi dng in l tr s nh mc, h s cng sut l tr s c
nh th cng sut biu kin a ra l tr s c nh, tc cng sut tc dng nh mc.
Ph ti ca mt in l cc my mc sn xut, cng sut phi thuc cn thit
l cng sut tc dng. Qua c tnh lm vic ca mt, c th bit c gia h s
cng sut, cng dng in stato v cng sut tc dng a ra c mi quan h
tng ng c nh. Cho nn, dung lng nh mc ca mt c th c biu th bng
cng sut tc dng.
H s cng sut ca my bin p l do tnh cht ca ph ti quyt nh, nn
gia cng dng in v h s cng sut khng c mi quan h tng ng c nh,
cho nn dung lng nh mc phi c biu th bng cng sut biu kin.

8 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th em ngun in ca cng mt li in a n, li dng
phng php chiu quay khng i ca mt xc nh th t pha ca cc ngun
in cng mt li in em ngun hai ng hoc nhiu ng u song song s
dng?
p: Phng php ny tuyt i khng c s dng. Bi
v thay i ngun hai pha bt k, mt in s quay ngc. Nu
ng thi, thay i ngun in ba pha th chiu quay ca mt
khng i. Nh th hin hnh 8 - 7 - 2. Mch in 1 v mch in
2 c th khin chiu quay ca mt khng i. Nhng th t pha
th hon ton khc. Nu ng cng tc K th lp tc gy ra s c
ngn mch.

8 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dung lng ca my pht in xoay chiu biu th bng kVA, cn
mt in li dng kW biu th?
p: kW (kilot) th hin cng sut, tc mi giy c th thc hin mt cng
bao nhiu kg-met. Mt in l bin cng sut in thnh cng sut c hc, dung
lng ca n l ch cng sut c hc a ra, cho nn biu th bng kW. My pht
in th li bin cng sut c hc thnh cng sut in, dung lng u ra ca n
quyt nh bi in p v dng in cho php ca my pht in. Dng in ca n
quyt nh bi h s cng sut ca ph ti dng in. Khi h s cng sut ca ph ti
dng in rt thp, tuy cng sut in (kW) a ra ca my pht in cha t n tr
s qui nh, nhng dng in t ti tr s qui nh. V th, bo m an ton ca
my pht in, phi dng kVA (kilvn - ampe) biu th dung lng.


- Trang 218 -
8 - 7 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My pht in dung lng ln, ti sao phi phi hp s dng bin p
nng p truyn ti in?
p: nng cao hiu sut truyn ti in, tit kim u t ng dy ti in.
Vic truyn ti in dung lng ln, khong cch xa, u p dng in p110kV,
220kV thm ch cao hn. Nhng my pht in trc tip pht ra in p cao nh th l
kh khn. Bi v kt cu ca my pht in phc tp, cht ch, nhm cun dy stato
gn trong rnh do phin thp silic p chng ln nhau m thnh, mun lm cho gia
nhm cun dy stato vi t c mc cch in 110kV, thm ch cao hn th trnh
k thut hin nay cha lm c. Cho nn in p a ra ca my pht in dung
lng ln ni chung l khong 10kV, sau dng bin p nng in p ln n
110kV, 220kV, thm ch cao hn, ri truyn ti i.

8 - 7 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thi gian vn hnh my in cng lu th nhit my in cng tng
cao, ng khng?
p: Ni nh th khng ng. My in sau khi vn hnh vi gi, nhit ca
my in khng tng cao na, vn hnh n nh nhit no . Khi my in
thng in, vn hnh th tiu hao ng do dng in stato - rto sinh ra trong cun dy
ca n, tiu hao st do thay i t trng trong li st sinh ra v cc tiu hao khc u
sinh ra nhit lng, mt phn nhit lng tn pht vo khng kh xung quanh, nhit
lng d tha lm nhit ca my in tng cao. Sau khi vn hnh mt lc, nhit
lng tn pht i mi lc mt nhiu, sau cng nhit lng my in sinh ra cn bng
vi nhit lng tn pht, cho nn tip tc vn hnh s khng c nhit lng d tha
khin nhit lng ca my in ln cao na, cng tc l my in tip tc vn hnh n
nh di nhit no .

8 - 7 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi khi ng mt my pht in no , trong qu trnh nng cao tc ,
sinh ra chn ng t ngt nghim trng gn tc quay no . Ti sao?
p: Bt c vt th no u c tn s dao ng ring c ca n (thng gi l
tn s t nhin). Khi vt th dao ng vi tn s t nhin th bin dao ng ca n
ln nht. Xut pht t nguyn l vt l ny, khi tn s ring ca rto my pht in
trong phm vi tc quay nh mc ca my pht in, th trong qu trnh nng tc
, khi my pht in t ti tn s ring s xut hin dao ng mch t ngt.

8 - 7 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn nhn hiu ca mt s khoan in hoc dng c in c k hiu "DI",
c ngha g?
p: "DI" c ngha l "cch in song trng" l mt k hiu thng dng trn
th gii. Gi cch in song trng l v c hai loi: cch in lm vic (cch in cn
thit bo m dng c in lm vic bnh thng, chu p thng l 1500V) to thnh.
Dng c in kt cu ny qua th nghim chu p 4000V, kim loi l ra ngoi s
khng c in cho d cch in lm vic b nh thng, bo m s dng an ton.



- Trang 219 -
8 - 7 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bm ly tm mt cp s dng trong nng nghip do chn ng knh puli
curoa ca n v ng knh puli curon mt truyn ng khng ng, khin tc
quay ca my bm vt 25% tc quay bnh thng. Liu dng in ca mt cng
vt qu 25% tr s bnh thng tng ng hay khng?
p: Ni chung, cng sut u ra hoc u vo ca my bm nc t l thun
vi ly tha bc 3 tc quay. Nu tc quay ca my bm nc tng 25%, th
cng sut bm nc s gp (1.25)
3
ln so vi trc, tc 1.95 ln. Cho nn dng in
ca my in khng phi tng 25% m l gn gp 2 ln so vi trc. V th, khi dng
my in ko my bm nc cn c bit lu vic phi hp ng knh ca puli
curoa, nhm trnh tc my bm tng ln, khin dng in my in tng mnh,
thm ch lm chy my in.

8 - 7 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt in trn cn cu khng dng phanh in (nh phanh u
ngc) m dng phanh c hc?
p: Mc treo cn cu phi c th dng ph ti bt c v tr no trong khng
trung. iu ny yu cu phi c m men lc phanh khi mt ngt in. Mt s dng
phanh in sau khi ngt in s mt m men lc phanh, v th khng th p ng yu
cu. S dng phanh c hc s khng b nh hng bi ngt in gia chng hoc s
c v in, an ton, tin cy. Cho nn, thit b cu, ti u ph bin dng phanh c hc.

8 - 7 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C hai mt kiu ng kn, mt my l kiu t lm mt, mt my lm mt
bng qut. Khi vn hnh, nu nhit ngoi v ging nhau th sau khi ngt ngun
in, trong thi gian ngn, nhit ngoi v ca my no cao?
p: Mt kiu t lm mt, trn b mt khng c gi lm mt nhn to thi
qua, khi dng my nhit bn trong khng tng ln na, m ta nhit b mt cng
khng bin ng, cho nn sau khi ngng my, nhit s dn dn h xung. Nhng
mt in kiu lm mt bng qut, da vo s tr gip ca cnh qut thi khng kh
b mt, mang nhit lng i, nu ngng my, kh nng ta nhit b mt gim mnh,
cn nhit lng bn trong vn ta ra ngoi vi tc tng t, nh vy nhit
truyn n b mt s ln hn nhit lng ta i t b mt, nhit s hi tng. V th,
sau khi dng my, nhit v mt kiu lm mt bng qut s cao hn.

8 - 7 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt vn hnh c ti lin tc, liu c b m?
p: Mt vn hnh c ti, do tn hao bn trong s pht nhit, nhit ca
nhm cun dy thng vt qu nhit mi trng rt nhiu, v th cun dy kh
ht m, m kh m trong nhm cun dy cn b y ra ngoi, mt kiu m cng nh
gi y kh m i. V th, mt vn hnh c ti thng khng b m. Nu mt vn
hnh gin on, th sau khi dng my c th b m. Trong mi trng m t, mun
mt khng b m th phi tm cch duy tr nhit ca nhm cun dy cao hn nhit
mi trng 5 - 10
o
C.



- Trang 220 -
8 - 7 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi my ti bung t vt nng xung, ng h in lp trong t cng tc
vn quay thun chiu, cn ng h in o cng li quay ngc. l do nguyn
nhn g?
p: Khi my ti t vt nng xung, vt nng s lm cho tc quay ca
mt in vt qu tc quay ng b. R rng, trong tnh hnh ny, mt in s
c in nng hi tip li mch in. Nhng nhm cun dy ca stato mt phi thu
nhn dng in phn khng (v cng) t trong li in. V th, lc ny ng h in
o cng phn khng (v cng) vn quay thun. Cn ng h o cng tc dng (hu
cng) th do chiu ca thnh phn tc dng ca dng in ngc li, cho nn quay
ngc. Do lc ny, mt in tr thnh my pht in cm ng nn hn ch s tng
tc quay. Nu ct ngun in khi t vt nng xung th s mt tc dng phanh, tc
h xung ca vt nng s tip tc tng, s gy ra s c khi n im cui vi tc
rt ln. V th cm ngt in vn hnh khi t vt nng xung.

8 - 7 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tng cng sut ca mt in, c th lm tng sc ko ca u my xe
in khng?
p: Sc ko ca u my ph thuc vo cng sut ca mt in, h s bm
(c lin quan vi mc m t ca ng ray, ni chung l trong khong 0.15~
0.22) v trng lng bn thn ca u my. u my vi trng lng nht nh, khi
vn hnh trn ng ray c iu kin nht nh th lc ko ln nht c th t c l
c nh. Nu lc ko do mt sinh ra nh hn lc ko ln nht th lc ko ca u
my s tng ln theo tng ca cng sut ng c. Nu sc ko do mt sinh ra ln
hn lc ko ln nht, lc ny bnh xe ca u ko s trt, cng tc l khng th nng
cao lc ko ca u my c na. Qua c th thy, nng cao cng sut ca mt
in cha chc tng c sc ko ca u my xe in. Hin nay p dng k thut
mi bnh xe t ha tng h s bm, c th nng cao sc ko ca u my.

8 - 7 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt kch t ni tip c nh c th dng in xoay chiu ln mt chiu,
cun dy ca cng tc in t c th dng in mt chiu xoay chiu c khng?
p: Do khi vn hnh, mt in s sinh ra in p cm ng ngc chiu,
dng in khng phi hon ton do tr khng ca mt quyt nh. V th khi ng
dng vi in xoay chiu, mt chiu th dng in hu nh khng i. Cun dy ca
cng tc in t xoay chiu c in khng rt ln, dng in chy qua cun dy gn
nh do in khng quyt nh, in tr nh hn in khng rt nhiu ln, hu nh
khng c nh hng i vi dng in. Nu em cun dy ny sang dng vi ngun
in mt chiu th cun dy ch c in tr, khng c tr khng, dng in ca cun
dy tng mnh, khng th s dng. Ch c h thp in p khin dng in hng vt
qu tr s nht nh, mi c th s dng vi ngun in mt chiu.






- Trang 221 -
CHNG IX

UNG DY IN LC

9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in

9 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy cao p trn khng ng di, ti sao phi i v tr?
p: in dung ca ba dy dn ng dy cao p i vi t v tr s in
dung gia cc pha vi nhau, do v tr khc nhau m s khng nh nhau. V th, dng
in in dung cng khng ging nhau. Nh vy, khi ng dy rt di s khin dng
in in dung ba pha ca h thng s rt khng cn bng, khng li cho vn hnh
(nh in p khng cn bng v.v...) khc phc khuyt im ny, chng ta tin hnh
i pha ng dy, mt ng dy i pha ba ln, nh vy cc v tr, ba dy dn u
di bng nhau, in dung ba pha s cn bng.

9 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khong cch gia cc ct in ca ng dy 35kV c th trong
khong 200 mt, cn khong cch ca ng dy phn phi in 3~6 kV, ni chung
u trong khong 100 mt?
p: Khong cch gia cc ct in cng ln th cng tit kim u t ng
dy. Nhng khi in p tng i thp, do khong cch gia dy v dy tng i
nh, nu s dng khong cch rt ln th khi gi ln hoc h thng ngn mch (khi h
thng ngn mch, dng in ca ng dy in p thp c bit ln) rt d gy ra s
c chp dy. V th, khi in p tng i thp th khong cch gia cc ct s phi
tng i nh.

9 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ti in c khi b tr ngang bng c khi b tr thng ng. Cch b tr
no i hi khong cch dy dn ln hn?
p: B tr thng ng i hi khong cch dy dn phi ln hn. l v dao
ng ln xung ca dy dn mnh hn dao ng tri phi, m khi dy dn ba pha dao
ng qua tri qua phi c bn l cng pha (tc sang tri th cng sang tri, sang phi
th cng sang phi), cho nn, c hi chp dy ca dy dn b tr thng ng s tng
i ln. V th yu cu khong cch dy dn phi ln hn mi tng i tin cy.

9 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao qui nh khong cch gia cc pha
ca ng dy trn khng 6kV l 1 mt, cn khi b tr
ngay bng ch cn 0,7 mt l c?
p: Ch yu l do khi b tr ngang bng iu
kin kh h quang tng i tt. Khi ng dy ti in
xy ra qu p, gia cc dy dn c th xy ra chp rch.
Khi dy in b tr ngang bng do khng kh nng bc

- Trang 222 -
ln, thi h quang ln trn, khin n ko di ra ri b t, nh th hin hnh (a),
nhng khi b tr thng ng hoc b tr hnh tam gic, khng kh nng bc ln trn
(nh th hin hnh (b)), khi y h quang d chm vo dy dn bn trn nn kh b
tt.

9 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng trn mt ct in, ko c dy ng ln dy nhm, loi dy no nn
t ln trn cng?
p: Khi c dy ng v dy nhm c t ln nhau trn mt ct in; dy
ng phi ko ln trn. Bi v h s n ca dy nhm ln hn dy ng, trong cng
di nh nhau, th chng ca dy nhm ln hn dy ng. Ko dy ng ln trn
y nhm c th bo m khong cch thng ng gia dy ng vi dy nhm,
phng nga xy ra s c.

9 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chng ( vng) ca dy dn trn khng s thay i theo s
thay i ca kh hu? chng ca dy dn trong mt khong cch ct sao phi bng
nhau?
p: chng l chnh lch cao gia im cao nht vi im thp nht
ca dy dn trong cng mt khong cch ct in. Bi v dy dn kim loi c tnh cht
nng n lnh co, cho nn khi nhit tng cao, chng ca dy dn trn khng tng
ln; ngc li chng gim. Trong tnh hnh chung, nhit c tng mi 10
o
C, th
chng tng 10~20%. Trong khong cch ct in, nu chng ca dy dn khng
bng nhau, th tn s dao ng vn c ca dy dn s khc nhau, gia cc dy dn d
va vo nhau gy ngn mch. Cho nn, chng ca dy dn trong cng khong cch
phi bng nhau.

9 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: chng ca dy trn khng n ngang, ti sao phi ging nhau?
p: Nu khng ging nhau, th khi dy trn khng b gi lm dao ng, dy A
vi dy B s chm vo nhau gy ngn mch. l v tn s dao ng ca dy trn
khng do ln ca chng quyt nh, tn s dao ng ca hai si dy khng
ging nhau s sinh ra dao ng ngc chiu, tng c hi chm nhau...

9 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mi si dy in hai bn thp ct ng dy ti in, ti sao treo
my qu di nh?
p: Qu di nh treo trn dy in hai bn thp ct in ng dy ti in
cao p gi l qu di chng chn ng.
Khi dy in ca ng dy ti in trn khng chu tc dng bi dng kh
tc u hng ngang n nh, th mt sau ca dy in s hnh thnh dng xoy
khng kh bin i vi tn s nht nh, dng xoy ny khin dy in chu lc va p
nn chuyn ng ln xung. Khi tn s lc va p ca khng kh trng vi tn s vn
c ca dy in, s sinh ra cng hng trong mt thng ng. S chn ng lu i s
tn hao bn mi dy in, khin dy b t si, t dy. phng nga v gim bt
chn ng ca dy in, thng lp mt s lng nht nh qu di chng chn ng

- Trang 223 -
gn kp dy treo dy in. Khi dy in sinh ra chn ng, qu di chng chn ng s
vn ng ln xung, sinh ra lc tc dng khng ng b. Thm ch ngc pha vi
chn ng ca dy in, c th gim nh bin chn ng ca dy in, thm ch c
th loi tr chn ng ca dy in.

9 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi chn ng ng in hoc cp in, trong khi lp t nu giao nhau
vi ng ng nc th phi i pha trn, nu giao nhau vi ng ng nhit th phi
i pha di. Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: ng ng in hoc cp in khi giao nhau vi ng nc trn, di th
phng nga ng nc r nc ngm vo ng ng hoc cp in, nn phi lp t
bn trn. Cn giao vi ng ng nhit, nht nh s c nhit lng tn pht, do kh
nng tn pht ln trn, v th ng ng in hoc cp in phi lp t bn di.

9 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mm phn phi in xoay chiu ba pha c lp ampe k, vn k v
ng h in ba pha, u ngun in mt pha vo dy ci, dng bt th kim tra dy
ci hai pha khc, bt th in u sng nh nhau. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Hin tng ny cha chc l do ngn mch gia cc dy ci; bi v gia
dy ci c u cun dy in p ca vn k v ng h in, ch cn dy ci mt pha
c in th thng qua cun dy in p khin dy ci ca hai pha khc cng c in,
nn bt th in sng nh nhau, ch c sau khi ngt cc u ni ny ra mi c th phn
on c phi ngn mch hay khng.

9 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ng dy in h bn dy ba pha in
p thp, khi cng tc dy 1 v tr ngt (nh th hin hnh
9 - 1 - 11) th ton b thit b dng in u ni vi n u
b ngt, cn khi dng my o in tr cch in xch tay
500V o in tr cch in ca dy dn cc pha vi t,
pht hin mt pha trong thng vi t. Nhng khi ng
cng tc dy vo, mng in vn hon ton tt. l
nguyn nhn g?
p: Bi v khi ngt cng tc dy 1 ra, khin vn k
v ngun in ng thi b ct, nhng ng h in thng
thng u pha di cng tc dy vo khng th ng thi
b ct. Cho nn, khi dng my o in tr cch in xch tay (megger) o in tr
cch in th cun dy in p ca ng h in mt pha u trn dy in ny s lm
cho mt pha thng vi t, hnh thnh mch thng. V th khin my o o c kt
qu sai.

9 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy trn khng h bn dy ba
pha, ton b cung cp in cho ph ti chiu sng
mt pha. Sau khi b gi ln gy ra s c, s dng
cu ch tch pha kim tra im c s c, khi

- Trang 224 -
ng cu ch hai pha A, B, khng c hin tng t dy cu ch, nhng khi ng cu
ch pha C th cu ch pha C v pha B t cng lc. Khi ng hai pha A, C cng khng
b t, cn khi ng pha B th cu ch hai pha B, C cng t. Xin hi s c u?
p: l do gi thi mnh, xy ra ngn mch gia hai pha B, C ca ng
dy trn khng. (nh th hin hnh 9 - 1 - 12). Cho nn, khi ng hai pha A v B
hoc A v C khng thnh mt mch ngn mch, cu ch lp trn ng dy khng b
chy. Nhng khi ng pha th 3 th gia pha B vi C hnh thnh mch kn ngn mch;
v th cu ch ca hai pha ny s do dng in ngn mch chy qua, nn b chy.

9 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ng dy trn khng, ti sao dy 0 phi lp thp hn dy pha?
p: Nu dy 0 trn dy pha, khi dy 0 b t ri xung, tip xc vi dy pha
th trn dy 0 s c in p cao nguy him, cho nn khng cho php dy 0 mc trn
dy pha.

9 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vo ngy ma, dm mt, khi dng ng h o in tr cch in
xch tay o in tr cch in dy trn khng cao p ba pha, gia cc dy vi nhau
v gia dy vi t u bng 0, nhng khi ng cng tc thng in li rt bnh
thng?
p: Trn mt ng dy trn khng thng thng c rt nhiu v s. Vo
ngy ma, b mt cc v s ny rt m t, cch in b mt s rt thp. Cn in tr
cch in m ng h xch tay o c chnh l tng ca rt nhiu in tr cch in
b mt cc v s ny, tr s ca n ng nhin rt thp, c th ch vi vn thm ch
vi ngn, vi trm m, m n v vch chia ca ng h l mga m, i vi tr s
cch in thp nh vy th khng th hin ra c m gn bng 0, k thc khng phi
hon ton bng 0, cn cch in bn trong thc s ca v s vn rt cao, cho nn sau
khi ng cng tc thng in, s khng gy ra ngn mch hoc tip t.

9 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi xy dng xong ng in cao p, a vo vn hnh, ti sao phi
t t nng cao in p, ch khng c ng cu dao mt ln in p ba pha?
p: Bi v ng dy mi xy dng, c th tn ti vn , m ng dy li
khng c th tin hnh th nghim chu p; v th khng th pht hin c cc s c
nh mt cch in, khong cch i vi t khng , nu ngay mt ln cho in
p, c th gy nn s c tip t ngn mch, nh hng s vn hnh bnh thng ca
h thng in lc. T t nng cao in p s pht hin c s c m khng n ni
gy ra s c, nh hng an ton ca h thng.


- Trang 225 -
9 - 2 Dy dn

9 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn dy dn mt pha ca ng dy ti in siu cao p ti sao c hai si
hoc ba si dy dn?
p: Cng in trng quanh dy dn ng dy siu cao p 330kV tr
ln thng thng u vt qu cng chu p ca khng kh, v th khng kh
chung quanh s b in ly m pht ra hunh quang mu tm, v c ting "lch tch";
hin tng ny gi l in qung (hoa). in hoa s gy ra tn hao cng sut; c khi
mi kilomet c th ln ti vi chc kilot; ng thi gy nhiu i vi ng dy
thng tin v v tuyn in. V th thng p dng bin php tng ng knh dy dn
hoc khong cch gia cc dy phng nga xy ra in hoa. Trong bin php
tng ng knh dy dn tng i c hiu qu, nhng s tng u t ng dy ln
rt nhiu. V th p dng phng php gin tip tng ng knh dy dn, tc p dng
dy dn ri (dng hai si dy dn bng 1/2 tit din hoc ba si dy dn bng 1/3 tit
din ca tit din cn thit thay th) v gia cc si dy dn tch ri c mt khong
cch nht nh, l c th gim c hin tng in hoa.

9 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn ng dy trn khng ti sao thng dng dy xon nhiu si m
t dng dy mt si?
p: So vi dy mt si, dy xon nhiu si ni chung c cc u im sau y:
1. Khi tit din tng i ln, do cng ngh ch to hoc do ngoi lc gy nn
khim khuyt th dy mt si khng th bo m cng c hc vn c ca n, t l
xut hin khim khuyt cng mt ch ca dy nhiu si s rt t, cng c hc ca
dy nhiu si tng ng tng i cao.
2. Khi tit din tng i ln th tnh mm ca dy nhiu si cao hn dy mt
si iu lm cho vic ch to, lp rp ct gi dy dn u tng i d dng.
3. Khi dy dn b gi gy dao ng, dy mt si d b t, dy nhiu si kh b
t. V th, dy dn ca ng dy trn khng ni chung u dng dy nhiu si.

9 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy thp p trn khng ngoi tri c cch in v s, ngi li
khng ng ti, ti sao thng thng khng dng dy trn m dng dy cch in c
bc ngoi?
p: Loi dy dn cch in ny bn ngoi ch bc mt lp hoc hai lp vi
si, ri tm cht chng nc ph bitum. Tc dng ch yu ca n l phng nga dy
dn b xm thc bi gi ma hoc kh m trong khng kh, cho nn, loi dy dn ny
gi l "dy ma gi". Tuy vi s c ngoi d tnh, n cng c tc dng cch in nht
nh, nhng khi thit k v lp t, v mt cch in v an ton vn phi x l nh dy
dn trn.

9 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy trn khng bng dy trn, ti sao dy buc dng c nh
dy dn ln v s cng phi s dng vt liu ging nh dy dn?

- Trang 226 -
p: Trong mi trng m thp hoc ma, nu dy dn v dy buc l hai loi
kim loi khc nhau th ch tip xc vi nhau s sinh ra tc dng n mn in ha
nghim trng, dn n dy dn b r lm m, hoc n mn bong trc, lu ngy d dn
n t dy dn. Cho nn, dy buc phi dng vt liu ging nh dy dn.

9 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tng nhit khng i, lu lng ti cun dy dn trn khng phi
chng t l thun vi tit din dy dn?
p: Khi tng nhit khng i, lu lng ti ca dy dn trn khng s
khng t l thun vi din tch tit din ca dy dn. l do mt dng in cho
php trong dy dn khng phi l hng s m thay i theo din tch tit din dy dn.
Khi din tch tit din dy dn tng, do iu kin ta nhit thay i, mt dng in
cho php gim. Cn c vo nguyn tc nhit lng do dng in chy qua dy dn
sinh ra phi bng vi kh nng ta nhit ca dy dn (lin quan ti din tch b mt v
nhit dy dn), c th tnh ra lu lng ti cho php ca dy dn khi tng nhit
khng thay i t l thun vi ly tha 1,5 ca ng knh dy dn. Li do din tch
tit din ca dy dn t l thun vi bnh phng ca ng knh dy dn, cho nn lu
lng ti ca dy dn t l thun vi ly tha 0,75 ca din tch tit din dy dn.

9 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng in ca dy dn trn khng vt qu lu lng ti an ton ca
n, dy dn liu c b nng chy?
p: Lu lng ti an ton ca dy dn l cn c vo nhit cho php cao
nht ca n xc nh, bi v dy dn qu nng s nh hng n cng c hc
ca n. Nhit cho php cao nht l cn c vo cng c hc ca dy dn sau 30
nm vn hnh khng c thp hn 93% cng c qui nh. V th, khi dng
in ca dy dn vt qua lu lng ti an ton ca n s khng b nng chy, nhng
s lm gim cng c hc ca n, rt ngn tui th s dng.

9 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phng php n gin dng mt dng in no tnh ton lu
lng ti ca cp in tit din khc nhau, ti sao khng chnh xc?
p: Lu lng ti cho php ca cp in khng nhng ph thuc vo tit din
li dy dn m cn lin quan ti tnh hnh ta nhit. Kh nng ta nhit quyt nh bi
ng knh ngoi dy dn v tnh nng ta nhit ca vt liu bc ngoi dy cp in.
Gia cc tham s ny vi tit din tiu chun ca cp in khng phi l quan h
ng thng gin n, v nh, dy in cch in v cao su, li n bng ng 500V,
khi tit din l 1mm
2
th lu lng ti l 21 A ; khi 10mm
2
l 85A, ch khng phi
210A. V th, phng php n gin dng mt dng in no tnh ton lu
lng ti ca cp in l khng chnh xc cht ch, cn phi cn c vo tiu chun lu
lng ti chn cp in, dy in.

9 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn trn khng cao p liu c th ng phng php hn ni lin
kt khng? Ti sao?

- Trang 227 -
p: ng dy cao p trn khng, vic lin kt y dn ni chung khng
dng phng php hn ni. Bi v khi hn ni phi lm nng dy dn, dy dn qua
lm nng s mm, cng c hc gim. Cng c hc trn ton b ng dy
khng u, ch hn ni tr thnh khu yu. Lc cng m ng dy trn khng phi
chu ng ni chung tng i ln, khu yu ny d dn n s c t dy.

9 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng p ni dy dn, trong vn hnh ng dy ti in cao p, ti sao li
dn dn khng bo m cng nng?
p: ng dy ti in cao p trong thi gian vn hnh lu di lun vo
trng thi b ko. Tuy ng p ni dy dn c cng chng ko, nhng trong qu
trnh thi cng p ni d li khim khuyt tim n bn trong (lp xy ha trn u
dy dn b p ni cha x l sch, p ni khng cht, v tr p lch ng thp v.v...) nu
p ni bng cch n, cn c th khin li st b chy r. Ngoi ra do p ni khng cht
kn kh nc lt vo, gy nt, cong v.v... u tng nhanh s xu i ca ng p ni. Tc
xu i ca n thng c lin quan n dng in ph ti chy qua ln hay nh, c
bit khi c ph ti nh, u ni ca dy dn do nng m in tr tng cao lm tng
nhanh s xy ha n mn vt liu, lm tng dy mng xy ha mt tip xc bn
trong ng p ni; in tr tip xc tng ln, khin nhit tng cao, c th xu dn.
Kt qu khin u ni dy dn b trt tut ra gy nn s c t dy, mt in.

9 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ch u ni y dn bng nhm, trong tnh hnh dng in ph ti khng
vt qu tr s qui nh, ti sao sau thi gian s dng lu, thy c hin tng nng
chy? Lm sao phng nga?
p: Dy dn bng nhm lin kt vi cng tc, cu dao khc bng vt sit cht.
Do cng c hc ca nhm km, tng i mm, thiu tnh n hi, cho nn, sau
khi m c p ln, dy dn bng nhm s bin dng. Nh vy, hnh thnh tip xc
khng tt.

9 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: "Dy hoa" ni chung, ti sao trong hai dy bn vo nhau, lun c mt si
ch c mt mu, cn si kia l lm m?
p: l nhm d phn bit hai si dy. V d, dy dn ca mt s thit b
in, i vi u no tip t c yu cu nht nh (nh ui n xoy thng yu cu
ming ui n tip dy t trnh ngi chm vo b in git). Hai si dy dng
mu khc nhau khi u dy s phn bit c dy no l dy tip t, khng cn u
xong ri mi th li.

9 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bc ch bn ngoi dy bc ch cch in c tc dng g? Dy bc ch sau
khi t hoc rch v ch ra ti sao phi dng hp kim ch thic hn kn li hoc
dng bng keo nha cch in buc cht li?
p: V ch bc kn bn ngoi dy dn cch in bc ch l dng tng
cng cng c hc ca dy dn v lm cho cch in dy dn bn trong khng b

- Trang 228 -
va qut lm hng, nh vy dy dn cch in ngn cch vi khng kh m t bn
ngoi, kh b m, bin cht, v th c th tng tui th s dng.
Hn kn dy bc ch sau khi b ct t hoc bc tch ra, nu s dng ngoi tri
l nhm phng nga nc ma xm thc, nn dng hp kim ch thic hn kn.

9 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thi cng dy nhm trn ti sao khng c ko trt trn mt t hoc
trn thanh ngang nh dy ng?
p: Khi thi cng dy nhm, cn c bit ch thng tn c hc b mt. V
th khng c ko trt dy trn mt t hoc trn thanh ngang. Khi t dy, cc
ch u phi dng rng rc g nhm trnh thng tn b mt. Bi v ch cn c
mt vt thng tn nh, khin dy nhm d b n mn.

9 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai cch ri dy th cng nh (a), (b) trong hnh 9 - 2 - 14, nn dng
cch no?
p: Nn p dng phng php ri dy nh hnh (b). Bi v ri dy theo hnh
(a), kt qu khin dy d cong vnh, gp gy v lm hng cht cch in, v khi ri,
ng dy ko khng thng. Nu theo phng php nh hnh (b) th khng c hin
tng trn.

9 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thng bc mt lp si bng vo gia li ng dn in vi cch
in cao su ca dy hoa v dy bc cao su?
p: l nhm phng nga li ng dy dn tip xc lu ngy vi v cao su
gy n mn. V th, trong qu trnh lu ha ch to dy bc v cao su, c mt t
lu hunh t do khng ha hp vi cao su sng, c th ha hp vi ng, sinh ra mt
lp sunft ng trn b mt. Khi nhit s dng tng i cao, tc dng ha hp ny
cng mnh. Nh vy, s lm gim tit din hu hiu ca dy dn, rt ngn tui th s
dng ca dy dn. V th bc mt lp si bng hoc dy vi bng ngoi li ng ri
mi bc lp cch in bng cao su; cng c th m mt lp thic bn ngoi li ng.

- Trang 229 -
Khi trong qu trnh ch to khng s dng lu hunh lm cht lu ha th c
th khng dng lp si bng.


- Trang 230 -
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng ngoi tri

9 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ct in xi mng, ti sao phi lp mm b tng ct thp pha
di, cn ct bng g li khng cn?
p: Bi v ct bng xi mng th din tch tip xc gia phn y rng ca ct
v t qu nh, m bn thn ct xi mng li nng hn nhiu ln ct g, cng vi ti
trng ca dy dn s lm cho ct in xi mng tip tc ln su xung t. trnh
hin tng ny, di y phi c thm mm , m rng din tch tip xc vi t.
Nh vy p lc ca n v din tch i vi t s nh rt nhiu, ct xi mng s khng
ln na. Ct in bng g do tng i nh, li c rut, din tch tip xc vi t
tng i ln, khng xy ra hin tng ln; cho nn khng cho mm .

9 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ng dy ti in cao p, s ci ca chui cch in treo mc
mi pha trn ct thp chu cng ti sao nhiu hn 1~2 ci so vi s ci ca chui cch
in treo mc trn ct thp ng thng?
p: l do cng chu p chp m ca vt cch in c quan h trc tip
n v tr lp t vt cch in. Mt trn ca a s cch in kiu treo rt trn bng,
cn mt di th chn s lm thnh hnh dn sng tng di cch in theo b
mt s (tc tng khong cch phng in). Trn ct thp ng thng, vt cch in
u t thng ng, nc ma khng thm vo bn trong quanh chn s cch in,
nn bn trong chn s tng i kh. Cn trn ct thp chu cng, vt cch in treo
kiu nm ngang (c ch cn c gc nga, gc sp), nc ma c th lm t ton b
bn trong v bn ngoi vt cch in. Cho nn, cng chu p ca vt cch in
kiu treo trn ct thp chu cng s thp hn cng chu p chp t ca vt cch
in ct thp ng thng. tng cch in ca ng dy i vi t, cho nn
chui chu cng phi treo nhiu hn 1-2 ci cch in so vi chui ng thng ( ca
ra vo ca trm bin in v khu vc nhim phi coi trng vic xem xt s ci cch
in).

9 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn ng dy ti in, ct in phi ni chn, buc cc th nn ni buc
chn cc theo hng ng dy hay theo hng vung gc vi ng dy. Ti sao?
p: Theo hng vung gc vi ng dy; v nh vy khi trn ng dy xy
ra s c t dy, gia ct chnh vi chn cc ni buc s cho php x dch mt khong
cch, khng n ni gy gy ct chnh.

9 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hng vt nghing ngn ct in ca ng dy n gnh g khc
vi ng dy chn cong?
p: Ngn ct in vt thnh mt nghing l nhm trnh nc ng trn ngn
ct. Nhng hng mt nghing ngn ct ca ng dy n gnh g khc vi hng
mt nghing ca ng dy chn cong; nh vy mi c th lm cho nc trn ngn
ct chy theo thn ct mt cch thun li, gim nc tch t trn n gnh v chn

- Trang 231 -
cong, nht l ming rnh, l xuyn inh, l bulng chng ca n gnh v l chn
cong v.v... lm cho nhng ni d b mc ct g v n gnh, c th gim c hi tch
t nc, ko di tui th s dng ct g v n gnh g.

9 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng knh l bulng ch lin kt gia n ngang bng g vi ct chnh
bng g ca ng dy ti in, ti sao khng c ln hn ng knh bulng?
p: Vi kh hu ma m, do b mt ct g b m, dng in r b mt tng.
Con ng ca dng in r l t dy dn qua v s, n ngang bng g, bulng lin
kt, ri n ct chnh xung t. Khi ng knh l bulng tng i ln, do bulng
tip xc vi ct g khng cht, in tr tng, khi dng in r thng qua ch ny, do
in tr tng i ln, sinh ra nhit cao, dn n chy gia n ngang v ct g.

9 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng dy ti in 35kV a phn s dng vt cch in kiu treo
m rt t s dng vt cch in kiu kim?
p: Bi v tnh nng ca vt cch in kiu kim sn xut hin nay khng tht
n nh; trong s dng d b nh thng, d lo ha, tiu hao vt liu kim loi nhiu,
th tch ln, v th tng bc gim s dng.
Vt cch in kiu treo do m gang, chn thp v thn s to thnh, kt cu n
gin, cng c hc cao, h s lo ha tng i thp, sau khi lin kt thnh chui,
c th s dng trn ng dy ti in vi bt k cp in p no, rt tin li ng
knh bt s cch in kiu treo rt nh, c th li dng y khong cch phng in
ca khng kh gia bt s vi nhau, v th cch in kiu treo ngy cng c s dng
rng ri trn ng dy.

9 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao pha trn v pha di chui xch cch in cao p hoc siu cao
p c lp vng kim loi (nh th hin hnh 9 - 3- 7)?
p: Do trong chui xch cch in, in dung gia mi ci cch
in vi t khc nhau; hnh thnh in p phn b khng u theo
chui xch cch in, khin cch in gia u dy dn d xy ra in
hoa, thm ch c th xy ra s c nh thng. Nu lp thm vng trn
kim loi pha trn v pha di ca chui xch cch in, c th lm
cho in p phn b u, khc phc c nhc im trn. ng thi
cn c th khi xy ra qu p, khin h quang sinh ra v tt gia vng
bo v, trnh c xy ra h quang trn chui xch cch in gy chy
mt men, km hng s cch in.

9 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp dn gia thn s vi cu kin st, ti sao phi tng thm mt lp
paraphin hoc bitum vo ch tip gip?
p: H s n nhit ca s ni chung l khong 3,5~4xl0
-6
, nhm l 23x10
-6
, xi
mng l 14x10
-6
keo dn litharge-glyxrin l 28,7x10
-6
. V th, khi nhit chung
quanh gim, ng knh mt bch cu kin thp s co nhiu so vi ng knh ca v
s, sinh ra ng lc ph trong thn s, c lc thm ch lm nt v thn s. phng

- Trang 232 -
nga s c ni trn, ni chung khi ch to u tng thm mt lp cht n hi nh
paraphin hoc bitum lm lp m nhm thu ht ng lc ph sinh ra trong khi kt dnh

9 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vt cch in trn ng dy d sinh ra khe nt?
p: Nguyn nhn c bn sinh ra khe nt l:
1. Dy dn c nh trn vt cch in, do dy dn chu ko, ko theo cch in
rung.
2. Nhit kh hu thay i, khin chi tit st trong ci cch in nng n lnh co.
3. Cht lng xi mng hoc lu hunh dng kt dnh chn st v thn s cch
in khng tt v.v...

9 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T l hng v s trn nhng ct in u v cui dy dn tng i ln,
nguyn nhn do u?
p: V s trn ct u v cui nm ch tn cng ng dy, khi sng in
st nh ct u v cui s sinh ra phn x, lc nghim trng nht, c th gp hai ln
in p st, cn in p m v s trn ct ng thng chu ng th nh hn tr s
in p ny, do thng hng v s u v cui.

9 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Chn gang ca cch in kiu kim ngp vo trong chi tit s tng thm
cng , trong ci cch in n ngang bng s li khng c chi tit bng gang, m
kch thc ca chi tit s cng tng i nh, ti sao?
p: Ci cch in kiu kim gm chi tit s hnh nn, chn gang ngp vo
trong chi tit s, m gang dn lp li m thnh. Chn gang ngp vo n cao gn
nh m thp, chn gang trc tip chu m men un, tng thm cng chng un.
Trong vn hnh, ci cch in ngoi lc nn thng ng ra, cn c th chu m men
un nht nh.
Ci cch in n ngang bng s l chi tit s hnh cy n, lp trn ct in
dy dn, n va c tc dng cch in dy ti in vi t, va c tc dng gnh
ngang, ngn cch dy dn cc pha bi mt khong nht nh. Do n ngang bng s l
dng mt bulng c nh vi n ngang, trong vn hnh khi ng dy dn xy ra t
dy th n ngang bng s c th chuyn ng theo chiu dy dn, lm gim xung lc
ca dy dn i vi n ngang bng s. Do , cng c hc ca ci cch in n
ngang bng s ch yu tnh n ti trng thng ng ca dy dn, yu cu cng
chng un khng cao. Do , trong chi tit s khng c chi tit gang st no, kch
thc ca chi tit s cng tng i nh.

9 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt s ct g ng dy ti in, ti sao khng dng mt cy nguyn
m li dng hai on g di ngn khc nhau ni li?
p: gi l ct ni chn. on di l ct chnh, on ngn l chn ni. Bi
v so vi ct g nguyn cy, n c cc u im sau:
1. C tnh n hi: nu dy ti b t mt bn, do tnh n hi, c th gim ng
k lc ko ca dy dn, phng nga gy ct.

- Trang 233 -
2. Khi chn ni ca ct g b mc th ch cn thay chn ni.
3. Khng cn ct in vn c th thay cc ph kin ca ct g.
4. C th s dng vt liu g ngn.

9 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng keo dn litharge - glyxerin kt dnh chi tit s, ti sao phi
sn b mt bo v?
p: Mc ch sn l: b mt ca keo dn khng tip xc vi khng kh, bi
v kh cacbonic trong khng kh vi ch trong keo dn gy tc dng ha hc hnh thnh
cacbonat ch, lm gim tc dng ca keo dn. Nu khi lm vic, keo dn phi tip xc
vi du th trc tin phi bi lp du linseed kh ri mi sn mt lp sn du, cn
khng tip xc vi du th ch sn mt lp sn men l c.

9 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S c chp rch do bn ca cch in ng dy ti in thng thng d
xy ra thi tit no? So snh gia cch in kiu kim, cch in kiu treo vi cch
in chu cng th loi no d xy ra s c chp rch do bn hn?
p: S c chp rch do bn ca cch in thng xy ra khi thi tit m t.
V lc ny phn nh v phn y ca cch in u m t; cht d bn trn b mt
n trong tnh trng m t thng c tnh nng dn in, lm gim mnh mc chu
p ca cch in, d gy ra s c chp rch. Khi ma ln th kh xy ra chp rch; bi
v ma ln c th ra sch d bn trn b mt.
S c chp rch do bn a phn xy ra trn cch in kiu treo v kiu kim.
Chui cch in chu cng t xy ra hn, bi v chui cch in chu cng phn ln
v tr nm ngang, d bn b mt d b nc ma ra sch.

9 - 3 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cch in ng dy khu vc no b bn, khi chun b lau chi th
va ng gp ma, liu c th khng lau c khng?
p: Vn nn lau li. Bi v nc ma ch cun tri mt phn ht bi nh,
nhng khng th ra sch ci bn do tc dng ha hc hnh thnh nn trn cch in,
m cc cu bn ny l nguy him nht i vi chp rch cch in. V th, khng c
cho rng tri ma th cch in c ra sch.

9 - 3 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vo cui ng u xun, b phn cung cp in phi tin hnh v
sinh i vi cch in ca ng dy?
p: B mt cch in ca ng dy trong vn hnh u b dnh bi, cht bn.
Lp cu bn kh khng c nguy him ln n cch in. Nhng ma xun thng
ma bi, di tc dng ca n, khi lp bn b mt cch in b m n trng thi
bo ha, s dn in b mt tng mnh; dng in r tng ln, nhng ni mt
dng in ln, nh gn m gang, do pht nhit b mt, cu bn cc b b kh, khin
in tr b mt tng; st p in tr tng ln nhanh chng. Dn n vng b sy kh
xut hin phng in cc b dng h quang nh, phng in h quang li sy kh b
mt cu bn m t gn , khin h quang nh ko di, pht trin n ton b b mt
cch in; hnh thnh phng in chp rch, cch in, thng thng dn n s c

- Trang 234 -
mt in. nng cao tin cy cp in, ni chung trc ma ma phn cn tin
hnh v sinh b mt cch in.

9 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy dn cao p trn khng vng mui, kim, d xy ra s c,
chp rch cch in?
p: B mt cch in c cu bn. Trong thi tit sng m hoc m t, do
cu bn kt hp vi nc thnh cht dn in, gy nn s c nhp nhy. Dy cao p
chy qua vng mui kim, do trong bi bm bm trn cch in cha mui kim, gp
nc s bin thnh cht dn in tt. V th, trong thi tit m t s d xy ra s c
chp rch. cc vng khc ni chung, tuy c cu bn, nhng tnh dn in ca n
khng tt nn kh xy ra s c hn.

9 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy cao p trn khng s dng chi tit kim loi khng m km c
nguy him g ?
p: Chi tit kim loi khng m km trong khng kh d b xy ha sinh ra g
.G b mt chi tit kim loi d bong trc, khng nhng d ph hoi chi tit kim loi
m cn sau khi gp nc ma n mn gi ra, hnh thnh nc g st, chy xung theo
b mt cch in, b mt s hnh thnh ng thng dn in, lm gim mc
cch in ca vt cch in, ng dy d xy ra s c.

9 - 3 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ch kp dy ca cch in kiu treo trn ng dy ti in cao p ti
sao phi lp thanh bo v dy?
p: Ch yu do cc nguyn nhn sau:
1. Khi ko ng dy ti in cao p, ch kp
dy treo, sc ko m dy dn chu ng s ln hn bt
k im no trong khong cch ct in, c bit trong
tnh hnh chnh lch cao ca ct thp hai bn ln th
ng lc ph ny tng ln nhiu, li do chnh lch
cao, gc kp gia dy dn vi ng trc thn kp
(gc a
1
v a
2
trong hnh 9 - 3 - 19) tng ln, khin dy dn b cong, tng lc ko un
ca dy dn hai u thn kp.
2. Di sc gi lay ng nh, dy dn trn khng s xy ra dao ng theo chiu
thng ng. Ch kp dy chnh l mt trong cc im mt sng dao ng. Di tc
dng ca dao ng, dy dn ch kp dy s b mi, d dn n t dy.
3. Di s lay ng ca gi ln, dy mc trn khng s sinh ra ao ng tri
phi theo mt phng ngang, cn trong iu kin kh tng c bit, cn xy ra rung
nhy ln xung thng ng vi bin ln, thc y sinh ra vn ng tng i gia
dy dn ch kp dy vi thn kp dy, dy dn d b mi hng.
4. Di tc dng ca qu p bn ngoi v qu p bn trong, c kh nng xy ra
nh thng chui cch in treo hoc khe h khng kh, dn n phng in i vi
t; lc ny h quang phng in s gy chy hng dy dn ch gn kp dy.
bo m dy dn ch kp dy khng b hng c hc hoc v din ni trn,
phi lp thm thanh bo v dy bo v dy dn. Nhng c mt s ng dy m

- Trang 235 -
nh hng ca cc nhn t ni trn khng ln lm, cng c th khng lp thanh bo v
dy.


- Trang 236 -
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh

9 - 4 -1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy dn in trong nh phn ln s dng dy dn cch in. Ti
sao dy dn cn thng phi lp trn cch in?
p: Nu trc tip lp dy dn st vo tng hoc trn nh th dy dn c th
c tc dng ha hc vi xi mng, vi, sn, khip lp cch in b ph hoi, dy dn
ht nc trn tng v trn nh, lm tng dng in r, d dn n chy. Khi dy dn
b tn thng, ch v b phn dnh st tng, trn kh kim tra, li lm xu iu
kin tn nhit ca dy dn, v th lu lng ti ca dy dn gim, m nhit tng cao
thc y cnh in lo ha, cho nn thng phi lp trn cch in.

9 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng thp lp t dy, c phi mt i dy hoc ba dy ca ba
pha phi lp trong cng mt ng thp?
p: Nu chia lp dy cng mt mch kn vo trong cc ng thp khc nhau,
khi c dng in s gy ra t thng trong vch ng, nh vy s tng in cm ca
mch in. Trong mch in mt chiu s lm ct mch cng kh khn; trong mch
in xoay chiu, ngoi in cm dn n st p r rt ra, li c th dn n tn hao t
tr dng xoy khng cn thit trong vch ng thp. Tn hao trong ng thp khng
nhng lng ph in m cn lm nng ng, gy kh khn cho vic tn nhit ca dy
dn, gim lu lng ti cho php.
Khuyt im trn y, ch c lp i dy dn mt chiu hoc mt i dy dn
ca mt pha hoc ba dy (c lc c dy gia thnh bn dy) ca ba pha vo cng mt
ng thp, mi c th trnh c. l bi v bt c thi im no trong my si dy
cng mt mch th dng in qua li bng nhau, t th trit tiu ln nhau, khng dn
n t thng trong vch ng.

9 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi lng lp vng bo v bng nha hoc bng g vo ming ng
bo v ng thp c lun dy dn bn trong?
p: Khi dng in chy qua dy dn lun trong ng, do tc dng ca lc in
ng, dy dn s rung, c bit l dy dn lun ng c dng in lp lp thng ng
th rung cng mnh, cng vi s ko xung do sc nng bn thn dy dn, lu ngy,
cch in ca dy dn ming ng thp d b mn hng xy ra s c ngn mch tip
t. V th nn x l sch vt xc vch trong ming ng ri lp vng bo v bng
nha hoc g bo v cch in ca dy dn.

9 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dng in cho php ca dy dn cch in cng nhn hiu v tit
din, khi lp ni s ln hn lun ng, cn khi lun ng hai si li ln hn lun ba si?
p: Bi v dng din cho php ca dy dn ln hay nh ph thuc vo nhit
mi trng lp t dy dn. Vi cng mt nhit , iu kin tn nhit ca dy
chy ni (nh v s hoc dy phi hp kp s) tt hn khi lun ng, cn iu kin

- Trang 237 -
thng gi ta nhit ca dy lun hai si s tt hn dy lun ba si. Cho nn, dng in
cho php lin tc ca ci trc s ln hn ci sau.

9 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy lp phi ng nha, ti sao khng c s dng hp u dy bng st?
p: Dy lp phi vi ng nha nu s dng hp u dy bng st th khi trong
hp st c r in, hp st s c in. Do ng nha ni vi hp st l vt cch in,
hp st khng th li dng ng ng tip t, khin hp st khng c bo v tip
t, nu tip xc vi hp st s khng an ton. V th dy phi lp vi ng nha th
khng c s dng hp u dy bng st.

9 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng c chn trc tip dy dn cch in bc nha vo trong
xi mng hoc lp bt va lm ng dy chy ngm?
p: Dy dn cch in bng nha qua thi gian s dng lu, nha s lo ha,
nt sn, lm gim kh nng cch in. Khi mch in xy ra qu ti hoc ngn mch
tm thi s tng nhanh tc hng cch in. Nu chn trc tip dy dn cch in
bc nha vo trong xi mng hoc lp va vi lm ng dy ngm th nu va b m
s dn n r in din rng, nguy him n an ton cho ngi. Ngoi ra, chn trc
tip cng bt li cho vic kim tra bo dng ng dy.

9 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rt nhiu dy dn lun trong cng mt ng thp; nu ng thp rt di, m
dy dn ca u bt o vn nng li ngn, c th p dng phng php n gin g
xc nh hai u dy ca mi si dy dn?
p: C th li dng tnh nng dn in ca ng thp, cho u dy ca mt si
dy dn tip xc vi ng thp. Mt u khc dng ng h vn nng kim tra in tr
gia u dy ca cc dy dn vi ng thp. Khi kim ch ca ng h vn nng hi lch
v tr s 0, u dy ny chnh l u dy ca si th nht, nh vy s xc nh c
hai u dy ca mt si dy dn, cc si khc cng c th xc nh c theo phng
php ny.

9 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn trong ng dy v trong tm rnh g ti sao khng c c u
ni?
p: Khi u ni hoc im hn ni ca dy dn vo trong ng hoc trong
tm rnh, c th lu ngy tip xc khng tt, dn n qu nng thm ch c nguy c
gy chy. V th qui nh u ni dy v ch hn ni ca dy in phi vo hp u
dy ngoi ng, u ni dy ca tm rnh g phi ngoi tm rnh (l ra ngoi).

9 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao pha di u un cong nh
nc ca dy dn cch in a vo nh phi ct
b mt on nh lp cch in?

- Trang 238 -
p: Bi v ch u ni gia dy dn cch in vi dy ngoi, nc ma c
th ngm vo khe h gia dy dn vi lp bc cch in bn ngoi. Do dy dn cch
in ni vi bn ngoi cao hn hp cng tc trong nh, do nc ma c th b dn
vo trong nh, gy ra s c. Nu ct b mt cht lp cch in di ch un cong
nh nc ngoi nh th nc s thm chy ra t ch ct b , khng dn vo trong
nh na.

9 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai phng php bc lp cch in ca
dy dn hnh 9 - 4 -10 (a) v (b), phng php no
ng?
p: Hnh (a) ng. Bc nh hnh (b) th tnh
nng cch in gim mnh. Bi v lp ngoi ca dy
bc l si dt; khi dy dn b m, ht nc hoc dnh
nc, do tc dng mao mch, nc s thng vo dy dn, nh vy khng nhng lm
gim cch in ca dy dn, c lc cn lm cho v ngoi nhim in.

9 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp phi ng dy, gp phi dy dn v ca mch in chnh v dy
dn ca mch iu khin trn cng mt tr u dy, ti sao dy dn ca mch iu
khin phi trn dy v ca mch?
p: Nu dy dn ca mch v chnh trn, th khi vn hnh, dng in ln
trong mch chnh s thng qua phn u u dy dn ca mch iu khin chy vo
kh c iu khin. Nh vy d sinh ra hin tng qu nng gia tr u dy vi dy
dn, khin dy dn chng lo ha, gim tui th.

9 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi qun bng keo hoc bng nha, ti sao phi qun t di dy dn ln,
ch khng t trn xung?
p: Bi v khi qun t di ln, th lp trn s lm kn khe ca lp di. V
th, nc v du t trn ri xung khng vo lp cch in. Nu qun t trn xung s
li khe bn trn, nc v du v.v... c th thy vo, ph hoi cch in. Cho nn,
qun t di ln s tt hn, nhng ni m thp nhiu nc, nhiu du cng phi lu
.


- Trang 239 -
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in

9 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in in lc ni chung, ti sao dng cch in bng giy m khng
dng cch in cao su?
p: Bi v cng chu p ca cch in bng cao su thp hn giy cch
in ngm du c cng dy, m nhit cho php ca cao su cng tng i thp,
v mt cch in v lu lng ti th cp in cao su u khng u vit bng cp in
cch in bng giy. Ngoi ra, cao su rt d b n mn bi khng kh v nc, dn n
bin cht, hng. l v trong khng kh v nc c cha mt t cht kh c tnh n
mn. ng thi, cch in cao su gp phi cn, xng v.v... d b hng, hn na tui
th ca cp in cao su tng i ngn, gi tng i cao, cho nn ni chung u s
dng cp in cch in bng giy, ch c trng hp di ng nhiu mi dng cp
in cao su.

9 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cp in 20~35KV s dng chia pha cch in che chn m khng
dng bc cch in tt c?
p: Cch in che chn chia pha c th trnh c phn lng tip tuyn theo
giy cch in trong in trng, m cng cch in theo tip tuyn l yu nht;
ng thi, cn c th trnh c cht n cng cch in tng i nh, tn ti
trong in trng. V th cp in in p tng i cao u khng dng cch in
bc tt c.

9 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong cp in cao p ba li, b mt lp cch in mi si dy
dn c lc cn bc thm ai kim loi rt mng, (nh th hin hnh 9 - 5- 3)?
p: Khi cha c lp ai kim loi che chn ny, do s thay i c tnh chu k
ca dng in ba pha, di tc dng ln nhau ca in trng ba pha, in trng
trong cp in phn b khng u, khin mt phn vt liu
cch in n gia cc li dy p di cng in
trng tng i cao thi gian di, lm gim cng
chu p ca cp in; thc y s lo ha ca cch in, t
gim tui th s dng. Sau khi p dng che chn bng
ai kim loi, khin in trng mi pha phn b u, ng
thi lm cho vt liu n cch in trong v ch lp ngoi
khng b nh hng ca in trng. ng thi, tnh dn
nhit ca ai kim loi cng tng i tt, c th nng cao mc chu p, ko di tui
th s dng.

9 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong ging ng m than lp t cp in si thp m khng dng
cp in ai thp?
p: Bi v cp in lp t trong ging ng tuy c c nh bng cp,
nhng bn thn cp in vn kh trnh khi chu mt phn lc ko, cp in si thp

- Trang 240 -
c th chu lc ko tng i ln, cn cp in ai thp khng th chu c lc ko,
c th dn n hng cp in.

9 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v bc ngoi cp in u bng ch?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca v ngoi cp in l bo v dy li bn trong, trc
tin l bo v n khng b s n mn ca nc v kh m, th hai l phng nga dy
li v lp cch in b tn thng bi ngoi lc m li c tc dng chng n mn nht
nh. Ngoi ra, cp in phi qun trn mm dy vn chuyn v bo qun, ng
thi li phi ko ra lp t. iu yu cu n phi c mm nht nh, li phi
c cng c hc nht nh. Ch c cc tnh nng ny, cho nn v ngoi cp in
u bng ch. ng nhin cng c hc ca ch thun cht tng i km, trn
thc t, v ch cp in l hp kim ch thic hoc hp kim ch Antimon.

9 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bn ngoi cp in cn phi sn mt lp bitum hoc bc mt lp
si ri sn bitum?
p: l bin php bo v nhm trnh n mn ca cht ha hc chung quanh
i vi v ngoi cp in. Khi qut lp keo bitum hoc bc si c tm bitum bn
ngoi, cp in s tng tui th s dng v gim thng tn v ngoi khi lp t v
vn chuyn.

9 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cp in lc nhiu li a phn s dng dy li r qut?
p: Mc ch s dng dy li r qut l nhm lm cho bn trong cp in n
chn c cht, gim vt liu cch in v vt liu lp bo v ngoi rt nh ng
knh ngoi ca cp in, gim gi thnh sn phm.

9 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in in lc trung tn kiu ZOLQ11, ti sao ch to thnh dy dn
rng rut? ng rng trong cp in phi chng dng lm ng nc lm mt bn
trong?
p: Cp in ny chuyn dng truyn dn dng in trung tn 1 - 8 kHz;
nu lm thnh cp in c rut th khi dng in trung tn chy qua dy dn, do hiu
ng tp trung lp ngoi v hiu ng ln cn, khin cho t s li dng y dn rt thp,
nh hng rt ln n lu lng ti. V th, phi lm sao dy (hoc ng knh
dy) ca dy dn bng hoc hi ln hn su thm nhp ca dng in tn s tng
ng trong dy dn. Nhng bo m cp in c tit din hu hiu v kh nng
ti in, phi ch to thnh dy dn rng. Tuy tng ng knh ngoi ca cp in
tng ln, nhng tit din hu hiu v t s li dng u nng cao tng ng, t p
ng c yu cu truyn dn dng in trung tn cng .
Cp in lc ng trc trung tn kiu ZOLQ11 s dng cch in bng giy
tm du, ng rng khng kn, ch c tc dng li dy dn in, do khng th
dng lm ng nc lm mt c.


- Trang 241 -
9 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt s cp in bc ton nha chn trc tip 6 ~ 10kV, trong lp che
chn qun bc bng di nhm gia cch in vi lp bo v ngoi, c mt dy ng
trn chy theo trc cp in. C tc dng g?
p: Loi dy cp ny phn ln dng nng thn chn thng xung t,
gim gi thnh m li lp dt, bo dng tin li, thng thng ch qun bc mt, hai
lp di nhm mng lm lp che chn in trng. phng nga trong qu trnh lp
t, vn chuyn cp in, lp qun bc b t toc, ph v tnh lin tc in ca lp
che chn, nn t mt si dy ng trn vo gia lp che chn v cch in. Bi v si
dy ny nh hng rt ln n s vn hnh an ton cp in, nn khi lp t phi em
n cng lp che chn bng nhm tip t cn thn.

9 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hin nay cp in bc gip cao p v thp p a phn dng cp
in li nhm, cn cp in bc cao su di ng vn dng li ng?
p: Bi v sn lng ng tng i t, cn nhm tng i nhiu, m tnh
nng dn in ca nhm cng khng km, cho nn tn dng ch to cp in li nhm.
Nhng cp in di ng thng xuyn b un cong, m cng c hc ca nhm
thp hn ng nhiu, dng nhm ch to cp in di ng th d hng. V th vn s
dng li ng.


- Trang 242 -
9 - 6 u ni cp in

9 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hai u cp in lc u phi lp u cp in?
p: Hai u mi si cp in u phi bc l li dy ra mt on nht nh
u ni vo thit b in v dy dn; ch li dy bc ra phi lp u cp in, ri cch
in v bt kn tr li cp in, khin ton b ng dy cp u c cng cch
in nh nhau.
Tc dng ca u cp in l: (1) Phng nga hi m v cc cht c hi bn
ngoi xm nhp. (2) Phng nga du cch in chy ra ngoi lm gim cng cch
in ca cp in. (3) Phng nga xy thm nhp khin lp cch in bin cht dn
n nh thng. (4) Bo v hai u cp in trnh b thng tn c hc.

9 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u cp in khi xong keo cch in, liu c th lp tc thng dn
in?
p: Khng c. Khi va xong keo cch in, trong keo cch in cn tn
ti bt kh, phi ch ngui mi c th loi tr bt kh v th sau khi xong keo cch
in lp tc thng in s c kh nng gy thng, nn khng c php.

9 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lm hp u cp in, ti sao keo cch in phi chia thnh vi ln
vo?
p: Bi v nh vy c th lm cho bt kh c trong keo cch in vo s b
y ra ht, tc y ra cng nhanh. ng thi, vo mt ln cng s do lnh co
vo m khng y.

9 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V sao c cp in u ni gia v u ni cui b r du? C nh hng
n vn hnh khng?
p: Bn trong cp in tn ti p lc du nng n v p lc du tnh. Khi cp
in lm kn khng tt v hai u chnh lch v tr ln th du cch in s men theo
li dy hoc vch trong nhm bc chy ra.
Du cch in b r ra, khin cch in kh, gim tnh nng cch in, m giy
cp in c tnh ht nc rt mnh, rt d ht m, nu kn ca cp in khng tt,
kh m s xm nhp vo trong cp in, gim tnh nng cch in, khi vn hnh d b
nh thng. V th, trong vn hnh phi bo m kn ca u ni cp in lun tt.

9 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong lp cch in v hp u dy ca cp in, ti sao khng c c
khe h khng kh v kh m tn ti?
p: Trong in trng c hai cht in mi khc nhau, cng in trng
phn b t l nghch vi h s in mi tng i ca hai cht in mi, lp khng kh
tip xc vi cht in mi (cch in bng giy tm du, keo cp in) c h s in
mi tng i ln, s sinh ra cng in trng rt cao, dn ti phng in khng

- Trang 243 -
kh, tt c in p s ging trn lp cch in bng giy tm du ca cp in hoc trn
keo cp in ca hp u dy. Phng in khng kh c th hnh thnh oxyt nh, khi
c kh m tn ti, c th ha hp thnh dung dch axit nc, c tc dng ph hoi i
vi cch in. Do , trong lp cch in ca cp in, trong hp u dy, u khng
cho php tn ti khe h khng kh v kh m, nu khng d xy ra s c, c bit di
tc dng ca qu p.


- Trang 244 -
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in

9 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v c lc)
Hi: Mm cp in c th t nm ngang hoc ln theo chiu ngc vi chiu
mi tn ghi trn mm khng?
p: Khi ln mm cp in theo chiu ngc vi mi tn hoc t nm ngang
th u c th lm cho cp din trn mm bung ra hoc lm ri, gy phin phc cho
vic lp t, lm xy xc cp in.

9 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy v ca nh my in v trm bin in, ti sao ni chung phi
dng cp in v dy dn c li ng?
p: ng dy v ca nh my in v trm bin in l mt khu quan trng
bo m s vn hnh bnh thng ca h thng. V th phi c tnh tin cy cao. V tnh
nng dn in ca ng tt, b mt kh sinh ra cht oxy ha ph hoi mt tip xc v
c cng c hc dng, cho nn ni chung, dy v u s dng dy ng. Tit
din dy dn ca dy v ni chung cn c vo nng v tn tht in p chn.
Nhng, bo m c cng cch in, qui nh in p lm vic cch in ca
n khng di 500V.

9 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV, c vn g khng?
p: Cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV, v cng cch in th
khng c vn g, nhng v lu lng ti th c vn . Lp cch in ca cp in
6kV dy hn cp 3kV, cn lu lng ti ca cp in ch yu chu s hn ch ca
nhit . dy cch in cng dy th ta nhit cng kh, lu lng ti s tng i
nh. V th, cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV th lu lng ti cho php ca
cp in ch c th chn theo tiu chun ca cp in 6kV, khng th chn theo tiu
chun ca cp in 3kV. Khi tit din nh nhau, th lu lng ti cho php ca cp
in 6kV nh hn cp in 3kV. Cho nn cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV
khng nhng gi thnh cao do cng cch in cao m lu tng ti in cho php
cn nh hn cp in 3kV. Nu s dng cp in 6kV vo h thng 3kV l khng hp
l.

9 - 7 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy cao p i vo trong trm bin in phn phi, ni chung s
dng dy cp in?
p: C hai nguyn nhn: (1) Dy vo bng dy cp khng b hn ch bi
khng gian nh vt kin trc, v tng i an ton. (2) Sng di ng (do qu p nh
st sinh ra) ca cp in i vi ng dy ti in, c tc dng hon xung, l do
in dung gia cc dy li cp in v in dung gia dy li di vi t thng thng
ln hn dy mc trn khng. Cho nn n c th lm cho sng di ng phn ln chy
qua in dung tr v mch in v tip t, gim thiu nguy c nh thng cc thit b
in trong trm bin in do qu p.


- Trang 245 -
9 - 7 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp t cp in vo ma ng, ti sao phi lm nng trc?
p: Trong ma ng nhit thp, do dnh ca du trong cp in cch
in bng giy tm du tng ln, tnh lm trn gim, khin cp in tr nn cng, kh
un cong, cho nn khi t cch in ca cp in d b hng. V th, khi nhit mi
trng thp hn tr s sau th cc loi cp din phi lm nng trc: (1) Cp in cch
in bng giy 35kV tr xung, 0
o
C. (2) Cp in bo v bng bitum, cch in bng
cao su, - 7
o
C. (3) cp in cch in bng cao su hoc vng bo v bng
polyvinyechloride (PVC), - 15
o
C. (4) Cp in bc ch cch in bng cao su - 20
o
C.

9 - 7 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi lp t cp in lc cch din bng giy tm du c dnh th
chnh lch cao khng c qu ln?
p: Khi lp t cp in lc cch in bng giy tm du nu chnh lch
cao qu ln s gy nn chnh lch p lc du qu ln lm nt v bc ngoi ch thp,
khin lm kn u cp in ch thp tr nn kh khn, ch cao ca cp in thiu du
nn kh, lm gim cch in, thm ch nh thng khi vn hnh. V th cp in lc
cch in bng giy tm du c dnh 6 ~ 10kV khi t thng ng hoc nghing
theo chiu dc th chnh lch cao ca n khng c vt qu 15km.

9 - 7 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bc ch v bc kim ca cp in phi hn ni bng dy ng mm,
sau tip t?
p: Gia bc ch v bc kim ca cp in c mt lp si ay mng nhm bo
v bc ch khng b n mn ha hc. Nhng khi cp in c dng in s c ln chy
qua bc ch, bc kim xung t, gia 2 cp s sinh ra hiu in th khin ch yu nht
ca lp ay b nh thng, s sinh ra h quang lm nng chy bc ch gy ra l
thng ph hoi kn ca cp in. phng nga sinh ra dng hng hc ny, cn
dng dy ng nhiu. si c tit din khng nh hn 10mm
2
, hn bc ch vi bc kim
thnh 1 cht cng in th ri mi tip t. Mt tc dng khc ca cch lm ny l khi
st nh, bc kim chn di t c th chia s mt phn dng in, gim bt in tr
tip t, iu ny c li cho vic chng st ca thit b pha sau cp in.

9 - 7 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v ngoi ca cp in lc li n ch cho php mt im tip t,
cn mt im khc phi thng qua b tip t ri mi tip t; cn v ngoi ca cp
in lc 3 li th c th tip t nhiu im?
p: Cp in lc 35000V tr ln phn ln s dng cp in mt li. Cp in
mt li, nu mt u v ngoi trc tip tip t, cn u kia thng qua b tip t hoc
tip t khe h th trong tnh hnh bnh thng, do b tip t vi in p thp c in
tr rt cao, tng ng vi h mch mt u ngoi cp in, dng in lm vic
trong cp in khng th cm ng ra dng in vng v ngoi, cho nn c th phng
nga chy v ngoi cp in do dng in vng v gim lu lng ti ca cp in.
Cn cp in 3 li th th in ng cm ng v ngoi ca n rt nh s khng sinh
ra dng in vng v ngoi cp in, cho nn c th tip t nhiu im.


- Trang 246 -
9 - 7 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt si cp in mt li s dng in xoay chiu, tnh hnh s dng bnh
thng. Khi hai u v ngoi ca cp in tip t, sau khi nhit v ch ca cp
in tng cao trong vn hnh, tho mt dy tip t ca n, nhit v ch lp tc h
xung, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dng in chy qua li cp in, cm ng ra in p trn v ch, khi hai
u cp in tip t, s thng qua im tip t ca 2 u to thnh thng mch, sinh
ra dng in. Dng in chy qua v ch sinh ra nhit lng khin cp in qu nng.
Khi tho mt dy tip t ca 1 u, ct t thng mch ca dng in, do nhit
gim xung.

9 - 7 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p ng dy phn phi in h 4 dy 3 pha in p thp 380/220V,
mun dng cp in 3 pha v mt dy cch in (lm dy khng) s dng thay cp
in 4 li c th c khng?
p: c im ca mch in kiu 4 dy 3 pha in p thp l c th u vi
ph ti 3 pha v ph ti 1 pha. Nu dng cp in 3 li v 1 dy cch in gp li s
dng thay th cp in 4 li, iu l khng th c. Bi v khi cp in ch dng
ph ti 1 pha cn cc pha khc khng dng ti th mt dy la trong v cp in cn
si dy khng ngoi v cp in, nh vy dng in chy qua si dy la trong v
cp in s sinh ra t trng xoay chiu trong v cp in gy nn tn tht tr tr khin
v cp in nng ln, cp in cng nng theo. V th khng c Nu cp in khng
u v ph ti 1 pha (in p pha) th c th c.

9 - 7 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Quy phm v in lin quan n tu thy c qui nh, cp in lc mt li
xoay chiu dng trn tu thy phi dng vt liu khng t tnh lm lp v gip, khi lp
t lp v gip ch cho php mt im tip t. Ti sao?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua cp in mt li s dng trn tu thy
s sinh ra t trng xoay chiu mnh quanh n, do tuyt i cm dng vt liu t
tnh lm v gip. i vi cp in lp v gip dt bng si ng tuy vt liu lp gip
khng phi t tnh, khng sinh ra tn tht tr tr, dng xoy ln, dn n cp in qu
nng, nhng c th xem nh my bin th dng vt liu cch in lm mi cht ngu
hp, li dy cp in v lp dt bng si ng nh l cun s cp v th cp ca bin
th ny. Khi lp t nu xut hin 2 im tr ln tip t th s sinh ra dng in vng
gia lp dt vi dy t (thn v tu). iu i vi tu thy c yu cu tng i
cao v an ton v tnh chng nhiu l khng cho php.

9 - 7 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng 3 dy cp in xoay chiu, mi cp ko ph ti 1 pha tt hn
hay l mi cp vn ko ph ti 3 pha tt hn?
p: Mi cp ko ph ti 3 pha tt hn, bi v khi mi cp ko ph ti 1 pha
th v ch v lp gip ca cp in u s sinh ra dng xoy gy nng cn khi mi cp
ko ph ti 3 pha th tng t thng ca 3 pha bng 0, khng sinh ra dng xoy.


- Trang 247 -
9 - 7 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in 3 li rt di, nu 1 u xc nh th t pha ca 3 pha ca n,
lm sao dng phng php n gin xc nh th t pha ca u kia?
p: Ti u xc nh th t pha, ln lt em ba li tip t mt li trc
tip tip t mt li qua in tr tip t v mt li khng tip t. Sau , u
kia, dng ng h vn nng (hoc ng h mgam) o in tr i vi t ca cc
li, li trc tip tip t th in tr bng 0, li thng qua in tr tip t s c in
tr nht nh, li khng tip t th in tr v cng ln. Nh vy s xc nh khng
kh khn g th t pha ca u kia.

9 - 7 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi d tm im s c ca cp in lc, thng thng phi t thng im
s c trc, khi t thng th s dng in xoay chiu hay in mt chiu s c hiu
qu hn?
p: Cp in trong vn hnh thng xut hin tip t in tr cao, khi thiu
my mc o trc tin em s c in tr cao t thng thnh s c in tr thp,
tin dng phng php cu in d tm im s c cp in. Nu dng in xoay
chiu, do in dung ca cp in tng i ln, dung lng ca thit b cng tng
i ln; ngoi ra, khi in p xoay chiu qua 0, d tt h quang, nn hiu qu
t thng tng i thp. Nu dng in mt chiu, ch cn dng in chy qua t
khong 1 ampe th c th chy thng im s c, hiu qu tng i tt. Ngoi ra, do
di tc dng ca in p mt chiu, in dung cp in khng sinh ra dng in in
dung, dung lng ca thit b c th tng i nh.

9 - 7 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in lc ch lm th nghim chu p mt chiu, khng lm th
nghim chu p xoay chiu. Ti sao?
p: l bi v: (1) in dung ca cp in tng i ln, th nghim chu
p xoay chiu, do dng in in dung nn i hi thit b th nghim dung lng ln;
th nghim chu p mt chiu khng yu cu thit b dung lng ln. (2) Di tc dng
cao p xoay chiu, tc dng khng th ngc do tn hao mi cht gy nn, lm gim
cch in; dng th nghim mt chiu s khng li hiu qu xu trong cch in.
(3) in p nh thng di dng in mt chiu ca cch in bng giy ngm tm
ca cp in ln gp nhiu ln (2 ~ 6 ln) di dng in xoay chiu, cho nn dng
in p th nghim mt chiu s cao hn nhiu in xoay chiu, c th bc l mt
cch d dng nhc im trong cch in.

9 - 7 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cp in lc thng b nh thng vo ban m ma thu?
p: H s n nhit ca lp bo v, dy li dn in, giy cch in, du cch
in v bc bo v ca cp in lc cch in ngm tm mi loi mt khc. Khi ph
ti tng ln hoc kh hu tr nn nng khin nhit cp in ln cao, do h s n ca
du cp in ln hn khong 10 ln so vi cc vt liu khc, v th bc ch bo v ca
cp in, ngoi t n ra, cn c lng n ph bi nh hng n du cp in. Khi ph
ti gim hoc kh hu tr nn lnh, khin nhit ca cp in gim thp th lp ch
khng th khi phc trng thi ban u. Nh vy gia lp ch cp in v du cp in

- Trang 248 -
s xut hin khe h trng, khin cch in ca cp in d b nh thng. Bui ti ma
thu, kh hu tng i thp, cp in lnh co lm cho khe h hnh thnh trong ma h
tr nn ln, t xut hin hin tng cp in lc d b nh thng.

9 - 7 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in lc
cch in bc ch, d xy ra nh thng cch in gia dy li vi bc ch, m rt t
khi xy ra nh thng cch in gia cc dy li vi nhau?
p: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in bc ch, l
t in p gia mt li i vi hai li kia v bc ch. Do nh thng cch in thng
xy ra sau khi bc ch b h tn cch in b m, hn na dy cch in gia cc li
ln hn dy cch in ca dy li i vi bc ch, cho nn ni chung, nh thng
cch in xy ra gia dy li i vi bc ch, m t xy ra gia cc dy li.

9 - 7 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in, ti sao khi in
p ln ti tr s nh th dng in r li nh hn so vi khi tng p?
p: in p tng ln n tr s nh th khng thay i na. Lc ny dng
in o c ch l tr s r, cn trong qu trnh tng p th in p bin ng, dng
in bao gm hai b phn: dng in np v dng in r, nn tr s tng i ln.

9 - 7 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy cp in cao p, liu c th va ngt in xong l tin hnh
cng vic sa cha ngay?
p: Khng c. in dung ca ng dy cp cao p rt ln, cha in tch
rt ln, nn c in p tng i cao, nu sau khi ngt in m khng tin hnh phng
in th khi tip xc s c nguy c phng in gy thng vong. V th, nht nh phi
phng in xong mi tin hnh cng vic.


- Trang 249 -
CHNG X

TIP T V AN TON IN

10 - 1 Kin thc c bn phng in git

10 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr ca ngi, ni chung l bao nhiu? Vi dng in bao nhiu th
s nguy him i vi ngi? Bao nhiu th nguy him n tnh mng?
p: Ngi khe mnh, khi da kh v khng b tn thng th in tr ca c
th c th dt ti 10.000 100.000 nhng in tr ca ngi ni chung, ly 1.000
lm chun, dng in 0,05 0,1 ampe l nguy him i vi ngi, vt qu 0,1 ampe
s nguy him tnh mng.

10 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b in chia ra: cao p, thp p, v ly in p i vi t 250V lm
gii hn. Thp p c phi l in p an ton khng?
p: in p 250V ca thit b in i vi t l gii hn gia in p cao v
in p thp, c xc nh t gc an ton. Bi v khi ngi chm vo b phn
mang in ca thit b in m in p vt qu 250V th kh nng gy nguy him i
vi tnh mng l v cng ln. Nhng thp p ni trn khng phi l in p an ton.

10 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n chiu sng v n hnh trnh ca my cng c, my khoan, v.v... ti
sao qui nh s dng in p 36V tr xung?
p: Khi c th ngi ng phi b phn mang in ca thit b th s c dng
in chy qua c th. Cn c vo kinh nghim thng thng, nu dng in mt chiu
chy qua c th ln hn 50mA, hoc dng in xoay chiu ln hn 10mA th c th
xy ra s c thng vong. s dng in an ton, nh nc qui nh: 12V, 24V v
di 36V l in p an ton. Khi chn, cn cn c vo m ni s dng quyt
nh. n chiu sng, my cng c khoan in ni chung l 36 Vn. Cc ni nh
phng tm, bung l hi, ni ct, my tng nhit v.v... do tng i m t, in p
n hnh trnh ni chung dng 12V.
Ngun in 36V tr xung phi dng bin th kiu hai cun dy cung cp
in, cm s dng bin th t ngu. ng thi phi ch phch cm, cm m mch
in thp p 36V tr xung s dng phi khc r rt vi phch cp, cm ca ng
dy in p tng i cao, phng nga s dng ln ln, gy nn s c thng vong.

10 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in mt chiu v in xoay chiu (tn s quc t) u ging nhau 220V,
loi no nguy him hn i vi ngi? Ti sao?
p: in xoay chiu nguy him hn. Bi v tr s c c khi dng vn k
o in p xoay chiu chnh l tr s hu hiu ca in p. in xoay chiu bin i
theo sng hnh sin, tr s ln nht ca n l 2 ln tr s hu hiu, ly in p 220V

- Trang 250 -
m ni th tr s nh ca n l 2 x 220 = 310V, cn in mt chiu th khng c s
khc bit gia tr s ln nht v tr s hu hiu.

10 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in xoay chiu 50 - 60 Hz l rt nguy him i vi con ngi?
p: T thc nghim c th bit: in tr ca c th khng phi l in tr
thun m cn mang cht in dung, sau khi con ngi tip xc vi in xoay chiu,
trn thc t c th con ngi l tr khng c tnh in dung, khi tn s cao dung khng
nh, v th tng rng vi tn s cao, tr khng ca c th s gim. Trn thc t, t
chc t bo ca c th b cc ha gh gm nht tn s 50 - 60 Hz, do s nguy hi
i vi c th cng ln nht. Khi tn s rt cao hoc rt thp th khng kp cc ha,
kh hnh thnh ngu cc, do t chc t bo khng d bin ha. Cho nn mc
nguy hi i vi ngi cng nh. i vi in mt chiu m ni, in dung c th
ngi khng c tc dng, nn tr s tng tr ca c th ngoi tng i ln. V th i
vi dng in mt chiu th dng in c th tng i nh. Bi v tn s in mt
chiu l bng 0, t bo c th s khng b cc ha hnh thnh ngu cc gy thng
vong. Cho nn xt v mt an ton th in mt chiu tt hn nhiu in xoay chiu.

l0 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in xoay chiu tn s cao an ton hn in xoay chiu tn s 50 -
60 Hz ph thng?
p: in xoay chiu tn s cao c hiu ng mt ngoi r rt, vy nn dng
in chy qua ngoi da ch khng vo tim. V th d sinh ra chy bng da m khng
gy nn lit tim, cho nn tng i an ton hn.

10 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi c th ngi ng phi dy dn ca h thng m im trung tnh
khng tip t, c nguy c in git khng?
p: C ngi cho rng im trung tnh ca h thng m im trung tnh
khng tip t (nh bn cao p ca my bin p phn phi in) th im trung tnh l
khng tip t, khi c th ngi chm phi, dng in khng th to nn mch kn,
nn khng xy ra in git, nhng s thc khng phi nh vy. Bi v khi c th
ngi tip xc vi dy dn ca h thng m im trung tnh khng tip t th s c 3
loi dng in chy qua c th ngi (1) Dng in in dung cun dy bn th cp
ca my bin th v ng dy (c bit l cp in lc) i vi t u c in dung,
khi c th ngi chm phi dy dn mt pha no th dng in in dung ca hai
pha khc vo c th ngi, xung t ri quay tr v mch in, hnh thnh mch
thng dn in, khin ngi b in git. (2) Dng in r. H thng dn in ba pha
i Vi t khng phi cch in tuyt i ch l c in tr r tng i ln i vi
t v th c dng in r. Nu h thng tng i ln, cch in b lo ha hoc b
m nghim trng th dng in r tng i ln, rt nguy him i vi an ton ca
ngi. (3) Tnh in. ng dy in v thit b cao p, thp p, cn c vo mc in
th cao thp u tn ti tnh in, khi c th chm phi th in tch tnh in chy qua
c th ngi phng xung t khin ngi b in git.


- Trang 251 -
10 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu tip xc mt dy trong dy dn cao p, lc ny, khng hnh thnh
mch kn i vi t, cho nn khng nguy him. Ni nh vy ng khng?
p: Ni nh vy va ng va khng ng. Khi c th chm phi mt dy
trong dy dn cao p, do lc ny khng hnh thnh mch kn i vi t, m in dung
i vi t li rt nh, do dng in chy qua c th rt nh, khng c nguy him
g.
Nhng thi im va chm vo dy dn, do gia c th v t to thnh t
in, sinh ra dng in np, dng in np in ny ln hn nhiu ln dng in in
dung sau khi tip xc vi dy dn, v th khi tip xc ng dy c in p tng
i cao (nh 110kV tr ln) th s cm thy t, thm ch in git cho nn rt nguy
him. Nu ngi mc o bng si ng th c th c che chn trong o bng si
ng, s khng cn cm gic t na.

10 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mch in mt chiu ca h thng thit b chnh lu cao p, thp p u
khng trc tip tip t, nu c th chm vo c b in git khng?
p: Gia dy dn ca mch in mt chiu i vi t khng tn ti dng
in in dung, nhng c in tch tnh in v dng in r nht nh. V th, khi c
th ngi chm phi, nu c in p tng i cao cng d gy ra in git.

10 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in git thp p v in git cao p, loi no nguy him hn?
p: Phn ln s c in git u l in thp p. Bi v c hi con ngi tip
xc vi ng dy thp p v thit b thp p tng i nhiu, v mt t tng cng
khng c coi trng, ng thi in git thp p a phn thuc loi xung kch, ngi
b in git sau khi t lit thn kinh khng th tch khi vt mang in. Cn in git
cao p thng phng in h quang, ngi b in git cn cha hon ton chm n
b phn mang in th h quang hnh thnh, trong tnh hnh h quang phng in,
ngi b in git do thn kinh b kch thch nn bt ra.
V th, s c in git thp p tng i nhiu. ng nhin, do phm vi in
trng ca cao p rng, c th cha chm ti vt mang in, nhng cng dn n
phng in h quang gy t vong hoc bng. Cho nn khi lm vic gn thit b cao
p phi c bo h nghim ngt, phi ch tun th ch lm vic an ton.

10 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng phi dy m ngun in l 110 Vn hoc 220 Vn thng b in
git n cht, nhng trn ng dy ti in in p my vn vn hoc cao hn
thng c chim u, ti sao bnh yn v s?
p: in git l do c dng in chy qua c th. Khng c dng in chy
qua th khng b t lit. Ngi ng trn mt t ng phi dy in th dng in s
chy qua ngi xung t, cho nn b in git. Chim u trn dy cao p, khng
chm t, cng khng chm phi dy in bn cnh, khng c dng in chy qua
chng, cho nn khng b in git.


- Trang 252 -
10 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt chic qut bn mt pha t trn bn dang chy, ti sao bt th in
tip xc vo v ca n c khi li sng? Lc ny dng tay tip xc vo v c cm gic
t t, nhng sau khi tip xc li khng cm thy b in git?
p: Qut t trn bn, bt cng tc cho chy, mch in tng ng ca n
nh hnh 10 - 1 - 12. R
1
l in tr cch in ca dy la i vi v, R
2
l in tr
cch in ca v i vi t, U l in p ngun in.
in p ca v U
2
= U
R R
R
2 1
2
+
. Khi U
2
> 50V th bt
th in s sng. Nu ly tay tip xc vi v s c cm
gic t tay, nhng sau khi tay tip xc vi v th do in
tr c th R u song song vi R
2
m R << R
1
khin tr
s U
2
gim r rt, v th khng cn cm gic t tay na.

10 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng trn gh g kh, u ni dy c in thp p c khi vn t tay.
Nguyn nhn do u?
p: ng trn gh g kh, nhn vin lm vic i vi t l cch in, lc
ny u ni dy c in thp p ng l khng c cm gic t tay, nu c t tay th
nht nh l do 1 trong 2 nguyn nhn sau y: C th tip xc vi vch tng hoc
gi kim loi, to thnh thng mch vi t; khi u ni dy, cng c dng in cha
ngt, ngn tay tip xc vi 2 si dy dn cha ni nhau th dng in s chy qua
ngi. Cho nn khi u dy thp p c in, tuy ng trn gh g kh vn phi ch 2
im ni trn, phng nga in git.

10 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt ngi ng trn gh g, tay chm phi dy c ngun in 220V
thng thng khng cm gic t tay, mt ngi khc ng trn t chm phi anh ta,
c hai ngi u cm gic t, ti sao?
p: Do in tr cch in ca gh g cao, nn dng in chy qua c th rt
nh, v th khng c cm gic t, in tr cch in ca ngi ng trn mt t i
vi t khng cao, sau khi chm phi ngi ng trn gh g tng ng u song
song vi gh g c in tr cch in cao, dng in tng i ln s chy qua c th
2 ngi, cho nn u cm gic t, v th cch in i vi t tt m khng mang gng
tay cao su, nu khi kim tra sa cha ng dy c in, c ngi khc chm vo th
c 2 ngi u s b in git.

10 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao t in sau khi tho khi ngun in vn b in git?
p: Gia 2 vt mang in (bn cc) ca t in l cch in vi nhau. in
tch khc du trn 2 vt mang in ht ln nhau (bi in trng) sau khi rt ra khi
ngun in vn cn in tch. Nu chm phi bt c cc no ca vt mang in th
in tch s thng qua ngi xung t. Nu chm phi 2 vt mang in th s thng
qua ngi phng in, cho nn vn b in git.


- Trang 253 -
10 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in sau khi th nghim chu p mt chiu qua phng in ngn
mch, ly tay s khng c cm gic c in p, nhng sau li c ngi b in git
trn cp in, ti sao?
p: Nu thi gian phng in qu ngn tuy in tch trn in cc phng
ht, khi ly tay chm vo khng cn cm gic c in, nhng trong lp cch in
vn cn in tch, sau mt lc, in tch trong lp cch in li t t di chuyn n
in cc, trn in cc li c in p, khin ngi b in git. V th, thi gian phng
in nn ko di mt cht mi khng xy ra nguy him.

10 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy cp in sau khi ngt in, tin hnh phng in, ti sao c
lc vn b git tnh in?
p: l do thi gian phng in qu ngn, in tch tnh in cha phng
ht, gia p in vi t vn c in p tng i cao, cho nn c tnh hnh trn.

10 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in quay c in p 1000V, khi quay dng 2 tay nm cht 2 u dy
ra ca n, ti sao ch cm gic t tay m khng nguy him n tnh mng?
p: in p nh mc ca my pht in trong hm quay in tuy rt cao,
nhng trong mch ra ca n c ni tip ni in tr tr s rt ln, ln gp nhiu ln so
vi in tr c th. V th khi nm cht hai u dy ra ca hm quay, dng in chy
qua c th b hn ch tr s rt nh, cho nn ch cm gic t tay m khng nguy him
n tnh mng. Ngun in 220V ni chung, in tr trong rt nh, v th khi c th
tip xc s nguy him n tnh mng.

10 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tay cm dy dn b in git s c nm cht ly dy khng bung ra
c c ngi ni l do sc ht ca in, ng khng?
p: Khi dng in chy qua c th khin b phn c th c in chy qua b
co rt, tay cm nm dy dn in, do c b co rt khin nm cng cht, lc ny con
ngi mt kh nng iu khin c th b phn ny cho nn khng th ra c.
l tc dng sinh l khi dng in chy qua c th sinh ra, ch khng phi sc ht in
sinh ra. Khi phi cm nm dy dn c th c in, th c gng dng t th nht ca
ngn tr v ngn ci cm, cho d b in git cng s nh tc dng phn x ca c
th m bt th ngn tay ra, co tay v, khng n ni c phi nm cht dy dn, gy
thng vong nghim trng.

10 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My hn in bnh thng, in p khi s dng c ti ch c khong 30V,
ti sao vn thng xy ra s c in git?
p: bo m my hn in dn h quang mt cch tin cy v tin li, s
mun c in p khng ti tng ng cao. in p khng ti ca my hn in xoay
chiu, mt chiu c khi t ti 80 - 90V, khi thao tc my hn khng cn thn c kh
nng xy ra s c in git. V tr thao tc ca cng nhn hn li thng xuyn di

- Trang 254 -
chuyn, dy ngun v dy mm m hn in li d b hng, lm tng kh nng tip
xc trc tip gia th hn vi ngun in, cng l nguyn nhn xy ra s c in
git. Hin nay ngoi tng cng cng vic bo dng sa cha cch in gia my
hn vi dy ni cng tc ra, cn lp thm thit b ngt in t ng khng ti, c th
phng nga mt cch hu hiu xy ra s c in git.

10 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V ca ng c in sau khi tip t bo v, liu c th bo m an ton
tuyt i cho ngi khng?
p: Sau khi cch in ca ng c in b hng m chm v, dng in s
chy trong mch kn t dy ngun ca pha hng, qua im chm v, thit b tip t
ca ng c in, t, thit b tip t im trung tnh ca bin th phn phi in,
im trung tnh bin th phn phi in, nu dng in ny c th lm chy cu ch
hoc lm nhy cu dao ca cng tc ngun ng c in khin v my ct ngun th
ngi chm phi v s khng b in git. Nhng khi dung lng ca my in tng
i ln th dng in ny thng khng lm t cu ch hoc nhy cu dao, lc ny
v my c in. C khi in th ca v my i vi t vn rt cao, ngi chm phi
v my cng rt nguy him.

10 - 1 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi kim tra thit b in ang vn hnh, ti sao dng mu bn tay th
s an ton hn l dng lng bn tay r?
p: Cm gic ca mu bn tay tng i nhy cm, khi kim tra thit b in,
nu c r in th lp tc cm gic t m co tay v. Mt khc, do cu to ca tay, khi b
kch thch, ngn tay s nm cht vo lng bn tay. Nu dng lng bn tay s thit b
in, gp phi in r th tay cng nm cht hn, nh vy cng nguy him. Nu dng
mu bn tay th th tnh hnh s ngc li, cho nn tng i an ton.


- Trang 255 -
10 - 2 Tip t v tip "khng"

10 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b in in p thp p dng tip "khng" bo v an ton hn
l tip t bo v?
p: p dng tip t bo v, nu in tr tip t r
o
= 4 v r
tx
= 4 in p
ngun U = 220V, khi tip t I
tx
=
tx o
r r
U
+
= 27.5 A. Dng in s c ny ch c th
lm chy dy cu ch dung lng nh. Nu dung lng dy cu ch hi ln, khng th
lm chy, trn thit b c th c in p:
U
tx
= U
tx o
r r
U
+
= 110 V.
in p ny rt khng an ton. Nu dng tip "khng" th khi tip t:
I
tx
=
ien mach tr ien
V 220


10 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th no gi l tip t lm vic, tip t bo v, tip t trng hp, tip
"khng"?
p: Trong tnh hnh bnh thng hoc c s c, bo m thit b in vn
hnh tin cy, th phi tip t mt im no trn mng in gi l tip t lm vic.
Nh tip t im trung tnh ca cun dy my bin th, tip t ca b trnh li.
Khi bnh thng, tip t b phn kt cu kim loi ca thit b in cch in
vi b phn mang in, th gi l tip t bo v. Nh tip t b phn kt cu kim
loi ca kha du, tip t ca v my in.
Trong h thng 380/220 V, ngoi tip t im trung tnh ca cun dy bin
th, cun dy my pht in ra, cn tip t vi im ca ng trung tnh gi l tip
t trng lp. Nh tip t ng trung tnh im cui ng dy mc trn khng thp
p...
Trong h thng 380/ 220V m im trung tnh trc tip tip t, em b phn
kt cu kim loi ca thit b in c cch in vi b phn mang in, u vi dy
trung tnh, gi l tip "khng". Nh u v my in vi dy trung tnh.

10 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H thng 380/220 V m im trung tnh khng tip t, liu c th p

- Trang 256 -
dng hnh thc bo v bng im tip "khng" an ton?

p: H thng 380/220V m im trung tnh khng tip t, th khng c
php p dng hnh thc bo v tip "khng" an ton (hnh 10 - 2 - 3 (a)). Bi v, trong
tnh hnh s c mt pha tip t, in th ca 2 pha khc i vi t s tng cao thnh
in p dy, in th i vi t ca dy khng v v thit b tip "khng" an ton
thnh in p pha, iu v cng nguy him. V th h thng 380/220 V m im
trung tnh khng tip t ch cho php p dng hnh thc bo v tip t an ton (hnh
b).

10 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi : V dng c n bng kim loi p dng bo v tip " khng " c 2 cch
u dy nh th hin hnh 10 - 2 - 4 (a), (b). Phng php u dy no ng?
p: Phng php u dy tip "khng" bo v v dng
c n bng kim loi hnh (b) l khng ng. V dy tip t
t ch inh vt c nh dy "khng" ca ui n dn ra li tip
vi v, lc ny dy khng ca ui n ni chung tng i nh
d b t, ngoi ra dy tip t t ch inh vt dn ra d b tut,
dn ti t dy tip t. Cho nn phi p dng phng php u
dy hnh (a), tc dy tip t ca v dng c n phi t dy
trc tip vi v kim loi.

10 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong phn xng, lp t mch in h 4 dy 3 pha c cc thit b my
ci n in, l in 1 pha. an ton em tt c v my v thit b in tip "khng".
Khi s tay vo v my ci v thit b in, u c cm gic t tay mc khc nhau.
Tho b dy tip khng th khng cn cm gic t tay na, l do u? Dy tip t
phi u nh th no mi ng?
p: Trong phn xng ny c ph ti khng cn bng 3 pha. V th trn dy
"khng" c dng in chy qua sinh ra st p. Ch tip t im trung tnh my bin
p l in th 0, theo tng ln ca khong cch 1, in th | tng ln nh th hin
hnh 10 - 2 - 5 (a). V ca thit b u trn dy "khng" ny, in th ca v i vi
t cng s tng cao, c th ngi chm phi s cm gic t. Dy "khng" cng gn
ch tip t ca im trung tnh bin th, do in th i vi t thp, cho nn cm
gic t t, cng gn ch ph ti mt pha nh l in mt pha th in th ca dy

- Trang 257 -
"khng" i vi t cao, v th cm thy t nhiu.
Trong tnh hnh ph ti khng cn bng, v ca thit b khng c u trn
dy "khng" ca h 4 dy 3 pha, m phi u ring 1 dy "khng" t im trung tnh
tip t ca bin th n phn xng em v ca thit b u vo dy "khng" t
ring ny, nh th hin hnh (b). Nh vy c th ngi chm phi s khng b in
git. ng nhin in tr tip t ca im trung tnh bin th phi t yu cu.

10 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao v kim loi ca mt s thit b in p thp (di 36V) vn phi
tip t?
p: in p thp di 36V l do in p 220V hoc 380V qua bin p h
xung m c. Trong tnh hnh thng xuyn di chuyn bin th hoc mi trng lm
vic km (nhit cao, m t, chn ng...) thng xy ra do hng cch in dn ti
cao p bn s cp bin th xm nhp vo bn th cp, nu v thit b khng tip t
vn s uy hip s an ton ca cng nhn.

10 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhm cun dy th cp ca bin p chiu sng trong mch in my cng
c ti sao nht thit phi tip t?
p: Nu nhm cun dy th cp ca bin p chiu sng khng tip t th khi
hng cch in cun dy, cun dy cao p, thp p c kh nng ngn mch thng
nhau, khi chm phi mch th cp s b in git. Khi cun dy th cp ca bin th
chiu sng tip t, nu xy ra ngn mch, khin cun dy cao p, thp p thng nhau,
dy cu ch bo v ca bin th chiu sng s t, trnh c s c.

10 - 2 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng my khoan in p 380V hoc 220V phi dng bin
th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 (380/380V hoc 220V/220V), li qui nh bn th cp
ca bin p khng c tip t?
p: Li dng bin th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 l tch mch ngun in th
cp ra khi s cp, li qui nh th cp khng c tip t l nhm cng nhn lm
vic khi nh tip xc vi 1 pha bt k no ca th cp hoc v khoan in c 1 pha
chm v th i vi t u khng to mch kn, khng gy nn nguy him in git,
t bo m an ton cho nhn vin lm vic s dng khoan in.

10 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc tip t ca phch cm 3 l 1 pha v phch cm 4 l 3 pha ti sao phi
to v di hn cc lm vic?
p: Nguyn nhn l:
(1) Lm cho cc tip t ca phch cm khng b cm nhm vo trong l c
in ca cm, ch c th v tr ng mi c th cm c vo.
(2) Lm cho khi phch cm cm vo, trc tin cc tip t tng i di s
tip vi dy t, sau thit b dng in mi thng in, khi rt phch cm ra, trc
tin ngt ngun in sau mi ngt dy tip t t c mc ch bo m an ton.

- Trang 258 -
10 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy pha ngun c u ph ti 1 pha v dy "khng" u phi lp cu ch
bo v. Ti sao y dn tip "khng" ca v thit b in li khng c lp thm cu
ch?
p: Lp cu ch dy pha ngun l bo v ngn mch ph ti. C lc do
nguyn nhn kim tra sa cha ng dy, gy o ln 2 ngun ph ti, khin dy
"khng" khng c cu ch th khng th bo v c ngn mch ca ph ti, v th hai
dy ngun ca ph ti mt pha u phi lp cu ch bo v.
Trong h thng tip "khng", v ngoi ca thit b in phi trc tip u vi
dy "khng" ca ngun in. Khi cch in ca thit b in b hng, cu ch ca dy
pha t c th trnh c s c in git i vi ngi. Nu dy dn tip "khng" ca
v thit b c lp cu ch, khi do tip xc khng tt hoc dy ch b t th khng th
bo m in th tip t tin cy ca v thit b, t gy nn s c in git. Cho nn
qui trnh qui nh: dy dn tip "khng" bo v tuyt i khng c lp thm cu ch.

10 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng b h cm in p o in p cao, bn thp p v bn cao p ca
n khng c lin h vi nhau v in, ti sao mt u ca bn thp p cn phi tip
t?
p: Tip t mt u ca bn thp p l nhm trnh khi do hng cch in m
in p cao p ca bn cao y xuyn qua bn thp p v cc ng h ni vi n, khin
chng c in p cao, gy mt an ton cho ngi.

10 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong tnh hnh no, im trung tnh bn th cp ca b h cm in p
nn p dng tip qua b bo him nh thng m khng tip t trc tip?
p: im trung tnh bn th cp ca b h cm in p c th p dng hai
hnh thc tip t bo v, tc tip t trc tip hoc tip t qua b bo him nh
thng.
Trong trm bin in, phng php in do b h cm in p cung cp ngun
in cho bo v rle hoc thit b t ng, bo m bn th cp ca b h cm in
p, khi xy ra tip t 1 pha s khng lm cho in p dy gia pha khng tip t v
pha tip t b st p thnh in p pha, th phi lm cho im trung tnh bn th cp
khng tip t, nhng lm cho khi hng cch in bn cao p, in p cao sau khi
xuyn qua bn th cp vn c mch thng tip t bo v, th phi em im trung tnh
bn th cp ca b h cm in p, thng qua b bo him nh thng tip vi t.

10 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bin th phn phi in phi tip t 3 im (v, dy tip t b
trnh st, im gia bn 380V ca bin th)?
p: Khi st nh bin th, b trnh st s c ng tc sinh ra in p nh tr,
do 3 im tip t, cho nn v bin th v im gia ca cun dy thp p u l
mt in p nh tr, nh vy s khng dn n my bin p b nh hng.


- Trang 259 -
10 - 3 in tr tip t v an ton in

10 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr tip t l g? em vt tip t chn su mt cht liu c th
gim in tr tip t khng?
p: in tr tip t l tng in tr ca in tr t dai gia vt tip t vi
im in th "khng" (t), in tr dy tip t v in tr vt tip t v t. Do tr
s ca hai in tr sau rt nh, v th in tr tip t c th xem ch yu l in tr
t. Vt tip t chn su xung t cha chc gim c tr s in tr tip t.
Nh trn ni, in tr tip t ch c quyt nh bi in tr sut ca t. Sau khi
chn su, c th trnh c in tr sut ca t b nh hng bi s thay i ma v
v thi tit (nh ma ng, b mt t ng bng, in tr sut ca t c bit ln
chn su c th trnh c hin tng ny). ng thi nu vt tip t tip cn vi b
mt nc ngm, do in tr sut ca a tng gim, in tr tip t cng c th gim
mt cht. Ngoi ra, khi vt tip t chn xung su mt dng in theo mt t
tng i nh, cho nn nguy him ca in p bc i vi ngi v gia sc cng
tng i nh.

10 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p bc sinh ra nh th no? Trong khu vc in th phn b nh
nhau, ngi ng trn t m in tr sut ca t cao v ng trn t in tr sut
ca t thp th loi no nguy him hn?
p: Khi h thng in lc xy ra tip t 1 pha, dng in ngn mch tip t
thng qua thit b tip t, trn b mt t hnh thnh in th phn b, cng gn im
tip t th mt dng in cng ln, in th s cng cao. Ngi khu vc in th
phn b, bc ging 2 chn, v in th ch 2 chn khc nhau, nn sinh ra in p
bc. Trong khu vc in th phn b nh nhau v cc iu kin khc ging nhau th
ngi ng trn t c in tr sut cao s t nguy him hn.
Bi v tr s cho php m c th ngi c th chu c in p bc s nng
cao theo s tng ln ca in tr sut ca t trn mt t.

10 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tri ma, st, nhn vin trc ban trm bin in c th lm vic gn
thit b phn phi in ngoi tri khng?
p: Trong thit b phn phi in ngoi tri thng c ct thu li cao ln.
Trn thc t ct thu li l ct dn st, km thu li c dy dn xung ni vi cc t,
khi st nh vo ct thu li th chung quanh cc tip t c in th rt cao, gia hai
chn c th c in p rt cao (gi l in p bc) ngi ta lm vic thit b ngoi
tri, thng 2 chn tch ri nhau, in p vt gia 2 chn c kh nng gy nguy him
i vi tnh mng ngi. V th khi st nh, ni chung khng nn lm vic thit b
ngoi tri.

10 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: gn thit b xy ra s c tip t, ti sao ng vt c nguy c b in git
ln hn ngi?

- Trang 260 -
p: Ngi hoc ng vt khi n gn thit b xy ra s c tip t, do trn
mt t c phn b in p s gy nn in git, loi in git ny l do hiu in th
gia chn vi chn gy nn, cng tc l do in p bc gy in git. Khong cch
gia chn vi chn cng ln th in p bc cng cao. Si chn ca ng vt thng
ln hn ca ngi nhiu, in p bc cng hn nhiu, cho nn nguy c in git i
vi ng vt ln hn i vi ngi.

10 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ngun in xoay chiu do in tr tip t ca thit b tip t,
ti sao ngi i li gn que tip t b tr c kh nng xy ra nguy c in git?
p: Sau khi cho in p xoay chiu vo gia gy tip t b tr v mng tip
t cn o, dng in chy qua t, hnh thnh thng mch. Do gy tip t l tm thi
cm xung t o, in tr tip t ca n ln hn in tr tip t ca mng tip
t, cho nn t gn tip t c st p tng i ln, in th ca n s suy gim theo
s tng ln ca khong cch bn knh. Nu ngi i li gn s c nguy c in git
do in p bc. Hin nay qui nh trong phm vi 50m ca vng cn o, khng c
php i li bo m an ton.

10 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong quy trnh lm vic an ton, ngnh in quy nh: khi thit b cao p
xy ra tip t, trong phng khng c gn im c s c trong vng 4m, ngoi tri
khng c gn im s c trong vng 8m. Ti sao trong v ngoi phng khng ging
nhau?
p: Khi thit b cao p xy ra s c tip t, dng in s c chy vo li
tip t c th tng i ln, tuy in tr tip t rt nh (R 0.5) nhng in p i
vi t vn tng i cao, nu qu gn im s c th in p bc tng i ln s
c nguy c in git. Thit b tip t trong phng phn phi in cao p ni chung
c chia thnh dng mng li, in p trn mt t tng i u, ng thi trong
phng c b mt b tng ct thp kh ro, in tr sut tng i cao, c th gim
in p bc. V th trong phng, khong cch n im s c c th gn hn, qui
nh l 4m. Ngoi phng, l mng tip t tng i ln, mt t phn ln l t c
in tr sut thp, hiu qu qun bnh in p tng i km, nn khong cch n
im s c phi xa hn, qui nh l 8m.

10 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong trm bin in mch, khi xy ra s c tip t, nhn vin lm vic
ti hin trng phi i bc ngn, khng nn i bc di nhng chy th c. Ti
sao?
p: Bi v sau khi tip t, dng in tip t s to thnh st p theo mt t
trn mt t tn ti in p bc chn (in p bc). in p khong cch bc chn
ln hay nh c quan h trc tip n bc chn ln hay nh. Cho nn bc nh s an
ton hn bc ln. Khi chy, do ch mt chn chm t, cho nn khng phi chu in
p bc.

10 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: o in tr tip t nn s dng in xoay chiu hay mt chiu, ti sao?

- Trang 261 -
p: t dn in thng phi qua cht lng nc, nu dng in mt chiu
o s c tch t bt kh do in gii sinh ra trn in cc, bt kh s sinh ra in th
ngc lm gim tit din dn in, tng in tr nh hng chun xc o Cho nn
khng nn s dng in mt chiu. o in tr tt c cc cht lng u phi ch
im ny.

10 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr xung kch nh hn in tr tip t o c?
p: Di tc dng ca dng in st, trong t chung quanh vt tip t ca
thit b tip t s sinh ra phng in tia la rt nh rt nhiu cc, do tnh nng dn
in ca cc tia la phng in ny tt hn t nguyn c, cho nn lm gim tng
in tr ca thit b tip t.

10 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o in tr tip t, nn dng ngun in xoay chiu hay dng ngun
in 1 chiu?
p: Nn dng ngun in xoay chiu, bi v trong vt tip t thng c dng
in s c v dng in st xoay chiu chy qua. Nu o bng dng in mt chiu, do
tc dng ca cht in mi trong t, s sinh ra th in ng cc ha, kt qu o nh
vy s khc vi khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua. Dng in st, v tnh cht, l
dng in cao tn, cng khc vi dng in mt chiu. Do h s cng sut ca vt tip
t gn bng 1, cho nn tn s dng in xoay chiu cao hay thp khng nh hng
ln n kt qu o.

10 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: o in tr tip t ca thit b in ti sao khng tin hnh vo lc thi
tit n ha nh vo ma xun, ma thu?
p: Quy trnh in tr tip t ca thit b in yu cu bt c lc no trong
nm u khng c vt qu tr s qui nh. Cho nn vic o in tr tip t, u
tin hnh vo thi k dn in sut ca t thp nht. Khi ma ng lnh nht hoc
ma h kh ro nht, dn in sut ca t thp nht, cho nn kt qu o mi ph hp
yu cu qui trnh.

10 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy tip t khng cho php ct ri, ti sao c lc lp cu dao ln dy t?
p: Trong bt c tnh hnh no dy t u khng c ct ri ra cu dao
dng phng nga cc dy t khc nh hng tnh chnh xc o khi in tr tip t
Khi o, ko cu dao ri ra, o xong phi ng li.

10 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng vn k milivn o hai cc tip t bt k chn trong t, ti
sao c s c?
p: Trong t tn ti dng in phn b tn mt, c bit nng thn, khi p
dng truyn ti in nng bng h 2 dy 1 t, trong t dng in cng ln, cho nn
gia 2 cc tip t tn ti hiu in th.

- Trang 262 -
10 - 4 Thit bi tip t

10 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy tip t bo m an ton v ngoi thit b in, ti sao khng nn
dng ng thp en ng vo trong t ?
p: Bi v b mt ng thp en d b g. Sau khi g, b mt s khng dn in.
Nu thit b xy ra s c chm v, dng in trong dy tip t khng thng, s khng
lm cho cng tc nh ra. V thit b c in, ngi chm vo v rt nguy him.

10 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp vt tip t ca thit b tip t. Ni chung u dng ng thp |38
di 2.5 mt ng chn xung t. Do thn ng di, thao tc khng tin, d cong cho
nn khi lp t, c ngi nh thay bng ng thp |76 di 1.25 mt, va bo m din
tch tip t nh nhau, thao tc li rt tin li. Nh vy c c khng?
p: Khng.c. in tr tip t ln hay nh ph thuc r rt vo di ca
thn ng, nhng ng knh ca ng nh hng rt t n in tr tip t. Nh trong
t st canh tc, khi chn mt ng thp |38 di 2.5 mt th in tr tip t khong
36 nhng nu i cc tip t thnh ng thp |76 di 1.25 mt th in tr tip t
c th t ti 53 V th, khng nn ty tin thay i cc tip t.

10 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr tip t ca vt tip t nhiu cc ti sao khng th dng phng
php u song song n gin tm ra in tr tip t ca vt tip t mt cc?
p: V trong tnh hnh chung, khong cch gia cc vt tip t u khng xa,
do khi dng in t vt tip t chy vo trong t, do tc dng che chn ln nhau
ca in trng hai in cc tip t tng ng vi vic gim in tch t, cn tr
s thng qua ca in, kt qu lm in tr tip t ca vt tip t tng ln. Nh vy,
tng in tr ca vt tip t nhiu cc s khng th tm ra c bng phng php
u song song n gin, cn phi tnh n h s li dng.

10 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t lp t thng ng thng dng ng thp?
p: So vi cc chi tit thp khc c trng lng nh nhau, th dng ng thp
lm cc tip t c nhiu u im. N rng, c ng knh tng i ln, tng mt
tip xc vi t, chu lc ca ng thp ln, khi ng xung t kh b cong, dng
in tip t xung kch c xu th hiu ng mt ngoi, t s li dng kim loi ng thp
cao, c li cho vic truyn dn dng in; cho nn cc tip t lp t thng ng a
s dng ng thp.

10 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ct st trong ct in bng b tng ct st d ng lc khng th
kim lm dy dn tip t?
p: Bi v ct st d ng lc, trc tin phi qua x l ko thng, nn sp xp
tinh th bn trong ct st thay i, khin n c th chu ng lc tng i ln hn
ct st thng. Nu kim lm dy dn tip t, khi xy ra st nh, phn ln dng in

- Trang 263 -
st chy qua ct st, ct st nng ln, khin kt cu bn trong thay i, lm gim
cng ca ct st. V th, ct st trong ct in bng b tng ct st d ng lc
khng th kim lm dy dn tip t, m phi b tr dy tip t ring.

10 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng nc my c phi l vt tip t ng tin cy?
p: ng nc ni chung u chn di t, do in tr tip t ca n nh,
c th lm vt tip t ca my thu thanh. Nhng c mt s ng ng nc di, un
cong nhiu, nn u ni cng nhiu, li khng hn chn c di t, hn na,
phng nga r nc thng c qun dy ay, sn t tnh u ni, lm tng in
tr ca ng nc my. Vt tip t nh vy, gp phi thit b in chm v, qua o
thc a, u cui ca ng nc my cn tn ti in p 60 - 100V, gy ra s c
in git. Cho nn ng nc my cha chc u l vt tip t tt, tin cy.

10 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b tip t phi lun lun tm cch li dng vt tip t t
nhin trc tin?
p: Do vt tip t t nhin ni chung tng i di, din tch tip xc vi t
ln, v th in tr tn mt nh. Hn na, di t, vt tip t t nhin thng an
cho ngang dc, din tng i rng, cho nn in p bc tng i nh, tng i
an ton. Ngoi ra, sau khi dng vt tip t t nhin, v mt u t ch dng mt t dy
dn lin kt hoc b sung mt t vt tip t nhn to, s tit kim hn nhiu so vi vt
tip t nhn to hon ton.

10 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc tip t ca phn xng hoc nh xng sao khng c chn bn
trong phn xng hoc nh xng m phi tip t ni cch cc kin trc khong 5
mt ngoi tri?
p: Do mi nm phi tin hnh o 1 - 2 ln in tr tip t ca thit b tip
t kim tra xem tip t c tt khng, khi cn thit phi o t tin hnh. Nu
trong phn xng hoc nh xng, do cc loi nn v vt chn ngm, s xy ra nguy
him. Ngoi ra, dng in tip t rt ln, nu xy ra tip t, dng in s khng d
nhanh chng tiu bin. V th, a im chn cc tip t phi cch xa cng trnh kin
trc mt khong cch nht nh.

10 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy tip t dng ni trong thit b tip t v nhng chi tit c nh
trn mt t u sn mu en, ti sao vt tip t chn trong t li khng nn sn?
p: Sn en ln dy tip t v chi tit c nh trn mt t l nhm th hin
du hiu r rng v phng nga g st. Nhng vt tip t chn trong t, do yu cu
in tr tip t ca n c gng nh, nu sn ln s tip xc khng tt, cho nn khng
c sn.

10 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cho nc mui vo ch cc tip t c tc dng g?

- Trang 264 -
p: Sau khi cho nc mui vo ch cc tip t, khin dn in sut ca t
tng ln, li c th phng nga in tr tip t thay i theo ma v. Nhng do s gi
ra ca nc, khin cht mui b ra, lu dn mt tc dng, thng thng cho than
cc vo ch cc tip t gim tn tht mui, ko di thi gian s dng. Nhng sau
khi x l nh vy, thng thng t st c hiu lc hai nm, t ct khong mt nm.
Cho nn, mi nm phi o in tr ca t mt ln, nhm kim tra tip t c tt
khng?

10 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t ca thit b tip t phi chn xung di su ng
bng ca t?
p: in tr ca thit b tip t phi nh hn mt tr s nht nh mi c th
bo m an ton cho nhn vin. Nhng h s nhit ca in tr t l m, tc l khi
nhit ca t gim xung, nu hm lng nc ca n khng thay i th nhit
cng thp, in tr cng ln. Sau khi ng bng, in tr ca t tng i ln, nn
in tr pht tn ca cc tip t cng tng i ln, mt ngha tip t. V th cc
tip t phi chn xung di su ng bng ca t mi c th bo m tr s in
tr thp cn thit.

10 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: on 2.5 mt trn mt t ca dy tip t trong thit b phn phi in,
ti sao ch c php che y bo v bng tm rnh g m khng c dng ng thp?
p: Mc ch ch yu che y dy tip t l ngn cch s tip xc gia
ngi hoc sc vt vi dy tip t. Khi xy ra s c, s c dng in s c chy qua
dy tip t xung t, s sinh ra st p trn dy tip t, khi dng in s c ln, st
p ch cch mt t cao s tng i ln. Khi ng vt tip xc vi ng thp cao
(khng c cch in vi dy tip t), lc ny st p c th nguy him n tnh mng.
V th dng ng thp che chn s khng c tc dng ngn cch, cho nn u dng
tm rnh g che chn.

10 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vic lin kt gia cc chi tit ca mng tip t khng c dng
hn thic?
p: i b phn li tip t chn trong t, kh kim tra tnh hnh t, gy
nu b t gy in tr tip t s tng ln, khi xy ra st nh hoc tip t mt pha
th s xut hin in p tip xc v in p bc qu cao, dn n gy nguy him tnh
mng cho ngi. V th vic kt ni gia cc chi tit li tip t i hi rt chc
chn, do im nng chy ca thic thp, cng c hc km, khng th dng hn
ni, nn phi lin kt bng vt hoc hn in.

10 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao inh vt tip t ca thit b in khng c em phun sn?
p: inh vt tip t ca thit b in (nh inh vt tip t tin v bin th,
mt in) l dng bo m an ton thit b in. Nu phun sn inh vt tip t v
c b mt thit b th lm cho s tip xc gia inh vt tip t vi dy dn khng tin
cy, mt tc dng tip t. V th, khng c sn inh vt tip t.

- Trang 265 -
10 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy tip t tm thi dng khi kim tra sa cha ng dy c tc dng
g? Ti sao s dng dy ng trn?
p: Dy tip t tm thi dng phng nga in c bt cht trn thit b
in ang ct in, hoc do nh hng ca ng dy cao p bn cnh sinh ra in p
cm ng. Tit din ca n khng nn di 25mm
2
. d tn pht nhit lng khi xy
ra ngn mch khin n c kh nng ti dng in v d kim tra tnh hnh tt xu
ca dy tip t, cho nn s dng dy ng trn.

10 - 4 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy tip t phi dng dy cch in 2 mu vng - lc?.
p: Trc y trong sn phm dy cp bc cao su, nha th dy tip t u
c du hiu l mu en, cn dy tip t dng vi mc ch bo v cng quen dng
dy cch in mu en. Nhng nm gn y, tha mn nhu cu xut khu, trong
mt s sn phm c in bt u s dng dy cch in 2 mu vng - lc lm dy
tip t v qui nh r trong tiu chun tng ng. Bi v dy 2 mu vng - lc l k
hiu mu chuyn dng ca dy tip t do y ban in kh quc t quy nh, v tr
thnh thng dng trn quc t. Ngoi ra 2 mu vng - lc cng r rng hn mu en.
To cm gic an ton.

10 - 4 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm vic trn thit b ct in, bo m an ton sinh mng cn phi lp
dy tip t cc bn c kh nng in ti. Nn chn tit din dy tip t nh th
no?
p: Nhng dy tip t ny l nhm phng nga t ngt c in, c lp
t bo m an ton sinh mng, n nht thit phi c th chu ng c xung kch
ca dng in ngn mch. Nu tit din qu nh hoc tip xc khng tt, nu xy ra
ngn mch s chy hng dy tip t, gy nguy him cho nhn vin lm vic. V th
qui trnh qui nh dy ng tip t s dng trn mch in khng c nh hn
25mm
2
. mt s ni trong nh my pht in v trm bin in cn phi xt ti tnh
n nh nhit ca n, bi v c ni dng in ngn mch rt ln, phi dng dy tip t
tit din tng i ln.


- Trang 266 -
10 - 5 Bin php an ton

10 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhn vin tc nghip c in trn ng dy cao p ng trn thang
cch in, ti sao cn phi mc b qun o c ph li dy ng bn ngoi, v dng
dy dn ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o c li dy ng?
p: Ngi ng trn thang cch in, tuy cch in vi mt t nhng
khng phi hon ton khng c cht dn in no, chng qua l in tr rt ln, cho
nn ngi ng trn thang cch in, khi tay hoc c th tip xc vi dy cao p
lm vic th vn c dng in r chy qua c th v thang cch in xung t. Nu
mc cch in ca thang cch in khng tt, dng in r s tng i ln, nguy
him i vi c th. Nu ngi mc qun o ph li dy ng v dng dy dn
ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o bng li dy ng th in th
gia c th vi dy dn cao p s bng nhau, dng in r trc tip t dy dn cao p
qua dy ni, thang cch in xung t, khng chy qua c th ngi na, s khng
nguy him i vi ngi.

10 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mt in c lp cng tc in t b chy dy ch, mun thay, sau khi
cm vo cu ch th nht, ti sao tt nht dng bt th in o th 2 pha khc ca
mt, khi xc nh khng c in mi cm vo 2 cu ch sau?
p: Song song vi vic t cu ch c kh nng xy ra kt cht cng tc hoc
s c hn dnh tip im. Nh vy khi cm cu ch th nht, th 2, mt in s vo
trng thi thng in 1 pha. Lc ny dng in rt ln, khi cm cu ch vo s sinh ra
tia la, chy hng cu dao, thm ch xy ra s c nghim trng khc.
Sau khi cm xong mt cu ch, dng bt th in o th u cm ni gia cu
ch cha cm vi mt in, nu pht hin c in, chng t c s c cng tc b kt
cht, hn dnh tip im. Lc ny phi rt cu ch cm ra, khc phc s c ri mi
cm cu ch.

10 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thay dy cu ch pha cao p ca bin th, ti sao phi rt ton b cu
ch ca 3 pha?
p: Khi t cu ch pha cao p bin th, ch rt mt pha b t s rt nguy
him. Bi v lc ny 2 pha kia ca bin th vn c dng in, trong li st c t thng,
do tc dng cm ng in t sinh ra cao p trong pha ny, d gy ra s c in git v
th phi rt ton b cu ch 3 pha ri mi tin hnh thay dy ch.

10 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao "qui trnh lm vic an ton ca ngnh in" qui nh khi ko ngt
cu dao v cng tc ca c cu truyn ng u phi eo gng tay cch in?
p: C cu truyn ng c hc ca cu dao hoc cng tc u ni vi mng
tip t ca trm bin in. Khi thao tc o cu dao, tay ca nhn vin thao tc nm
tay cm thao tc, ng cnh cu dao hoc cng tc, nu lc ny v s hoc ng lng
cch in ca cu dao hoc cng tc b hng, b phn mang in phng in nh

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thng i vi t, dng in s theo c cu truyn ng chy xung t, c mt in
p i vi t tng i cao. Do im tip t ca c cu truyn ng khng cng
in th vi im chn ng ca nhn vin thao tc, cho nn gia tay vi chn ca
nhn vin thao tc s chu in p tip xc tng i ln nn b in git. V th trong
"qui trnh lm vic an ton ngnh in" qui nh phi eo gng tay cch in.

10 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mc kim loi trn gy cch in ti sao khng nn qu di?
p: Mc kim loi trn gy cch in nu qu di th khi thao tc d gy ra tip
t hoc ngn mch gia cc pha. Cn c vo thc dng v yu cu ca qui trnh,
di ca mc t 5 - 10 cm l va.

10 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong c cu cng tc ca thit b phn phi in, ba cc lin ng tay
thao tc ca cng tc cch ngn thao tc bng cn ko nn lp bn tri hay bn phi
(khi ngi i din vi. thit b cng tc)?
p: Nn lp bn tri, bi v ngi ta quen thao tc bng tay phi khi dng tay
phi ko tay cm thao tc cng tc cch ngn th c th ngi vo mt bn ca
cng tc cch ngn ch khng i din vi n, v th nu cng tc cch ngn do ng
hoc ko cu dao c in sinh ra h quang s khng gy bng cho ngi.

10 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B iu p t ngu c th s dng lm bin th h p an ton 36V c
khng?
p: Nhm cun dy s cp, th cp ca my bin p l cch in ln nhau
trn mch in, in p cao ca nhm cun dy s cp khng truyn ti nhm cun
dy th cp, nh th hin hnh 10 - 5 - 7 (a), v th
u thp p l an ton. Cn nhm cun dy bn th
cp ca b iu p t ngu l mt phn trong nhm
cun dy s cp, u u dy ca in p u ra l 1
u dy vo ca nhm cun dy s cp, nh th hin
im A trong hnh (b). Khi u A u vi dy la
trong ngun in 3 pha, cho d in p gia A, C ch
c 36V, nhng in p u A i vi t l 220V, nu
nhn vin thao tc chm phi im A, d gy nn s c
in git. Cho nn b iu p t ngu khng th s dng lm bin p h p an ton.

10 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khong cch an ton ca mch th nghim chu p vi tn s chung i
vi t liu c th tnh nh khong cch an ton ca thit b mang in?
p: Khi gn ni th nghim khng c thit b mang in th khong cch an
ton khng phng in ca mch th nghim i vi t ni chung cn c vo in
trng khng u ca cc (tc ng cong nh thng khng kh ca gy i vi cc
in) xc nh. Nu gn ni th nghim c thit b mang in th khong cch an
ton ca mch th nghim i vi thit b mang in cn xem xt in p vn hnh ca

- Trang 268 -
thit b mang in v qu p c th xut hin, khong cch an ton ca n yu cu ln
hn 1 cht so vi khong cch an ton i vi t phi d an ton cn thit.

10 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi sa cha thit b in ti cao tn, sau khi ngt ngun in, ti sao phi
dng dy tip t phng in u ra cao p i vi t trc, sau mi tin hnh
sa cha?
p: Trong qu trnh lm vic ca thit b ti cao tn, t in mch dao ng
ca n lun lun lm vic vi cao p trn mt vn vn. Sau khi ngt ngun in ca
thit b, t in vn c lng in d nht nh, nu ngi chm phi s nguy him
n tnh mng. Cho nn trc tin phi phng in sau tin hnh sa cha.

10 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao quanh nn mng ca bin th c ln hoc b ngt mch bng du
phi o h su khng di 250mm, rng khng di 1 mt v n chn cui?
p: V khi my bin p hoc b ngt mch bng du xy ra s c, trnh
du cch in trn ra bn pha chung quanh v gy ra ha hon, li dng rnh di nn
mng tp trung du li hoc dn du t rnh n b cha du ni an ton.

10 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b in b chy, ti sao khng th s dng bnh cu ha bng axit
kim v bt thng dng cu ha?
p: Khi thit b in ang lm vic b bc chy, trc tin phi ngt ngun
in ri tin hnh cu ha. Nu mt lc khng th ngt in c th s dng bnh dp
la 1211 carbonic, tetrachloride carbon, bnh cu ha 1211 v my dp la bt kh
cu ha. Nhng khi s dng phi duy tr khong cch an ton trn 40 cm (10000V tr
xung). Tuyt i khng c s dng bnh dp la axit kim v bt thng thng,
bi v cht lng dp la ca chng c tnh dn in, ct cht lng cu ha s truyn
in n ngi cm bnh cu ha, gy ra s c in git, ng thi dung dch c tc
dng n mn mnh i vi thit b in, sau s c kh x l sch.


- Trang 269 -
CHNG XI
K THUT CHNG ST

11 - 1 B thu li (B trnh st)

11 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr phi tuyn tnh l g? Phin in tr b thu li kiu van ti sao
phi dng linh kin phi tuyn tnh?
p: Khi dng in thay i, tr s in tr khng phi khng thay i, cng
khng phi l linh kin in tr thay i theo hm s th ng thng, chng ta gi
n l in tr phi tuyn tnh. Phin in tr ca b thu li kiu van, yu cu khi dng
in st ln chy qua, in tr phi rt nh, nh vy mi c th lm cho dng in st
phng in thun li v in p d ca b trnh st khng cao; mt khc, khi dng
in tn s chung nh chy qua th in tr phi ln, c th hn ch dng in
tip theo c tn s chung khin khe h ca tia la c th ct dng in tip theo mt
cch d dng, khi phc s vn hnh bnh thng ca b thu li. S bin i tr s
in tr ca phin van khng phi bin i theo ng thng, cho nn chng ta gi n
l linh kin phi tuyn tnh (khng c tnh ng thng).

11 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phin in tr lm vic ca b thu li kiu van ti sao c tnh cht phi
tuyn?
p: Phin in tr lm vic ca b thu li kiu van l lm bng carbide silicon
c thiu luyn t ct kim cng. Qu trnh vt l phi tuyn
tnh do n sinh ra nh sau: ton b mm in tr l do rt nhiu
ht carbide silicon dnh kt vi nhau nh th hin hnh 11 - 1
- 2, trn b mt mi ht ct kim cng u c 1 lp bc kn c
tnh cht bn dn, s dn in ca lp bc kn bn dn ny thay
i theo in p bn ngoi, khi in p tng ln th s dn in
ca n tng ln rt nhanh. ng thi, gia cc ht c rt nhiu
khe h tia la nh, di in p cao n cng hnh thnh ng
thng dn in, lm tng mnh tnh dn in ca phin in tr.

11 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong in tr u song song ca khe h tia la b thu li, ti sao ch cn
c mt chic b hng s dn ti n b thu li?
p: Di tc dng ca in p tn s chung, do tn s tng i thp, dng
in in dung tng i nh, s phn b in p khe h ch yu do in tr u song
song quyt nh. Khi in tr bnh thng, in p ca khe h mi nhm phn b u.
Nu c mt in tr u song song ca 1 nhm khe h b nt hoc chy, in tr tr
nn ln th tuyt i b phn in p trn b thu li u tp trung trong nhm khe h
ny, khin n b nh thng. Do c 1 nhm khe h b nh thng, s khe h gim, cc
khe h khc cng ln lt nh thng, lm gim mnh in p phng in tn s cng
vic, dn ti n b thu li. V th trong vn hnh cn ch gim st tnh hnh ca in
tr u song song.

- Trang 270 -
11 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B thu li kiu van c in tr song song, dng in dn m dng in p
chnh lu bn ngoi o c c phm vi tiu chun nht nh, qu ln hoc qu nh
u khng t tiu chun, ti sao?
p: Mc ch dng in p chnh lu bn ngoi o dng in dn in ca
b thu li l nhm kim tra kn ca b thu li xem c tt khng v in tr song
song c cc khim khuyt nh t dy, ngn mch khng. Nu dng in dn in o
c qu ln, vt qua gii hn trn ca phm vi tiu chun th c th l kn ca b
thu li khng tt, kh m xm nhp vo bn trong, khin linh kin in tr b m bin
cht lm tng dng in r, cng c th l do vn chuyn, lp t hoc tho lp khin
np trn x dch gy ngt mch b phn in tr song song. Nu dng in dn in o
c qu nh thp hn hn di ca phm vi tiu chun th c th l in tr song
song t dy. Cho nn dng in dn in qu ln hoc qu nh u khng t tiu
chun.

11 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim c tnh d phng i vi b thu li kiu van loi
FZ v FS, ti sao ci trc khng cn lm th nghim phng in tn s lm vic m
phi lm th nghim dng in dn in, cn ci sau phi lm th nghim phng in
tn s lm vic?
p: B thu li kiu van l do khe h tia la u ni tip vi phin van m
thnh. B thu li kiu FZ l nhm lm cho in p khe h ca tia la phn b u, c
li cho tt h quang v ci thin tnh nng phng in nn u song song in tr phn
mch trn khe h tia la. Th nghim phng in tn s chung l kim tra khe h cc
tia la xem c tn ti khim khuyt khng. V in tr phn mch ca b thu li kiu
FZ khi in p tng cao th dng in dn in tng mnh m nhit dung ca in tr
phn mch rt nh, cho nn yu cu thi gian tng p khi th nghim phng in tn
s chung khng vt qu 0.2 giy m n v vn hnh rt kh t c yu cu ny,
cho nn kiu FZ khng lm th nghim phng in tn s lm vic. kim tra tnh
hnh lm kn b thu li v tnh hon chnh ca in tr phn mch cn phi lm th
nghim dng in dn in v tnh tr s h s o phi tuyn tnh. B thu li kiu FS
khng c in tr phn mch cho nn khng cn lm th nghim dng in dn in,
nhng phi lm th nghim phng in tn s chung v lm th nghim dng in r.

11 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lm th nghim phng in tn s chung i vi b thu li kiu van
ti sao phi qui nh hnh sng in p khng c thay i?
p: Bi v tr s tiu chun in p phng in tn s chung ca b thu li
kiu van c hn trn v hn di, thp hn hn di hoc vt qu hn trn u
khng t tiu chun. V th, khi o in p phi c gng chnh xc. M khi lm th
nghim phng in tn s lm vic, a s u s dng vn k thng thng, tc s c
l tr s hu hiu ca in p khi hnh sng ngun in thay i, t s gia tr s ln
nht vi t s hu hiu khng bng 2 na. Lc ny in p o c s c sai s, v
th yu cu hnh sng in p khng c thay i?


- Trang 271 -
11 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p phng in ca b thu li kiu van ti sao khng c qu thp
cng khng c qu cao?
p: in p phng in tn s lm vic ca b thu li kiu van khng th
qu thp nhm trnh n b n do thao tc qu p thi gian lin tc tng i lu.
Trong h thng im trung tnh khng trc tip tip t th in p phng in tn s
lm vic ca n phi gp 3.5 ln tr ln so vi in p pha khi h thng vn hnh ln
nht, trong h thng m im trung tnh cao p trc tip tip t, phi trn 3 ln in
p pha. ng thi bo m khe h c th kh h quang mt cch tin cy cn yu
cu in p phng in tn s lm vic khng c nh hn 180% in p kh h
quang ca n. Khi kt cu khe h nht nh, gim in p phng in tn s lm vic
ng ngha vi gim in p kh h quang, t c kh nng lm cho b thu li sau
khi phng in, do khe h khng kh c h quang m b n. in p phng in tn
s lm vic ca b thu li cng khng c qu cao bi v b thu li c h s xung
kch nht nh, nu vt qua tr s qui nh ca n v d lng phi hp cch in ca
thit b c bo v nh s nh hng hiu qu bo v.

11 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong th nghim c tnh d phng, in p th nghim ca dng in
dn in b thu li kiu van (kiu FZ) nn xc nh nh th no?
p: B thu li kiu van l do khe h tia la, in tr song song mm in tr
phi tuyn tnh... to thnh, mi 4 khe h tia la t 1 ng s nh to thnh 1 nhm khe
h tia la, mi nhm khe h tia la u song song 1 i in tr kiu mng nga. Khi
dng in dn in ca mi i in tr u song song l 600mA (1 chiu) th st p
ca n l 4000 5V. V th trong qui trnh th nghim c tnh d phng, in p th
nghim ca dng in dn in b thu li kiu van l cn c vo in p 4000 V t
ln mi i in tr u song song xc nh. V d b thu li kiu van FZ - 15 c
16 khe h tia la to thnh 4 nhm khe h tia la, lp t 4 i in tr song song, nn
in p th nghim ca dng in dn in l 16000 V.

11 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn khe h tia la ca b thu li thi t, c u ni tip
2 cun dy, li u song song mt khe h b tr (nh th hin hnh
11 - 1 - 9), chng c tc dng g ?
p: Sau khi u ni tip 2 cun dy vo khe h tia la ca
b thu li thi t, nu khe h b nh thng th dng in tip tc tn
s lm vic s chy qua cun dy sinh ra t trng, ko di h quang
v ko vo trong l sch kh h quang hn ch dng in tip tc, t c th gim
s phin van; li do thi gian h quang dng li im pht sinh rt ngn, cho d
dng in tip tc c tr s tng i ln chy quay th khe h vn c kh nng kh
h quang, nn s khe h c th gim bt. Nh vy va c th gim in p d li, va
cng c th gim thp in p phng din tn s chung v in p phng in xung
kch, nng cao tnh nng bo v ca b thu li.
Lp khe h b tr 2 u cun dy thi t, di tc dng qu p xung kch,
cao p 2 u cun dy s nh thng n, khe h tia la cng b nh thng theo, dng
in phng in i qua khe h b tr, khe h tia la v in t phin van xung t

- Trang 272 -
khin st p ca b thu li khng tng ln. Khi dng in tip tc ca tn s chung
chy qua, st p ca h quang trong khe h b tr s ln hn st p ca dng in tip
tc sinh ra trong cun dy, nn dng in trn khe h b tr s nhanh chng chuyn
vo trong cun dy, h quang in trn khe h t tt, dng in tip tc s chy qua
cun dy, sinh ra t trng c tc dng thi h quang. C th thy di tc dng qu
p, khe h b tr b nh thng, khin cun dy b thu li khng sinh ra st p, cng
tng ng nh gim in p d.

11 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B thu li trong h thng 6 - 10kV u trn in p pha ti sao chn in
p ca b thu li li dng in p dy nh mc?
p: H thng cung cp in 6 - 10kV l h thng m im trung tnh khng
tip t, trong tnh hnh bnh thng, b thu li chu tc dng ca in p pha, nhng
khi xy ra s c mt pha tip t, in p ca pha khng c s c s tng ln ti in
p dy, m s c 1 pha tip t ny cho php tn ti trong thi gian ngn, cho nn lc
ny b thu li khng th c ng tc, v th in p nh mc ca b thu li phi chn
dng in p dy nh mc ca h thng, ch khng phi in p pha nh mc.

11 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai b thu li kiu van FZ - 110J do 4 x FZ - 30 hp thnh, th nghim
u t tiu chun, nhng dng in dn in khc nhau, khi chn s dng th nhm
no tng i tt?
p: Nn chn nhm dng in dn in ln. V b thu li kiu van FZ -110J
do 4 x FZ - 30 to thnh, khi vn hnh cn c gng lm cho in p phn b u trn
mi khu, m in p phn b trn mi khu quyt nh bi dng in dn in chy
qua bn thn b thu li v dng in in dung phn b tn mt i vi t. Cho nn
d lp vng cn bng in p, nhng thc t chng t in p phn b trn mi
khu l gim dn t trn xung. Do dng in in dung phn b tn mt i vi t
c bn khng thay i, khi dng in dn in tng i ln, nh hng ca dng in
in dung phn b tn mt c th gim tng i mt cht; cho nn, nn chn nhm
dng in dn in tng i ln, c th lm cho in p phn b tng i u.

11 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B thu li thi t kiu FCD bo v my in quay, ti sao khng nn s
dng phi hp vi my ghi phng in kiu JS, nn ch c th s dng phi hp vi
my ghi phng in kiu JLG?
p: Do c im kt cu v cng ngh, trong cc thit b in c cng cp
in p th mc cch in ca my in quay l thp nht. d phi hp gia tnh
nng bo v ca b thu li thi t kiu FCD dng bo v my in quay v mc
cch in ca my in rt nh. Tr s chu p xung kch xut xng ca my in ch
cao hn khong 8 - 10% so vi in p d ca b thu li. Nu phi hp s dng b thu
li kiu FCD vi my ghi kiu JS th sau khi b thu li ng tc, dng in st chy
qua my ghi s sinh ra st p, in p ny cng vi in p d ca b thu li tc dng
ln cch in ca my in quay s lm gim ng k hiu qu bo v. Cn b ghi
phng in kiu JLG th khc, n l dng cm ng, khi dng in st chy qua khng

- Trang 273 -
c st p, nn thch hp phi hp vi b thu li kiu FCD dng bo v my in
quay.

11 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phn (khu) trn v phn di ca b thu li kiu FZ - 35 hoc 110kV do
cc nh my khc nhau sn xut hoc thi gian xut xng khc nhau, c th lp vi
nhau s dng c khng?
p: Ni chung khng c lp ln vi nhau s dng; nu khi cn lp vi nhau
s dng th phi o ch s in tr phi tuyn tnh o u song song ca b thu li hai
phn ny, chnh lch ln nhau ca a mi phn khng c vt qu 0.035 mi c th
lp vi nhau, nu khng ng lp vi nhau s dng. Phng php o ch s in tr
phi tuyn l: nu kiu FZ - 35 l do hai phn FZ - 15 t hp thnh th mi phn cho
in p th mt chiu l U
1
= 16 kV o ra dng in truyn dn II lc ny, ri c
dng in truyn dn Iz khi U
2
= 8 kV, cn c vo cng thc sau c th tm ra:
2
1
2
1
2
1
I
I
lg
302 . 0
I
I
lg
U
U
lg
= = o


11 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp t b thu li kiu FZ v.v... ti sao u tip t phi cch in vi
phn kim loi gi thp gc?
p: l nhm lm cho my ghi st nh lp trn dy tip t c ng tc
chnh xc, bi v khi u tip t khng cch in vi gi kim loi th khi st nh,
dng in phng in khng hon ton chy qua dy tip t xung t, khin my ghi
s st nh khng th c ng tc tin cy.

11 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vi b thu li kiu ng c qui nh tr s dng in gii hn trn
v tr s dng in gii hn di?
p: B thu li kiu ng sau khi st phng in qu p, dng in tn s chung
s tip tc chy qua, nhng nhim v ca b thu li l phi lp tc che dp h quang
khi dng in tn s lm vic chy qua. B thu li kiu ng l li dng p lc ca cht
kh cch in do h quang sinh ra trong ng si kh h quang, nu dng in nh
hn tr s gii hn di th c th do p lc cht kh ca h quang sinh ra trong ng si
khng nn khng kh c h quang, v th phi qui nh tr s dng in gii hn
trn v gii hn di, nhm bo m s vn hnh an ton ca b thu li kiu ng.

11 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi o dng in r ca b thu li kiu van phi lp thm t in
n p, cn khi o dng in r ca my pht in hoc cp in li khng cn?
p: B th nghim cao p mt chiu phn ln u l loi chnh lu na sng,
khi chnh lu na sng dng, in p t ti tr s nh ca in p a vo, khi ct
na sng m, do thit b in c th c in dung nht nh, nu khng c bt c r

- Trang 274 -
r no, khi in p ca n khng i, nhng trn thc t, bin p th nghim, dy dn
cao p hoc vt c th i vi t u c r r nht nh; v th phi lm cho tr s
bin in p t t suy gim, cho n khi na sng dng ca chu k th hai mi li
tng cao (xem hnh 11 - 1 - 16).
Khi th nghim b thu li kiu van, do in dung ca n rt
nh, dng in r tng i ln (400 - 650 mA) cho nn tr s bin
in p ca no gim rt mnh, c lc c th gim xung ti 60%
in p th nghim, nh vy s nh hng kt qu th nghim. Nu
tng thm mt t n p (0.01 - 0.1 mF, in p l c) u ra
cao p mt chiu th do in dung rt ln, in tch tch tr khi np
in na sng dng tng i nhiu, in tch tch tr khi na sng m phng in
c th b p s suy gim tr s bin in p do kh phng in gy nn, khin in
p th nghim c bn khng thay i. Cho nn, phi lp thm t n p.
Khi th nghim my pht in hoc cp in, cho in dung bn thn tng i
ln, in tch tch tr b p s suy gim in p khi na sng m, m dng in r
ca n nh hn nhiu so vi b thu li kiu van, nn c th khng u thm t n p.

11 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi dng di ng u ngn mch l xo p cht np u b thu
li kiu van?
p: Nu khng ngn mch l xo p cht np u b thu li kiu van, th tng
ng vi mt in cm nh. Bi v tr s bin v tn s st chy qua b thu li u
rt ln, v th s c st p tng i ln trn in cm nh ny, nh vy s lm tng
in p d ca b thu li, gy nguy him cho thit b c bo v. Cho nn phi dng
dy ng ngn mch l xo p cht.

11 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi lp vng cn bng in p phn nh b thu li kiu FZ 110
trong trm bin in?
p: B thu li kiu FZ - 110 chia thnh bn on, vng trn bng kim loi lp
ch A trn nh n gi l vng cn bng in p (xem hnh 11 - 1 - 18 (a)). Ch E
y tip t. Mi mt on ca b vng cn bng in p thu li tng ng vi mt
t in, bn on tng ng vi bn t in bng nhau u ni tip tng in p
(110 kV) phn phi u n mi on. Nhng do nh hng ca qu t vt kim loi
[B,C,D trong hnh (a)] ch tip gip gia hai on i vi t c in dung, nh th
hin ng nt t trong hnh (b), tng ng vi u song song t in ph. in
dung mi on i vi t khng bng nhau; khin phn b in p khng u, in
dung on trn cng nh nht d chu in p tng i cao, cch in d b nh
thng, lc ny ton b in p ging ba on di, khin chng ln lt b nh thng.
Nu lp vng cn bng in p ln phn nh b thu li, th gia vng cn bng in
p vi vt kim loi ch tip gip hai on s hnh thnh t in ph, nh th hin
hnh (c) khin in dung cc on gn bng nhau, in p cng c th phn phi c
bn l u.

- Trang 275 -

11 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tnh nng bo v ca b thu li kiu ng ti sao khng tt c nh b
thu li kiu van?
p: Sau khi sng in ca st b b thu li kiu ng ct t, in p d hai
u n rt nh, gn bng 0, cng tc l ui sng rt dc. iu ny tng ng vi
vic tng thm sng in m m u sng rt dc, cho nn sinh ra hiu in th tng
i cao gia cc lp cun dy, cch din gia cc lp d b nh thng, nhng bn
trong b thu li kiu van c phin in tr, sau khi phng in sinh ra in p d, ui
sng bng phng, khng nguy hi i vi cch in gia cc lp, v th b thu li kiu
ng khng c dng bo v cho my in quay, my bin p c gng s dng b
thu li kiu van bo v.

11 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b thu li kiu ng dng trn ng dy ti in phi b tr khe h
gia b thu li vi dy ti in, ch khng c trc tip u vi dy ti in?
p: B thu li kiu ng l da vo khe h bn trong b thu li ni tip vi khe
h tia la bn ngoi khc cng tc dng t mc ch thu li. Khi qu p a vo
khe h tia la trong v ngoi cng lc nh thng, dn sng qu p xung t. Dng
in tip tc tn s lm vic tip theo sau th do ng kh c th ca b thu li di
tc dng ca nhit cao sinh ra khi lng ln cht kh thi tt h quang trong khe
h tia la, t lm cho mch in khi phc vn hnh bnh thng. Vt liu sn sinh
kh ca ng kh h quang thng lm bng g php, nha. Nu cc vt liu ny lu
di di tc dng in p lm vic, c th bin cht, thm ch chy hng. V th phi
lm thnh mt khe h tia la ngoi gia ng kh h quang vi dy ti in, ngn cch
ng kh h quang vi in p lm vic ca in li.

11 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b thu li kiu ng qui nh chi c th cho dng in ngn mch
nht nh chy qua, cn b thu li kiu van th khng trc tip b hn ch bi dng
in ngn mch ca h thng?
p: Bi v b thu li kiu ng l do hai khe h tia la trong ngoi ni tip vi
nhau thnh, sau khi dng in st chy qua b thu li, phng in) dng in chy qua
b thu li s bng dng in ngn mch tn s cng tip t. Kh nng che ct dng
in ny ca b thu li ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch ny. Dng in
ngn mch qu ln s sinh ra qu nhiu kh trong b thu li, gy n, qu nh s do

- Trang 276 -
khng c p lc nn khng th kh c h quang. Cn b thu li kiu van ngoi
khe h ra cn ni tip in tr phi tuyn. Linh kin in tr ny c in tr rt nh i
vi dng in st cao tn mnh, ngc li c in tr rt ln i vi dng in tn s
cng tng i nh. V th, sau khi dng in st phng in xong, chy qua b thu li
khng phi l dng in ngn mch m l dng in tip tc tng i nh. Cho nn
dng in ngn mch ca h thng khng trc tip nh hng n kh nng tt h
quang ca b thu li kiu van.


- Trang 277 -
11 - 2 Kim thu li, dy thu li v khe h thu li

11 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trm bin in c ct (kim) thu li bo v c th khng cn b thu li na
khng?
p: Khng c. V ct thu li ch c th bo v st nh trc tip, cn b thu
li l bo v st nh cm ng, v th c hai u cn, mi c th t hiu qu chng st
tt.

11 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tc dng ca ct thu li v dy t trn khng vi b thu li v khe h
bo v c g khc nhau?
p: Tt c u dng bo v qu p ngoi tri. Ct thu li v dy t trn
khng l bo v cng trnh kin trc, nh my in, trm bin in v dy cao p trn
khng trong phm vi nht nh khng b st nh trc tip, cn b thu li v khe h
bo v l phng nga s ph hoi ca st cm ng, st phn kch truyn theo ng
dy trn khng i vi nh my in, trm bin in cc thit b v chi tit in.

11 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng khe h bo v kiu sng lm bo v qu p ng dy, ti sao
phi phi hp vi cu dao t ng ng li?
p: Dng khe h sng bo v thay th b thu li lm bo v qu p ng
dy, tuy r n gin, d ch to, nhng khuyt im ch yu ca n l khng th t tt
h quang. Tuy c th nh lc in ng ko di h quang, khin h quang tt,
nhng ch c trong tnh hnh dng in ngn mch nh mi t yu cu kh h quang.
V khng th t ng kh h quang, cho nn c th do thi gian chy h quang ko di
khin rle bo v c ng tc, lm gin on cp in. Nu s dng phi hp gia
thit b cu dao ng li vi khe h kiu sng th c th khc phc c khuyt im
trn, bo m cung cp in lin tc.

11 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khe h bo v in p 3 - 10 kV cn p
dng hai khe h, hoc tng thm mt khe h ph trong dy
tip t dn xung, nh hnh 11 - 2 - 4?
p: Khong cch ca khe h bo v in p 3 - 10
kV rt nh, ch c 30 - 50 mm, d b chim chc, cn trng
gy ngn mch khe h, dn n ngn mch, cho nn phi
tng thm khe h ph c khong cch phng in 5 - 30
mm.

11 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B mt ct thu li c th sn khng?
p: phng nga g st, nn sn hoc m km b mt ct thu li. Tc dng
bo v ca ct thu li l ch dn in st v pha mnh, sau dn dng in st

- Trang 278 -
xung t. in p st nh c th cao ti 10000 kV, di in p cao nh vy, mt
lp sn mng khng c tc dng cn tr i vi s lu thng ca dng in.

11 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h s an ton ca dy thu li trn ng dy mc trn khng phi
ln hn dy dn?
p: Dy thu li lp t bn trn dy dn, nu h s an ton ca n nh hn
dy dn, th di lc xung kch ca st nh hoc lc bn ngoi, dy thu li c th b
t trc, vt ln dy dn, gy ra s c ngn mch nghim trng, v do t dy cn
lm tng lc cng ph ca dy dn trong thi gian ny, d gy nn t dy dn. V th,
ni chung h s an ton ca dy thu li phi ln hn dy dn. Ngoi ra, khi thit k
ng dy mc trn khng thng xt ti dng lc ca dy thu li phng nga
s c ct khi t dy dn. V th cng cn tng h s an ton ca dy thu li.


- Trang 279 -
11 - 3 Chng st cho thit b in

11 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: im trung tnh ca my pht in phn phi thng, ti sao phi lp b thu
li bo v? Ti sao cp in p ca b thu li im trung tnh phi thp hn in p
ca my pht in?
p: im trung tnh ca my pht in vn hnh khng tip t, sng xm
nhp ca ba pha s pht sinh phn x ton b im trung tnh, im trung tnh s
xut hin qu p tng i cao. bo v cch in ca im trung tnh, phi lp b
thu li bo v. hn ch qu p ca im trung tnh mc tng i thp, nng cao
hiu qu bo v, cn s dng b thu li c in p thp hn my pht in. Vic chn
la b thu li im trung tnh my pht in chng hn 6.3 kV cn tha mn ba iu
kin: (1) in p pha vn hnh cao nht c th cao hn tr s nh mc 15%, tc
1.15 x 6.31/ 3 kV = 4.19 kV. in p kh h quang ca b thu li khng c thp
hn 1.2 ln in p pha. (2) Khi h thng in p ca my pht in xy ra h quang
mt pha tip t, qu p im trung tnh c th ti 2.2 ln in p pha, phng nga
b thu li c ng tc di qu p ny gy n, in p phng in tn s chung ca n
phi khng thp hn 2.2 ln in p pha, tc 2.2 x 6.3/ 3 = 8.01 kV. (3) in p
phng in xung kch v in p d ca b thu li khng cao hn tr s chu p ca
my pht in. Tr s hu hiu chu p ca my pht in 6.3 kV l 13.2 kV, chuyn
i thnh tr s bin l 19.2 kV. Do in p kh h quang ca b thu li FCD - 4 l
4.6 kV, in p phng in tn s chung l 9 kV, in p d v in p phng in
xung kch l 12 kV, u c th tha mn ba iu kin trn, cho nn im trung tnh ca
my pht in 6.3 kV c th chn b thu li FCD - 4 bo v.

11 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao qui nh bo v chng st ca my in quay khng ch phi s
dng b thu li m cn phi lp thm t in?
p: Do nh hng ca cng ngh ch to, ni chung mc cch in ca my
in quay tng i thp, c bit l cch in gia cc vng cun dy. Lp thm t
in l nhm gim dc ca sng st nh, trnh c s xuyn thng cch in
gia cc vng dy.

11 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Qun vi vng dy hnh xon c trn dy dn vo cao p ca bin th
phn phi in, c tc dng g?
p: iu ny c li cho vic chng st. Sng in st l sng in tn s thay
i rt cao, v th mt cun cm v cng nh b, i vi n, tr khng rt ln. ng
thi, n cn c tc dng h thp tc tng cao ca in p ca sng in st (tc
gim dc st). V th, bin php ny c tc dng rt tt m khi vn hnh bnh
thng khng h b nh hng g.

11 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u dy ra ca nhm cun dy in p thp bin th ba cun dy,
phi lp mt b thu li, cn bn cao p, trung p li khng lp?

- Trang 280 -
p: Khi nhm cun dy bn cao p, trung p ca bin th ba cun dy vo
trng thi lm vic m nhm cun dy thp p h mch th sng xm nhp bn cao p
hoc bn trng p c cm ng tnh in i vi nhm cun dy thp p. Do nhm
cun dy thp p h mch, in dung i vi t rt nh, lng cm ng tnh in rt
ln, c th nh thng cch in i vi t ca nhm cun dy thp p. Bi v lng
cm ng tnh in l lm cho in th ba pha ca nhm cun dy thp p cng lc
nng cao; cho nn ch cn lp mt b thu li u dy ra ca mt pha bt k no ca
nhm cun dy thp p i vi t l c th hn ch qu p ny. i vi bn cao p,
trung p, do mc cch in cao hn nhm cun dy thp p, lng cm ng tnh
in gy tn hi i vi n v cng nh, cho nn u dy ra ni chung khng lp b
thu li.

11 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin th lp t gn ct thp ng dy vt sng, ti sao d b st nh
hng?
p: Ni chung ct thp ng dy vt sng tng i cao, c hi b st nh
tng i nhiu. Cn trn thp ni chung u dng v s tng cng cch in, cho
nn bn thn thp ct kh sinh ra chp rch, nhng c th truyn dn sng in st vi
tr s bin cao n bin th gn thp ct. Nu bin th khng ch bo v chng
st th c th b st nh.

11 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn bin th phn phi in, ti sao phi ni ba im vi nhau, dy tip
t ca b thu li, v ngoi ca bin th v dy trung tnh bn thp p?
p: Khi ni ba im li vi nhau th khi b thu li phng in, u dy cao p
i vi v bin th, cun dy cao p i vi cun dy thp p, v.v... u ch l in p
d ca b thu li, c th bo m cch in gia ng bc cao p, cun dy cao p vi
v, gia cun dy cao p vi cun dy thp p khng b nh thng gy hng.

11 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s trm bin in dng cun dy in khng thay th
on bo v dy vo 1 - 2 km?
p: Nu in tr sut t ca khu vc ng
dy 1 - 2 km on bo v dy vo chy qua tng
i cao, vt qu 500 x mt th rt kh gim in
tr tip t, m mc chu st cn thit ca on
bo v dy vo kh t c yu cu, hoc c trm
bin in vn khng c on bo v dy vo, vn
hnh khng l tng lm nn phi tng thm on bo v dy vo, nhng nhn t iu
kin thp ct, b tr t dy thu li lm on bo v dy vo c kh khn, phi trit
ci to, u t rt kh khn th cho php dng cun dy in khng thay th on bo
v dy vo 1 - 2 km. Cun dy ca n nh th hin hnh 11 - 3 - 7. V dng in
khng th t bin trn in cm, nng cao c in p u cun dy in cm, lm
cho b thu li kiu ng on u hoc khe h kh phng in, do c th hn ch tr
s bin v dc ca sng xm nhp, thay th on dy vo 1 - 2 km.


- Trang 281 -
11 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy t mc trn khng dng bo v chng st ca trm bin in, ti sao
ni chung cch trm bin in ch c 2 km?
p: Bi v khi sng st nh chy trn ng dy, do dy dn c in tr,
khin mt phn nng lng bin thnh nhit nng nn b suy gim, tr s in p st
nh gim thp khi sng in st tri qua khong cch ngoi 2 km n trm bin
in, th in p gim rt nhiu. tit kim vt liu v cng sc, dng dy t
mc trn khng khong 2 km l c.

11 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn nc nh lp ct thu li liu c th phng nga sng in st theo
ng dy in mc trn khng vo phng, t bo m chc chn an ton?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca ct thu li l dn in tch cha trong my khng
trung vo ct thu li ri phng xung t, t bo m cc vt th trong phm vi
nht nh quanh ct thu li khng b st nh trc tip. Khi my dng phng in i
vi ct thu li, dng in st thng qua ct thu li t vi vn n hn chc vn vn.
Nh vy s sinh ra t trng rt ln quanh ct thu li, khin dy in mc trn khng
ln cn cm ng ra in p st vi vn thm ch vi chc vn vn, in p ny theo dy
in truyn vo trong phng, s gy ra s c i vi ngi v thit b. V th, ct thu
li ch c th bo v vt th trong phm vi nht nh chung khng b st nh trc tip
ch khng th phng nga sng st theo dy in vo phng.
phng nga sng st theo dy in mc trn khng vo phng, c th tip
t chn v s ca dy mc trn khng a vo nh, v in tr tip t yu cu di
30. Nu c iu kin, tt nht lp b thu li kiu van thp p hoc b thu li oxyt
km ch dy vo nh.

11 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bn s cp my bin p dng cng tc du trn tr v
cu ch kiu ri khng ch th b thu li lp ch no?
p: Nh th hin hnh 11 - 3 - 10, b thu li BL nn lp
pha trn cng tc du trn tr ZK Nh vy, khi ng dy b st
nh, in p cha qua cng tc du qua b thu li xung t, c
th bo v cng tc du v bin p khng b st nh. Nu lp b thu
li xung pha di cng tc du hoc lp pha di cu ch kiu ri
DL th cng tc du trn tr c th b st nh hng, gy nn s c
mt din.


- Trang 282 -
11 - 4 Chng st cho ng dy

11 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi ct in bng g ca ng dy ti in cao p b st nh, ti sao
xy ra hin tng nt?
p: l do ct in bng g khng p dng bin php chng st, v th sau
khi b st nh s c dng in rt mnh vi vn ampe chy qua ct g, gy ra nhit
cao, dn n hi m bn trong ct g bc hi mnh, lm n dn n nt ct g. V th,
khi ko ng dy ti in cao p trn ct g phi lp dy thu li bo v trn ton
tuyn.
Do trong khi vn hnh, ct in bng g c nhc im ny, cho nn ngy nay
dn dn c thay th bng ct in b tng ct thp.

11 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy thu li ni chung u lp trn ng dy thp st hoc ct b
tng ct thp m rt t nhn thy trn ct g?
p: Nguyn nhn ch yu ca n nh sau:
(1) Gi thnh (khong 20%) lp t dy thu li trn ng dy ct g cao hn
nhiu gi thnh (5 - 7%) lp t dy thu li trn ng dy thp st hoc ct b tng
ct thp.
(2) Mc cch in ca ng dy ct g tng i cao, xc sut gy h
quang tng i thp, nn s ln xy ra s c nhy cu dao do st nh t hn ng
dy lp trn thp st hoc ct b tng ct thp. Cho nn, trn ng dy ct g t lp
dy thu li.

11 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ti in cao p ni chung u lp dy t trn khng, ti sao ng
dy phn phi in li thng khng lp?
p: Cng cch in ca dng dy phn phi in (di 10kV) khng
cao, nu st nh vo dy t trn khng th s d chy theo dy dn xung t ca
dy t trn khng n dy dn in, gy ra nh ngc, khng nhng khng c tc
dng bo v chng st nh m cn c th dn st, gy tn hi thm. ng thi, do chi
ph lp dy t trn khng rt ln, cho nn trn ng dy phn phi in ni chung
u khng lp dy t mc trn khng.

11 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn ng dy phn phi in, khi cng lc s dng b thu li v khe h
phng in, ti sao lp tt c cc khe h phng in ln cng mt pha?
p: So vi khe h phng in th b thu li c kh nng kh h quang tng
i ln, cn khe h phng in c khi ngay c dng in tip tc vi tn s chung
(dng in ngn mch) cng khng th che ct c. Khi ng dy b st nh, nu
hai pha tr ln u b st nh cng lc th ti thiu trong c mt b thu li c ng
tc. Sau khi sm st i qua, b thu li c th che ct dng in ngn mch ca hai pha,
t khi phc vn hnh bnh thng ca ng dy. Ngc li, khi nu c hai pha
cng lp khe h phng in th khi dng in ngn mch tng i ln, c th khng

- Trang 283 -
tt c h quang, hnh thnh ngn mch lin tc, khin cng tc ngun chy, mt
in c tuyn. Ch khi cng tc ngun c lp cu dao t ng ng li th lp khe h
bo v ng thi trn cc pha. Khi khng c cu dao t ng ng li th lp khe h
bo v ln mt pha l bin php va kinh t va tin cy.

11 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tuyn ng dy 110 kV v tuyn ng dy 35 kV giao nhau, khong
cch thng ng cun dy dn trn, di im giao nhau t ti 3 mt, ti sao bn ct
gc giao nhau phi tip t?
p: Mc ch tip t bn ct gc l lm cho ng dy giao nhau khi b st
nh th dng in st s chp rch qua vt cch in ca ng dy ri theo thp ct
vo t sau khi tip t c th gim in th ca dy dn b st nh, phng nga chp
rch cch in khe h khng kh gia trn, di ng dy giao nhau. Bi v sau khi
hai ng dy giao nhau chp rch c kh nng dn n hai ng dy cng lc nhy
cu cao, v cn gy tn hi cho thit b in ca mng 35 kV. Nn phi em bn gc
ct giao nhau, bt k l c dy thu li hay khng u tip t. Chi c khi khong cch
thng ng ca im giao nhau t 5 mt tr ln, kh nng sinh ra phng chp khng
ln th mi khng cn bt c s bo v no i vi khong khng giao nhau.

11 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao i vi ng dy 35 kV khng c dy thu li, dy dn ba pha
dng cch b tr theo hnh tam gic (xem hnh 11 - 4 - 6 (a)) s c tnh nng chng st
tt hn cch b tr nm ngang (xem hnh (b)), cn i vi ng dy 110 kV c dy
thu li th ngc li?
p: H thng 35 kV khng c dy thu li,
nu dy dn ba pha dng cch b tr theo hnh tam
gic, dy dn pha trn d b st nh nu dng
in st khng ln lm, ch sinh ra tip t mt
pha. Do ng dy 35 kV l h thng im trung
tnh khng tip t, dng in tip t u l dng
in in dung, khi tr s ca n khng ln, c th
t tt h quang, nu ng dy tng i di, khi
dng in in dung tng i ln, ni chung lp
cun dy kh h quang b, h quang im
tip t cng c th tt. Nu dy dn ba pha b tr nm ngang th kh nng hai pha
hoc ba pha cng lc b st nh s tng i nhiu, hai pha hoc ba pha phng chp,
sau khi c h quang tn s chung, do dng in ngn mch ln, ng dy s nhy cu
dao, ngng cung cp in. V th b tr theo hnh tam gic c tnh nng chng li tt
hn b tr nm ngang.
i vi h thng 110 kV c dy thu li, a s p dng hnh thc im trung
tnh trc tip tip t, khi mt pha b st nh sinh ra h quang chp rch, s nhy cu
dao, gin on cung cp in. Dy dn ba pha b tr theo hnh tam gic, ni chung ch
dng mt dy thu li, nu b tr nm ngang th p dng hai dy thu li hai ct, in
cm tng ng ca n tng i nh hn mt ct, t gim thp in th nh ct
khi st nh nh ct, in p tc dng ln chui cch in cng gim thiu, nng cao
mc chu st, t l st nh nhy cu dao thp.

- Trang 284 -
11 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy t mc trn khng phi ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht
mi tt?
p: Lp t dy t mc trn khng l nhm bo v dy ti in khng b st
nh. V th trong thi cng phi duy tr gc bo v ca dy t mc trn khng vi dy
ti in di 300, tc l phi lm sao duy tr khong cch gia dy t mc trn khng
vi n ngang bng g c di nht nh, cng di cng tt. Nu dy t mc trn
khng ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht th cung vng ca dy t mc trn khng
s nh hn dy ti in, s nng cao ca dy t mc trn khng gia khong
cch vt ct in. Khi dy ti in b gi thi ung a sang bn cnh, vn nm trong
phm v bo v ca dy t lp trn khng, khng b st nh.

11 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chn ai thp tip t ca ng dy ti in p cao vung gc
vi ng dy tt hn l chn theo chiu ng dy?
p: Phng v chn ai thp tip t nu chn ng th s tng cng tin
cy bo v chng st. Kho st qua vn hnh o th t trc n nay, in tr tip
t ca cch chn ai thp tip t theo chiu ng dy l tng i ln, cn in
tr tip t chn ai thp tip t vung gc vi ng dy tng i nh. iu ny
ch yu l do gia vt mang in vi khng kh v t chung quanh c chnh lch
in th cao, c tc dng cm ng in trng, dn n dng in trong t phn b
ri rc khng u. Mt dng in gn in trng tng i ln, in tr tip t
tng i ln. Ngc li th tng i nh. Nu ai thp tip t ca mi thp ct u
chn vung gc vi ng dy, khin n cch tng i xa in trng, nh vy in
tr tip t c th tng i nh.

11 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy tip t b thu li bo v u cp in phi ni thng vi v
cp in, nh th hin hnh 11 - 4 - 9?
p: Sau khi u ni nh vy, khi b thu li c ng
tc phng in s c hai ci li: (1) Lm cho in p gia
dy li vi v cp in trn thc t bng 0. (2) Lm cho v
cp in c tc dng phng thch dng in st phn tn vo
trong t.

11 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy thu li ca ng dy ko n gi thit b phn phi in th c li
g? Ti sao c mt s li khng ko vo?
p: Do c im phn dng hai u dy thu li, in th tng ln khi st
nh s nh hn mt cht so vi ct thu li gy ra. Trc tip ko dy thu li n gi
long mn, trn gi li lp t tip t tp trung, c li cho vic h thp tng in tr
tip t ca trm bin in. Thit b phn phi in 35 kV, do mc cch in tng
i thp, phng nga s c st nh tr li, khi in tr sut ca t ln hn 500
x mt th dy thu li khng th dn t trn khng n gi long mn ca dy ra. Nu
mun h thp tng in tr tip t ca trm bin in th c th em dy thu li thng

- Trang 285 -
qua t u vi gi trm bin in. ng dy u cui c th dng ct thu li ring
bo v.

11 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S c st nh v ng dy khu vc rt nhiu, liu c th dng cch
nng cao mc cch in ca ton tuyn loi tr s c st nh ng dy?
p: Khng th. Bi v nng cao mc cch in ca ton tuyn tuy c th
phng nga xy ra chp rch trn ng dy, nhng dng in st s theo ng dy
vo trm bin in, gy ra s c st nh bin th hoc cng tc. Loi s c ny cng
nghim trng hn s c ng dy. V th, phng php ng l phi lp thit b
chng st tt v phi hp s dng cu dao t ng ng li.


- Trang 286 -
11 - 5 Chng st cho cng trnh kin trc

11 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ct thu li ca cng trnh kin trc khng cho php s dng ct
thp bn trong cng trnh kin trc lm dy dn tip t?
p: dn dng in st xung t mt cch thun li, th in tr ca dy
dn ct thu li cng nh cng tt, nhng ch ni nhau ca ct thp trong cng trnh
kin trc u p dng cch buc dy. Xt t gc dn in th in tr qu ca n
rt ln, dng n lm dy dn xung t ca ct thu li th s dn n dng in st
khng th thng qua thun li, nh hng n tc dng chng st, cho nn phi lp
ring dy dn xung.

11 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b tip t ca ct thu li bo v cng trnh kin trc nguy c loi
mt, ti sao qui nh phi cch xa vt kin trc 3 mt tr ra?
p: Khi st nh trc tip, dng in xung kch chy qua ct thu li s sinh ra
st p rt ln (tc in p phn kch), nu khong cch gia thit b tip t vi cng
trnh kin trc cha ti 3 mt th in p phn kch s gy nguy him cho cng trnh,
gy ra hu qu kh lng. Cho nn, qui nh 3 mt l khong cch cho php nh nht
trnh b in p phn kch.

11 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng khi ca cng trnh kin trc d b st nh?
p: Bi v ng khi ni chung cao hn cng trnh kin trc, d lm in
trng bin dng, thu ht my ging phng in. Mt khc, ct kh nng v khi bc
t trong l ra cha rt nhiu ht dn in v phn t t do, cc cht kh ny to iu
kin tt cho my ging phng in, cho nn ng khi d b st nh.


- Trang 287 -
11 - 6 Lp t dy tip t thu li V Vn an ton

11 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy t ca b thu li ti sao khng th un cong thnh gc nhn?
p: Dy t ch un cong gc nhn d gy ra tc dng in khng, khi
tn s chung, n khng c tc dng g nhng khi dng in st cao tn chy qua, tr s
ca n s rt ln, dn n khi st vo n khng phng in hoc in p d qu cao,
nh vy s mt i tc dng trnh st.

11 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy t ca ct thu li khng th tng thm ng thp bo v?
p: Khi st nh, dng in st cc ln qua dy t xung t, tc thay i
ca dng in ny rt ln, khi dng in ny chy qua dy dn bn ngoi c ng thp
s cm ng ra in th trong ng thp (tng ng vi mt vng dy dn ngn mch)
sinh ra dng in vng, t thng do n sinh ra cn tr s thay i ca t trng c,
cng tc l tng ng vi tng thm mt tr khng sng trn ng i ca dng
in st, lm tng in tr tip t mt cch nhn to. iu ny khng c li i vi
ct thu li. Cho nn khng th lp thm ng thp bo v.

11 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn xung tip t ca ct thu li, ti sao khng nn chy trn mt t
qu di?
p: Khi b st nh, phng in trc tip th tr s in p v dng in ct
thu li rt ln, c bit dc bin sng ln, thi gian ngn, cho nn c th coi l
sng tn s cao. Nu dy dn tip t chy trn mt t qu di, tuy l dy phng,
nhng in cm di tn s cao vn rt ng k, n s sinh ra st p cm khng tng
i cao trn dy dn xung, lc ny s rt nguy him i vi nhn vin trc ban trng
coi trm bin in. Cho nn phi c gng sao cho dy dn xung khng chy trn mt
on qu di.

11 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t s dng trong b thu li khng nn lp t trong rung
la nc?
p: Khi ng dy b st nh, thng qua dy tip t ca b thu li s dn
in p xung t lan ta in p gn cc tip t, cng gn ch cc tip t th in
p bc cng cao. Nu chn cc tip t trong rung la nc, khi ngi ta cy bng
tru, nu ng dy b st nh, ngi v tru gn ch cc tip t s c nguy c b
in git, nht l tru cng nguy him bi v khong cch gia chn trc v chn sau
ca tru ln, cho nn chu in p bc cao.

11 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ct thu li l vt tip t tt, liu c th ni song song 1 dy dn ch
chn vo t ca n ri dn vo trong nh lm dy tip t bo m an ton cho
thit b in gia dng?

- Trang 288 -
p: Tuyt i khng c. Tuy in tr tip xc gia ct thu li vi t ch
c vi m, nhng khi my ging phng in vo ct thu li th dng in phng in
tc th c th t ti hng ngn, vn vn. Dng in mnh nh vy chy xung t s
hnh thnh in p sc th rt cao ct thu li v h thng tip t ca n. in p ny
thng qua dy dn tc dng ln v thit b in gia dng s dn sm st vo nh, hu
qu ca n l my hng, ngi cht.

11 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mt in v dy curoa ang quay thnh thong c hin tng mang
tnh in, trong tnh hnh no mi xy ra hin tng ny, lm sao phng nga?
p: Mt in ko ai curoa, curoa ko my cng c, gia curoa vi puli my
cng c c s trt tng i, hin tng trt ny tng ng vi ma st, khin cho
trn curoa c in tch m, trn puli mang in tch dng, in tch m s c curoa
truyn n mt in, nu mt in v my cng c cch in i vi t m curoa
li khng dn in th in tch tnh cng tch cng nhiu, in p tng cao, curoa v
mt in s th hin hin tng tnh in r rt v c kh nng do phng in dn ti
ha hon. Mun phng nga s c ny ch cn tip t b my ca my cng c v
mt in khin in tch sinh ra lp tc trung ha m khng tch t li, nhng
nhng vng ma ng lnh gi c th lm cho dy tip t mt tc dng, nu khi tip
t s dng thm 1 dy tip t th in tch trn mt v my cng c s trung ha ln
nhau cng khng gy ra hin tng tnh in.

11 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt cao c truyn hnh 12 tng lp t ring bin p 560 kVA cung cp
in. Trong mng phn phi din thp p ca n p dng hnh thc im trung tnh
khng tip t. Lm nh vy c ph hp yu cu an ton khng, tip t chng st
phi lm nh th no?
p: My bin p chuyn dng y s dng phng thc vn hnh im
trung tnh bn thp p khng tip t, l c th c. Lc ny cn lp b bo him
nh thng trn dy trung tnh hoc trn mt pha bn thp p bin th, u cui ca
ng dy in lc thp p trn khng v u cui ca ng phn nhnh ca n cn
phi lp b bo him nh thng trn cc dy pha. Mc ch ca cc bin php ny l
phng nga nguy him o cch in gia cc nhm cun dy cao p, thp p ca bin
th b nh thng gy nn.
Cn lp thit b gim st tip t c th pht tn hiu bo ng khi xy ra tip
t mt pha ng dy thp p, khi xy ra tip t mt pha c th nhanh chng tm
ra on dy s c, tch on dy s c ra loi tr s c.
Dy dn xung tip t ca ct thu li hoc ai thu li lp trn cao c c th li
dng ct st chnh ca cng trnh kin trc lm dy dn xung t hoc lp t dy dn
xung t ring, lm cc tip t tp trung ch vo t. Sn b tng ct st ca mi
tng lu phi hn ni ct st li vi nhau v ni vi dy dn xung ca thit b thu li
ni trn. ch gn sn lu mi lu tt nht lp t mt dy chnh tip t ni vi tip
t ct st ca sn lu (ng nhin cng ni vi dy dn xung t ca thit b chng
st).


- Trang 289 -
11 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc thit b nh bm du, ng du, rnh du trung gian v.v... vn
chuyn du m u khng phi l thit b in, nhng ti sao phi lm tip t in?
p: Khi du chy trong cc thit b nh bm du ng du v rnh du v.v...,
du chy s ma st vi cc thit b ny sinh ra in tch tnh. Nu cc thit b ny cch
in i vi t th in tch tnh s tch t cng lu cng nhiu, khi c s lng s
sinh ra tia la, t chy cht chy chung quanh, gy ra ha hon v n. Nu thit b
vn chuyn du lm bng kim loi c tip t tt th in tch tnh do du chy ma st
sinh ra thng qua thit b tip t dn xung t, s khng gy ra nguy him. ng
thi cn c th phng nga s c st nh.

11 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ma to, ng di cy ln l nguy him, ng di ct thu li c an
ton khng?
p: Khi st nh ct thu li, di tc dng ca dng in st v in tr tip
t trn mt t gn ct thu li s sinh ra in th rt cao, nu v tr ng gn ct thu
li th in p bc m hai chn phi chu s nguy him i vi ngi. ng thi dy
dn xung tip t ca ct thu li cn c tc dng in cm, khi dng in st chy
qua, trn dy dn xung tip t s sinh ra in p rt cao, c kh nng nh thng
khng kh ln cn, sinh ra chp rch i vi ngi hoc vt gn. Cho nn, ch c
cch ct thu li 5 mt tr ra mi tng i an ton.


- Trang 290 -
CHNG XII
H S CNG SUT

12 - 1 Dng t in nng cao h s cng sut

12 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong thc t thng dng phng php t in u song song ch
khng u ni tip vi ph ti nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in?
p: Khi nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in cn bo m trng thi lm
vic vn c ca ph ti khng bin i. Khi u ni tip t in tc dng hn dng ca
cm khng ph ti v dung khng ca in dung s trit tiu ln nhau, do lm tng
dng in ca ton b ng dy, tn tht cng sut ng dy tng ln, in p v
dng in trn ph ti cng tng ln, lm thay i trng thi lm vic vn c ca ph
ti. Khi u song song t in, do pha ca dng in phn khng (v cng) m in
cm v in dung ly dng va ng ngc nhau. V th cng sut phn khng m
in cm cn thit, phn ln c th do t in cung cp ti ch. Nu chn lng in
dung thch hp th ngun in ch cn cung cp dng in tc dng (hu cng) v mt
t dng in phn khng (v cng) l c. Nh vy dng in m ph ti s dng vn
khng thay i, dng in tng trn ng dy li gim, tc bo m trng thi lm
vic ca ph ti khng thay i, cng lm cho dung lng ca my pht in c li
dng y . V th thng dng phng php u song song t in vi ph ti
nng cao h s cng sut.

12 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H s cng sut ca h s dng in cng cao cng tt, nhng ti sao
khng nng cao h s cng sut ln n 1, m ch nng cao ti khong 0.9?
p: Bi v nng cao h s cng sut phi s dng cc thit b b nh t in
tnh in, m khi h s cng sut gn bng 1, th thi ph thit b b cn thit nng
cao h s cng sut s cng ln. Nh khi ph ti l 120 kW, h s cng sut l 0.72,
mun nng h s cng sut ln 0.9, qua tnh ton, dung lng t in cn thit phi l
57.5 kVAr, nu nng cao ti 1 th cn n 116 kVAr. C th thy, h s cng sut t
0.72 khi nng cao ti 0.9 th c nng cao 0.01, dung lng t in cn thit l 57.5/18
= 3.2 kVAr, cn khi t. 0.9 nng ln ti 1 th c nng ln 0.01 s cn (116 - 57.5)/10 =
5.85 kVAr.

12 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi n v s dng in cn lp nhm t in in lc b, th tng
dung lng ca n nn tnh nh th no?
p: (1) Cn phi bit s dc ca ng h cng tc dng (hu cng) v ng
h cng phn khng (v cng) ca n v dng in, tnh ra h s cng sut bnh qun.
2 2
khang) phan cong dung) tac (cong
dung tac cong
(
cos
1
+
=
(2) Gi thit h s cng sut sau khi nng cao l cos
2
, th tng dung lng ca
nhm t in cn lp l:

- Trang 291 -
Q
K
= P (tg
1
- tg
2
) (kVAr)
Trong cng thc: P l cng sut tc dng bnh qun (kW)

l
l gc h s cng sut trc khi ci thin.

2
l gc h s cng sut l tng sau khi ci thin.
(3) T cos
1
, cos
2
tra bng hm s lng gic c tr s hm s tg
1
, tg
2

cng vi cng sut tc dng bnh qun o c thay vo cng thc trn s c tng
dung lng ca t in cn lp.

12 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch in n ng ph thng, mun u song song t nng cao
h s cng sut, c phi s t in u song song cng nhiu th h s cng sut s
cng cao?
p: Trong mch in n ng u ni tip mt b chn lu in cm ln.
L mt mch in cm in t, nn dng in trong mch in l tr sau, nu trong
mch in ny u song song mt t in, v dng in in dung vt trc in p
90
o
, c tc dng b dng in tr, v th nng cao c h s cng sut ca tng dng
in.
Nu u song song qu nhiu t in, dng in in dung qu ln, th ngc
li s lm gim h s cng sut, chng qua ch l i h s cng sut tr sau thnh vt
trc m thi. Cho nn, s t in u song song vo mch in phi va , nu qu
nhiu, ngc li khng c li.

12 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao sau khi u t in vo mch in, dng in li nh hn khi cha
u t in m in p li tng i cao hn?
p: V thit b in khi vn hnh u tn ti tr khng, khi dng in chy
qua tr khng ny s gy ra st p, trong c dng in cng sut phn khng chm
pha. Sau khi u t in vo mch in, do dng in cng sut phn khng pha trc
trit tiu mt phn dng in phn khng pha tr, cho nn tng dng in tt phi
gim. Do dng in gim, st p trong mch in cng gim hn so vi trc, cho nn
in p hi cao hn so vi khi cha u t in.


- Trang 292 -
12 - 2 Lp t v vn hnh t in

12 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: nng cao h s cng sut, cc x nghip cng nghip u lp t in
b, tp trung li lp mt ch tt hn hay lp phn tn cc ph ti tt hn?

p: L tng nht l lp t in b ch ph ti c tnh cht in cm c ln.
Nh vy c th gim tit din dy dn ti din v tn hao ng dy. Nu tp trung lp
ch tng ngun in, tuy cng c th nng cao h s cng sut, nhng trn dng
dy ph ti, h s cng sut thp s c mt b phn rt ln dng in phn khng chy
qua, khin tn hao ng dy ca ng dy ny tng ln, ng thi tit din dy dn
cng phi ln hn ci trc.

12 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My b ng b ti sao phi lp ch h s dng?
p: Khi ph ti c tnh in cm ca h s dng rt ln th dng in phn
khng cng tng i ln, lm gim h s cng sut v in p. Dng my b ng b
lm vic trng thi kch thch mnh, cung cp dng in c tnh in dung cho h s
dng, nng cao in p, gim dng in phn khng m my pht in a ra, nng
cao h s cng sut on ng dy ti gia my pht in vi my b ng b, tc
c th gim tn hao ng dy v gim dng in ng dy.

12 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ci thin h s cng sut ca my hn h quang xoay chiu u bng cch
u song song t in b vo bn s cp (u vo) ca my hn. Liu c th u t
in b vo bn th cp (u ra) ca my hn ci thin h s cng sut thp?
p: S chy n nh ca h quang hn i hi mch in hn c in khng
tng i ln. u song song t in b vo bn th cp my hn tuy c th ci thin
h s cng sut nhng in khng tng ng ca mch in hn gim ng k,
khin h quang hn khng chy n nh na. V th, khng dc u song song t
in b vo bn th cp my hn.

12 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi t in in lc cao p u thnh song song s dng b th
mi t in u phi lp cu ch?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, t in in lc phi chu in p ca h thng, nu
cht lng ca t in c bit khng tt s xy ra hin tng nh thng. Lc ny, nu
khng nhanh chng ct t in ny ra khi h thng vn hnh th cc t in khc s
phng in qua t in hng ny, c kh nng dn n n v chy. V th, mi mt t
in trong nhm t in u nn s dng cu ch ring bo v.

12 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao t in in lc sau khi ko cu dao, khng th lp tc ng cu
dao?

- Trang 293 -
p: T in in lc sau khi tch khi h thng in lc s tr thnh mt
ngun in c lp. Ngun in ny l in tch tnh in, khng th song song vi h
thng. ng thi t in in lc mi ln ko ng cu dao s sinh ra in p tng
i cao trn mi cc. Sau khi ko tch cu dao, li lp tc ng cu dao, c th sinh ra
chng cht in p, lm cho t in lc b nh thng. V th, t in lc sau khi ko
cu dao phi qua phng in mi ng cu dao nhp vi h thng in lc.

12 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H s cng sut ca my pht in ni chung khng nn tr sau qu 0.95
nu cha lp ng h h s cng sut, lm th no cn c vo s ch bo ca ng h
cng tc dng v cng phn khng nhanh chng phn
on h s cng sut tr sau qu 0.95 hay cha? ,
p: H s cng sut ca my pht in, ni chung
khng nn tr sau qu 0.95. L do ch yu l phng nga
h s cng sut vt trc dn n mt ng b gia my
pht in vi h thng. C mt s trm pht in khng
lp ng h h s cng sut nhng lp ng h cng tc
dng v cng phn khng khng nh hn 1/3 s ch bo ca ng h cng tc dng,
tc
3
1
W
W
r
> l c th phn on h s cng sut khng tr sau qu 0.95. Chng minh
nh sau:
Cng tc dng: W =
3
1
W
W
r
> UIcos
Cng phn khng: W
r
= 3 UIsin
Khi h s cng sut tr sau 0.95, tc:
cos = 0.95
tg = 0.3287
3
1
~
Cho nn, iu kin h s cng sut khng tr sau qu 0.95 l
3
1
W
W
r
>
12 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T in dng ci thin h s cng sut, khi in p khng ph hp vi
nh mc c th s dng c khng?
p: Dng in chy trong t in t l thun vi in p, dung lng kVA ca
n t l thun vi bnh phng in p. l v:
I =
fC 2
1
U
X
U
t
= = fCU 2t
UI = U( fCU 2t ) = fCU 2t
2

Cho nn cng mt t in dng trn in p cao th hiu qu cng ln, nhng t
in c chi nh in p nu dng vi in p cao hn nh mc s c nguy c b nh
thng, khng th mo him. Nhng nu h thp in p s dng th hiu qu gim
mnh, cng s khng kinh t.


- Trang 294 -
CHNG XIII
CHIU SNG

13 - 1 n sng trng
13 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bng n sng trng bnh thng dng chiu sng khng phi
hon ton chn khng m c np mt t kh tr?
p: Khi n sng trng lm vic, dy tc vo trng thi sng trng vi nhit
cao. Khi nhit dy tc qu cao, s lm cho dy vnfram bc hi qu nhanh, gim
tui th, m vnfram sau khi bc hi s tch t vch trong bng n, khin bng n
b en, nh hng sng. Sau khi np mt lng kh tr va phi vo trong bng
n, di p lc nht nh, s bc hi ca dy vnfram gim mnh so vi trong chn
khng, tc di iu kin tui th ging nhau th nhit lm vic ca dy tc bng
n np kh c th cao hn nhit kh chn khng, t nng cao c hiu sut
pht sng. Cho nn, ni chung, trong bng n sng trng sau khi ht chn khng li
bm vo kh cgn, kh nh hoc hn hp kh cgn - nit vi p sut nht nh.

13 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy vnfram trong bng n in b t, lc vi ci khin dy vnfram
dnh nhau tr li, c lc s dng sng hn c ban u, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dy vnfram b t, sau khi dnh li, di ca n nht nh ngn hn
ban u, tr s in tr ca n cng gim so vi c, trong tnh hnh in p nh mc
bn ngoi, dng in chy qua dy vnfram tng ln. Do sng ca n in t l
thun vi cng sut ca n W = I
2
R, lc ny in tr R tuy gim nh, nhng dng in
I tng, trong tch I
2
R, tr s tng ca s hng trc ln hn tr s gim ca s hng sau,
cho nn cng sut tng ln, sng cng tng.

13 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hai bng n 40W khng sng bng mt bng n 75W?
p: S ot ca bng n cng ln th t s hiu sut pht sng ca n
(lumen/ot) cng cao. Cho nn, bng n 75W c quang thng ln hn hai bng 40W,
th th cng nh sng cng s ln .Mt khc, din tch b mt ca hai bng n
ln hn mt bng n, th th nu cng nh sng ging nhau th sng ca bng
c din tch b mt ln, phi nh. Cho nn hai bng n 40W khng sng bng mt
bng 75W.

13 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp bng n (c bit l cng sut ln), nh hnh 13 - 1 - 4 th hnh
(a) hp l, hay hnh (b) hp l hn?
p: Ni chung, trong iu kin c th th nn lp theo
hnh (b). Bi v, khi n sng, nhit ca dy tc bng n (dy
vnfram) tng i cao, lm cho vnfram bc hi, vnfram sau
khi bc hi dnh bng thy tinh s lm gim hiu sut lt sng
ca thy tinh. Nu lp nh hnh (a) th vnfram bc hi phn ln

- Trang 295 -
bm b phn thy tinh cn lt nh sng, cn phng php t hnh (b) th vnfram
bm b phn khng cn lt nh sng.

13 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy tc bng n in a phn b chy khi cng tc va bt, cn
sau khi sng th t xy ra hin tng ny?
p: Dy tc bng n l mt on dy vnfram. Vnfram ging nh cc vt
liu kim loi khc, tr s in tr R ln ln theo s tng cao ca nhit , tc in tr
trng thi ngui nh, nhit in tr ln. Cho nn dng in khi mch in va u
thng s ln hn nhiu ln khi thp sng, dy tc bng n ng nhin d b chy
t, ly bng n 220V, 100W lm v d, in tr trng thi ngui R
1
l 42.25 , in
tr trng thi nhit R
2
l 484 .
5 . 11
25 . 42
484
R
R
2
1
= =
Tc dng in trng thi ngui 1I bng 11.5 ln dng in trng thi nng I
2
.Li do lng nhit pht ca dy tc bng n t l thun vi I
2
R, cho nn s pht nhit
ca dy tc bng n khi va u thng mch s ln hn nhiu khi thp sng, iu
ng nhin khin dy tc bng n d chy.

13 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bng n in s dng lu, ti sao tr nn en?
p: Dy vnfram trong bng n, di nhit cao pht quang cng c bc
hi mt phn, vnfram bc hi ra s ng kt li mt trong bng n, tr thnh lp
mng mu en xm cn tr tia sng xuyn qua. Hin tng ny tng i r trong
trng hp x l chn khng ca bng n khng tt. Nu s dng in p qu qui
nh, cng s sinh ra hin tng ny. S bc hi ca dy vnfram lm gim lng
pht sng ca bng n, khi gim ti 80 % lng sng ban u th coi nh hng, phi
thay mi.

13 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy vnfram trong bng n in, ti sao phi qun thnh hnh l xo?
p: Dy vnfram sau khi qun thnh hnh l xo, lm gim ng k di bn
ngoi ca dy tc n, kt cu ca bng n tng i n gin, rt gn kch thc,
tng cng c hc ca dy tc, kh b rung gy, hn na do nhit lng tp trung,
in nng a vo nh nhau, nhit tng i cao, nh sng pht ra tng i mnh,
tc hiu sut tng i cao.

13 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn bng n in ti sao phi lp chp n?
p: Tc dng ca mt ging nh my chp hnh, chng ta u bit nu my
chp hnh nhm chnh vo ngun nh sng rt sng th hnh nh chp c, ngc li
nhe nhot khng r. Nu mt nhn thng vo ngun nh sng rt sng, mng mt s t
ng co vo nh sng bc x khng lm tn thng vng mc, nhng sau khi mng
mt co vo nh sng bc x qu t, vt th kh nhn cho r. l nguyn nhn thng
thng phi lm chp n nh sng khng trc tip bc x vo mt. Bng n

- Trang 296 -
khng lp chp th s pht ra quang thng khc nhau trn cc hng khc nhau, v th
trn b mt cc ch c khong cch ging nhau quanh bng n s c chiu sng
khc nhau, nu mun yu cu mt b mt no c chiu sng tt v d mt bn, nh
sng ca bng n c th thng qua chp n phn x ln mt bn, l mt nguyn
nhn na ca vic thng phi lp chp n trn n.


- Trang 297 -
13 - 2 n hunh quang

13 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bng n hunh quang c th pht nh sng mu sc khc nhau
nh xanh, xanh da tri, mu trng vng, v.v...?
p: Ty theo thnh phn cht hunh quang trn vch trong bng n hunh
quang khc nhau m pht ra nh sng mu khc nhau. Cht hunh quang Tungstat
magi pht nh sng mu xanh, Tungstat km pht nh sng mu da tri, hp kim km
- Beri ca mui silicat pht nh sng mu trng vng.

13 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao sau khi thng ngun hai u bng n non ln nhng n mi
vn khng sng?
p: Do tip im ca tc te b dnh cht khng tch ra c hoc tc te b
nh thng gy ngn mch, khin dy tc bng n non lun thng in lm cho hai
u bng n ln, nn chn lu khng th sinh ra in th cm ng, trn bng n
khng c in p xung kch, v th khng th thp sng. Nh vy, s d chy dy tc,
gim tui th ca bng n. Ngoi ra, do phn ln in p ngun t hai u chn
lu, chn lu trng thi qu ti, d b nng, thm ch chy hng. ngh kim tra v
thay tc te.

12 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vo ma ng nhit tng i thp, ti sao sng ca n hunh
quang gim?
p: n hunh quang da vo thy ngn gia hai in cc u bng n khi
bc hi dn in, pht ra tia t ngoi, kch thch bt hunh quang vch trong bng
n pht ra nh sng c th nhn thy. Hiu sut khi hi thy ngn dn in chuyn
ha thnh tia t ngoi tng ng vi p sut hi, p sut hi trong bng n ph thuc
vo nhit mi trng chung quanh. Ni chung khi thit k bng n, gi thit nhit
mi trng chung quanh l 25
o
C. Ma ng nhit tng i thp, do p sut hi
trong bng thp hn nhiu so vi tr s thit k, cho nn hiu sut pht sng cng gim
ng k.

13 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tui th s dng ca n hunh quang ti sao ph thuc v s ln bt, tt?
p: Tui th ca n hunh quang ch yu quyt nh bi cht lng lp oxy
ha trn dy tc bng n. Khi khi ng n, do tc dng phi hp ca chn lu, tc
te, s sinh ra cao p tc th hai u bng n khin n sng. Lc ny, lp oxy ha
trn dy tc s chu s bn ph ca cc ion di tc dng in trng mnh, d b
hng nht. Khi tn tht ca lp mng n mc in t pht x khng thp sng n
na th tui th ca bng n cng ht. Tn hi m lp sn oxy ha chu ng khi
khi ng bng n nghim trng hn nhiu so vi khi lm vic, cho nn tui th ca
bng n non ph thuc vo s ln khi ng, khi ng cng nhiu th tui th cng
ngn.


- Trang 298 -
13 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chn lu n hunh quang thng dng keo nha bitum lm cht
chn n?
p: Chn lu n hunh quang l cun dy hn dng c li st. Li st nh,
khng c chi tit kp, di tc dng ca t thng xoay chiu, phin st chn ng sinh
ra ting n. Sau khi chn bng keo nha bitum, khin li st thnh khi lin, loi tr
ting n, cn c tc dng cch in v tn nhit. ng thi cng ngh keo nha
bitum n gin, gi thnh r.

13 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao n hunh quang khng s dng chiu sng khn cp?
p: Bi v n hunh quang c cc khuyt im sau y:
(1) Khi in p st gim, khng th sng c.
(2) Khi nhit chung quanh thp, n kh sng.
(3) n hunh quang khng c qun tnh nhit, khin quang thng dao ng
ln hn n sng trng, nh vy s ph hoi th gic bnh thng i vi vt th di
ng.
(4) Cc chi tit phi thuc tng i nhiu, d xy ra s c hn n sng trng.

13 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Chn lu n hunh quang c hai loi: bn u dy ra v hai u dy ra.
Loi 4 u dy ra c u im g?
p: Cch u dy chn lu bn u dy ra nh th hin
hnh 13 - 2 - 7. Trn cng mt li st, u dy ra 1, 2 l cun dy
chnh, s vng ca n nhiu hn chn lu hai u dy ra; u dy
ra 3, 4 l cun dy ph, s vng t hn nhiu so vi cun dy
chnh. Chiu qun ca cun dy chnh, ph ngc nhau (1, 3 l
u bt u ca cun dy), tc chiu hai ng sc t ngc nhau. Khi n hunh
quang thng ngun, in th cm ng hai u cun dy ph cng vi cun dy chnh,
do ng sc t trit tiu ln nhau, khin tr khng ca cun dy chnh gim, dng
in tng ln, nn bng n lm nng nhanh, khi ngt tc te, do s vng ca cun dy
chnh nhiu, in th cm ng cao, nn cng c li cho khi ng n. Sau khi bng
n khi ng, cun dy ph tm thi mt tc dng, do s vng ca cun dy chnh
nhiu, tc dng hn dng ca n tt hn loi hai u dy ra. Nht l khi in p ngun
dao ng, do dng in lm vic ca bng n thay i t, sng n nh, c th ko
di tui th s dng. V th c bit thch hp s dng nhng ni in p dao ng
tng i ln. Nhng khi s dng cn ch khng c u sai u ni, nu khng,
khng ch nh hng n tui th v tnh nng khi ng ca bng n, thm ch cn
chy hng chn lu v bng n.

13 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s n huynh quang sau khi tt vn cn hin tng sng
nhp nhy yu t?
p: Nu cng tc u trn dy pha (dy la) th sau khi ngt cng tc (tc
ngt in), ngun in ngt hon ton th n non s khng nhp nhy. Nu cng tc
u trn dy t, tuy cng tc ngt, nhng bng n vn c in, khi cch in

- Trang 299 -
khng tht tt c in r chy qua, khin n nhp nhy sng yu. V th, khi lp n
hunh quang, trc tin cn dng bt th in kim tra, u cng tc ln dy pha.

13 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n sng trng 40W tit kim in hay n hunh quang 40W tit kim
in?
p: Tuy cng sut nh mc ca bng n sng trng v bng n hunh
quang bng nhau nhng chn lu ca n hunh quang cng tiu hao cng sut, nh
tng lng in s dng ca n hunh quang 40W l khong 49.6W, ln hn lng
tiu hao in ca n sng trng 40W. Xt t gc s dng in th lng in s
dng ca n hunh quang 40W ln hn n sng trng 40W.
Nu xt t hiu sut pht sng th n hunh quang tit kim in hn n sng
trng. Lng quang thng ca bng n sng trng (kiu PZ8) 40W l 340 lumen, hiu
sut pht sng l 8.5 lumen/W. Lng quang thng ca bng n hunh quang 40W
(kiu RL - 40) l 2640 lumen, hiu sut pht sng l 66 lumen/W, gp hn 7 ln n
sng trng (lng quang thng ca n tng ng vi lng quang thng ca bng
n sng trng 200W kiu PQ 11). Cho nn, t c hiu sut pht sng nh nhau th
n hunh quang tit kim in hn n sng trng.

13 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n hunh quang trn xe but v xe in s dng ngun in xoay chiu
phi khng?
p: n hunh quang nh trn xe but v xe in s dng ngun in mt
chiu, qua b bin i bn dn, to ra in xoay chiu cao tn sau mi cung cp
in cho n. B bin i bn dn bao gm mch dao ng t kch bn dn v mt
bin p mch xung tng p thc hin lm nng dy tc, xc pht cao p v h p
(c mt s mch in khng qua lm nng dy tc m trc tip xc pht). Nng cao
tn s ngun in n hunh quang c th nng cao hiu sut pht sng, ng thi cn
c th trnh c hin tng nhp nhy ca n ni chung. trnh sinh ra ting n
dao ng, ni chung tn s u chn trong phm vi siu m tn, khong 17000Hz.

13 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi xe but khi ng, n toa xe bng ti li, cn xe in khng
ray khi khi ng n toa xe li sng bnh thng?
p: ng c ca xe but phi dng mt in mt chiu khi ng. My
khi ng v mch in chiu sng cng do c qui cung cp in. Do dng in khi
ng ca my khi ng gy nn st p rt ln trong c qui, khin in p u st
xung. V th khi khi ng, n toa xe bng ti li. Khi khi ng xong, my khi
ng ngng hot ng, sng ca n mi khi phc bnh thng.
Mch in ng lc ca xe in khng ray do in li trn khng cung cp
(600V) bo m an ton, mch in chiu sng vn do c qui cung cp (12V).
Mch in chiu sng khng ph thuc mch in ng lc, v th khi khi ng, n
toa xe vn sng nh thng.

13 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n hunh quang 3W ti sao khng cn dng chn lu?

- Trang 300 -
p: n hunh quang 3W tr ln cn c chn lu lm khi ng cao p, duy
tr thp p, tc phi c in p khi ng cao hn in p ngun in, sau khi a vo
hot ng bnh thng phi c in p lm vic thp hn in p ngun. n hunh
quang 3W l kt cu hai lp, li trong l bng n hunh quang 3W, s dng in cc
bng nhm dng ng trn, trn vch trng lp mng dn in tetracloride thic u,
trong sut, khng mu, u ni tip vi bng.
Ngoi vic n gip d khi ng, ch yu cn lm cho bng n c th duy tr
c trng thi phng in n nh, khin in p v dng in lm vic ca bng n
duy tr trong phm vi nh mc, cho nn n hunh quang 3W khng cn dng chn
lu.

13 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mi trng ti, ly tay s ng thy tinh hai u bng n hunh
quang, s c hin tng g?
p: Phn u bng n s pht ra qung sng yu t. l do khi s tay vo
ng thy tinh, dy tc v tay thnh hai bn cc ca t in, di tc dng ca in p,
sinh ra dng in in dung rt nh, khin bt hunh quang trn vch ng pht ra
hunh quang yu t.

13 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao n hunh quang lp trong phng th nghim cao p xoay chiu
khng c in, khi tin hnh th nghim cao p, c khi pht sng?
p: l do trong bng n non np y hi thy ngn khng n nh, khi
th nghim cao p, in trng mnh xoay chiu quanh dy dn chy qua bng n, c
kh nng lm cho phn t kh thy ngn ion ha v sinh ra s chuyn ng khng qui
tc, va vo vch bng c bi bt hunh quang, nh vy khin n pht sng.

13 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi in p ngun thp hn nh mc, ti sao tui th s dng ca n
sng trng c th ko di cn tui th n non li gim?
p: n sng trng l ngun nh sng bc x nhit, da vo bc x nhit
cao ca dy vnfram pht ra nh sng c th nhn thy. Khi in p ngun thp, do
dng in gim, nhit lm vic ca dy tc gim thp, s thng hoa ca dy
vnfram gim, cho nn tui th s dng c th ko di.
Nguyn l hot ng ca n hunh quang l dy tc sau khi gia nhit pht x
in t, khin thy ngn trong bng n bc hi ion ha, pht ra tia t ngoi di s
kch thch ca tia t ngoi, bt hunh quang trn vch bng pht ra nh sng c th
nhn thy. tng kh nng pht x in t ca dy tc, trn b mt dy tc c trng
cc cht pht x, nh carbonat beri, carbonat canxi, carbonat stroni. Khi in p ngun
gim thp, do dng in gim, nhit lm nng dy tc khng , kh nng pht x
in t km, khi ng kh khn, tt yu tng s ln bn ph i vi dy tc, gy nn
bn tung cht pht x, cho nn gim tui th.

13 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Chiu sng bng phn phi in th dng n sng trng tt hay n hunh
quang tt?

- Trang 301 -
p: n sng trng tt hn. Bi v n sng trng khng nhp nhy, c s
liu trn ng h tng i d, khi in p dao ng, s bin ng t ngt ca nh
sng n c th c tc dng tn hiu. n hunh quang do hin tng nhp nhy rt r,
khng c li cho vic c ng h, khi in p thay i t ngt v s c ca ng
h hin th bin ng, nh hng c bit ln. V th, n hunh quang khng tt bng
n sng trng.

13 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hu tay di nh n hunh quang nhn thy nhiu bng nh, cn
di n sng trng th khng c?
p: Bi v n non da vo tia m cc sinh ra trong bng n kch thch
cht hunh quang vch bng n lm n pht sng. Khi khng c tia x, nh sng
lp tc mt. Do in s dng chiu sng ph thng u l in xoay chiu nn tia x
sinh ra trong bng n khi th t tri qua phi, lc th t phi qua tri, gia c dng
li rt ngn, v th khin nh sng sinh ra nhp nhy, mt ngi ch c th nhn thy
tay khi n sng, khi n ti nhn khng thy. Cho nn khi hu tay, nhn thy bng nh
tay, nh sng ca n sng trng l do t nng m pht sng, nh sng lin tc, cho
nn khng c hin tng ny.

13 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: So snh gia n hunh quang v n sng trng ph thng c cng cng
sut th loi no chi mt?
p: So snh gia n hunh quang vi n sng trng ph thng th s cm
thy bng n sng trng ph thng chi mt hn. Bi v nh sng ca n sng trng
l pht ra t b mt dy tc: din tch pht sng ca mt n sng trng 40W l khong
0.8cm
2
. cn nh sng ca n hunh quang pht ra t bt hunh quang, in tch pht
sng ca n hunh quang 40W l khong 1350cm
2
. Tuy hiu sut pht sng ca n
non ln hn n sng trng 4.5 ln, nhng din tch pht sng ln hn gn 1700 ln,
kt qu nh sng pht ra trn mi n v din tch ch bng 1/100 n sng trng, cho
nn nhn thng vo n hunh quang khng cm thy chi mt.

13 - 2 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nh chp ca n hunh quang lm vic trong ngun in xoay
chiu tng i r rt, cn n sng trng ph thng khng c hin tng ny?
p: Ngun sng hot ng trong ngun in xoay chiu th dng in ca n
bin i theo chu k. i vi n hunh quang, bt hunh quang b kch thch pht
sng, v thi gian kch thch sng ca bt hunh quang rt ngn, cho nn s pht ra ca
nh sng thay i theo s thay i ca dng in, hin tng nh chp s rt r. Tn
s cng thp th nh chp cng r. i vi n sng trng, khi n sng, dy tc tch
tr nhit lng nht nh, trong thi gian rt ngn, nhit khng th h xung nhanh,
nh vy s bin i chu k ca dng in nh hng rt nh n s pht sng ca
bng n. Cho nn bin thay i ca nh sng ca n sng trng tng i nh, th
gic ca ngi c bn khng pht hin c.


- Trang 302 -
13 - 3 Cc ngun sng khc

13 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hiu sut pht sng ca n thy ngn cao p cao, tui th di, tiu hao
in t, nhng ti sao ch s dng ni cng cng?
p: Bi v thi gian t sng ca n thy ngn cao p phi cn 5 10 pht,
sau khi tt li khng th lp tc sng tr li (trong trng thi nng, n i hi mch
xung cao p cng sut ln xc pht th mi c th sng, cho nn sau khi tt n, phi
ngui 5 - 10 pht ri mi bt in li). Ngoi ra, khi ng thp sng nhiu ln s
nh hng rt ln n tui th ca n. V th, n ch c th dng ni cng cng
sng thu m, ch khng th s dng gia nh.

13 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n cao p thy ngn c loi phi lp thm chn lu bn ngoi v t in
ci thin h s cng sut, c loi li khng dng, ti sao?
p: n thy ngn cao p do c c tnh in tr m, u phi lp thm chn
lu mi c th lm vic n nh. Chn lu c 2 loi: chn lu in cm v chn lu
in tr. Chn lu c tnh cht in cm u bn ngoi, trnh lm gim h s
cng sut, li phi phi hp thm t in, gi l n thy ngn cao p chn lu ngoi.
Chn lu c tnh cht in tr l s dng dy tc in tr lp gia v thy tinh trong
ngoi ca bng n, h s cng sut ca n cao, cng khng cn u thm t in, gi
l n thy ngn cao p t chn lu, ch cn xoy vo ui n phi hp l c th pht
sng. Tuy lp rp s dng tin li, nhng tui th bng n v hiu sut pht sng u
khng c nh n thy ngn cao p chn lu ngoi c cng cng sut.

13 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n hunh quang dng trang tr ti sao phi lp bin p?
p: Trong bng n hunh quang c np kh tr khc nhau vi s lng nht
nh thng dng c cgn, non, h li, cripton, x non v.v...
Mun lm cho cc cht kh ny pht sng cn phi c cao p, thng thng l 6
- 15 kV (in p ny t l thun vi di, ng knh ca bng n) v th phi phi
hp bin p. Bin p n hunh quang l bin p tng p, u vo l 220V, u ra cao
nht l 15kV. in th tuy rt cao nhng dng in rt nh, ni chung ch c 18 -
30mA.

13 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bng n Natri cao p ti sao khng dng bng thy tinh chu nhit cao
trong sut m phi dng bng bng s na trong sut?
p: Bi v trong bng n Natri cao p np y kh kim loi Natri, tnh n
mn ca Natri di nhit cao p rt mnh, bt c loi thy tinh no u khng chu
ni. Do s dng ng s na trong sut ch to bng oxyt nhm va c th chu
c in p cao, nhit cao va c th chng n mn. Tuy khng hon ton trong
sut, nhng cng c th pht x nh sng c th nhn thy trn 90%.


- Trang 303 -
13 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n chiu sng bn xe, bn tu, qung trng ti sao phi dng n
Natri cao p thay th n thy ngn cao p?
p: n Natri cao p v n thy ngn cao p u thuc n phng in qua
cht kh. Nhng n Natri cao p l ngun nh sng tin tin hin nay. c im ch
yu ca n c: (1) Hiu sut pht sng ca n Natri cao p cao hn 2 ln so vi n
thy ngn cao p dng cng sut, tui th ca n gp 8 ln n thy ngn cao p, dng
n Natri cao p c th tit kim ngun nng lng, chi ph v tiu hao bng n, c
hiu qu v li ch kinh t tng i ln. (2) Tnh xuyn qua sng m ca n Natri
cao p mnh, khong cch c th nhn thy xa, tia sng ha du, c mnh danh l
"n nh sng mt tri" khng dn d cn trng, c bit thch hp chiu sng trn
din tch ln nh bn xe, bn tu, sn bay, qung trng, ng ph.

13 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n nh sng en ti sao c th dit cn trng?
p: Hnh dng bn ngoi n nh sng en ging nh n hunh quang n c
th pht ra mt t nh sng mt ngi c th nhn thy, cn li l pht ra tia t ngoi c
bc sng khong 3600 Angstron, v th sng ca loi n ny tng i ti, nn
gi l n nh sng en. Thn kinh th gic ca cn trng c hi rt nhy cm vi tia t
ngoi c bc sng 3300 - 4000 Angstron. Ban m bt n nh sng en, cn trng
c hi s ko n. Bn di n nh sng en c dng c cha nc tng i ln,
cho thuc dit trng va phi vo trong nc, cn trng ri xung nc s b git cht.
V th n nh sng mu en c th dit trng.


- Trang 304 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh

13 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S dng in p 380/220V lm in p chiu sng so vi 220/127V c
nhng u im g?
p: Trong li in ca thit b chiu sng, i b phn p dng in p
380/220V. N c cc u im: trn ng trc cng dung lng, tit kim c lng
ng s dng, din tch tit din ca dy dn 380/220V nh hn so vi 220/127V, do
tit kim c ng, chi ph u t gim khong 5 - 10%, chiu sng c th kt hp
vi bin p v in lc, c th gim s lng bin th.

13 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy chiu sng trong x nghip, ti sao thng dng cch i ngoi
m khng dng cch i chm?
p: ng dy i ni d di chuyn. Mch in ca n v v tr n khng nh
hng ti kt cu xy dng, li d kim tra v sa cha, khi cn tng thm n cng
tin u ni. ng ni cn tit kim tin, tit kim dy hn ng chm.

13 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng 2 cu dao 1 dao v cu dao 2
dao khng ch 1 bng n, yu cu mi cu dao
u c th m tt bng n , mch in ny nn
u ni nh th no?
p: u ni nh th hin hnh 13 - 4 -
3. Nu gim 2 cu dao 2 dao th s tr thnh mch
in 3 cng tc khng ch mt bng n. Nu gia tng thm 2 cu dao 2 dao th s
tr thnh mch in 7 cng tc khng ch mt bng n. V th cch u dy mch
in ny c th tr thnh mch in c s cng tc bt k khng ch mt bng n
hoc thit b in pha no .

13 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ui n xoy si dy no phi u vi dy pha?
p: Khi lp ui n phi u dy tip t ln ming xoy ui n bi v
d9in tch ming xoy ln, c bit l khi lp bng n m c in, d chm b in
git Cho nn v im ny khi thi cng phi c bit ch .

13 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi kim tra s c ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong nh
c th lp song song mt bng n ln a, b ca cu ch dy vo (nh
hnh 13 - 4 - 5), nu bng n sng bnh thng, chng t c s c
ngn mch, nu bng n tt chng t s c ngn mch c
khc phc?
p: Khi ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong nh (xem
hnh), im b thng vi dy O, lc ny in p gia a,b l: U
ab
=
220V cho nn bng n D sng bnh thng. Sau khi s c ngn

- Trang 305 -
mch c khc phc, im b khng ni vi dy O na, cho nn D tt. V th c th
dng D sng hay khng phn on s c ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong
nh xem khc phc cha?

13 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C lc bng n khng sng ly bng n ra dng bt th in o 2 chn
ui n ti sao u c in?
p: Nguyn nhn l t dy tip t. Nh th hin hnh
13 - 4 - 6 khi dy t b t im a, dng bt th in do dy la
r rng c in cn khi o dy t, do gia dy la vi dy t c
in dung phn b, c th thay th bng t in tng ng C, v
th sinh ra ci gi l "in cm ng" trn on dy t a, b khin bt
th in sng.

13 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr ca bng n 100W, 110V ph thng, dng cng thc R = U/I
=
P
U
2
tnh ra bng 121, nhng khi dng ng h m o trc tip ch c vi m, ti
sao?
p: Nhit vn hnh ca n sng trng ph thng l 3400K hoc 3100
o
C,
lc ny in tr tng ng k theo s tng ln ca nhit , t ti khong 13 ln nhit
bnh thng, ng nhin chnh lch rt ln vi in tr khi dng ng h m in
p thp o c nhit thp vi dng in rt nh. Mun o mt cch tng i
chnh xc in tr ca bng n in phi tin hnh di dng in hoc nhit nh
sn.

13 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n in ca 1 h s dng c 3 ng, khi vn hnh n ca ng th 2
v th 3 t nhin cng ti li khi sa cha, em n ca ng th 2 tt tng chic
mt, cc n khc ca ng ny cng tt cng sng cn n ng th 3 th cng
ti. Nguyn nhn do u, lm sao sa cha?
p: Tnh hnh ny xy ra trong mch in u
tam gic, nh th hin hnh 13 - 4 - 8. Lc ny do cu
ch pha C b t, n ca ng th 2 v th 3 tr thnh
u ni tip gia A vi B, in p st thp, ng thi nh
sng n tr nn ti Nu em n ca ng th 2 tt
tng chic mt, in tr ca ng ny tng ln, in p
cng tng, v th n ca ng th 2 dn dn sng ln
cn n ca ng th 3 do in tr ca ng th 2 tng ln nn dng in gim, v
th cng ti li. Pht hin hin tng ny ch cn kim tra cu ch, thay dy ch b t
l c th khi phc trng thi c.

13 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khong cch gia cc ct in trong th ti sao vo khong 30 - 40m?

- Trang 306 -
p: Khong cch gia cc ct in l xt trn 2 mt, kinh t v sng ca
n ng. Khong cch gia cc ct qu ln tuy tit kim ct in nhng vng
ca dy in rt ln, lng ph dy in, ng thi mi ct in lp 1 bng n, sng
khng t tiu chun. Ngc li nu khong cch qu nh, tuy sng rt ln,
vng rt nh nhng ct in v dng c n s dng rt nhiu cng khng kinh t, v
th ni chung gin cch gia cc ct in u khong 30 - 40m.

13 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng b tip xc xoay chiu iu khin n sng trng, ti sao ch
c th s dng mt na dng in nh mc ca n?
p: B tip xc xoay chiu ch yu dng iu khin mt in xoay chiu,
u tip xc chnh ca n, ngoi vic c th thng qua dng in lm vic lu di, cn
c th chu c dng in xung kch khi mi u thng. Khi khi ng trc tip do
dng in khi ng gp 6 - 7 ln dng in nh mc nn dng in u thng ca b
tip xc ch to theo gp 6 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. in tr trng thi ngui ca
n sng trng bng mt phn mi my ca trng thi nhit, tc dng in khi bt
thng gp mi my ln dng in nh mc. Khi dng b tip xc xoay chiu iu
khin n sng trng, nu dng in nh mc ca 2 th bng nhau th dng in xung
kch khi u thng s vt gn 2 ln kh nng ca n nn d gy s c. Cho nn dng
in nh mc ca b tip xc xoay chiu phi l gp 2 ln dng in nh mc ca
n sng trng do n iu khin.

13 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H s cng sut ca ph ti chiu sng cao hn h s cng sut dng in
ca mt, nhng ti sao khi nh my in thu cc in, cc s dng chiu sng li
t hn cc in dng cho mt in?
p: C 2 nguyn nhn: (1) Mt in dng in 3 pha cn bng, hn na s
dng lin tc c ngy khi lng ln, cn 3 pha ca ph ti chiu sng cha chc cn
bng, hn na lng in s dng tng i t m cng ch c ban m mi dng,
khin mc li dng ca thit b pht in phn phi in tng i thp, iu ny
khng c li i vi nh my in. (2) thc y s pht trin cng nghip. Bi v
sau khi chi ph ngun in ng lc ca x nghip hm m gim thp, c th h gi
thnh sn phm ca nh my cng nghip.


- Trang 307 -
CHNG XIV
C QUI

14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui

14 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bn cc c qui ch phi c rnh dc? Tm ngn gia bn cc m
v bn cc dng nn b tr ra sao?
p: phng nga ngn mch gia bn cc dng vi bn cc m ca c qui
phi dng tm ngn kp vo gia bn cc dng v bn cc m ngn cch chng
ra. Tm ngn c nhiu l, cho php dung dch in gii t do khuch tn, cn c rnh
dc c th nng cao cng c hc. Khi lp rp, phi mt trn phng ca tm
ngn v pha bn cc m, mt c rnh v pha bn cc dng. l nhm gim thiu
tip xc gia tm ngn vi bn cc dng, t lm tng lng dung dch in gii
gn bn cc dng, c li cho phn ng ha hc gia dung dch in gii vi bn cc.

14 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thanh ni gia cc c qui ch, ti sao ch c th dng thanh ch?
p: Thanh ni gia cc c qui ch ch c th dng thanh ch ni, tuyt i
khng c s dng kim loi ph thng khc. l bi v ch khng b n mn bi
dung dch axt sunfuric, cn cc kim loi khc th b n mn, cho nn dng ch lm
thanh ni c th bo m s vn hnh tin cy ca c qui. Vic ni gia cc c qui dung
lng nh c gia c bng c, c ny cng phi dng c bng ch hoc c bng thp
m ch.

14 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bn cc m ca c qui nhiu hn bn cc dng mt tm?
p: Khi np, phng in, gia hai bn cc v dung dch in gii xy ra
nhng bin i ha hc, nng ln, khin bn cc n ra, nhng mc nng ca hai
bn cc khc nhau, nhit lng pht ra ca bn cc dng tng i ln, n mnh,
cn bn cc m li t hn. lm cho hai mt ca bn cc dng u xy ra thay i
ha hc nh nhau, mc n hai mt u, phng nga bn cc xy ra hin tng
cong hoc gp gy, cho nn phi tng thm mt tm bn cc m. Bn cc m lp
ngoi tuy ch xy ra bin i ha hc mt mt, nhng do lng pht nhit ca n rt
nh, khng n ni gy ra cong hoc t gy.


- Trang 308 -
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii

14 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dung dch axit funfuric ca c qui qu t hoc qu nhiu s c nhc im
g?
p: Khi np in n mc sunfat ch trn bn cc hu nh hon nguyn ton
b hoc l cn rt t, v hydro gii phng ra trn bn cc m khng tham gia phn ng
na m tr thnh ion hydro, bt u thot ra di dng bt kh, ng thi ion gc axit
sunfuric in ly ra trn bn cc dng v nc xy ra phn ng thay th, kt qu gii
phng xy, y chnh l lc c qui t ti trng thi si.
Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu y th khi si c th xy ra hin tng bn
tc, s bt li cho nhn vin cng tc. Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu t th khng th
lm cho bn cc ngm hn vo trong dung dch. Nh vy, mt phn trong s khng
th tham gia phng din, khin thi gian phng in rt ngn.
Hn na, do mt b phn khng tham d phn ng, khng sinh ra sunfat ch m
tnh nng ca sunfat ch khc vi ch thun cht v oxyt ch, bin dng cng khng
nh nhau, hnh thnh hin tng cong vnh, nh vy s gim thi hn s dng bn
cc. Nu khi dung dch axit sunfuric khng nn qu dy hoc qu t

14 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T trng dung dch in gii (axit sunfuric long) trong c qui dng cho xe
hi l 1.280 - 1.300. Ti sao t trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c nh s dng
trong h thng in lc, in tn li qui nh 1.200 - 1.220?
p: c qui ch thuc ngun in ha hc, dung dch in gii l cht tc dng
ch yu ca c qui. T trng dung dch in gii thp s c cc u im: tui th s
dng di, gim tn tht t phng in, chnh lch t trng nh, phm vi thay i in
p nh. Di iu kin dung lng in nng nh nhau, khi s dng dung dch in
gii t trng thp phi tng thch hp khi lng dung dch in gii, do c qui c nh
s dng iu kin tnh ti, v th iu kin hay ch v th tch v trng lng ca c
qui yu cu tng i thp, cho nn khi thit k c th tng dung tch c qui, t trng
dung dch in gii c th la chn thp hn ti trng dung dch in gii c qui t.

14 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c bit trong mt nhm c qui ch
nu b thp, khng c mo mui axit sunfuric long vo, ti sao?
p: T trng dung dch in gii ca c qui ch khng th xung thp mt
cch v c. Nguyn nhn gy nn t trng xung thp a phn l do bn cc b ngn
mch hoc nhm dung dch in gii khng tiu chun, khin lng t phng
in ln, dn n sunfat ha bn cc gy nn, s t l do dng c cha b nt gy r r
dung dch in gii. Nu thuc trng hp trn th phi kim tra r v khc phc
nguyn nhn t phng in, sau tin hnh np in c bit, t trng s c phc
hi. Nu thuc trng hp sau th phi thay dng c cha. thm axit sunfuric long
s tng nhanh sunfat ha bn cc c qui.


- Trang 309 -
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui
14 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: c qui axit ch ca nh my pht in ti sao phi thng xuyn tin hnh
np in ni (m)?
p: c qui np in, sau mt thi gian nht nh s gim in lng, hin
tng ny gi l t phng in. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn hin tng ny l do
bn cc cha tp cht, hnh thnh pin nh cc b. Hai cc ca pin nh li hnh thnh
mch kn ngn mch, dn n c qui t phng in. Ngoi ra, do t trng trn di ca
dung dch in gii c qui khc nhau, khin in th trn di bn cc khng bng
nhau, iu ny cng dn n c qui t phng in. V th, phi dng mt my np ni
(m) cng sut rt nh hoc thit b chnh lu silic, thng xuyn tin hnh np in
ni (m) i vi c qui, nhm b tn hao t phng in.

14 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: c qui axit ch s dng c nh, ngoi thng xuyn thc hin np in ni
ra, ti sao cn phi nh k tin hnh np din cn bng?
p: c qui s sinh ra t phng in, b sung tn tht t phng in ca c
qui p dng np in ni, lm cho c qui lun duy tr dung lng m ph ti yu
cu, bo m c ngun in mt chiu tin cy. Nhng trong vn hnh lu di, s t
phng in ca mi c qui s khc nhau, cn dng in np ni bng nhau, nh vy s
xut hin mt b phn c qui vo trng thi thiu np in. V th, ni chung c 1 - 3
thng tin hnh np in cn bng mt ln i vi c qui, tc lm tng dng in np
in ni, khin in p c qui duy tr 2.35 vn, thi gian lin tc khng di 5 gi,
ch cho t trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c dung dch in gii tng i thp
nng ln, l c th khi phc vn hnh vi hnh thc np in ni bnh thng.

14 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dng in phng in ca c qui ch cng ln th tr s dung lng
a ra (ampe x gi) ca c qui cng nh?
p: Khi dng in phng in ca c qui cng ln, phn ng ha hc ca hot
cht trn bn cc dng, m trong c qui cng mnh, khe l ca hot cht b mt bn
cc s nhanh chng b ch sunfat sinh ra bt cht, hot cht lp trong ca bn cc s
khng th tham gia phn ng ha hc mt cch trit , hiu sut li dng s thp, v
th dung lng a ra thc t ca c qui s cng nh. Ly c qui ch kiu GGF - 300
lm v d, theo qui nh, phng in vi dng in 30 ampe, c th phng in lin tc
trong 10 gi th tr s dung lng a ra l 30 ampe x 10 gi = 300 ampe x gi. Nu
phng in vi dng in 135 ampe th ch c th phng in lin tc 1 gi, dung
lng a ra l 135 ampe x 1 gi = 135 ampe/g ch bng 45% dung lng khi phng
in 30 ampe.

14 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: c qui np in xong, ti sao phi ct ngun in np trc sau mi ly
kp trn u c qui ra?
p: Khi np in cho c qui n mc nht nh, c qui bt u ni bt v
dn dn tng mnh. l do tc dng in gii ca dng in i vi dung dch in

- Trang 310 -
gii sinh ra hydro v xy. Khi hydro trong khng kh trong phng t ti khong 4%,
gp phi la hoc tia la in th c th dn ti bc chy, n. V th, trong phng np
in phi c thit b thng gi tt, kp thi thot thi hai cht kh hydro v xy
trong phng ra ngoi. ng thi, nht thit phi tun th qui trnh thao tc, ct ngun
np trc ri mi tho kp trn u c qui ra. Nh vy c th trnh c tia la in
sinh ra khi ct mch c in, phng nga n kh hydro trong khng kh.

14 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng thit b chnh lu thirixto, vi mc ra nh mc 30V, 300A np in
cho nhm c qui 24V, ti sao t in p n 26V m vn cha c dng in np?
p: S dn thng ca thirixto phi c in p dng, xung xc pht, sau khi
dn thng cn phi c dng in duy tr nht nh mi c th tip tc dn thng. c
qui l ph ti c phn in th, trc khi cha np in c in p h mch tng
i cao. Khi c xung xc pht, thirixto tm thi dn thng, nhng sau khi xung xc
pht mt, do in tr trong c qui rt ln, dng in trong mch in thp hn dng
in duy tr, thirixto ngt, nn khng th np in. 26V m vn k ch bo l in p
h mch ca c qui. c th np in c th cn nng cao thch hp in p u ra
chnh lu hoc u song song in tr hai u c qui, sau khi c dng in np, do
in tr bn trong c qui gim, c th ct in tr v iu chnh thng xuyn dng
in np, khin n c bn t c dng in n nh.


- Trang 311 -
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui

14 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong cng mt khoang hoc trong cng mt phng, khng c
cng lc lp chung c qui axit v c qui kim?
p: Bi v hi axit c tc dng ph hoi i vi c qui kim, m hi ca kim
cng c tc dng ph hoi nh vy i vi c qui axit. c bit l c qui kim, cho d
ch c rt t axit vo trong c qui cng c th ph hy bn cc in l rnh c qui V
th c qui axit, kim lun lun lp tch ring.

14 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong phng t c qui c th s dng dy ci bng nhm khng?
p: Khng c. Dy ci trong bung c qui phi dng dy ci bng ng
hoc dy ng trn ch khng th dng dy nhm. l v dy ci bng nhm tuy
khng b n mn trong khng kh nhng sc khng ca nhm i vi axit hoc
kim st yu. cho nn trong phng c qui d b axit hoc kim xm thc, nn khng
dng dy chnh bng nhm.

14 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phng c qui trong trm bin in thng duy tr nhit nht nh (10 -
25
o
C), ti sao?
p: Khi phng in, do nng ca dung dch trong bn cc gim thp, axit
sunfuric trong dng c cha khng ngng khuch tn vo trong bn cc. Nu nhit
trong phng gim thp th s chuyn ng phn t s gim yu, do gim s khuch
tn ca dung dch vo trong bn cc, tc suy gim in th ca c qui tng nhanh,
gim dung lng ca c qui. Nu khi nhit trong phng t ngt tng cao s sinh ra
hin tng t phng in gia bn cc. Nhit trong phng qu cao, khin khi np
in, bn cc ca c qui v vn hoc tm ngn chy en, dn n hng. Do nhit
trong phng tng cao hoc xung thp u khng c li cho s vn hnh bnh thng
ca c qui, do thng thng phi gi nhit trong phng khong 10 ~ 25
o
C.

14 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Pin mi, pin c c th s dng chung vi nhau c
khng?
p: C th dng mt cc pin mi v mt cc pin c
th, u ni tip pin mi vi pin c ri u vi mt in tr c th
iu chnh, nh th hin hnh 14 - 4 - 4. Tng bc gim tr s
in tr, sau ln lt o in p u U
1
v U
2
ca mi pin. Theo gim ca in
tr ph ti, dng in phng in s tng ln theo, in p U
1
trn pin mi thay i
khng ln cn in p u U
2
ca pin c nhanh chng gim. Khi in tr ph ti R
gim xung n tr s gii hn R
1j
no , dng din ph ti tng n dng in gii
hn I
1J
th in p u U
2
ca pin c v cng sut a ra P
2
u thnh 0. Khi dng in
ph ti vt qu I
1j
th U
2
v P
2
u thnh tr s m. Cng sut P m in tr ph ti
thu c nh hn cng sut P
1
do pin mi a ra, tc mt phn nng lng ca pin
mi b tiu hao trn pin c. Cho nn, ch cn dng in ph ti khng ln hn I
1j
th

- Trang 312 -
pin c s dng hn hp vi pin mi s c th a in ra m khng tr thnh gnh
nng ca pin mi.

14 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy dn ca c qui trn t hoc my ko ti sao lun lun dng dy
ln?
p: Ph ti ca c qui trn t v my ko ngoi cc thit b in chiu
sng, ci, v.v... ra ch yu l ko mt khi ng khi ng ng c. Trong qu
trnh khi ng ngn ngi, dng in ca mt khi ng cao ti vi trm ampe.
Vic chn in tch tit din dy dn ti in t c qui n mt khi ng ngoi vic
phi xt n lng ti dng in ca dy dn ra cn phi xt ti bo m mt in c
m men lc khi ng, dng in khi ng phi nh khi st p trn dy dn
(khi thng qua dng in c mi 100 ampe th khng nn vt qu 0.1V), li phi cn
c vo dng in khi ng v di dy dn xc nh tit din ca dy dn c qui.
Ni chung, tit din dy dn c qui ca t v my ko u t 35mm
2
tr ln.


- Trang 313 -
CHNG XV
BO V BNG RLE
V THIT B T NG

15 - 1 Bo v qu dng in
15 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle hn ch qu dng hn gi John ca b khi ng tng hp u vo
mch in bn th cp p dng cch u vi sai ca b h cm dng in (xem hnh 15
- 1 - 1 (a)) cng dng in c ng tc c xc nh nh th no?
p: Bn th cp ca b h cm dng in p dng cch u vi sai, dng in
hp thnh ca n I
ac
= 2I
ao
x cos30
o
= 3 I
ao
(Xem hnh (b)), tc dng in chy qua
rle l 3 ln dng in pha. Dng in pha c th trc tip tnh ra, cng c th o
c, sau cn c vo ln dng in pha x 1.73 xc nh rle qu dng. V d,
mt mt in khng ng b 6 kV, 500 kW, dng in nh mc l 60A, khi khi
ng trc tip th dng in khi ng l 60 x 7 : 420A, I
ac
: 420 x 1.73 = 726A, t s
dng in ca b h cm dng in l 150/5, vy th tr s dng in c ng tc ca
rle hn qu dng hn gi c xc nh l 726 x 5/150 = 24.2A
15 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt s bo v qu dng ti sao phi lp thm phong ta in p thp?
p: Tr s xc nh c ng tc bo v qu dng c la chn cn c vo
dng in ph ti ln nht c th trnh qua c, phng nga ng tc sai, tr s
xc nh phi p ng qu ti cho php. V d, khi hai my bin p u song song
vn hnh, sau khi mt my xy ra s c phi nhy cu dao, tt c ph ti u do my
kia m nhim, lc ny khng th v s c dn n qu ti m lm cho bin p kia
cng theo nhy cu dao. Nhng nu nng cao tr s xc nh qu dng th nhy
s kh m tha mn yu cu i vi mch in ph ti nng m dng in ngn mch
khng ln lm. V th, li dng c im khi ngn mch ng dy, in p dy ci s
st thp r rt, cn khi qu ti, in p dy ci h xung rt t, p dng bo v qu
dng bng cch phong ta in p thp. Nh vy va c th phng nga bo v c
ng tc nhm, va c th p ng tha mn yu cu v nhy.

15 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch in in p thp 380V, b khi ng in t c rle nhit
bo v qu ti, ti sao cn phi u ni tip cu ch, cn cng tc t ng li khng
cn?

- Trang 314 -
p: Trong mch in thp p, b khi ng in t c u ni tip rle nhit.
Khi dng in l nh mc, phin lng kim' khng bin dng, khi dng in ph ti
ca mch in vt qu dng in nh mc, phin lng kim s b cong, khin tip
im ngt ra, ct mch. Do nhit ca phin lng kim tng ln v s n bin dng
u phi c qu trnh thi gian, khng th c ng tc tc th nn rle nhit ch c th
lm bo v qu ti. V th, b khi ng in t cn phi u ni tip cu ch lm
bo v ngn mch. Cn cng tc t ng c lp b thot mc qu dng. Khi mch in
xy ra ngn mch, b thot mc qu dng c th thot mc tm thi khin cng tc t
ng tch cu dao, ct mch nn khng cn phi mc ni tip cu ch lm bo v
ngn mch.


- Trang 315 -
15 - 2 Bo v vi sai v bo v chiu

15 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s rle vi sai c km theo b bin dng bo ha nhanh?
p: B bin dng bo ha nhanh c hai tc dng ch yu: (1) Trnh dng in
xit kch t (nh vo bin th khng ti) khi ng cu dao thng in tc th, khin
rle c ng tc. Bi v khi dng in xit kch t chy vo cun dy s cp, li st
nhanh chng bo ha, kt qu cm ng t cng tr nn nh, khin th in ng ng
m u cun dy s cp cm ng s gim, do dng in chy qua cun dy rle
cng nh. (2) Gim ng k dng in khng cn bng (th cp) xy ra trong thi gian
thay i tc th khi ngn mch bn ngoi.

15 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ngng in mt bn c bo v vi sai thay b h cm dng in, nu
thit b bn s cp v bo v vi sai khc vn ang vn hnh th phi ch g?
p: Phi ch dy dn bn th cp c bo v vi sai cn tho g phi phn
bit dng bng keo bao bc li, khng c n ngn mch, nu khng, khi xy ra
s c, bo v vi sai s khng c ng tc. ng thi phi ch kiu loi, t l bin i
v cc tnh ca b h cm dng in thay vo, phi qua chn la v kim nghim t
tiu chun, khi u dy tr li phi phn bit r cc tnh, ln lt u vo, khng c
u ngc. Khi c iu kin c th kim nghim bng cch o in p khng cn
bng.

15 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt trm bin in cng lc c vi ng nhn dy nhn in t nh my
in n, ti sao trn ng dy phi lp bo v chiu?
p: Bi v, khi ng dy vn hnh song song, mt ng dy xy ra s c
ngn mch, dng in ca ton ng dy u nhanh chng tng ln, khc nhau ch l
dy c s c th dng in chy t dy ci ca trm bin in ra, cn cc dy khc th
dng in chy vo dy chnh, rle qu dng khng th nhn bit c dng in chy
ra hay chy vo, v th t s lm cho ton b ng dy nhy cu dao, m rng s c,
rle chiu c th nhn c dng in chy ra hay chy vo, t ct ng dy s
c mt cch chnh xc.

- Trang 316 -
15 - 3 Bo v th t khng

15 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai mch in u song song phn phi in hoc u song song s
dng vi dy cp in vo mt mch in, lp t b h cm dng in th t khng
v rle nh hnh 15 - 3 - 1 (a) (b) (c), cch lp t no ng?
p: Phng php lp t nh hnh (a) l sai. Do tr khng ca cc pha khng
th hon ton ging nhau, khi bnh thng s c dng in vng th t 0 chy qua
mch kn, c th khin rle ng tc nhm. Khi xy ra s c tip t, do dng din tip
t trit tiu hoc lm tng dng in vng c th khin rle khng ng tc hoc
ng tc nhm.
Lp ng phi nh hnh (b), mch v song song cng cung cp cho mt ph
ti phi xuyn sut mt b h cm dng in th t 0 dng chung. Nu v ng knh
ngoi ca cp in qu ln hoc s si nhiu m khng th lm nh vy c th c
th dng cch lp nh hnh (c), b tr u song song hai b h cm th t 0, bn th
cp u song song mt rle dng in th t 0. Nh vy tuy c th loi tr dng in
vng th t 0, nhng do tr khng kch t ca b h cm th t 0 ni vi rle l u
song song nn nhy gim ng k. gim thiu nh hng ny, c th p dng
hnh thc nh hnh (d), tc hai b h cm dng in u ni tip theo cc tnh, nh
vy va c th gii quyt vn dng in vng th t 0, cng va gii quyt c
nhc im nhy b gim.

15 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: H thng im trung tnh trc tip tip t, b h cm dng in th t
0 ni chung u ni tip trn dy tip t ca im trung tnh. Ti sao h thng im
trung tnh khng tip t, ni chung lp trn u cp in?
p: Trong h thng im trung tnh trc tip tip t, khi dng in ba pha
i xng, trn dy trung tnh khng c dng in th t 0, do nguyn nhn xy ra mt
pha tip t, dng in th t 0 sinh ra u chy qua dy trung tnh, nu ni tip b h
cm dng in th t 0 vo dy trung tnh th bn th cp ca n c th a ra dng
in th t 0, dng o c hoc bo v.
i vi h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, do khng c dy trung tnh
tip t nn qun cun dy th cp ca b h cm dng in th t 0 ln li st hnh
vng, em dy dn ba pha cng xuyn vo trng vng li st, lm cun dy s cp
Trong tnh hnh i xng bnh thng, tng t thng sinh ra trong li st hnh vng
bng 0, cun dy th cp khng c dng in da ra. Nu xy ra nguyn nhn nh mt
pha tip t, khi dng in ba pha khng i xng, tng t thng trn vng li st

- Trang 317 -
khng bng 0, t thng th t 0 ny xuyn qua cun dy th cp, cm ng ra dng
in th t 0, do dy dn ba pha phi cng xuyn qua vng li st c cun dy th cp,
mun gii quyt cch in gia cc dy dn ba pha s tng i phin phc, v th
em vng li st c cun dy th cp lng ln u cp in l tin nht.

15 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt in c ln lp b h cm dng in th t 0 phng
nga dng in ba pha khng cn bng cn phi lp thm rle thi gian?
p: Bi v khi mt in khi ng, dng in ba pha c th khng cn bng,
trong th t 0 cng c dng in khng cn bng chy qua s lm cho mt in nhy
cu dao. Sau khi lp rle thi gian, khi mt in khi ng, dng in khng cn
bng khin cng tc khng xy ra ng tc nhm. Nu khi trong vn hnh, mt in
xy ra s c khng cn bng th trong thi gian qui nh s c th nhy cu dao.


- Trang 318 -
15 - 4 Ngun in thao tc

15 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ngun in thao tc xoay chiu ca thit b bo v qu dng thng
thng khng s dng ly b h cm in p lm ngun?
p: Bi v bo v qu dng ch yu dng vi bo v qu ti v bo v ngn
mch. Cn khi thit b hoc ng dy trong phm vi c bo v xy ra s c ngn
mch, thng thng lm cho in p st gim nghim trng, theo s st p nghim
trng ca h thng, in p th cp ca b h cm in p cng st gim, do
thng thng lm cho cun dy thot mc thao tc khng th c ng tc, mt tc
dng bo v. Cho nn, thng thng thit b bo v bng rle s dng b h cm dng
in bo ha nhanh cung cp ngun in cho cun dy thot mc xoay chiu.

15 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ngun in mt chiu dng iu khin trm bin in ca nh my
in khng c cho php tip t?
p: Bi v ngun in mt chiu ca trm bin in nh my in, iu khin
cun dy nhy cu dao ca b ngt mch dn, nu mng mt chiu c im tip t th
tip im iu khin ca cun dy nhy cu dao s c mt u tip t, khi u cn li
xy ra s c r in, s lm thng cun dy nhy cu dao, gy ra ng tc nhm dn
n s c nghim trng, cho nn khng c php tip t.

15 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mm chiu sng s c s dng trong nh my pht in, ti sao dy "
khng" khng c tip t?
p: Thit b ni vi mng mt chiu ca nh my in c rt nhiu, dy dn
phn b khp xng rt di, mt b phn dy dn phi lp t nhng ni c tng
i nhiu bi bm hoc m t: nh gia l hi, h thng vn chuyn than, phng
bm nc, v.v... Sau vi nm s dng, o b m hoc cc nguyn nhn khc, cch in
ca dy dn gim. Nu dy "khng" ca a chiu sng tip t, khi in xoay chiu
ngt in chuyn sang cung cp bng in mt chiu s khin cc m ca c qui tip
t, nu lc ny cch in ca dy dn mch iu khin i vi t khng tt s rt d
dn n thit b ca mch in chnh ng tc nhm.
phng nga xy ra hin tng cc m c qui tip t, trn a iu khin lp
ng h kim tra cch in ca mng v pht tn hiu tip t, nhn vin trc ban
sau khi pht hin c tnh hnh ny lp tc ct t ngun in, tin hnh

15 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S dng b chnh lu selen lm ngun in ng cu dao cng tc du c
nhc im g?
p: B chnh lu selen d b m, m in p ngc chiu tng i thp. Khi
s dng b chnh lu selen lm ngun in ng cu dao cng tc u, nu thng
xuyn tip in, do phi chu in p tng i cao khi khng ti, phi tng s phin
selen ni tip v u song song ca b chnh lu. Nu thng xuyn ngt in (ch khi
cng tc du yu cu ng cu ao mi t ng u vo ngun in), trnh b m

- Trang 319 -
nh hng n tc dng chnh lu, cn phi lp ring thm in tr nhit, nh k x
l gia nhit.

- Trang 320 -
15 - 5 Thit b t ng

15 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy ti in cao p sau khi xy ra s c mi dn n nhy cu dao
cng tc du, nhng ti sao trm bin in cn phi lp nhm rle t ng ng li
cu dao lm cho cng tc du nhanh chng ng cu dao?
p: Kinh nghim thc dng v thit b in cho thy, s c ngn mch xy ra
trn ng dy, a s c c tnh l thi gian ngn nht, sau khi ngt ngun in b
phn hng, cch in ch ngn mch s nhanh chng khi phc, ng dy ti in
c th lp tc chuyn vo lm vic. nng cao tin cy cung cp in nn lp thm
bo v bng rle t ng ng li cu dao, khin ng dy nhanh chng khi phc
ti in.

15 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ni chung dy cao p mc trn khng u c lp thit b t ng
ng li cu dao, cn cp in cao p u khng lp?
p: Dy cao p mc trn khng trong vn hnh thng thng xy ra s c
tc th, nh st nh, chim gy hi, th diu hoc cc tp cht khc ri ln trn dy ti
in, cc s c ny sau khi cng tc nhy cu ao u c th t ng loi tr. Nh mt
nhnh cy ri trn dy ti in gy ngn mch, dng in ngn mch mnh s thiu
chy nhnh cy, s c c khc phc, lc ny nu c thit b t ng ng cu dao
li th vn tip tc ti in, c bn duy tr cp in lin tc. ng dy cp in cao p
th khng th xy ra s c tc th nh trn, nu xy ra s c th thng l s c c tnh
cht lu di v tng i nghim trng. Lc ny yu cu cng tc nhy cu dao ct
im s c, cho nn khng cn thit t ng ng li cu dao.

15 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn ng dy lp khe h bo v, ti sao phi lp phi hp cu dao
p: Lp khe h bo v trn ng y 6 kV ni sm st nhiu, s tng thm
tng i c hi ng dy ngt cu dao ngng in, nu khng lp thit b t ng
ng li cu dao th khi khe h c ng tc, ng dy s ngt cu dao ngng in.
Nu khng c cu ao t ng ng li th cng c th xt n cu dao ng li c
gii, nh vy c th gim s ln ngng in do s c.

15 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca mt in xoay chiu cao p c
ln, liu c th lp thm cu dao t ng ng li ZCH hoc thit b t ng a vo
ca ngun in d b BZT vo ng dy ngun in c khng?
p: i vi mt in khng ng b cao p c ln ni chung l c th c,
nhng i vi mt in ng b cao p c ln th khng c. Bi v khi thit b t
ng ZCH, BZT c ng tc, thi gian ngt in 0.5 giy tr ln, m mt ng b th
ngt in 0.35 giy tr ln l mt ng b, lc ny my in vn c kch t mt chiu,
thi im ngun in cung cp khi phc tr li, my in s chu xung kch ca
dng in xung kch khng cng k v m men quay xung kch khng cng k, khi
nghim trng c th lm ngn mch bn trong mt in. Nu trn mt ng b phi

- Trang 321 -
hp thm thit b bo v mt ng b v t ng iu chnh li nng cao tin cy
cung cp in ca mt in ng b mi c th s dng phi hp vi ZCH hoc
BZT.

15 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cu dao t ng ng li ch c th s ng trn cng tc ra ca
ng y cp in m khng th s dng trn cng tc bin p mt in ni chung?
p: Bi v s c c tnh tc th ca ng dy cp in tng i nhiu, nh
cc s c chim gy hi, st nh v.v... sau khi cng tc nhy cu dao th s c cng
mt. V th, nhanh chng cp in, c th s dng thit b t ng ng li cu dao,
nhng s c tc th ca b bin p mt in tng i t, nu s ng cu dao t
ng ng li c th lm cho s c m rng, v th ni chung khng c s dng.

15 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cu dao t ng ng li, ti sao ch p dng ng li mt ln hoc ng
li hai ln m khng p dng ng li nhiu ln nh tm hoc mi ln?
p: Khi ng dy xy ra s c c tnh tm thi, m s c ny sau khi ngn
mch s nhanh chng t ng mt (nh chim gy hi, st nh v.v...), li dng cu dao
t ng ng li c th nhanh chng khi phc truyn in, gim thiu tn tht ca
ngi s dng. Nhng nu s c c tnh lu di th khng nn tip tc truyn in. Bi
v mt hai ln ng li khng c th khng c tip tc ng li, tip tc ng li
s c ngn mch c tnh lu di s gy nn xung kch ca dng in ln i vi h
thng in lc, lm cng tc chng hng, thm ch xy ra s c. V th khng c
ng li nhiu ln.

15 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi sa cha dy cp in ra ca trm bin in, trc khi ng cu
dao truyn in, ti sao a bo v cu dao ng li ra khi vn hnh?
p: Ch yu l tnh n sau khi sa xong dy cp in, c kh nng v dy t
tm thi cha tho b m gy ra s c ngn mch, khin cho sau khi cng tc du
ng cu dao, hnh thnh dng in ngn mch nhiu ln che ct lm hng thit b
hoc m rng s c. V th, thit b cu dao ng li phi a ra khi vn hnh trc
khi truyn in.

15 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao t ng ng ngun d b (BZT) va yu cu phi nhanh chng
va qui nh c thi hn nht nh?
p: Thi gian t lc dy ci ca ngun in lm vic mt in p n khi
ngun in p b t ng a vo gi l thi gian mt in i vi ni s dng thi
gian ny cng ngn, phanh hm ca mt cng nh, t khi ng cng d. Nhng tnh
n sau khi h quang im s c ngn mch khin ngun in lm vic nhy cu dao
tt, qu trnh kh ion ha i hi thi gian nht nh. Cho nn, ni chung qui nh
thi gian mt in khong 1 - 1.5 giy. Thi hn thit b t ng ng cu dao li ca
ng dy ti in cng cng l do .


- Trang 322 -
CHNG XVII

K THUT IN T

17 - 1 Linh kin in t

17 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr chiu dng ca diode ti sao in
tr o c cc nc in tr khc nhau th tr s in tr khng nh nhau?
p: Diode l linh kin phi tuyn tnh, tr s in tr ca n thay i theo s
thay i ca in p a vo. Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr cc dng ca
diode, tuy in p pin m cc nc in tr khc nhau (tr nc R x 10k), s dng l
ging nhau, nhng in tr trong tng ng khng ging nhau (in tr trong ca nc
R x 1 l nh nht, cng vi s tng ln h s nhn ca nc in tr, th in tr trong
ca n cng tng tng ng). V th in p a vo 2 u diode c o khng nh
nhau, kt qu lm cho in tr diode b o phn nh ra khc nhau.

17 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt s diode hoc t in lm vic di in p tng i cao, pht
hin thy b nng nh thng, nhng sau khi tho ra, dng ng h vn nng o
tnh nng ca linh kin ny rt bnh thng, ti sao?
p: Hin tng ny gi l nh thng nhit. Mi cht ca diode hoc t in,
di tc dng ca in trng mnh, dng in r tng ln, nhit mi cht nng
cao, m nhit qu cao s lm cho in tr mi cht gim, thc y dng in r tip
tc tng. C th, tun hon xu dn khin mi cht b nh thng. Lc ny nu lp tc
ct ngun in khin linh kin c lm lnh kp thi, c khi vn c th khi phc
cng mi cht nht nh. Lc ny dng thang in tr ca ng h vn nng o
kim tra, o in p trong ng h vn nng rt thp, khi o, mi cht nng ln khng
nhiu thng thng khng th pht hin c linh kin hng. Cho nn diode hoc
t in pht hin b nh thng nhit, th phi thay kp thi, khng c tip tc s
dng.

17 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h vn nng o tr s in tr trong mch in bng bn dn
(transistor) ti sao phi nh mi hn 1 u ca in tr c o mi c th tin hnh
o?
p: Bi v trong mch in, thng tn ti mch r, nu khng nh mi hn 1
u ca in tr m tin hnh o th tr s o c l tr s in tr tng ng mch
r ch khng phi tr s in tr ca in tr cn o. Ch c nh mi hn 1 u ca
in tr cn o sau tin hnh o th mi bo m kt qu o chnh xc.

17 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in p chiu dng ca diode ti sao phi
u u "+" ca ng h vo u "-" ca diode v u u "-" ca ng h vi u "+"
ca diode? Ti sao phi o nc R x 100?

- Trang 323 -
p: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr l dng gn kh lm ngun in,
mch in nguyn l bn trong ca n nh hnh 17 - 1 - 4. Qua hnh c th bit u "-"
ca ng h u vi u "+" ca ngun in, u "+" ca ng h u vi u "-" ca
ngun in. V th khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr, chiu dng ca diode phi
u theo cch trn, nu khng s chuyn thnh o in tr ngc chiu.
Dng in ngn mch nc R x 1 ca ng h vn nng thng thng l 100 ~
200mA. Cn dng in chiu dng ca rt nhiu diode bn dn u
khng vt qua 100mA. Nu dng nc R x 1 o, khi in tr chiu
dng ca diode bn dn rt nh th dng in chy qua diode gn
bng vi tr s dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 1, c th lm chy
diode. Cn dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 10 v R x 100 so vi
nc R x 1 ln lt gim cn 1/10 v 1/100. Cho nn khi dng nc R x
100 (hoc dng R x 1k) o in tr th dng in s khng vt qua
tr s cho php ca diode.

17 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc tip cn (proximity switch) bn dn khng nn dng
trong my ci m bi phoi st gia cng rt nhiu?
p: Cng tc tip cn bn dn ni chung l mch in do b dao ng v b
khuch i to thnh. Khi phin kim loi dn t tip cn vi u cm ng ca cng
tc, mch in ngng dao ng, bng bn dn cp cui thng mch, rle iu khin c
dng in chy qua nn thc hin ng tc. Khi phin kim loi tch khi u cm ng,
dao ng khi phc, rle nh ra. Cng tc tip cn bn dn l thng qua s chuyn
dch v tr ca phin kim loi dn t v ng tc ca rle iu khin my ci hot
ng. Nu phoi st gia cng ca my qu nhiu, phoi st tip cn u cm ng cng s
dn ti s thay i trng thi ca cng tc, nh hng hot ng bnh thng ca my
ci. V th cng tc tip cn bn dn khng nn trc tip s dng trong my ci m
phoi st gia cng qu nhiu.

17 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bo mch t hp MOS ti sao dng giy thic ng gi bo qun?
p: Tr khng u vo ca loi linh kin t hp ny v cng ln, rt d b nh
hng bn ngoi m cm ng ra in p cm ng u vo, cho d linh kin cha u
vo mch in cng s b hng. Cho nn khi bo qun, phi dng giy thic ng gi,
che chn linh kin trnh nh hng bn ngoi, v lm cho cc chn ca n ngn mch,
trnh hng.

17 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch transistor, khi rle lm ph ti u ni tip trong mch cc
gp transito cng sut, trnh cun dy ca rle sinh ra cao p lm hng transistor
khi transistor ngt mch, thng thng u du song song mt diode phng thch hai
u cun dy. Phng php ny s c nh hng g i vi tnh hnh hot ng bnh
thng ca rle?
p: Khi transistor ngt mch, rle phng thch, do c diode mch cnh, nng
lng trong mch t rle s phng in qua mch kn do diode v cun dy to thnh,
tc phng in ca n do thng s thi gian ca mch phng in quyt nh. V

- Trang 324 -
th, rle c u song song diode phng thch, khng lp tc phng thch m ko di
thi gian phng thch, tc dng ko di ny, c khi dn n h thng chu s iu
khin ca rle, hot ng khng bnh thng.

17 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bng hiu ng trng MOS ti sao d b nh thng? Khi s dng cn lu
g?
p: V kt cu, bng hiu ng trng MOS khc vi bng bn dn ph thng,
thu c tr khng u vo rt cao, in dung phn b gia cc li ca n vi
ngun, cc r v lt gc rt nh, in tr cch in rt cao, nn gi l bng hiu ng
trng kiu cch in. ng thi thu c dn vt cao, gia cc li v lt
gc ch c mt lp oxy ha rt mng, in p nh thng ca n ni chung di 50
vn. Do in dung phn b ca cc li nh, in tr cch in cao, v th m cho d
tip xc ngun in p vi in tr trong rt cao nh in th cm ng c th, cng
dn n xuyn thng do in tch khng c ng phng thch. V th khi s dng,
khng c ty tin chm tay vo cc li, khi khng s dng (bo qun hoc vn
chuyn) phi ngn mch cc cc, nhm phng nga in th cm ng bn ngoi nh
thng cc li; trong s dng u vo tuyt i khng c trng, khi hn ni phi
tho m hn ra khi ngun in, li dng nhit cn li ca n hn, khi thit k
mch in khng c qun b tr mt s linh kin bo v qu p cho mch in bng
hiu ng trng MOS.


- Trang 325 -
17 - 2 Thirixto

17 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr gia cc ca vi cc m ca
thirixto, ti sao tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau? C phi tr s in
tr cng nh cng tt?
p: Cc ca i vi cc m ca linh kin thirixto l mt tip gip P - N, cho
nn tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau. Chnh lch c tnh vn ampe
ca cc ca linh kin cng nhn hiu cng rt ln. Cho nn khng th ly ln tr s
in tr cc ca xc nh c tnh tt xu. Nu tr s in tr o c bng 0, hoc
v cng ln, chng t gia cc ca v cc m ngn mch hoc h mch, linh kin
ny khng th s dng c na.

17 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao phn on thirixto tt xu bng phng php n gin nht?
p: Mun phn on thirixto tt hay xu, ngoi dng
ng h vn nng o tr s in tr thun chiu ngc chiu
ca cc m v cc iu khin ca n ra, cn c th phn on
bng phng php sng, ti ca bng n. Nh th hin hnh
17 - 2 - 2, u ni tip bng n dy tc vi thirixto ri u
vo mch bin th t ngu, t t iu chnh in p ca bin
p n in p nh mc ca thirixto, lc ny bng n phi
khng sng. Sau u pin kh E (1.5 - 9 vn, cc dng u
vi cc iu khin) vo gia cc iu khin v cc m ca
linh kin thirixto, ri t t iu chnh in p, bng n sng
dn, iu ny chng t thirixto tt. Ngc li, thirixto hng.

17 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p xc pht ca thirixto khong 3 - 10 vn, ti sao dng ng h vn
nng o khng ra?
p: Ni chung rng xung xc pht ca thirixto ch c vi phn nghn/giy,
tuy tr s nh ca in p xung c my vn n my chc vn, nhng do tr s bnh
qun ca n rt nh, cho nn dng ng h vn nng o khng ra. Mun phn on c
mch xung xc pht hay khng c th quan st bng my hin sng.

17 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cn c vo dng in nh mc ca thirixto xc nh dng in m n
s dng, ti sao phi cn c vo hnh sng chnh lu tnh?
p: thirixto cho php dng in ln hay nh chy qua l do nhit cho php
ca li quyt nh, cn mc pht nhit th do tr s hu hiu ca dng in quyt
nh. Tiu chun k thut qui nh, vi nhit mi trng l + 40
o
C v iu kin lm
mt qui nh, trong mch in na sng hnh sin, tn s lm vic mt pha, ph ti c
tnh in tr, thirixto hon ton dn thng, khi nhit tip gip n nh khng vt
qu tr s nh mc, th dng in bnh qun ]n nht cho php l dng in nh mc
ca linh kin ny. Trong ng dng thc t, hnh thc dng in chnh lu, loi ph ti,

- Trang 326 -
gc dn thng, hnh sng dng in u khc nhau, quan h gia tr s bnh qun vi
tr s hu hiu cng s khc nhau. Cho nn, khi xc nh tr s dng in s dng cho
php ca thirixto phi tnh theo hnh sng chnh lu. Di iu kin tiu chun, quan
h gia tr s hu hiu v tr s bnh qun ca dng in cho php chy qua l I = 1.57
I
d
. Tc thirixto c dng in nh mc 100 ampe th tr s hu hiu ca dng in cho
php l 157 ampe. Nu l mch ton sng mt pha khi dn thng hon ton th quan h
gia tr s hu hiu vi tr s bnh qun l I' = 1.11 I'
d
. So vi tiu chun, khi I = I', I'
d

= 1.414I
d
, lc ny mt thirixto 100 ampe c th s dng 140 ampe.

17 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: thirixto c in p nh mc l 300 vn, liu c th trc tip s dng lm
chnh lu trn in li 220 vn c khng?
p: in p in li 220 vn th in p tr s nh ca n l 310 vn. Do
in li c qu p, yu cu linh kin phi c d nht nh. Cho nn thirixto mun
chn ng phi chu p trn 500 vn. in p nh thng ca thirixto l in p lm
vic danh xng cng vi 100 vn. V th in p nh mc ca thirixto s dng trn
ngun in xoay chiu 220 vn phi chn 550 vn. in p nh thng ca diode gp
hai ln in p lm vic tiu chun, tc in p nh thng ca diode 300 vn l 600
vn, cho nn c th chn s dng diode c in p nh mc 300 vn.

17 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi ngt ph ti ra (nh th hin hnh 17 - 2 - 6,
ngt K ra) vn k khng hin th, c phi do thirixto hng?
p: Mun duy tr thirixto dn thng, ngoi vic phi c
in p cc dng chiu dng v tng in p xc pht i vi
cc iu khin ra, cn phi bo m dng in cc dng khng
nh hn dng in duy tr ca n (tc dng in nh nht cn thit thirixto duy tr
trng thi dn thng). in p trong ca vn k rt ln, sau khi ngt ph ti ca mch
in chnh lu thirixto th dng in chy qua vn k nh hn dng in duy tr,
thirixto khng th duy tr dn thng nn b ngt, vn k cng khng hin th. V th,
vn k khng hin th khng th hin thirixto hng. Khi sa cha phi o xem
thirixto c in p ra khng, phi u ph ti o.

17 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mch thirixto ph ti cm ng, ti sao c lc xy ra hin tng thirixto
sau khi dn thng li ngt?
p: thirixto khi chu in p cc dng chiu dng, sau khi cc iu khin
c thm xung xc pht, thng mch, xung xc pht mt, dng in cc dng nh
nht cn thit c th lm cho thirixto duy tr trng thi, gi l dng in nu gi. Dng
in nu gi khng cng l dng duy tr, thng thng, dng nu gi ca thirixto phi
ln hn my ln so vi dng in duy tr.
Khi trong mch thirixto c ph ti tnh cm ng th sau khi xc pht thirixto,
dng in trong mch in (tc dng in cc dng) s t 0 t t tng ln. in cm
cng ln th dng in tng ln cng chm. Lc ny, nu rng ca mch xung xc
pht khng th c kh nng dng in cc dng cha ln ti dng in nu gi,
xung xc pht mt, nn thirixto khng th duy tr dn thng, nn b ngt.

- Trang 327 -
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto

17 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s thit b thirixto ma h c th hot ng bnh thng,
n ma ng th tr nn khng ng tin cy, hoc ma ng c th hot ng bnh
thng, ma h li tr nn khng ng tin cy?
p: thirixto l mt loi linh kin bn dn cng sut ln, c im ca n
ging nh cc linh kin bn dn khc, chu nh hng ca nhit tng i ln. Ma
ng, nhit xung thp, in p, dng in xc pht cn thit ca thirixto tng ln.
Khi cng sut xc pht m mch xc pht cung cp khng , c kh nng dn n
thirixto khng th xc pht. V th khi chnh th thit b thirixto cn ch iu ny.
Ma h nhit tng cao, in p chuyn chiu dng v in p nh thng ngc
chiu ca thirixto u gim thp, in p, dng in xc pht u gim r rt, kh
nng chng nhiu ca linh kin tr nn km, d gy nn xc pht nhm, ng thi
cng c th xy ra nh thng ngc chiu. V th khi iu chnh thit b thirixto vo
ma ng cn xem xt nhit hot ng ma h.

17 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b in t t gn b iu p khng nhit thirixto d b nhiu?
p: B iu p khng nhit thirixto c cc u im: hiu sut cao, phn ng
nhanh, nhng do dng sng in p v dng in ca mch thirixto l sng sin t
bin nghim trng, tn sut bin i dng in tc th rt ln, v th s sinh ra sng
in t cao tn. Cho nn thit b in t gn n c kh nng b can nhiu, thm ch
xy ra ng tc nhm.

17 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b chnh lu thirixto lm mt bng nc, cn ch nhng vn g?
p: Thit b chnh lu thirixto nu p dng lm mt bng nc th nn dng
nc ct nhm phng nga khi vn hnh lu ngy sinh ra cu bn gy tc ng ng.
in tr sut ca n yu cu ln hn 20 k.cm. Tr s pH l 6 ~ 8, v cn ch l ra,
vo nc ca ng nc phi c gng c in th bng nhau. Nu in th khng
bng nhau, bo m khng ngn mch gia cc pha, di ca ng nc phi trn
400 mm. Ma ng cn cn ch gi m ng nc, kt nc, phng nga ng bng
nh hng hiu qu lm mt. Ma h do chnh lch nhit nc vi nhit mi
trng tng i ln, trn b mt b ta nhit lm mt bng nc c th xut hin
sng ng, lm gim chu p ca thit b, khi nghim trng c th dn n ngn
mch, v th phi tng cng bin php thng gi.

17 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp rp thit b chnh lu thirixto, mch in chnh v mch iu khin
s nhiu ln nhau, cn ch g?
p: phng nga nhiu ln nhau gia mch in chnh vi mch iu
khin, phi b tr ng dy ca mch in chnh vi mch iu khin song song nhau
v c gng xa nhau mt cht. phng nga nhiu cm ng in mnh, i vi mch
iu khin tng i di c th dng dy kim loi che chn ngoi hoc dy bn c

- Trang 328 -
mng phi hp, cng c th qun lp che chn ln gia cun s cp, th cp ca bin
p. Nh vy c th hn ch mt cch hu hiu nhiu ln nhau gia mch chnh vi
mch iu khin.


- Trang 329 -
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v

17 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: im 0 ca mch in th hin hnh 17 - 4 - 1 (a) l im gia ca cun
dy bn th cp bin th, khi thay i tr s R, in p hai im a, b c thay i g? Ti
sao?
p: Mch in nh th hin hnh 17 - 4 - 1 (a) l mch chuyn pha R - C,
khi thay i tr s R, U
ab
khng thay i v ln, pha ca n bin ng trong 0 ~
180
o
. Bi v, khi in p (ngun in) bn s cp bin th l tr s c nh, th in p
.
U
EF
bn th cp cng c nh, m ph ti ca n l do R - C to thnh, nn dng in
.
I
C
trong cun dy th cp th hin tnh in dung, in p vt trc
.
U
EF
, st p
.
U
R

trn in tr, cng chiu vi
.
I
C
,
.
U
C
s tr sau
.
U
R
l 90
o
, m phi tha mn:
.
U
R
+
.
U
C
=
.
U
EF
, nn
.
U
R
,
.
U
C
,
.
U
EF
to thnh hnh tam gic vung (hnh b). V U
ab
l in
p gia im gia
.
U
EF
n R - C, khi thay i R, st p trn R, C lun lun tha mn
cng thc trn v thnh gc vung, nn qu tch ca im D l na ng trn ly
.
U
EF
lm ng knh, v th, R tuy thay i, nhng U
ab
lun lun bng
.
U
2
1
EF
, m
chiu c th thay i trong 0 ~ 180
o
.

17 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao gia ba chn ca transistor tip gip n khng b nh thng
hoc h mch, nhng trong mch in li khng th xc pht thirixto?
p: iu ny ch yu l do t l phn p ca transistor tip gip n c
chn qu nh gy nn. Nu t s phn p qu nh, khi mt s tham s ca mch in
v nhit mi trng thay i, in p nh im ca transistor tr nn nh s lm
cho bin tn hiu xung u ra qu nh nn khng th xc pht thirixto lm vic
c.

17 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch xc pht thirixto ca transistor tip gip n (xem hnh 17 - 4
- 3) iu chnh nh bin tr R
e
, c th lm cho in p u ra dn dn tng ln, khi R
e

t n tr s no , nu li tip tc gim nh, in p u ra t ngt st xung. Ti
sao?
p: iu chnh tr s in tr R s lm thay i thng s thi gian np in
ca ngun in i vi t C. Tr s in tr R
e
cng nh th tc np in ca ngun
in i vi C cng nhanh, khin in p u
C
trn C t n in p nh ca transistor

- Trang 330 -
tip gip n, tc thi gian pht ra xung u tin cng s cng sm, lm cho gc m
ca thirixto ln ln, in p u ra tng cao. Nhng sau khi transistor tip gip n
dn thng, khi tr s in tr R
e
nh hn mt tr s no , do
dng in ca ngun in thng qua R
e
a n cc pht e
ca transistor tip gip n vt qu dng in im y ca
n, gia e v cc gc b
1
khng th khi phc trng thi ngt,
m vn thng, C np khng c in, mch xc pht khng
th pht xung na, t khin in p chnh lu ca thirixto
tt xung. phng nga xy ra hin tng ny, cn cn c
vo tr s in tr nh nht v ln nht ca R
e
, dng mt in
tr c nh v mt bin tr u ni tip u vo mch in.

17 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi dng cu ch tc nhanh bo v thirixto? C th thay
bng cu ch ni chung khng?
p: Kh nng dng in chu p ca thirixto tng i nh, cu ch tc
nhanh c bi s qu dng ging vi thirixto th c th t dy ch trc khi thirixto b
ph hoi. Cn thi gian t dy ch ca cu ch ni chung tng i di, khng th c
tc dng bo v. Cho nn, thirixto phi dng cu ch tc nhanh bo v.
Nu dng in nh mc ca thirixto tng i ln m dng in ph ti tng
i nh, khi c thit b hn ch dng in ngn mch, th c th dng cu ch ni
chung bo v.

17 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: thirixto u trong mch, ti sao thng u song song vo hai u n mt
mch nhnh mc ni tip in tr t in (nh hnh 17 - 4 - 5)?
p: l bin php bo v phng nga thirixto b ph hng do
qu p tc th. Bi v s thng, ngt ca h thng, in p dp ca in
li hoc s thng ngt ca chnh thirixto u c th dn n thirixto b
nh thng do chu qu p tc th. Sau khi u song song t in C, nu
xy ra qu p, do in p hai u t in ch c np in m dn dn tng cao, khng
th t bin. Sau khi thirixto c xc pht dn thng, t in s phng in qua linh
kin, t khin thirixto trnh c s tp kch ca qu p. Nhng ch u song song
mt t in l khng c, bi v nu in p np tng i cao, khi phng in s c
dng in rt ln chy qua thirixto c th lm chy thirixto. V th phi u ni tip
mt in tr na vo t in hn ch dng in phng v tng thi gian phng in,
ng thi gia in cm v in dung trong mch in c th to thnh mch dao
ng, lc ny R li c tc dng lm nht, phng nga dao ng cao tn nh hng n
hot ng bnh thng ca h thng.


- Trang 331 -
17 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao diode cng quy cch khi s dng u ni tip phi u song song
mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh (17 - 4 - 6 (a)), khi s dng u song song phi u
ni tip mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh b)?
p: S sai bit ca in tr ngc chiu diode cng qui cch rt ln, cho nn
khi s dng u ni tip, in p ngc chiu m mi bng phi chu u khc nhau
xa, in p ngc chiu m diode c in tr ngc chiu ln phi chu s tng i
cao, nn c kh nng b nh thng. Sau , cc bng khc, do phi chu ton b in
p, cng s ln lt b nh thng. Cho nn khi s dng u ni tip, mi diode u
phi u song song mt in tr cn bng in p cng tr s.
in tr chiu dng ca diode cng qui cch cng mi loi mt khc, khi s
dng u song song, diode in tr chiu dng nh s c dng in chy qua ln.
trnh dng in tp trung trn diode in tr chiu dng nh gy chy hng, v th
khi s dng u song song, mi diode u phi u ni tip mt in tr cn bng
dng in cng tr s.

17 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u u dy vo xoay chiu ca thit b chnh lu sau khi ni vo b hp
thu tr dung, ti sao phi u vo mt phin selen phi tuyn tnh (nh th hin hnh
17 - 4 - 7)?
p: B hp thu bng tr dung RC c th c ch qu p thao tc trong phm vi
cho php. Nhng khi li in b st nh s sinh ra qu p thi gian ngn, tr s nh
cao, mch hp thu RC c thng s thi gian c nh, c kh nng s phng in khng
kp hoc t in b nh thng nn khng th c ch cc loi in p ny.
Phin selen c c tnh phi tuyn tnh ngc chiu tng i dc. V phin
selen ni i, khi in p bnh thng, lun c mt nhm vo trng thi ngc
chiu, dng in r rt nh. Khi qu p gn bng tr s cho
php, c tnh ngc chiu xut hin chuyn ngot, dng in
r tng ln, in p li c bn khng i (ni chung chn l tr
s nh qu p thao tc do b tr dung hn ch), li do din
tch phin selen tng i ln, c th tiu hao cng sut tc
th tng i ln nn khng b ph hoi. Cho nn, phin selen
c th ng vai tr hn ch in p v phng thch nng
lng.


- Trang 332 -
17 - 5 Mch Chnh lu

17 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu na sng nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 1 (a), khi u
song song t lc sng C, ti sao diode D thng c hin tng hng t ngt?
p: Khi mch in cha u song song t C, dng in bnh qun chy qua
diode D l
Z
2
Z
Z
R
U 45 . 0
R
U
= , sau khi u song song C, ngun in i vi C s c dng
in np in ban u rt ln chy qua D. Ngoi ra, khi cha u song song C, in p
ngc chiu ln nht m D chu ng l 2 U
2
; sau khi u song song C, khi ngun
in np bn chu k dng, in p hai u C gn bng 2 U
2
; khi bn chu k m li
cng ni tip vi in p ngun 2 U
2
, khin in p ngc chiu ln nht m hai
u D chu ng tng n 2 2 U
2
nh th hin hnh (a), (c). Cho nn, khi chn s
dng diode D, nu trong mch in chnh lu na sng, trc v sau khi u song
song t C, th dng in chy qua D v in p ngc chiu ln nht m n chu ng
c s chnh lch tng i ln, th nn diode D c kh nng b chy hoc nh thng.

17 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p u vo xoay chiu ca mch in chnh lu kiu cu nh th
hin hnh 17 - 5 - 2 (a) l 36 vn, in p u ra mt chiu khng ti l 32 vn, sau
khi tng thm t in 50F (nh hnh (b)), o li in p u ra, c th t khong 50
vn. Ti sao?
p: Bi v, trc khi tng thm t in, in p m vn k mt chiu kiu
in t o c l in p mt chiu mch xung, kim ng h hin th l tr s bnh
qun ca in p mch xung ny.
U
bnh qun
= V 32
11 . 1
36
~ =
1.11
U
hie u hu
.
Sau khi tng thm t in, t in s np in vi tr s nh in xoay chiu,
sau khi np y, in p u ra t tr s nh, do in tr trong ca vn k kiu in
t v cng ln, dng in rt nh, cho nn tr s hin th gn bng in p tr s nh.

- Trang 333 -
U
tr s nh
= 1.41 x U
hu hiu
= 1.41 x 36 = 50V.

17 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mch chnh lu kiu cu mt pha (nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 3 (a)) do 4
diode kiu 2CZ13D to thnh, trong s dng, nu xy ra s c, lun lun hng c hai
diode m t khi hng mt. Ti sao?
p: l do din tch tip gip PN ca diode h 2CZ tng i ln, kh b
chy t m d b nh thng gy ra. Bn diode chia thnh hai nhm u song song
trn ngun in xoay chiu, khi mt chic trong , nh D
1
do qu p (hoc qu dng)
b nh thng, n s mt tnh nng dn in, c th coi gn nh l mt dy dn. Lc
ny D
2
s tng ng nh trc tip u song song vo ngun in, v dng in
khng chy qua in tr ph ti, cho nn dng in chy qua n s vt xa dng in
cho php ln nht ca n, nn cng b nh thng. Nu bn pha xoay chiu u vo
cu ch (xem hnh (b)) th cu ch s t trc khi cha c dng in cho php ln
nht chy qua diode, t m bo v c diode.

17 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mch chnh lu kiu cu ton sng diode nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 4.
khi D
2
h mch hoc ngn mch, dng in, in p u ra c thay i g?
p: Nu D
2
h mch, khi ngun in bn chu k dng, gi thit cc tnh
ca e
2
l trn dng di m th D
l
, D
3
thng mch ph ti R
L
c c in p chnh
lu na sng. Khi ngun in bn chu k m, cc
tnh ca e
2
l trn m di dng, do D
2
h mch,
nn khng c dng in chy qua R
L
, do trn R
L

khng c in p. C th thy, D
2
h mch, mch
chnh lu ton sng bin thnh mch chnh lu na
sng, dng in u ra I
L
v in p u ra U
L
u
gim 1/2 so vi mch chnh lu ton sng.
Nu D
2
ngn mch. Khi ngun in bn chu
k dng, gi thit cc tnh e
2
l trn dng di m, ton b e
2
a n hai u D
3

dn thng chiu dng nn b ngn mch, dng in ngn mch rt ln c kh nng
lm chy D
3
gy h mch, cui cng khin in p u ra v dng in u ra bng 0.
Khi ngun in bn chu k m th cc tnh ca e
2
l trn m di dng, do D
3

h mch cho nn D
4
vn c th lm vic, lc ny trn R
L
c c in p chnh lu
na sng. C th thy D
2
ngn mch c th lm chy c D
3
, khin mch in chnh lu
c sng kiu cu bin thnh mch chnh lu na sng.


- Trang 334 -
17 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt b chnh lu (na sng, khng lc sng v n p) np in cho c
qui, nhng in p u ra li tng cao hn so vi khi khng ti. Ti sao?
p: Hnh sng in p u ra khi khng ti l na sng, c mt na thi gian
in p bng 0, tr s bnh qun ca n bng 0.32 ln tr s nh. Sau khi u c qui
vo, ch cn in p c qui thp hn tr s nh l c th np in, nhng in p u
ra khng st ti 0, cho nn tr s bnh qun tng ln.

17 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao li dng hai phin chnh lu kiu cu b ngn mch mt nhnh
(nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 6 (a)) to thnh mt b chnh lu kiu cu hon chnh?
Tham s dng in, in p nh th no?
p: Phin chnh lu kiu cu l mt th hon chnh, bt k mt nhnh no b
ngn mch u mt chc nng chnh lu nn khng th s dng. Li dng hai phin
chnh lu v dng ny c th lm li thnh mt b chnh lu kiu cu c ch. Cch u
dy ca n nh th hin hnh (b). u song song u ra "+","-" ca hai phin chnh
lu c lm u ra "+","-" ca cu chnh lu mi. u vo ca ngun in xoay chiu
u u vo xoay chiu bn linh kin hon ton tt ca hai phin cu, u vo xoay
chiu ca hai phin cu c nhnh b ngn mch trng, nh vy s lm thnh b
chnh lu kiu cu hon chnh.
B chnh lu kiu cu mi to thnh, tham s dng in, in p u c th
theo tham s ca b chnh lu kiu cu c, ch c th tch l gp hai ln so vi trc.

17 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hin c 3 my np in m mi mch chnh lu c th iu chnh l mt
pha na sng, mt pha ton sng v ba pha na sng, mi loi mt my. Tr s bnh
qun ca dng in np u ra u l 15 vn. Cu ch u ra liu c th chn ln
bng nhau? Ti sao?
p: Khng th chn ln bng nhau. Bi v chn cu ch l cn c vo tr s
hu hiu ca dng in, cn dao ng hnh sng ca dng in u ra my np tng
i ln, tr s hu hiu ln hn nhiu tr s bnh qun, cho nn dy cu ch phi chn
ln hn nhiu tr s bnh qun ca dng in np u ra. Hin c tr s bnh qun ca
dng in u ra l 15 ampe, nhng mch chnh lu na sng mt pha c mi chu k
dn in mt ln, tr s nh dng in ca n rt ln, do tr s hu hiu cng ln
nht, dy cu ch cng phi chn ln nht (khong 50 ampe); mch chnh lu ton
sng mt pha mi chu k dn in hai ln, do tr s nh v tr s hu hiu ca

- Trang 335 -
dng in nh hn na sng mt pha, nn dy cu ch cng chn nh hn mt cht
(khong 40 ampe). Tr s nh v tr s hu hiu ca dng in mch chnh lu na
sng ba pha l nh nht, cho nn dy cu ch cng chn nh nht (khong 30 ampe).

17 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B phn mt chiu ca mch chnh lu cu, trc tip dng in li 220
vn, ti sao khng th tip t?
p: Trong h thng cung cp in h 4 dy ba pha, in xoay chiu 220 vn
l do mt si dy pha v dy t to thnh. Sau khi tip t mt cc ca b phn mt
chiu, diode b lin b ngn mch (xem hnh (a)). Khi b phn xoay chiu lm vic
bn chu k dng ca ngun in, dng in thng qua diode d, ph ti R tr v dy
t ca ngun in, khi lm vic bn chu k m ca ngun in th dng in khng
qua diode c v R m trc tip ngn mch qua diode a, nn a chy. Cho nn, trong
mch chnh lu cu trc tip dng in li 220 vn th b phn mt chiu khng th
tip t. Nu lp thm bin th ngn cch vo b phn xoay chiu (xem hnh (b)) th
c th phng nga diode b chy hng khi xy ra s c tip t ca R hoc mch in.

17 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu c th iu khin na sng mt pha, nh th hin
hnh 17 - 5 - 9, v sao cho d l ph ti in tr thun, h s cng sut ca ngun in
cng nh hn 1, m gc iu khin cng ln th h s cng sut cng thp?
p: Trong mch chnh lu c th iu khin na sng mt pha, in p ngun
in l sng sin, in p t c trn ph ti l dng sng ca sng sin sau khi b ct
b mt phn, m gc iu khin cng ln th phn b ct cng cng nhiu. T s gia
tr hu hiu ca in p trn ph ti v tr hu hiu ca in p ngun nh hn 1, m
gc iu khin cng ln th t s cng nh, cng sut c ch do
ngun in cung cp (b qua tn hao thirixto) bng tch gia tr
hu hiu ca in p trn ph ti v tr hu hiu ca dng in
ph ti, cn cng sut thc t do ngun in cung cp bng tch
gia tr hu hiu ca in p ngun v tr hu hiu ca dng in
ph ti. Cho nn, cho d l ph ti in tr thun, t s gia cng
sut c ch v cng sut thc t do ngun in cung cp, tc h s
cng sut ca ngun in cng nh hn 1, m gc iu khin cng ln th h s cng
sut cng thp.


- Trang 336 -
17 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mch chnh th nh hnh 17 - 5 - 10 (a), nu rle J
1
, J
g
ht, J
2
cha
ht, dng vn k o c in p im K
2
i vi t c tr s gn bng ngun + E
a
.
Ti sao?
p: ng thi vi vic t in p dng vo gia cc dng, cc m ca
thirixto KG, cho cc cng ca n thng vi dng xc pht , th KG t trng thi
ng chn chuyn sang trng thi dn thng. Khi J
1
, J
g
ht, KG
1
do tha mn iu kin
thng mch nn dn thng. Hnh (b) l mch in tng ng ca hnh (a). Qua hnh
c th bit: do trc tip ni thng nhau nn 1P
2
ca KG
1
v 2P
2
ca KG
2
vo in
th bng nhau. V th, 1P
2
- 2P
2
- 2N
2
tng ng vi 1 diode chiu dng, do ,
sau khi KG
1
dn thng, + E
a
thng qua 1P
1
- 1N
1
- 1P
2
(2P
2
) - 2N
2
ging ln im K
2
.
cho nn dng vn k c th o c in p gia K
2
vi t c tr s gn bng +E
a

(khong tr s st p ca KG nh). Do in p xc pht E
g
< E
a
, v th sau khi KG
1
dn
thng, in p 2P
2
i vi t ln hn tr s E , t lm cho diode D chn ngt, tc
E
g
s khng ging ln im K
2
. Tuy in th cc m ca KG
2
i vi t tng i
cao, nhng do tr s in tr ca KG
2
tng i ln s khng ko ni ph ti. Nu tng
thm mt diode b phn xc pht (hnh (c)) th K
2
i vi t khng tn ti in p
tng i cao na.

17 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh ca chnh lu thirixto hnh 17 - 5 - 11, diode D c tc
dng g? Cc tnh ca n nu u nhm s c hu qu g?
p: c im ca ph ti c tnh cm ng l s thay i ca dng in i sau
thay i ca in p. thi im in p cc dng thirixto vt qua im 0, mun t
ng ngt, th hai u ph ti c tnh cm ng s sinh ra th in ng cm ng; cn
c nh lut Lenx, chiu ca in th t cm lun lun cn tr s thay i ca dng
in, tc u b l dng, u a l m. Nu khng c diode D th in th cm ng ny
s thng qua diode D
1
, D
2
hoc D
3
, D
4
a n hai u cc
dng v cc m ca thirixto 3CT. Do lc ny 3CT cn cha
kp hon ton khi phc kh nng cn chn cho nn s dn
thng khi khng c tn hiu xc pht, t lm mt tc dng
iu khin ca thirixto. Sau khi u diode D vo, in th cm
ng ni trn s thng qua diode D nhanh chng ngn mch, bo
m s hot ng bnh thng ca thirixto. Diode D c th lm
dng in ca ph ti c tnh cm ng tip tc thng mch, thng gi l "diode tip
dng". Nu u nhm cc tnh, s tr thnh ngn mch i vi ngun in chnh lu
(D
1
- D
4
), s gy ra s c ngn mch.

- Trang 337 -

17 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hnh 17 - 5 - 12 (a), (b) l hai loi mch chnh lu cu na iu khin mt
pha ph ti in cm, c th u hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Trong mch in hnh (a), khi in p ngun qu 0 th diode i dng, khi
xc pht th thirixto i dng. Nu t ngt
gim gc dn thng xung bng 0 hoc ct mch
iu khin, th do dng in ph ti c tnh in
cm duy tr dng in lin tc chy qua diode
khi thirixto bn chu k m ca ngun in,
hnh thnh mch kn, cn khi bn chu k
dng th thirixto tip tc dn thng, t xy
ra hin tng khc thng l mt thirixto lun
dn thng, cn hai diode lun lu thng mch.
Cho d xung xc pht ngng xc pht, nhng thirixto ng chn khng c, trn
ph ti vn gi li in p u ra tng ng vi chnh lu na sng mt pha, ch
khng th st p ph ti xung n 0. V th, mch in hnh (a) do cha u song
song diode tip dng vo hai u ph ti in cm nn khng th hot ng bnh
thng, gi l "mt tc dng iu khin".
Dng in ph ti in cm ca hnh (b) c th thng qua D
1
- D
2
hnh thnh
mch kn dng in lin tc, khi bn chu k m ca ngun in th thirixto t ng
ngt, cho nn c th hot ng bnh thng. Nhng cn ch : nu c hai thirixto dng
chung mt mch in xc pht th bin th mch xung phi c hai cun dy u ra, v
phng nghim ngt u nhm dy hoc ngn mch ln nhau.

17 - 5 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu cu c th iu khin mt pha, dng in p 220
vn trc tip chnh lu (nh hnh 17 - 5 - 13) ti sao in p nh mc ca linh kin
chnh lu 1D, 2D thp hn in p nh mc ca thirixto IKG, 2KG?
p: Trong mch chnh lu nh hnh th hin, in p thun chiu ln nht,
in p ngc chiu ln nht m thirixto chu ng v in p ngc chiu ln nht
m diode chu ng u l tr s nh ca in p u vo; tc 2 x 220 = 311V. Xt
ti in li c qu p, do in p nh mc ca
thirixto thng chn bng 1.5 ~ 2 ln tr ln tr s nh
ca in p lm vic thc t; ni chung chn 500 vn tr
ln. in p chuyn ngot chiu dng ca thirixto tr i
100 vn gi l in p chn cn chiu dng. in p
nh thng mt chiu tr i 100 vn gi l in p tr s
nh ngc chiu; tr s tng i nh trong in p tr s
nh ngc chiu v in p chn cn chiu dng l in
p nh mc ca linh kin ny. Cho nn, din p chuyn
ngot chiu dng hoc in p nh thng ngc chiu
ca 1KG, 2KG c in p nh mc 500 vn l 600 vn.
Cn in p lm vic ngc chiu cao nht ca diode bng mt na in p nh
thng ngc chiu, do khi chn in p lm vic ngc chiu ca l, 2D trong
mch in ny l 300 vn th tr s in p nh thng ngc chiu ca n cng ] 600

- Trang 338 -
vn. Do in p nh mc ca diode c lng d tng i ln, cho nn cho php
in p nh mc ca n chn thp hn thirixto. Nhng trong thc t, gim nh qui
cch ca linh kin thng chn tr s in p nh mc ca diode ging nh thirixto.

17 - 5 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia c qui cn np in vi thit b chnh lu Silic
c lp mt on cp in bc kim. Cn c vo lng ti dng
in th tit din cp in . Nhng sau khi dng li nng
gh gm. V sau em dy cp ny dng vo mch t trng
kch t chnh lu thirixto ca my in xoay chiu, tuy dng
in ln hn nhng li khng nng. Ti sao?
p: in p u ra ca b chnh lu Silic nh th hin
bng ng nt lin trong hnh 17 - 5 14 (a) (khi chnh lu 3 pha). Khi u (dy cp
bc kim) ln c qui vi in th ngc E
b
nh th hin bng nt t, di tc dng ca
hiu in p chnh lu v in th ngc u
z
- E
b
, nu in tr trong ca c qui l ra th
dng in sinh ra l i = (u
z
- E
b
)/r
b
, hnh sng ca n nh th hin hnh (b), c th
thy phn lng xoay chiu ca dng in rt ln. Dng in ny chy qua cp bc
kim s cm ng ra dng in trn v ngoi ca n, khin cp in nng ln. Nhng
cng mt cp in ny, khi s dng trong mch kch t, do nhm cun dy kch t ca
mt ng b l ph ti in cm ln, dng in chy qua n khng th nhanh chng
thay i, b lc sng thnh gn nh mt chiu, nn khng cm ng ra dng in v
ngoi, ch cn cp in c tit din s khng pht nhit.

17 - 5 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chnh lu thirixto khng dng t in lc sng?
p: Nu mch chnh lu thirixto dng t in lc sng th khi thirixto qua
xc pht dn thng s c dng in np cho t in chy qua thirixto. ln ca dng
in ny do hiu in p ngun v in p t in cng vi tr khng ca mch kn
c to thnh bi ngun in v t in quyt nh. Khi hiu gia in p ngun v
in p ca t in tng i ln m tr khng ca mch kn li rt nh s lm cho
dng in xung kch khi thirixto va dn thng s rt ln. S tng ln ca dng in
m khi thirixto dn thng cho php l c hn. Nu s tng ln vt qu tr s cho php
ca thirixto s lm chy thirixto do b nng cc b. V th mch chnh lu thirixto
khng nn dng t in lc sng.

17 - 5 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong mch chnh lu kiu 0 ba pha, khng th dng b h cm
xoay chiu o kim dng in chnh lu?
p: Phng php li dng b h cm xoay chiu o kim dng in chnh
lu bn pha xoay chiu ch c th s dng trong mch chnh lu m pha xoay chiu
khng c phn lng mt chiu. Cn mch chnh lu kiu 0 ba pha, trong tnh hnh
dng in lin tc, trong mt chu k ch c 1/3 thi gian dng in chy qua cun dy
bn th cp bin th chnh lu, v th bn th cp bin th l dng in dao ng mt
chiu. Thnh phn mt chiu trong dng in dao ng ny khng th t bn th cp
phn nh n bn s cp, ch c thnh phn xoay chiu mi c th t bn th cp phn
nh bn s cp, cho nn dng b h cm xoay chiu khng th o chnh xc dng in

- Trang 339 -
chnh lu. i vi mch in chnh lu nh th ny phi trc tip o bn pha mt
chiu.

17 - 5 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt bin th chnh lu ko hai my chnh lu vn hnh song song (hnh
17 - 5 - 17 (a)), by gi mun ci tin thnh vn hnh ni tip (hnh 17 - 5 - 17 (b))
c khng?
p: nng cao in p mt chiu, ci tin thnh cch u ni tip nh hnh
(b) l ht sc sai lm. Bi v khi mt my bin th chnh lu ko hai b chnh lu vn
hnh th im A, C trn mch in cng in th, im B, D cng in th, nu ni B
vi C li mt ch s xy ra ngn mch mt chiu nghim trng, hnh thnh dng in
ngn mch rt ln, chy hng linh kin. Cho nn khng th i thnh vn hnh ni tip
nh hnh (b).


- Trang 340 -
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc

17 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p mt chiu, bng chnh lu chn khng c in p
nh mc l 110kV ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV. Ti sao?
p: in p nh mc (in p nh mt chiu) ca bng chnh lu chn
khng l ch in p ln nht m gia cc dng v cc m c th chu ng c
khng n mc dn n phng in nhp nhy. Tin hnh th nghim chu p mt
chiu ni chung p dng chnh lu na sng. Nu vt c th nghim np in khi
na sng dng xoay chiu, th khi na sng m, bng chnh lu ngng hot ng.
Khi xoay chiu l tr s nh th in p ngc ln nht gia hai cc bng chnh lu
t ti gp hai ln tr s nh xoay chiu, cho nn bng chnh lu chn khng 110kV
ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV.

17 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p dy tc diode cc m nng np thy ngn, ti sao ni chung di
5 vn, cn in p dy tc bng chn khng li tng i cao?
p: Bi v in th in ly ca thy ngn tng i thp, ch c 10.4 vn. Nu
in p dy tc tng i cao th gia hai u ca dy tc s sinh ra phng in h
quang do in p tng i cao, ph hoi s hot ng ca diode cn trong bng chn
khng khng c vn ny, cho nn in p dy tc c th tng i cao.

17 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Tt c linh kin trong ng trn b chnh lu thy ngn, ti sao ton b u
lm bng st m khng th bng ng?
p: Trong ng trn b chnh lu thy ngn, tt c cc linh kin, tr graphit,
v s ra, u ch c th s dng loi lm bng st, ngay c que dn in cc dng
cng vy, tuyt i khng c dng ng, bi v ng s ha tan trong thy ngn.
Nu s dng linh kin ng, chng bao lu trong thy ngn c ng, khin thy
ngn khng sch, ng thi s lu li trn b mt v s cch in, cng s ph hoi
cch in.

17 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h m o th b chnh lu selen kiu cu, pht hin in tr
chiu dng ca mi phin l 10, qui cch ca b chnh lu l 110V, 2A, mi nhnh
8 phin, tnh ra ton b in tr bn trong l 160 (2 x 8 x 10) st p khi chy qua
dng in nh mc chy qua l 320V, vt qu in p nh mc, v th cho rng
in tr bn trong ca b chnh lu ny qu ln, mt tc dng. Tnh nh vy c
ng khng?
p: Tr s in tr o c bng ng h m khc vi tnh hnh thc t, bi
v in p ca ng h m rt thp (khong l.5V) in tr trong rt ln, in p in
n hai u phin chnh lu rt nh, khi in p chiu dng ca phin chnh lu selen
tng ln, th in tr ca n s t t gim, in p khi hot ng thc t tng i cao,
in tr trong ca mi phin nh hn 10 nhiu.


- Trang 341 -
17 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn ti sao nht nh phi u
hnh sao?
p: Khi th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn u theo hnh sao, dy
gia lm mch v ca in mt chiu, nu i sang cch u hnh tam gic th bn mt
chiu khng c mch kn na.

17 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My chnh lu selen d b ti sao phi nh k a vo s dng? Cn my
chnh lu oxyt ng li khng cn nh k a vo s dng?
p: My chnh lu oxyt ng kh ht m, kh thay i tnh nng, cn my
chnh lu selen rt d ht m, thay i c tnh. Khi my chnh lu selen lu khng
s dng s c c tnh "phn ha". Khi my chnh lu nh vy a vo hot ng,
dng in ngc chiu s tng ln r rt dn n qu nng, gim thp hiu sut. Cho
nn my chnh lu selen d b phi nh k a vo vn hnh, cho d khng ti
cng c. Nhng khng c khng ti, bi v di in p tng i cao th dng
in ngc chiu tng ln, c th gy nng, xuyn thng.

17 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng thang m ca ng h vn nng o my phin silic cao p chu p
130kV th in tr thun ngc chiu ca n u v cng ln, c phi cc phin silic
ny u hng?
p: Bi v phin silic cao p l ni tip rt nhiu diode silic thnh khi thng
nht, tng ng vi ni tip rt nhiu in tr chiu dng tip gip PN li vi
nhau, hn na in p trong ca ng h vn nng li rt thp khng t n in p
ban u ca phin silic, cho nn in tr chiu dng ca phin silic cao p s rt ln,
cho d khi dng nc R x 10k ca ng h vn nng o th kim ca ng h cng
khng ng y. in tr ngc ca n cng ln hn. V th s c u v cng ln.
Cho nn khng th dng ng h vn nng phn on phin silic cao p tt hay
xu.

17 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi lp b chnh lu selen, lun phi lp phin ca n thnh dng
thng ng m khng phi nm ngang?
p: Khi my chnh lu selen hot ng phi ta nhit. Khi lp thng ng,
khng kh gia cc phin khi b nng s bc ln trn, cn khng kh lnh t pha di
ht vo, hnh thnh i lu t nhin, c li cho vic ta nhit.

17 - 6 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my chnh lu bn dn sau mt thi gian s dng phi nng cao
in p u vo xoay chiu?
p: Thng thng my chnh lu bn dn (nh oxyt ng, selen) trong qu
trnh vn hnh c hin tng lo ha, hin tng ny s lm cho in tr chiu dng
ca my chnh lu tng bc tng ln, tn hao cng tng theo, cng lm cho nhit
ca my chnh lu tng ln (phin selen s lo ha trong khi vn hnh 1000~2000 gi,

- Trang 342 -
v sau s n nh). bo m in p sau khi chnh lu khng b st thp, th phi
nng cao in p u vo xoay chiu.

17 - 6 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My chnh lu selen kiu cu tng i lu khng dng, khi th
nghim s b khng pht hin vn . Ti sao sau khi cho ph ti vo, mt phn phin
chnh lu lin b chy hng?
p: Phin chnh lu selen 2 - 3 tun khng dng th phi tin hnh x l "to
hnh" li, nu khng s b chy hng. l bi v phin chnh lu selen lu khng s
dng mt tc dng bn dn. Phng php x l "to hnh" l: Trc tin cho dng
in, in p bng 50 - 70% vo my chnh lu, th cp khng cho ph ti, vn hnh
lin tc 3 - 4 gi, sau cho dng in ph ti bng 50%, vn hnh lin tc mt gi.
Tip cho in p v u u dy ph ti s khng xy ra s c na.


- Trang 343 -
17 - 7 n p ngun in

17 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong thit b n p ngun in bng bng bn dn (transistor), m dng
in u ra nh khng c khu bo v qu dng, ti sao c lc xut hin hin tng
khi va u thng ngun in xoay chiu th bng iu chnh lp tc hng?
p: Bng iu chnh b hng l do dng in np cho t lc sng u song
song vi u ra ca thit b n p ngun in transistor qu ln gy nn. Tnh hnh
ny thng xy ra nhiu trong trng hp in p u ra tng i cao m t lc sng
u ra li tng i ln.

17 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: u ra ca b n p xoay chiu in t c cho php tip t khng?
p: u ra ca b n p xoay chiu in t khng cho
php tip t. Bi v b n p xoay chiu in t l sau khi ni
tip b khuch i t T
2
v bin th t ngu T
1
ri u vt
gia ngun in u vo vi u ra, (xem hnh 17 - 7 - 2) thng
qua dng in bo ha 1 chiu ca cun dy th cp T
2
iu
khin b khuch i t thay i tr khng ca n nhm iu
chnh in p ra. Trong u vo A, B nu A l y pha, B l dy
"khng" th u ra C i vi t l 220V, u D i vi t l
"khng", nu hon i A v B th D i vi C l 220V, C i vi
t c th l vi chc vn, tc in p gia cun dy nng p 2 v 3 ca T
1
.
Nu du ra ca b n p in tr tip t th khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Bi v sau khi tip t u C, khi A l dy pha th 220V s a n gia ca cun dy
nng p 2 v 3 T
1
to ra qu ti. Khi B l dy pha th A v C l cng in th, cun dy
nng p b ngn mch. Nu em u D tip t th khi B l dy pha ngun in 220V
b ngn mch, ch c khi A l dy pha th mi c th hot ng bnh thng.

17 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B n p 1 chiu 2000V, p dng phng php phn p nh th hin
hnh 17 - 7 - 3 (a) lm cao p mt chiu 1000 V cung cp in. Trc khi u vo
cc chi tit, dng vn k tnh in o c in p trn R
2
l 1000V, chng t b phn
p khng c sai st. Nhng sau khi u vo linh kin li khng th hot ng c do
in p qu thp. Ti sao?

- Trang 344 -
p: Sau khi u b phn p vo cc linh kin, do in tr u vo ca cc linh
kin u song song vi R
2
(xem hnh 17 - 7 - 3 (a)), lm thay i t l phn p c
khin in p st thp. Nu in tr u vo ca cc linh kin l 10M sau khi u
song song vi R
2
bin thnh 5M, li phn p vi R
i
th in p trn linh kin ch c
khong 660V. V th phi coi in tr u vo ca linh kin l b phn hp thnh ca
ton b b phn p thit k. Nu in tr u vo ca linh kin l 10M mun t
c in p lm vic 1kV trn ngun in 2kV th c th u dy theo hnh (b) hoc
hnh (c). Dng in trong hnh (b) nh hn mt na so vi hnh (c), v th cng sut
cng nh hn mt na.

17 - 7 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ngun in ca mt s my tnh in t, ti sao s dng ngun in n p
chnh lu 400 Hz m khng s dng ngun in tn s chung?
p: Bi v my tnh in t c yu cu tng i cao i vi cht lng ca
in p ngun in mt chiu, cn c h s vn sng nh, nu h s qu ln s lm
cho hot ng ca ton b my tnh in t khng n nh. Trong ngun in n p
mt chiu do ngun c tn s chung cung cp tuy c th s dng cc hnh thc lc
sng, nhng h s vn sng vn khng th t c yu cu, nht l i vi cc loi
nhiu n t ngun in tn s chung cng kh lc b. Do ngun in n p mt
chiu ca my tnh in t ni chung u dng ngun in 400 Hz 3 pha (hoc 6 pha)
cung cp in.


- Trang 345 -
CHNG XVIII

NG H IN

18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in

18 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: chnh xc ca cc loi ng h, my o in th hin ngha g?
p: Th hin s phn trm sai s ln nht ca ng h, my o y. Nh cp
0.5, sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 0.5% tr s tiu chun; ng h,
my o cp 1 th sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 1%. Nu tm o ln nht
l 100 ampe th sai s ln nht l 1 ampe.

18 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th no l sai s tuyt i, tng i, chit hp ca ng h o in?
p: Hiu gia tr s ch th ca ng h th vi tr s ch th ca ng h
chun l "sai s tuyt i"; t s phn trm so snh gia "sai s tuyt i" vi tr s ch
th ca ng h chun l "sai s tng i". Cn "sai s chit hp" l s phn trm
gia tr s tuyt i so vi tr s ln nht trn bng chia ng h o.

18 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn ng h in thng nhn thy cc k hiu |, , Z45
o
, chng th
hin ngha g?
p: | th hin khi s dng ng h, mt ny phi thng ng; th hin
khi s dng ng h, mt ng h phi ngang; Z45
o
th hin khi dng ng h, mt
ng h phi to mt gc 45
o
so vi ng ngang bng. Nu s dng ng h m
khng t ng theo cc phng php ny qui nh th sai s ca ng h s rt ln, c
th vt qu tr s cho php.

18 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc k hiu , , ~ , , ~ ghi r trn a ng h, mi loi th
hin ngha g?
p: K hiu th hin khi lm vic phi t ng h theo v tr ngang
bng; th hin phi t thng ng; th hin ch dng vi in mt chiu; ~ th
hin ch dng vi in xoay chiu; ~ th hin dng c hai loi xoay chiu, mt chiu.

18 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ch cch v tr 0 khng xa pha di ng chia ca mt s ng h
in xoay chiu c mt im en, hoc ch cch v tr 0 v tr s y khng xa c
mt im en, th hin g?
p: Bi v ng chia ca ng h in xoay chiu khng u, ni chung
chia ca on bt u v on cui rt nh, khin sai s c c vt ra ngoi
chnh xc m ng h in qui nh. V th, khi s dng phi b b phn ny. im

- Trang 346 -
en di ng chia l dng th hin ny. Nu ch c mt im en cch v tr
0 khng xa th t im en n tr s y l b phn lm vic ca ng chia , s
c trong phm vi ny chnh xc, on t v tr 0 n im en khng chnh xc. Nu
di ng chia c hai im en th th hin on gia hai im l b phn lm
vic ca ng chia .

18 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn a chia mt s ng h, lp mt mnh gng, ti sao?
p: Bi v gia kim ch v b mt bng chia c khe h, khe h cng ln th
cng d xy ra nhn nhm. Nu trn a chia lp mt mnh gng, khi kim v hnh
chiu ca kim trong gng trng nhau, ly s c, c th gim thiu nhn sai. V th
tc dng ca mnh gng l gim sai khi nhn s o.

18 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ampe k xoay mt chiu (kiu in t), vn k, ng h pha (kiu
in ng), ng h mgam, ng h tn s kiu kim ch, mi loi c my l xo phn
khng? Ti sao?
p: Tc dng ca l xo phn khng trong ng h, my o in l: (1) cn
bng mmen phn khng vi mmen chuyn ng, khin mi v tr kim ch phn nh
lng o nht nh. (2) Dn dng in vo cun dy ng. dn ngun in vo v
dn ra, cn c 2 l xo, ampe k mt chiu v vn k l thuc loi ny. Trong ng h
xoay chiu khng c cun dy ng, cng khng cn dn dng in vo, v th ch cn
1 l xo l . ng h pha, ng h mgam, ng h tn s kiu kim ch, do s dng
nguyn l so snh dng, li dng 1 cun dy khc thng dng in sinh ra mmen
phn khng, cho nn bn trong khng c l xo phn khng, khi khng c dng in
chy qua th kim ch cng khng nht thit ch s 0.

18 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vch chia ca ng h kiu in t ti sao u nhau, cn vch chia
ca ng h kiu t in li khng u nhau?
p: ng h kiu in t l do nam chm vnh cu v do cun dy ng to
thnh. Bi v t trng ca nam chm vnh cu c nh, gc chuyn lch ca kim ch
t l thun vi dng in chy qua cun dy, cho nn vch chia t l thun vi dng
in cho nn u nhau.
ng h kiu t in l do cun dy bt ng v phin li st ng ni trn trc
kim to thnh. Gc chuyn lch ca kim t l thun vi bnh phng ca dng in, v
th a vch chia ca ng h khng u nhau.

18 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt in k kiu mi u lm thnh hnh nh th hin hnh 18 -
1 - 9 (a) m khng lm thnh hnh nh hnh (b)?
p: Bi v phm vi di ng ca kim trong ng h ln
nh nhau th hnh (a) tng i ln hn hnh (b), tc lng di
chuyn ca kim tng i ln hn trn n v in lng lm
cho kim chuyn ng, v th ng h tng i nhy v nhn
tng i r .

- Trang 347 -

18 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng h kiu in t ch c th dng o in mt chiu, ti sao c loi
ng h in t cn chia - 0 +?
p: ng h kiu in t l mt loi ng h dng o in mt chiu. C
loi ng h kiu in t c chia "-", "0", "+", nhng l o in mt chiu bin
hng, v d khi o phn bit nhm u dy ca my bin th th yu cu v tr 0
chnh gia, lc ny ng h o phi khc theo "-", "0", "+". Tuy dng khc "-",
"0", "+" nhng vn l o mt chiu, iu ny khng c ngha loi ng h ny c tnh
dng m m c th dng o in xoay chiu.

18 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao kim ca mt s ng h in phi lm thnh dng x ngang (xem
hnh 18 - 1 - 11)?
p: ng h h in ng ni chung khng nhng dng o in mt chiu
m cng dng o in xoay chiu. Khi tn s vn c ca bn thn c cu o gn bng
tn s ca dng in xoay chiu c o, s dn ti dao ng ca b phn ng ng
h.
Chu k dao ng t do ca bt c vt th no u l K = m / C , trong cng
thc, C l bn ca vt th, m l khi lng
ca vt th.
Ch to kim trong ng h in ng
thnh dng x ngang c th nng cao bn C
ca n, nh vy c th tng chu k dao ng t
do cc b phn ng ca c cu o, khin n
khng dn n sinh ra cng hng trong phm vi tn s tng i rng.

18 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u mt ca kim ng h c nhy tng i cao phi s dng
hnh mi thng, cn ng h trn mm phn phi in li p dng dng li dao?
p: Bi v rng ca kim hnh thng nh, c th khng vt qua mnh
ca ng nt chia , nh vy c th c c mt cch tng i chnh xc tr s
kim ch, cn s hin th ca ng h trn mm phn phi in phi cch xa mt
khong cch (0.5 - 1m) c, ng thi cng khng yu cu qu cao i vi
chnh xc ca s c, v th p dng u mt ca kim c dng li dao tng i
d nhn thy l thch hp.

18 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn trc quay ca ng h kiu in t c lp 2 l xo xon cng sinh ra
m men lc phn khng, ti sao chiu xon ca 2 l xo xon ngc nhau?
p: Bi v vt th c hin tng nng n lnh co, sau khi lp ngc chiu 2 l
xo xon, khi nhit tng cao hoc gim thp, m men ph m 2 l xo ny sinh ra
ngc chiu nhau, c tc dng b. Ngoi ra cn c th gim mc lo ha do mi
ca l xo?


- Trang 348 -
18 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao rt nhiu c cu o ca ng h kiu in ng, kiu t in li
chia thnh 2 b phn (c nh v di ng)?
p: l nhm nng cao chnh xc ca ng h. i vi ngoi gii, t
trng 2 b phn ca ng h c ln nh bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau, nh vy s
c th trit tiu nh hng ca t trng u ca ngoi gii i vi ng h, cng c
tc dng phng trnh mc nht nh i vi t trng khng u ca bn ngoi.

18 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi c nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi
th kt cu ca ng h phi p dng kt cu khng nh
hng?
p: T trng ca bn thn ng h kiu in t
tng i yu khi c t trng bn ngoi s nh hng
nghim trng n chnh xc o ca n. Cn ng h
khng nh hng l dng 2 h thng t in ngc chiu
nhau to thnh (xem hnh 18 - 1 - 15), trong 2 cun dy u ni tip ngc chiu
nhau. T trng do chng sinh ra ngc chiu nhau, nh vy nh hng ca t trng
bn ngoi i vi 2 t trng l ngc nhau, tc dng ca n va vn trit tiu. Cho
nn s c ca ng h khng b nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi.

18 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn khung nhm cun dy ng ca ng h kiu in t li t
mt s l trn?
p: Nguyn nhn ch yu t mt s l trn trn khung cun dy ng l (1)
C th tng in tr dng xoy, gim thiu h s cn tr bo m thi gian lm nht
ca ng h trong phm vi qui nh. (2) Gim nh trng lng ca b phn ng,
ko di tui th trc.

18 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy ng ca ng h o kiu in t, ti sao qun trn li nhm,
m khng qun trn gi li lm bng st hoc giy cng?
p: i vi vt liu ca khung cun dy ng cn xem xt 3 im: (1) trng
lng nh, qun tnh i ng nh. (2) Phi l vt liu phi t tnh, nu khng s b nam
chm ht. (3) Phi l vt dn in. Khi khung quay theo cun dy c th di ng trong
t trng s cm ng ra dng xoy v c tc dng lm cn tr s vn ng, khin kim
ch nhanh chng n nh v tr cn bng. Da vo 3 im trn th nhm l thch hp
nht.

18 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vch trong ca v mt s ng h c lt 1 lp hoc 2 lp mng
mng kim loi?
p: Bi v t trng ca bn thn ng h kiu in ng v in t tng
i yu, cho nn chun xc ca ng h b nh hng nghim trng ca t trng
bn ngoi; khi vch trong ca v ng h gn lp mng mng kim loi dn t th c

- Trang 349 -
th lm cho t trng bn ngoi chy qua bn trong mng mng kim loi c nng sut
dn t rt cao, ch khng vo bn trong ng h, nh th bo m chnh xc ca
ng h. gi l tc dng che chn. gim thiu chnh lch ph do dng xoy v
tn hao t tr gy nn, vt liu che chn phi s dng vt liu c sut dn t cao, lc
un vnh thp nh phin silic, hp kim.


- Trang 350 -
18 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cho dng in mt chiu c ln bng nhau vo ng h kiu in t ti
sao khi v ng h c che chn t v khng c che chn t th s c khc nhau?
p: T trng ca ng h kiu in t l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra, che
chn thng lm bng vt liu dn t. Sau khi v ngoi c che chn t, v lp che chn
c tc dng phn t, s lm gim cng t trng trong khe h lm vic ca ng
h, v vy sau khi cho vo dng in c ln bng nhau, m men quay sinh ra s
khc nhau. Do m men quay c che chn s nh hn so vi khng che chn, v th tr
s hin th ca n cng nh. Nu trn che chn tr mt l trn dt, th khi di chuyn l
ny, do khong cch tng i ca n i vi cc thay i, khin t thng lm vic
trong khe h lm vic cng thay i, t lm cho. s c ca ng h cng thay i
theo. Trn cng trng thng li dng phng php ny iu chnh s c ca
ng h.

18 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: L xo trong ng h ti sao khng s dng vt liu thp m s dng vt
liu ng photpho?
p: L xo trong ng h phi c th duy tr tnh n hi vn c v sau khi
chu lc duy tr ln ca lc phn tc dng khng thay i. Do trong ng h in
c dng in, nn c t trng, di tc dng ca t trng s lm gim tnh n hi
ca l xo thp, cho nn phi s dng vt liu ng en photpho khng t tnh.

18 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cun dy hot ng trong ng h kiu in ng ti sao thng qun
bng dy nhm?
p: S dng dy nhm qun cun dy hot ng ca ng h kiu in
ng mc ch l nhm gim trng lng b phn hot ng ca ng h, gim m
men lc ma st v sai s ma st trong b ca n, t nng cao chnh xc ca
ng h.

18 - 1 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng h mt chiu c b phn dng, ti sao thng km theo hai si dy
dn chuyn dng, cn cc ng h khc khng c?
p: ng h in mt chiu c b phn dng, trn thc t l mt chic ng
h mV, dng in mt chiu b o khi chy qua b phn dng sinh ra st p vi tr s
rt nh (mV), st p ny t l thun vi dng in c o, st p o c ny qua tnh
ton s c dng in cn o. Do st p ny rt nh, nu hai dy dn gia b phn
dng vi ampe k (tc ng h mV) qu di hoc qu nh th in tr dy dn tng
i ln, st p trn dy dn cng tng i ln, in p o c trn ampe k s nh
hn nhiu so vi st p trn b phn dng, khin kt qu o khng chnh xc. V th,
khi xut xng, nh my ch to km theo hai dy dn chuyn dng. Khi kim tra sai
s ca ng h, xem xt st p trn hai dy dn ny. Khi s dng ng h, dng hai
dy dn ny ni ng h vi b phn dng, sai s o ca ng h s khng vt
qu tr s qui nh. Nu ty tin s dng dy dn khc th kt qu o s khng chnh
xc.


- Trang 351 -

18 - 1 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ampe k mt chiu phi xt n b nhit , cn vn k mt chiu
khng cn xt n b nhit ?
p: Ampe k mt chiu thng dng l do c cu o l kiu in t cng vi
b phn dng to thnh. B phn dng lm bng vt liu ng mangan, h s nhit
in tr ca n rt nh. Cun dy di ng ca c cu o qun bng dy ng, h s
nhit in tr ca n tng i ln. Cn in tr ca cun dy di ng ln hn nhiu
in tr phn dng, cho nn s thay i ca nhit s lm thay i t l phn dng,
gy nn sai s o ca ng h, iu ny i hi phi xt n b nhit .
Vn k mt chiu do c cu o l kiu in t ni tip vi in tr ph qun
bng ng mangan m thnh. Tr s in tr ca in tr ph ln hn nhiu in tr
cun dy di ng, cho nn khi nhit thay i, th s thay i ca tng tr s in tr
rt nh; c th khng xt ti b nhit .

18 - 1 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ampe k kiu li st di ng ti sao khng c b phn dng? Lm sao
thay i tm o ca ng h ny?
p: Ampe k kiu li st di ng ch yu dng o dng in ln, s vng
khng nhiu, khng cn lm thnh ng h tiu chun ri mi b tr phi hp b phn
dng, m c th trc tip qun thnh s vng khc nhau. Ngoi ra, khng c b phn
dng c th trnh c sai s do nhit thay i gy nn. Sau khi ng h c b
phn dng thng in, nhit tng ln khc nhau ca ng h v b phn dng lm
cho s phn phi dng in cng thay i theo, gy ra sai s.
thay i tm o, ng h kiu li st di ng thng qun cun dy thnh
hai b phn, c th s dng ni tip hoc song song. Khi ni tip l mt tm o, khi
u song song s vng gim mt na, tm o c th m rng gp i.

18 - 1 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B phn lm nht ca ng h kiu in t lp ch no? N c tc dng
lm nht nh th no?
p: C cu o kiu in t khng c b lm nht bn ngoi, bn thn n
c lm nht t tnh, cun dy ca c cu o c qun trn khung nhm, bn thn
khung nhm l mt mch kn, cho nn khi b phn c th chuyn ng quay chuyn,
t thng chy qua khung nhm s thay i, trong khung nhm s sinh ra dng in
cm ng, dng in ny tc dng vi t trng nam chm sinh ra m men quay. Chiu
ca m men quay ny ngc vi chiu vn ng ca khung nhm, sinh ra tc dng
lm nht r rt.

18 - 1 - 26 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ng h h in t thng thy mch
in nh hnh 18 - 1 - 26, r
t
v r
s
c tc dng g?
p: r
t
l in tr b nhit, dng b sai lch do
nhit thay i khin in tr ca cun dy ng thay i
gy nn. r
s
l in tr phn dng, c tc dng m rng tm
o. Ngoi ra, r
t
v r
s
cn c tc dng lm in tr gii hn

- Trang 352 -
ngoi, nu em r
t
, r
s
u vi in tr trong u ng h r
o
thnh in tr gii hn ca
mch ng h th c th lm cho c tnh trng thi ng ca ng h ny vo trng
thi lm nht gii hn.

18 - 1 - 27 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr ph ca ng h mt chiu u qun bng dy ng
mangan, cn in tr ph trong ng h xoay chiu li qun bng dy ng
constantan (hp kim ng - niken)?
p: Yu cu ch yu ca in tr ph ca ng h in l h s nhit ca in
tr phi nh, tc tr s in tr chu nh hng ca nhit phi nh, nh vy mi c
th bo m chnh xc ca ng h. H s nhit ca dy ng constantan tuy rt
nh (5 x 10
-6
/
o
C) nhng in th tip xc gia dy constantan vi ng qu ln
cng s nh hng n chnh xc o. Trong ng h xoay chiu, do cc tnh ca
in p khng ngng thay i, c th trit tiu nh hng ca in th tip xc sinh ra
trong bn chu k dng, m. V th, dy ng constantan l vt liu in tr ph ca
ng h in xoay chiu tng i l tng. Nhng trong dng in mt chiu, do
in th tip xc qu ln nn khng th s dng. in th tip xc gia dy ng
mangan vi ng rt nh, hn na h s nhit ca n cng ch c 2 x 10
-5
/
o
C, tuy
ln hn dy ng constantan mt cht, nhng do khng c vt liu l tng hn, v
th u dng n lm in tr ph.

18 - 1 - 28 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr chun s dng trong phng thc nghim ni chung u dng dy
ng mangan cch in qun ln ng ng, ti sao cn phi ngm trong du cch
in?
p: Khi nhit thay i, th tr s in tr cng thay i. in tr chun s
dng trong o chnh xc. gim thiu nh hng ca s thay i nhit khi o i
vi s c, lm cho s c n nh, cho nn dng dy ng mangan cch in qun
trn ng ng v ngm trong du cch in, khin nhit lng pht ra trn in tr
nhanh chng ta i, nhit thay i tng i nh.

18 - 1 - 29 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr phn dng ca ampe k mt chiu phi c bn u u
dy (nh hnh 18 - 1 - 29)?
p: Hai u tip xc ca A gi l u tip xc dng in,
hai u tip xc ca B gi l u tip xc in th. Khi s dng,
mch in chnh ni vi A, mch in ng h o ni vi B. Nh
vy c th lm cho in tr tip xc khng nh hng chnh xc
o.

18 - 1 - 30 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trc khi s dng my so dng tin hnh o (tc khi khng
hot ng) kim lun lun di ng ch khng ch 0?
p: Loi ng h in kt cu ny khng dng dy chuyn ng sinh ra m
men lc phn khng c hc m dng cun dy m men lc phn tc dng, khi o, cn
c vo nguyn l tc dng t in, sinh ra m men lc cn bng, cho nn khi ng h
email : info@lopthietkedien.com

- Trang 353 -
khng hot ng th c trc v kim ca n u khng c tc dng ca m men lc c
hc m thnh trng thi di ng t do.

18 - 1 - 31 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ng h kiu in ng s dng vi in mt chiu thng phi o
i cc tnh "dng" "m", ly s c bnh qun hai ln, ti sao?
p: Bi v t trng bn thn ca ng h din ng yu hn nhiu ng h
kiu in t, rt d b nh hng bi a t gy nn sai s, cho nn phi i cc
"dng" "m", ly s bnh qun hai ln, nh vy loi tr nh hng ca a t, mi c
th t c chnh xc cn thit.

18 - 1 - 32 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Kim ng h kiu t in sau khi b nh hng ca nhit kh quyn,
vic ch th c g thay i?
p: Khi tri nng, ch th lch cao, khi tri lnh lch thp. Khi nhit thp,
cng cm ng t ca li st s gim yu mt t, m men quay gim, khin kim ch
lch thp. Cn do nhit cao, khin l xo nng n ra, lc n hi gim, m men
thng hm gim nh. Hai ci tng hp li, nhn t sau tng i mnh, nn khi tri
nng hin th lch cao, khi tri lnh lch thp.

18 - 1 - 33 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hin nay ampe k, vn k h in ng cp 0.5 ang c xu th
tng bc c thay bng ng h h t in?
p: ng h h t in l mt loi ng h t in: mt chiu v xoay chiu.
N c cc u im nh kt cu n gin, kh nng qu ti mnh, n nh tin cy, gi
thnh tng i thp, d ch to v.v... My nm gn y, cp chnh xc ca ng h h
t in tng bc c nng cao, tiu hao cng sut tng bc gim, c bit l sau
khi b phn hot ng p dng bng si cng v quang tiu, gim thp vic tiu
hao cng sut, nng cao nhy v chnh xc. Cn ng h h in ng, ly ampe
k, vn k so vi ng h h t in, n c cc nhc im v mt kt cu ca bn
thn: tiu hao cng sut ln, kh nng qu ti km. Kt cu phc tp, gi thnh cao,
chu nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi cng ln. V th, ng h h t in c xu th
thay th ampe k, vn k h in ng.

18 - 1 - 34 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao vn k mt chiu ni chung khng th o in p xoay chiu, cn
vn k xoay chiu thng dng li c th o in p mt chiu mt cch gn ng?
p: Vn k mt chiu ni chung u l kiu in t. N c hai t cc do nam
chm vnh cu to thnh. Khi in mt chiu chy qua cun dy, n v t cc tc dng
ln nhau sinh ra m men quay, kim quay lch v mt bn, nu in xoay chiu chy
qua cun dy, m men quay sinh ra s thay i m dng th kim ch rung ch khng
th quay. V th, ng h kiu in t khng th trc tip o in xoay chiu.
Vn k xoay chiu thng dng l kiu t in, khi dng in mt chiu chy
qua cun dy ca n, phin st ca b phn chuyn ng b t ha, phin st b ht
sinh ra m men quay, khin kim quay lch. Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun
dy, t cc sinh ra trong cun dy v t cc ca phin st cng lc thay i, kt qu
www.lopthietkedien.com

- Trang 354 -
chiu m men quay tc dng ln nhau khng thay i, kim vn quay lch. Cho nn,
ng h kiu t in c th o mt chiu hoc xoay chiu (s c in p mt chiu
hi ln hn khi o bng vn k mt chiu).

18 - 1 - 35 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng h kiu in t mt chiu khng chu c qu ti, cn ng
h xoay chiu chu c qu ti?
p: B phn c th chuyn ng ca ng h kiu in t mt chiu l cun
dy qun bng dy dn nh. Khi o, dng in lm vic ca ng h phi thng qua
dy chuyn ng mi c th cng lc chy qua cun dy c th di ng khin ng h
quay bnh thng. Khi ng h qu ti, dng in chy qua dy chuyn ng s vt
qu mt s ln tr s bnh thng, lm t dy chuyn ng, hoc lm mt tnh n hi
ca dy chuyn ng do qu nng. C lc cng c th lm chy hng cun dy ng.
ng h s dng cho xoay chiu u l ng h kiu t in, b phn c th di ng
ca n khng c dng in chy qua, v th dy chuyn ng khng b chy t. Cho
nn, c khi qu ti thi gian ngn th cun dy c nh ca n cng c th chu c.

18 - 1 - 36 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi u song song mt t in trn ng h in trong thit b
cao tn?
p: l nhm phng nga tc dng gy nhiu ca dng in cao tn i vi
ng h u song song t in vo c th lm cho dng in cao tn thot qua t in
loi tr nhiu

LOP THUC HANH THIETKE M&E

- Trang 355 -
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng

18 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi s dng xong ampe k, micron ampe k v mili vn k, ti sao
thng dng mt si dy ng ni cc tr u dy ca chng?
p: Bi v cc loi ng h o ny l kiu in t, cun dy, trc v kim ca
chng u ht sc nh, gin yu, cho nn khi di chuyn ng h c th khin chng
dao ng mnh, gy hng. Nhng sau khi dng si dy ng ni tr u dy ca
chng li, nu khi cun dy do tc dng ca lc c gii bn ngoi m chuyn ng th
trong cun dy s sinh ra dng in (tng ng vi mt my pht in mt chiu),
t sinh ra lc hm, khin cun dy khng th dao ng nhanh, nh vy c th
phng nga hng ng h.

18 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi t xp ng h in kiu xch tay, ti sao phi ng mt cnh?
p: ng h kiu xch tay tng i tinh vi, u t nm ngang s dng,
do trc c lp thng ng. Nu khi khng dng m cng ngang s khin u
nhn trc pha di p lu di ln trc khin u nhn trc v trc u hng. Nu
ng mt cnh, trc ch gc ln trc lm cho ng h c th duy tr nhy v
chnh xc, v ko di thi gian s dng.

18 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng kim dng k (kim lu k), nht nh phi iu chnh
n n v tr nm ngang bng?
p: Kim dng k ni chung u dng dy cng hoc dy treo b phn
hot ng. Nu khng iu chnh n v tr nm ngang th cun dy hot ng ca
kim dng k s ri khi v tr thng ng, sinh ra b nghing. Nh vy cun dy quay
trong khe h lm vic ca t trng s kh khn. Cho nn trc tin phi iu chnh
n v tr ngang bng.

18 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh ng h in phi cn c vo s c ca im cn
kim tra trn ng h cn hiu chnh iu chnh ln cn o m khng iu chnh
theo s c ca ng h chun?
p: Khi hiu chnh ng h, iu chnh ln cn o n vch chia im cn
hiu chnh trn ng h cn hiu chnh (ni chung u l vch chia c ch s hoc ch
c vch di trn thc chia ), lc ny kim ca ng h chun cha chc ng vch
chia, lm nh vy ch yu l xt n s tin li ca c s. Bi v, nu trc tin cn
c vo ch s trn thc chia ca ng h chun iu chnh cn o, th rt c th
kim ca ng h chun ch trn vch chia, cn kim ca ng h cn hiu chnh li
gia vch chia. Do cp ca ng h chun nht nh cao hn ng h cn hiu chnh,
chia phi nhiu hn, cho nn kim ca ng h cn hiu chnh trn vch chia,
cn kim ca ng h chun gia vch chia, nh vy c s tng i thun li.

18 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

- Trang 356 -
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh ng h in, gia ng h chun vi ng h cn
hiu chnh ti thiu phi cch 1 mt? Hn na tt nht b tr hai ng h theo hng
ng - ty?
p: Khi hiu chnh ng h, t trng ca hai ng h s nh hng ln
nhau. V bn cht th nh hng ny cng ging nh t trng bn ngoi. Nu xa
ra mt cht, nh hng s nh. Hai ng h theo chiu ng - ty, ch yu l xt
n gim thiu nh hng a t chiu nam bc.

18 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h kiu in t lm ng h chun hiu chnh
ng h hai tc dng: xoay chiu, mt chiu kiu in ng, khng th dng ngun
in chnh lu thng thng?
p: ng h kiu in t phn nh l tr s bnh qun cn o, cn ng h
kiu in ng phn nh l tr s hu hiu. Trong dng in u ra ca my chnh lu
ph thng bn trn th trng lun lun l thnh phn mch ng. V th, trong tnh
hnh ny, ch th ca ng h kiu in ng lun ln hn kiu in t.

18 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ch dng mt si dy ng trn lm sao xc nh cun dy ca mV k mt
chiu c b t hay khng?
p: Trc tin lc ng h mt ci, ch kim ng h dao ng qua tri qua
phi, sau dng dy ng trn ni lin hai tr u dy "+" ,"-" ca mV k, li lc nh
va ri ln na, ch tnh hnh dao ng ca kim ng h. Nu sau khi u y ng
vo, kim ng h dao ng chm hn, chng t cun dy thng mch, nu hai ln lc,
dao ng nh nhau, th cun dy t. Nguyn l l th ny: mV k mt chiu u l
ng h kiu in t. Khi kim ng h dao ng, cun dy trong ng h ct t
trng ca nam chm vnh cu, sinh ra th in ng, nu cun dy hnh thnh mt
mch in khp kn th c th sinh ra dng in trong cun dy, cn chiu ca lc do
tc dng ln nhau vi t trng sinh ra va vn ngc vi chiu vn ng, th l gim
c s dao ng ca kim ng h.

18 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tay t cm hai s dy dn bng vt liu khc nhau trn kim dng
k hoc mA k s c th kim nghim c cun dy ca ng h ny cn hon ton
tt khng?
p: t hai ming kim loi cng vi nhau s c th to thnh nhit ngu
nhng phi bo m c chnh lch nhit nht nh v phn u ca hai ming kim
loi phi tip xc tt. Khi tay t cm vo chng, nhit lng trn tay s truyn n
kim loi. Hn na, do nguyn nhn m t, tip xc s tt, th l sinh ra in th
nhit, khin kim kim dng k hoc mA k quay lch, nh vy c th phn on cun
dy c hon ton tt khng.

18 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o in p, lm sao loi tr sai s o do in tr bn trong vn k gy
ra?

- Trang 357 -
p: Khi o in p, c th chn s ng vn k c in tr trong rt cao o
hoc c th dng hai vn k c in tr trong ln lt l RVl, RV2 mi ci do mt ln
trong mch tuyn tnh, c in p Ul, U2, sau cn c vo cng thc:
U =
1 2 V 2 1 V
2 V 1 V 2 1
U R U R
) R R ( U U



Tnh ra in p thc t U, nh vy s c th loi tr c sai s o do in tr
bn trong vn k gy ra.

18 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh my n p kiu bo ha t, tt nht khng s dng
vn k kiu li st ng lm ng h ch th?
p: ng h in kiu li st ng hot ng da vo tc dng ht ca t
trng do cun dy thng in sinh ra i vi phin st. T trng do cun dy sinh ra
phn ln trong khng kh, nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi i vi n rt ln. T
thng r do my n p bo ha t sinh ra nh hng n s hot ng bnh thng
ca ng h kiu li st di ng, khin ch th khng chnh xc gy nn sai s o.
Trong trng hp ny, tt nht khng dng ng h kiu ny. Nu buc phi s dng
th nn n cch xa my n p t 2 - 3m th nh hng ca t trng i vi ng h
mi nh n mc c th b qua.

18 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc loi ng h nh ampe k, vn k, ng h do cng sut v.v... i hi
phi ht sc nhy, linh hot. Liu c th dng du bi trn trc?
p: Cc loi ng h li dng mt im ca u nhn trc . Sau khi cho
du vo, du s lm tng lc cn, mt khc ngy cng lu s bm thm bi, t, tng
thm lc cn, lm gim nhy ca ng h. Cho nn khng dc dng du bi
trn.

18 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi chn ng h o, phi lm sao tr s cn o vo khong 1/3
thang o ca ng h tr ln l tng i tt?
p: Gia trc v ca ng h tn ti m men lc ma st nht nh. Chiu
ca m men lc ma st ny ngc vi chiu m men quay do ng h sinh ra. Khi o
tham s tng i nh (dng in, in p v.v...) mmen quay in tng i nh, b
phn b mmen lc ma st trit tiu tng i ln, do lm cho sai s tng i ln.
Khi o tham s tng i ln, mmen quay in tng i ln, b phn b mmen
quay ma st trit tiu tng i nh, v th sai s nh. Khi tham s c o ca ng
h ni chung 1/3 thang o ca ng h tr ln th mmen quay in ln, b phn
mmen lc ma st b trit tiu s nh, c th b qua khng tnh. Do , c bn duy tr
c chnh xc cn c ca n.

18 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng vn k cp 0.5 - 100 vn v cp 1.5 - 10 vn ln lt o in p 9
vn, kt qu o ca ng h no chnh xc?

- Trang 358 -
p: Dng vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn o in p 9 vn tng i chnh xc. Bi
v ni cp sai s ca ng h l ni s phn trm i vi tm o ca n. Nu vn k
cp 0.5 - 100 vn th sai s mi vch chia ca n u cho php trong 0.5% ca 100
vn, tc sai s ch cc vch chia u cho php trong 0.5 vn, cng nh vy, sai s
ch cc vch chia ca vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn cho php trong 0.15 vn. V th khi
dng vn k cp 0.5 vn - 100 vn o in p 9 vn th sai s ln nht ca n c th
t 0.5 vn. Cn khi dng vn k cp 1.5 vn - 10 vn o th sai s ln nht ca n
l 0.15 vn. Cho nn khi chn ng h in, ngoi vic phi ch cp ca n ra cn
phi cn c vo ln cn o chn tm o thch hp. Khi lng cn o gn vi y
thang o in p th sai s cng nh. Ni chung, ly kim c th quay n trn 1/2 y
thang o ca in p l tt.

18 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr trong ca vn k bng chn khng rt ln, dng n o in p
tn s chung liu c chnh xc hn vn k cp 2.5 ph thng khng?
p: in tr trong ca vn k bng chn khng rt ln, khi o c th gim
thiu nh hng i vi s hot ng ca mch in, cho nn c bit thch hp vi o
mch in bng in t, m cng thch hp vi o in p tn hiu cao tn. Nhng khi
dng n o in p tn s chung, do tnh n nh ca n km, dn n sai s tng i
ln. Sai s ca n ngoi sai s c bn ca ng h ra cn c cc sai s ph nh bng
bn dn, tn s, ngun in v nhit mi trng bin ng v.v... Tng sai s c th
t ti 5%. Cn vn k cp 2.5 th sai s ch 2.5%. Cho nn khi s dng vn k
bng chn khng o in p tn s chung th chnh xc ca n, ngc li, thp
hn vn k cp 2.5 ph thng.

18 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai vn k 150 vn ni tip vi nhau, c th o in p 300 vn c
khng?
p: Nu hai vn k ny c in tr bng nhau th c th dng c. Nu
khng, s c ca vn k c in tr tng i ln s vt qu 150 vn, cn mt s
c khc s nh hn 150 vn.

18 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o in p ca mch in mt chiu in cm
cao, vn k nn u dy theo ng nt t hay theo ng nt
lin trong hnh 18 - 2 - 16?
p: Nu vn k u dy theo ng nt t th khi
cng tc ct ngun in, do trong mch in cm c in th t
cm rt cao s lm hng vn k. Nn vn k phi u bn tri cng tc ng in.

18 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu th hin hnh 18 - 2 - 17. V
1
l vn k h in t,
V
2
l vn k h in ng (in tr trong hai vn k gn bng nhau). K ngt ra, tr s
hai ng h c bn ging nhau. K ng li s c ca
hai ng h khc nhau. Ti sao?

- Trang 359 -
p: ng h h in t ch c th o in mt chiu, ng h h in ng c
th o in xoay chiu, mt chiu. Khi K ngt ra, do tc dng lc sng ca t C, khin
xung ca in p U
AB
gia hai im A, B rt nh (in tr trong ca ng h tng
i ln), c bn l in p mt chiu, nn hai ng h ch th i th ging nhau. Khi
K ng, ph. ti R
fz
u vo, tham s thi gian phng in ca C gim, mch ng ca
U
AB
tng ln, khin thnh phn xoay chiu tng. Lc ny V
1
phn nh l tr s bnh
qun ca in p mch ng ny, V
2
phn nh l tr s hu hiu ca in p mch
ng ny. Nn s c ca hai ng h khc nhau, m s c ca V
2
ln hn s c
ca V
1
.

18 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng hai vn k A, B ln lt o in p. Khi vn k A o in p 300V
th sai s l 3 vn. Khi vn k B o in p 50 vn th sai s l 2.5 vn. chnh xc
o ca ng h no cao hn?
p: Xt t sai s tuyt i th sai s ca vn k A ln hn, nhng chnh
xc o phi xt t sai s tng i, sai s tng i o ca vn k A l 1%, sai s
tng i o ca vn k B l 5%. Qua c th thy chnh xc o ca vn k A
cao hn.

18 - 2 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: p dng hnh 18 - 2 - 19 hiu chnh n nh ca in p xoay chiu
u ra my n p xoay chiu in t, u ra
ca n dng mt ng h xoay chiu kiu kim
c chnh xc tng i cao v mt vn k
ch s xoay chiu gim st. Kt qu s c
ca vn k xoay chiu kiu kim v vn k ch
s xoay chiu chnh lch nhau rt ln. Ti sao?
p: chnh xc o ca vn k ch
s xoay chiu cao, c s trc quan tin li
nhng nguyn l hot ng ca n l p dng
tr s bnh qun, tc s c ca n l tr s bnh qun ca in p xoay chiu. V th,
ch khi tn hiu cn o l sng sin thun mi c th c dc chnh xc tr s hu hiu,
hn na loi ng h ch s xoay chiu ny ht sc nhy vi hnh sng tn hiu cn o.
i vi sng sin m ni, mo cng ln th sai s. c cng cng ln. Cn s c
ca vn k xoay chiu kiu kim l tr s hu hiu. Bi v hnh sng u ra ca my n
p xoay chiu in t mo nghim trng (khng phi l sng hnh sin nghim chnh),
cho nn chnh lch s c ca hai ci tt nhin rt ln. Nu dng hai loi ng h trn
y o in li, v hnh sng ca in li c bn l sng sin, cho nn s khng
xy ra vn ni trn.

18 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng vn k o in p, hy vng in tr trong ng h rv cng ln
cng tt. Nu u dy dn rt di trn vn k, sau mi o in p, liu c th o
dc chnh xc hn khng?

- Trang 360 -
p: p dng phng php ny o in p, khng nhng khng nng cao c
chnh xc, ngc li khin in p o c khng ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t.
l do khi dy dn u ngoi ca ng h rt di, trn dy dn s sinh ra st p rt
ln, th l in p m ng h o c s tng i nh, so vi in p thc t s
chnh lch st p trn dy dn.

18 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cn c vo hnh 18 - 2 - 21 (a) dng vn k v ampe k o in tr mt
chiu cun dy ca mt in (hoc bin th) c khng?

p: Khng c. Trong cun dy mt in hoc bin th c li st, l mt
in cm tng i ln. Khi cng tc t thng n ngt, in cm lun lun mun duy
tr dng in vn c ca n khng thay i. Sau khi ngt cng tc, dng in ny ch
c th thng qua vn k mi to thnh thng mch, hn na, li ln hn tr s dng
in lm vic bnh thng ca vn k rt nhiu, mc d dng in ny s nhanh chng
suy gim theo thi gian xung n 0, nhng cng lm chy hng vn k.
Tr s in tr mt chiu ca cun dy mt in hoc bin th in tng i
nh, gn bng in tr trong ampe k, gim thiu si s o do in tr trong ampe
k, in tr dy dn v in tr tip xc gy ra, cn u song song vn k vo hai u
cun dy.
V th, khi dng ampe k v vn k o in tr cun dy, nn p dng mch
in hnh (b), (c); trong hnh (c) trc khi ngt cng tc K
1
phi ngt K
2
; trong hnh
(b) diode D c tc dng lin tc dng in.

18 - 2 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ln lt dng phng php ampe k, vn k nh th hin hnh 18 -2 -
22 (a), (b) o tr s in tr ph ti R hoc cng sut tiu hao th sai s o ci no nh
hn?
p: Do in tr trong ca ampe k
ni chung khng th lm c n mc v
cng nh, in tr trong ca vn k khng th
lm c v cng ln, i vi R m ni th
in tr trong : trong hnh (a), ampe k c
tc dng phn p; trong hnh (b) vn k c tc
dng phn dng, nn hai phng php ny u
tn ti sai s nht nh. c gng gim thiu nh hng ca in tr trong ng h
i vi chnh xc o, khi tr s in tr ph ti R tng i ln th nn dng
phng php hnh (a). Ngc li, th dng phng php hnh (b). Nhng khi vn k s

- Trang 361 -
dng l vn k tnh in hoc vn k bng in t, do in tr trong rt ln, tc dng
phn dng i vi R khng ln, nn dng mch in hnh (b).

18 - 2 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi p dng phng php vn k, ampe k o in
tr cng mt u ni ca ng dy mc trn khng, ti sao c
lc i u cc dng, cc m ca ngun in mt chiu s c
c tr s in tr khc nhau? (xem hnh 8 - 2 - 23)?
p: l do ng dy mc trn khng nm trong
khng kh ngoi tri lu ngy, b xm thc bi nng, ma, dn
n. u tip xc dn dn b oxy ha n mn, s hnh thnh lp
mng mng oxyt ng trn mt tip xc gia cc dy. Do mng
mng oxyt ng c c tnh chnh lu dn in mt chiu, khi
in p mt chiu khng cao tc dng vo n, in tr chiu
dng nh, in tr ngc chiu ln. Khi o, do in p c qui khng thay i, cho
nn sau khi i u cc tnh dng m ca c qui, chiu dng in thay i, dng in
chy qua s khng bng nhau. Gp phi trng hp ny nn o li nhiu ln, v nn
ly tr s in tr tng i ln lm kt qu o.

18 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ampe k v vn k o in tr c ba cch u dy (xem hnh 18 - 2 -
24), chng c g khc nhau. Nn chn th no?

p: Cch u dy theo hnh (a) thch hp vi o in tr c tr s in tr
tng i ln, v st p ca vn k nh hn nhiu st p ca in tr cn o, nn s
c ca vn k gn bng vi st p ca in tr. Cch u theo hnh (b) thch hp vi
o in tr nh, v dng in ca vn k nh hn nhiu dng in ca in tr, s c
ca ampe k gn bng dng in ca in tr. Nu in tr cn o di 1 theo cch
u dy hnh (a), (b) do tr s in tr tip xc gia dy dn vi ch ni in tr gn
bng tr s in tr cn o, nh vy tr s in tr o c bng tng ca hai ci, sai s
o s rt ln, lc ny cn u dy theo hnh (c), dng in o thng qua u ni dng
in chy vo in tr cn o, st p trn in tr tip xc s khng tnh vo trong
in p m vn k o c, cn trn in tr tip xc gia vn k vi in tr cn o
ch c dng in ca vn k chy qua, st p rt nh, c th b qua nh hng i vi
s c in p.

18 - 2 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th dng mt vn k bit in tr bn trong
o in tr?

- Trang 362 -
p: C th s dng mt vn k bit in tr trong o in tr. Cch u
dy ca n nh th hin hnh 18 - 2 - 25.
Khi K ng vo 1 c th c s c U
l
ca vn k, khi K ng vo 2 c th
c c U
2
. Bi v U
2
=I
v
r
v
=U
l
r
v
/ (r
x
+ r
v
). Th l c th c: r
x
= r
v
(U
1
/U
2
-1).

18 - 2 - 26 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khng dng ng h o no khc, chi dng mt bin tr, lm sao o c
din tr trong ca mA k?
p: C th li dng "phng php quay gim na" o. Cch lm l: u
ni tip bin tr vi mA k, trc tin iu chnh bin tr n 0, cho mt in p no
ngoi vo ma k quay. Sau gi nguyn in p, tng in tr khin quay
lch ca mA k gim cn mt na so vi c. Lc ny, tr s in tr ca bin tr s
bng in tr bn trong mA k.

18 - 2 - 27 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ni t my mc, ng h chnh xc o lng ti sao khng s dng
rm ca bng nha hoc nilon?
p: Bi v rm ca bng nha hoc nilon d sinh tnh in, t gy nhiu
i vi vic o dn n sai s o, cho nn ni chung khng nn s dng.


- Trang 363 -
18 - 3 ng h vn nng

18 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong ng h vn nng, vch chia xoay chiu v mt chiu khi
cng mt tm o hu nh khng trng nhau, c bit l khi vch chia mc thp th
chnh lch cng ln (xem hnh 18 - 3 - l)?
p: Trong ng h vn nng, in xoay chiu l
da vo b chnh lu bin thnh mt chiu a vo ng h
o. Bi v tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh b chnh lu (trong
ng h vn nng ni chung s dng oxit ng), in tr ca
n thay i theo in p a vo, khi in p thp th in
tr ln, v th khi o in p thp, dng in chy qua khng hon ton t l thun vi
tr s in p a vo, m hi nh hn tr s cn c. Trong phm vi ton b thang chia
, s c ca in xoay chiu, mt chiu ch u mt thang chia thit k rt trng
hp, vch chia xoay chiu cc im khc u tng i nh.

18 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nc (thang) in p xoay chiu mt s ng h vn nng s dng mch
in chnh lu nh th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 2. Tc dng ca diode D
1
, D
2
l g?
p: u ca ng h vn nng ny l kiu in t, ch c
dng in mt chiu chy qua mi lm n quay. o in p xoay
chiu, phi chuyn n thnh in p mt chiu. Trong hnh, th hin
dng diode D
1
, D
2
to thnh mch chnh lu na sng. Khi bn chu
k dng ca in p xoay chiu cn o, D
1
thng mch, u ng
h quay chiu dng. Khi bn chu k m, D
2
thng mch, dng
in khng chy qua du ng h. D
1
, D
2
c tc dng bo v ngc
chiu ln nhau, khin hai bn u khng chu in p ngc chiu
cao. Ngoi ra D
1
, D
2
cn c tc dng r thot dng in ngc chiu, khin cc mch
in. cn o c ni tip t in 0 v np in mt chiu ca t in gy tc nghn khi
o.

18 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hin th ca ng h vn nng s c nh (D.M.M) c hai hnh thc: hin
th mng tinh th lng v hin th bng diode pht quang. Mi loi c u khuyt im
g?
p: Hin th mng tinh th lng (LCD) t tiu hao in, mt cc pin c th s
dng khong 1000 gi nhng gc nhn hin th nh, tc hng ng nhit thp
chm. Hin th bng diode pht quang (LED) tuy tiu hao in tng i nhiu, nhng
hin th r rng, tc hng ng nhanh. Do s dng hin th bng LED tng i
nhiu.

18 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng ng h vn nng o in tr,
trc tin phi dng bin tr iu chnh kim n v tr O?

- Trang 364 -
p: l bi v ngun in ca ng h vn nng, in p ca pin khng th
n nh lu, li dng in tr iu chnh duy tr in p ca hai im a, b c nh (xem
hnh 18 - 3 - 4), sau cn c vo s c ca ng h (li dng nh lut m) l c th
c ln chnh xc ca in tr cn o.

18 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu hoc mt chiu, ti
sao thng cn c vo tr s hi ln hn lng o chn tm o?
p: o nh vy c th khin kim ng h quay lch tng i ln, thng
thng ly lch kim ln hn 2/3 tr ln ton b chiu di thang o l l tng nht. V
d, khi dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu 220 vn th nn chn thang o
250 vn, ch khng dng thang o 500 vn. Bi v sai s tng i ca ton thang o
ging nhau, nhng sai s tuyt i u khc nhau. S dng thang o 250 vn c th
gim sai s o.

18 - 3 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng thang in p xoay chiu ca ng h vn nng o in p mt
chiu, tr s in p o c s lch thp hay lch cao?
p: Lch cao. Bi v u ng h vn nng l kiu in t. Kim quay lch
phn nh tr s bnh qun ca in p, li v thang xoay chiu p dng mch in chnh
lu na sng, cho nn tr s bnh phn in p u ra ca n ch l 45% tr s hu hiu
ca in p xoay chiu hnh sin. V th, s dc hin th ca u ng h phi cn c
vo t l ny hiu chnh thnh tr s hu hiu sng hnh sin. Nu s c ca thang
xoay chiu l 1 vn thc t ch tng ng 0.45 vn in p mt chiu n nh, tc
in p mt chiu n nh 1 vn khi o bng thang xoay chiu ca ng h vn nng
s c s c 2.2 vn.

18 - 3 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu 12 vn, kt qu o c
bng 0, i u bt, o li, pht hin s c in p l 26.6 vn. Tr s o c u
khng ng. Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: Dt khot do nhm ln ly thang in p xoay chiu s
dng lm thang in p mt chiu. Khi dng ng h vn nng o in
p xoay chiu, u dy bn trong nh th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 7. N l
do hai diode D
1
v D
2
to thnh hnh thc chinh lu na sng. By gi
dng o in p mt chiu, khi bt (-) (mu en) chm vo cc
dng in p mt chiu th dng in I
1
nh th hin bng mi tn nt
lin trong hnh, b D
1
phn mch khng chy qua u ng h, nn kt
qu o ln u bng 0. Khi i u bt ng h o li, dng in I
2
nh
mi tn nt t th hin, qua R, D
2
v u ng h M tr v u .Bi
v mch chnh lu na sng ny khi o in p xoay chiu, dng in mt chiu bnh
qun chy qua u ng h ch bng 0.45 ln tr s hu hiu xoay chiu u vo, cho
nn vch chia u ng h phi thm
45 . 0
1
ln, tc 2.22 ln. Dng vch chia m
rng ny o in p mt chiu, kim ng h s chi ch 2.22 ln tr s thc t cn
o, ch trch khi o in p mt chiu 12 vn, kim ng h ch 26.6 vn.

- Trang 365 -
18 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch in hnh 18 - 3 - 8, ngun in E l 20V, R
o
(bao gm in
tr trong ngun in) l 20k in tr ph ti R l 20k in p U hai u R phi l
10V. Nhng khi dng nc 10V mt chiu ca ng h vn nng kiu MF -14 o, s
c ch c 5V. Ti sao?
p: in tr trong RV ca nc mt chiu 10V ng h
vn nng MF - 14 tng i thp (10k) khi u song song hai
u R o th sai s o rt ln. Bi v khi khng u vi ng
h vn nng th:
U = E - V 10 R
R R
E
o
o
=
+
.
Sau khi u ng h vn nng vo mch in th:
U' = E - V 5 R
R R
R R
R
E
o
V
V
o
=
+

.
Cho nn khi o in p mt chiu in tr trong tng i cao th nn chn s
dng ng h in c in tr trong tng i ln gim sai s do in tr trong ca
ng h in gy ra.

18 - 3 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vch chia trn b mt ca ng h m (ng h in tr hoc b phn o
in tr ca ng h vn nng) ti sao ngc vi ng h in ni chung, tr s 0 tn
cng bn phi, cn tn cng bn tri l ?
p: ng h m gm ngun in (thng thng l pin kh) ni tip vi mt
bin tr v micronampe k (hoc milianlpe k) to thnh, ri u vi in tr cn o
thnh mch ln. Gi thit in p ngun in l U, in tr trong ampe k l R
i
, in
tr iu chnh l R
r
, in tr cn o l R
x
, th gc quay lch ca kim ampe k:
o =A x i =
x r i
R R R
U
+ +

Trong cng thc: A - Thng s ng h
i - Dng in chy qua ng h
Khi R
x
= 0, tc khi ngn mch bn ngoi, iu chnh R
r
khin s quay lch ca
kim t tr s ln nht, nn vch chia u tn cng bn phi l 0, tr s R
x
cng ln th
gc quay lch cng nh, khi R
x
: th o = 0, cho nn u tn cng bn tri l . T
cng thc c th thy, vch chia ca ng h khng u, cng gn bn tri cng dy,
gn nh vch chia ca ng hyperbol.

18 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng hai t in 20F, 50V ni tip thay t
in. 10F, 100V (nh hnh 18 - 3 - 10) dng thang 100V
mt chiu ca ng h vn nng u vo hai u C
1
o
in p hai u C
1
. Va u vo, in p gn 50V, nhng tip
lin st xung dn ti 0, nhng sau mt lc li t ngt
vt ln gn 100V, qua mt lc th t cu ch. Ti sao?
p: Cu ch t, khng nh do hai t in b nh

- Trang 366 -
thng, ngn mch gy ra. Qu trnh ca n nh sau: Do lng in dung ca C
1
v C
2

bng nhau, nn in p u ca mi t phi l 50V, nn khi ng h vn nng va u
vo C
2
, in p do c gn bng in p u 50V ca C
1
, Sau , do in tr trong
ca ng h vn nng u song song vi C
1
, in p ngu, n qua R np in cho C
2
,
in p u ca C
2
t 50V bt u tng ln, cho n khi gn bng 100V, cn in p
ca C
1
st tng ng xung gn bng 0. Lc ny in p trn C
2
vt qua 2 ln chu
p ca n, lp tc b nh thng ngn mch. Do in p ngun ton b dn ln C
1

cng s vt qu chu p ca n nn b nh thng, kt qu gy ngn mch u ra,
chy cu ch. V th, phng php o ny khng ng.

18 - 3 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng thang in tr R x 1 ca ng h vn nng kiu MF - 30 o
bin tr nhy nhit, tr s in tr chun l 68, kim ng h t t quay lch sang
phi, s c sau khi n nh khng n 60 Ti sao?
p: l hin tng bnh thng, khng ngoi in tr hoc ng h khng
chnh xc gy nn. Bi v in tr nhy nhit l linh kin h s nhit in tr m, tc
khi nhit ca bin tr tng ln, tr s in tr gim. Thang do in tr R x 1 ca
ng h vn nng MF - 30 th in tr trong ch c khong 20. Sau khi u in tr
nhy nhit 68 vo ng h, s c dng in gn 20mA chy qua in tr cn o. Nu
cng sut tiu chun ca bin tr khng ln s v th m nng ln. Nn tr s in tr
o c s nh hn tr s chun.

18 - 3 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng thang m ca ng h vn nng o in tr phi ct
ngun in ca mch in cn o?
p: Nguyn l hot ng o in tr ca thang m
ng h vn nng xem hnh 18 - 3 - 12. Trong mch in o
ny, bn thn c ngun in, khng cn bt c ngun in
no bn ngoi. Nu tin hnh o i vi in tr c in s
tng ng vi tng thm mt in p bn ngoi vo mch
ng h. Nh vy khng nhng khin tr s do khng chnh
xc m cn rt c th chy ng h. Cho nn khi dng thang
m ng h vn nng o in tr trong cc loi mch
in, u tin phi ct ngun in ca mch in cn o
nhm bo m chnh xc ca tr s in tr o c v an ton ca ng h.

18 - 3 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng ng h vn nng o in tr tng i ln, ti sao hai tay
khng c tip xc b phn dn in ca bt th?
p: Bi v c th ngi c tnh nng dn in. Nu khi o mt in tr no
hai tay cng lc tip xc b phn dn in ca hai bt th th tr s o c l tr s
song song gia in tr cn o vi in tr gia hai tay ngi, sai lch vi tr s thc
t ca in tr cn o. Hin tng ny tng i r rt thang in tr cao R x 100
tr ln. Cho nn, khi o cn ch .


- Trang 367 -
18 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng th dng ng h m o th cun dy ca mA k v A
k?
p: Dng in cho php chy qua ma k rt nh, dng in cho php chy
qua A k cng nh hn, cn ng h m ni chung nc R x 1 c th a ra dng
in 50mA tr ln, ln hn rt nhiu dng in cho php chy qua ma k v A k,
cho d ng h cn o vn vn tt, cng c th do dng ng h m o, gy chy.
V th, khng c dng ng h m o.

18 - 3 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C loi ng h vn nng o t in v o in p xoay chiu trn cng
mt nc. Lc ny lm sao o tr s t in?
p: Trc tin cng tc la chn trn nc ny, ri u mt u ca t in
vo mt u o, mt u khc ca t in v mt u o khc cho vo in p y
thang chia ca nc ny, l c th c c tr s t in C cn
o trn vch chia tr s t in ca ng h (nh th hin hnh
18 - 3 - 15). Nhng trong khi o cn ch chu p ca t in
xem c th chu c in p y thang chia khng, nu khng
th chu c th phi i sang nc in p nu nh hn (phi hp
vi chu p ca t in). Ngoi ra, nu in p a vo khng
phi l in p y thang chia th tr s c in dung phi nhn vi t s gia in
p thc t vi in p y thang chia .

18 - 3 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao dng ng h vn nng phn on t in tt, xu?
p: in tr cch in cao l ch tiu quan trng ca t in tt. Dng ng
h vn nng c th kim tra ra in tr cch in cao hay thp. Khi bt th ln u
tin chm vo hai cc ca t in, do t in np in, kim s nhy. Sau khi ko bt
th ra, sau 5 giy li chm vo ln na, nu kim khng nhy r rt, chng t do in
tr cch in cao, in tch d ca t in ch r cht t, loi t in ny tt. Nu kim
vn nhy, chng t in np 5 giy trc r ht, cch in ca t in hng.

18 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o mc in m tn, ti sao ch c khi in
tr ph ti 600 mi c th cn c vo vch chia do trn mt ng h vn nng
c trc tip?
p: Bi v vch chia xiben (dB) trn ng h vn nng c phn nh
di iu kin tn hiu m tn hnh sin v in tr ph ti l 600, cho nn ch c khi
p ng iu kin trn, mi c th trc tip c theo vch chia . Nu khi in tr
ph ti cn o R khng phi 600 th khng th trc tip c c s dB trn ng h
vn nng m phi cng thm 10 log
R
600
vo s c ca ng h vn nng tnh i.


- Trang 368 -
18 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi li dng ng h vn nng o in tr ca my chnh lu bng
oxt ng, nm xoay cc nc bi s khc nhau th s c ca n khc nhau?
p: Dng ng h vn nng o in tr, khi nm xoay v tr khc
nhau, th in tr trong ca n khc nhau. Bi s cng nh th in tr trong cng cng
nh, lc ny dng in chy qua s cng ln. Do oxyt ng u l linh kin phi tuyn
tnh, khi dng in chy qua n thay i th tr s in tr phn ng cng khc nhau.
V th s c khng ging nhau.

18 - 3 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng thang in tr ng h vn nng o in
tr chiu dng ca diode bn dn, tr s in tr o c bng thang
tr s thp th nh, cn tr s in tr o c bng thang tr s cao th
ln?
p: c tnh vn - ampe chiu dng ca diode bn dn nh
th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 19 khi dng in chiu dng chy qua diode khc nhau th
in tr chiu dng m diode hin ra khng phi l s c nh. Cn in tr trong ca
thang in tr ng h vn nng khi thang o khc nhau s chnh lch nhau rt ln.
Nh ng h vn nng kiu MF - 30, nc R x 1 dng in t vi ngn ma, nc R x
10k, ch vi A (u chi khi bt ng h ngn mch). Do , din tr chiu dng ca
diode o c bng ng h vn nng s khc nhau rt ln. in tr trong ca nc
in tr thp rt nh, dng in chy qua diode ln, tr s in tr chiu dng ca
diode o c s nh. Ngc li, tr s in tr chiu dng o c s ln.

18 - 3 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi sa cha ng h vn nng, in tr trong ca n khng th
trc tip dng thang in tr ca ng h vn nng o, cn phn on cun dy u
ng h c thng hay khng li c th dng thang in tr ca ng h vn nng
o?
p: Cun dy u ng h vn nng c qun bng dy dn rt nh, tr s
dng din cho php ca n ch cp A, cn tr s dng in ca nc in tr ng h
vn nng l ma, cho nn nu o trc tip, thi gian hi lu c th khin cun dy qu
ti gy chy hng. Nhng, tng nhit lm chy hng cun dy cn c thi gian nht
nh, cn nh phn bit cun dy ng h c thng mch hay khng ch dng nc R
x 1k ca ng h vn nng chm nhanh mt ci, cn c vo kim ng h c ng y
hay khng phn on, thi gian rt ngn, s khng lm cun dy u ng h qu
ti.


- Trang 369 -
18 - 4 ng h m ga m

18 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi cn c vo in p ca thit b in cao hay thp chn
ng h m ga m in p khc nhau o in tr cch in ca n?
p: Nu dng ng h m ga m in p thp o in tr cch in ca
thit b cao p th do cch in tng i dy, in p phn b trn chiu di n v
tng i nh, khng th hnh thnh cc ha mi cht, tc dng in gii i vi hi
m cng yu, s liu o c khng th phn nh tnh hnh chn thc. Ngc li dng
ng h m ga m cao p o in tr cch in ca thit b in p thp th rt d
nh thng cch in. V th, khi o in tr cch in ca thit b in, ni chung qui
nh di 1000V th dng ng h M 500V hoc 1000V, trn 1000V th dng ng
h M 1000V hoc 2500V.

18 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn ng h m ga m c 3 tr u dy: mt ci u "dy pha", mt ci
u "dy t" mt ci na dng lm g?
p: Dng u ni dy chn. Khi u u dy ca vt cn o th, do bn, m
t sinh ra dng in r b mt, u dy chn vo c th gim sai s o, o c tr s
in tr cch in chnh xc.

18 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in, nu u nhm u tip t
E vi u dy pha L, s sinh ra hu qu g?
p: B phn ni tip vi u dy pha ca ng h m ga m u c chn tt,
nhm phng nga dng in r ca ng h m ga gy nn sai s o. Cn u E vo
in th t, khng xt ti chn. Khi o bnh thng, dng in r ca ng h s
khng gy nn sai s, nhng nu u nhm u E, L do E khng c chn, dng in
chy qua vt th s nhiu thm dng in r ca ng h m ga m, ni chung in tr
cch in o c s lch thp so vi tr s thc t. Cho nn khng c u sai u
E, L.

18 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca cao p i vi thp
p ca bin th, ti sao phi u cc chn ca ng h m ga m vi v bin th? Cn
khi o cao p i vi t hoc thp p i vi t c th khng cn cc che chn?
p: Khi o in tr cch in ca cao p i vi thp p bin th, dng in
chy qua gia cun dy cao p thp p ca bin th c hai b phn, mt b phn l
dng in chy qua bn trong cch in gia cun dy cao p, thp p .Dng in ny
phn nh in tr cch in. Mt b phn khc l dng in t b mt ng lng cao p
qua v ri n ng lng thp p, l dng in r b mt. Nu hai b phn dng in
ny u chy qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m ga m th in tr cch in o
c s thp hn tr s thc. Nu u in cc chn ca ng h m ga m ln v bin
th th dng in r b mt s thng qua cc chn ca ng h m ga m cp in,

- Trang 370 -
khng qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m ga m, s c th loi tr nh hng
ca dng in r b mt, o c tr s thc.
o in tr cch in cao p i vi t, thp p i vi t, ch cn u cun
dy cn o ln u "ng dy", cun dy khng cn o u vi v ri cng u vi
u "t" ca ng h m ga m. Lc ny, dng in r b mt v dng in r ca
cun dy khng cn o u khng i qua cun dy ng h m ga m, v th c th o
c tr s thc ca in tr cch in. V th tiu chun B c kh "Phng php th
nghim bin th in" qui nh dng phng php ny o.

18 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m lm th nghim cch in, ti sao phi dng
dy ng h megger c dy chn?
p: Khi o in tr cch in, dng in r b mt ca vt cn th c th
dng vng chn bng kim loi bc b mt vt th v dn vng ny n u che bo v
ca ng h m ga m. Nh vy, r b mt s khng thng qua ng h m ga m,
nhng lc ny s c ca ng h m ga m vn chu nh hng ca r bn trong
ng h. Nu dng dy chn, em mt u u vo u che bo v, dn dng in
chy t t n u u vi dy dn ca ng h m ga m thot i, khin n khng
chy qua trong ng h, nh vy in tr cch din o c mi tht s l in tr ca
bn thn mi cht.

18 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca thit b in, ti sao
dy o khng c xon qun vo nhau?
p: Nu hai si dy o xon qun vo nhau, khi cch in ca dy dn khng
tt s tng ng vi u song song mt in tr thp (cch in) vo thit b in
cn o, khin o khng chnh xc. ng thi, cn lm thay i in dung ca mch
in cn o, s khng chnh xc khi th nghim.

18 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng h m ga m (ng h megger) p dng kt cu ng h t
sut?
p: c im ch yu ca ng h t sut l b phn hot ng ca ng h
b tr hai cun dy (cun dy m men quay, cun dy phn tc dng) m khng c dy
l xo cn bng. M men phn tc dng do cun dy phn tc dng sinh ra. Do , khi
khng thng in, b phn hot ng vo trng thi cn bng, sau khi thng in,
gc quay lch ca b phn hot ng ca n ph thuc vo t sut dng in ca hai
cun dy hot ng, cho nn gi l ng h t sut. Khi dng ng h m ga m o
in tr cch in, yu cu tr s o khng b nh hng bi s thay i ca in p
my pht in quay tay, dng ng h kiu t sut c th tha mn yu cu ny.

18 - 4 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S phin c chnh lu ca my pht in tay quay trong ng h m ga
m nhiu tt hay t tt?
p: o chnh xc tr s in tr cch in, yu cu in p mt chiu do
ng h m ga m pht ra phi gn nh n nh, dao ng cng nh cng tt. Nu in

- Trang 371 -
p c dao ng, th c th coi nh trong in p tn ti thnh phn xoay chiu. Thnh
phn xoay chiu in p ny c th thng qua t in sinh ra dng in r ph, khin
tr s in tr cch in o c lch thp. S phin chnh lu ca ng h m ga m
cng nhiu th dao ng in p sinh ra cng nh, ngc li th dao ng in p ln.
Cho nn, s phin ca c chnh lu my pht in nhiu mt cht th tt.

18 - 4 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt s ng h m ga m cao p (nh in p 2500 vn, gii hn o
10000 triu m) ti sao trn thy tinh v ng h c on dy dn bng ng?
p: Tc dng ca si dy dn bng ng ny l loi tr sc ht ca in tch
tnh i vi kim ng h, khi sa cha cn c bit lu , khng c ty tho b.

18 - 4 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng h m ga m 1000 vn, khi lc, ly hai tay nm cht hai u dy ra
ca n, ti sao ch cm gic t tay m khng nguy him n tnh mng?
p: in p nh mc ca my pht in trong ng h m ga m tuy rt cao,
nhng trong mch u ra ca n u ni tip tr s in tr trong rt ln, ln gp nhiu
ln in tr c th ngi. V th khi nm cht hai u dy ra ca hm quay, dng in
chy qua c th b hn ch n tr s rt nh, cho nn ch cm gic t tay m khng
nguy him n tnh mng. Cn ngun in 220 vn ni chung, in tr trong rt nh,
v th khi tip xc vi ngi s nguy him n tnh mng.

18 - 4 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca t in mch cao p, sau
khi o xong, ti sao ng h m ga m khng c t ngt ngt m phi t t gim
tc , ch khi tho dy o ca ng h m ga m ra khi t in mi ngt?
p: Trong qu trnh o, t in dn dn np in, m khi sp o xong, t in
tch tr in nng, nu ng h m ga m ngt y, th t in tt phi phng
in qua ng h m ga m, c kh nng chy hng ng h.

18 - 4 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao dng ng h m ga m phn on t in tt, xu?
p: Dng ng h m ga m quay o in tr cch in ca t in (nu in
p tiu chun ca ng h m ga m s dng cao hn in p th nghim mt chiu
ca t cn o th phi gim tng ng tc quay), sau nhanh chng ct mch
quay o, khng cho in tch d tha r qua ng h m ga m, ri mi t in
ngn mch phng in. Lc ny c th xy ra ba trng hp:
(1) s c ca ng h m ga m t 0 bt u tng dn ln, khi ngn mch c
tia la phng in. iu ny chng t cch in v tnh nng tch in ca t in tt.
(2) S c ca ng h m ga m ngng ch v tr 0, th hin cch in ca t
in b nh thng.
(3) ng h m ga m c s c, khi ngn mch khng c tia la, th hin t
dy ni gia tr u dy vi bn cc. Hai trng hp sau th hin t in hng,
khng th s dng.

- Trang 372 -
18 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca thit b in, trong hai
cch u dy hnh 18 - 4 - 13 (a) v (b) tr s o ca cch no chnh xc?
p: Mc ch o in tr cch in ca thit b in l nhm phn on cch
in bn trong cht cch in ca thit b tt hay xu. V th, phi c gng loi tr nh
hng ca r b mt thit b i vi ng h m ga m.
Hnh (a) ni vng bo v G ca ng h m ga m
vi ng s, nh vy dng in r do b mt ng s b
bn hoc m t gy nn s khng chy qua cun dy
bn trong ng h m ga m loi tr c nh hng ca
r b mt i vi ng h m ga m. V th cch u dy
ca hnh (a) hp l hn hnh (b), in tr cch in m
ci trc o c cng chnh xc hn.

18 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao sau khi ng h m ga m ngng, kim thng vt qu v cng
ln?
p: Khi o in tr cch in, vt b o vo trng thi np in. Sau khi
ng h m ga m ngng, vt b o vo trng thi phng in, dng in chy qua
kim ng h ngc vi trc, kim s quay lch v pha v cng ln. i vi thit b
in p cng cao, dung lng cng ln th thng quay lch qu mc, v th khi o
xong phi mt mt h thp tc quay, mt khc tho dy u tip t, khin kim
khng quay lch qu mc gy hng.

18 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in mt s thit b
in no (nh bin th, my h cm v.v...) s pht hin dng in c hnh thnh
bi ion sau khi tc quay n nh, nu tip tc quay th s ch th s tng ln r
rt?
p: V di tc dng ca in p bn ngoi, cht in mi, ngoi dng in
c hnh thnh bi ion rng buc rt yu v mt t ion t do ra, s chuyn ng ca
i cc bn trong n, s dch chuyn c tnh n hi ca ion rng buc tng i
mnh v s dch chuyn ca in tch rng buc cng hnh thnh dng in. Nh vy
tr s in tr cch in s tng i thp. Sau mt khong thi gian, khi s chuyn
ng ca i cc, s dch chuyn ca in tch rng buc t c cn bng vi
in trng bn ngoi, s ngt. Lc ny, bn trong mi cht s ch c dng in truyn
dn chy qua, cho nn tr s in tr cch in s tng ln r rt.
Ni chung, khi dng ng h m ga m o thit b in no u phi yu
cu tin hnh o mt pht hoc o cho n khi tr s ch th khng cn tng ln r na.

18 - 4 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m kim tra cch in ca t in, sau khi quay,
pht hin kim quay ngc. l nguyn nhn g?
p: ng h m ga m sau khi quay, a ra in p mt chiu khin t in
np in. Sau khi quay xong, t in np in cho ng h m ga m, chiu ca dng

- Trang 373 -
in ny ngc vi chiu ca dng in u ra ng h m ga m, cho nn lm cho
kim quay lch ngc chiu.

18 - 4 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m khng p dng bin php chn b mt
quay o in tr cch in, trong qu trnh quay ti sao khng th dng vi hoc tay
lau knh b mt?
p: Nu dng vi hoc tay lau knh b mt s ma st sinh in to ra in
tch tnh, nh hng n quay lch ca kim, khin kt qu o khng chnh xc, m nh
hng ca in tch tnh i vi kim cn ph thuc vo v tr ca kim, v th dng tay
hoc vi lau knh mt ng h m ga m khng p dng bin php che chn s c kt
qu o phn tn rt ln.

18 - 4 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in cc vt th
nghim c tnh in dung nh t in, cp in lc v.v..., kim ng h s dao ng
qua li? Nn gii quyt th no?
p: ng h m ga m do my pht in mt chiu
quay tay v t sut k kiu in t to thnh. Khi o, in p
u ra s thay i theo s thay i tc quay. S bin ng
nh ca in p u ra, nh hng khng ln n vt th
nghim tnh in dung, khi tc quay cao, in p u ra
cng cao, in p ny np in cho vt th nghim cn o
khi tc quay thp, vt th nghim cn o phng din qua
u ng h. Nh vy, dn n lm ng h dao ng, nh
hng s c.
Bin php gii quyt nh th hin hnh 18 - 4 - 18,
u ni tip diode chinh lu cao p 2DL vo gia "u ng dy" vi vt th cn o
ca ng h m ga m, dng ngn chn s phng in ca vt th i vi ng h
m ga m, s c th loi tr dao ng ca kim ng h, li khng nh hng n
chnh xc o.

18 - 4 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca ng dy ti
in, c khi s c bng 0, c phi nht nh c s c?
p: S c bng 0 cha chc mch in c s c. Nguyn nhn c th ca n
l:
(1) ng dy ti in ngoi tri ma m, v s m t, r in tng i
ln.
(2) ng dy ti in di, v s nhiu, do cc v s dnh bi t nn tr s r
in tch t li s ln.
(3) ng dy ti in di, khi o phi qua thi gian nht nh np in,
trc khi cha np in, s c ca n bng 0, nu khi quay ng h thi gian ko di
trn 3 pht tc s c hin th.

- Trang 374 -
(4) S c ca ng h m ga m l triu m, tr s nh c khng ra.

18 - 4 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi m tng i ln, in tr cch in ca bin th o c bng
ng h m ga m tng i thp, nu u u chn ca ng h m ga m vo gia
ng lng (nh hnh 18 - 4 - 20) ti sao in tr cch in ca n li tng ln?
p: Khi m mi trng chung quanh tng
i ln, trn ng lng dy ra ca kt du bin th dnh
nhng ht nc nh li ti hoc lp mng nc mng, lm
tng r rt s dn in b mt ng lng, m in tr cch
in o c bng ng h m ga m l tng hp ca in
tr th tch v in tr b mt, s dn in b mt ng lng
tng ln, khin in tr cch in o c gim xung, nhng khng th phn nh
trong bin th c khim khuyt.
u u chn ca ng h m ga m vo gia ng lng th dng in dn in
ca b mt ng lng s khng chy qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m ga m m
chy qua u chn ri tip t, ci m ng h phn nh l in tr th tch, loi tr
nh hng dn in b mt khi m tng i ln, nn in tr cch in tng ln.


- Trang 375 -
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut

18 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: a nhm ca cng t in ti sao khng th dng vt liu bng st, ng?
p: Sau khi u cng t in vo mch in, t thng do cun dy dng in
v cun dy in p sinh ra, hnh thnh t trng dch tin. T trng ny cm ng ra
dng xoy trn a nhm, do tc dng ca dng xoy v t thng, khin a nhm sinh
ra m men lc quay theo chiu nht nh. Nu dng a st th do tnh dn in ca st
km, dng xoy cm ng nh, m men quay cng nh. ng thi, do hiu ng t tr
khin chuyn ng ca a st khng th thay i kp thi vi ln ca ph ti. Hn
na, t trng ca st ln hn nhm, s tng nhanh mn hng u trc. Cho nn khng
th dng a st thay th a nhm. a ng dn in, khng dn t, tnh nng tuy
tng t vi nhm, nhng t trng ca n ln hn nhm, s tng nhanh mn hng u
trc, nn cng khng dng a ng thay a nhm.

18 - 5 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong cng t in chng ta thng nhn thy phin ng mc song song
trong mch nhnh st t in, v cun dy ngn mch mc ni tip trn nam chm st
t in. Chng c tc dng g?
p: T thng do cun dy u song song v cun dy u ni tip ca cng t
in phi lch nhau 90
o
mi c th o chnh xc lng in ny ca ph ti, nhng
trn thc t chng thng khng phi lch nhau 90
o
, v th phi iu chnh. Khi iu
chnh, u cng t in vo ph ti c h s cng sut = 0, nu a trn bng nhm ca
cng t in vn quay, chng t gia hai t thng khng phi lch nhau 90
o
. Nh vy
phi iu chnh v tr ca phin ng u song song trong mch nhnh st t in v
di ca cun dy ngn mch u ni tip trn nam chm in, iu chnh pha
ca hai t thng. Khi iu chnh n mt mc nht nh, a trn cng t in
khng quay, th lch pha ca hai t thng va ng 90
o
.

18 - 5 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng t in h ba pha bn dy liu c th s dng trong mch in h ba
pha, ba dy?
p: c Cng t in h ba pha bn dy c ba nhm linh kin, khi s dng
trong mch in h ba dy ba pha, ch cn li dng hai nhm linh kin trong l
c cch u dy ging nh cng t in hai nhm linh kin kiu ba dy ba pha.

18 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trc di ca mt s cng t in s dng hai
lp qu?
p: c im trc ca cng t in trc s dng hai lp
qu l gia lp qu c th di ng 1 v lp qu c nh 3
gn pha di trc ca chi tit chuyn ng c bi thp 2 c th xoay
t do (nh hnh 18 - 5 - 4), khi chi tit chuyn ng quay, vin bi 2 khng ngng thay
i mt ma st, c th ko di tui th ca trc. Cng t in tng i chnh xc a

- Trang 376 -
s p dng trc hai lp qu, cn mt in ph thng th dng trc mt lp
qu.

18 - 5 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt ngoi nam chm vnh cu trong mt s cng t in xoay
chiu phi m ng?
p: Do khong cch t nam chm vnh cu trong cng t in cch nam
chm in tng i gn, khi h thng xy ra ngn mch, phn ln dng in ngn
mch thng qua cun dy nam chm in sinh ra t trng mnh, t trng ny s nh
hng n nam chm vnh cu, khin n b kh t. bo m chnh xc ca cng
t in, cn phi loi b nh hng ny. Nn m mt lp ng mt ngoi nam chm
vnh cu c th c tc dng che chn. T trng mnh s sinh ra dng xoy trn lp
ng ny, trit tiu t thng, t lm yu tc dng kh t ca t trng mnh i vi
nam chm vnh cu.

18 - 5 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi lp cng t in hoc cc loi ng h in khc, ti sao phi duy tr
khong cch nht nh i vi my in ln v dy dn c dng in ln?
p: My in ln v dy dn c dng in ln, quanh n tn ti t trng
mnh. Do nh hng ca cc t trng phn tn ny s dn n rung hoc sai lch i
vi ng h in ln cn. V th phi cch mt khong nht nh.

18 - 5 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng t in c lc c hin tng t quay khng ti? Lm sao
khc phc hin tng ny?
p: Trong cng t in do tn ti ma st thng dn n sai s o. V th
thng lp b b ma st trong cng t in. B b ma st thng do trc vt ng di
cm ni song song vo nam chm in hoc phin ng t u song song di nam
chm in to thnh. Khi iu chnh vi tr ca chng, s xut hin lc ph, iu chinh
lc ph bng hoc hi ln hn lc ma st, nh vy lc ma st s c b, v th bt k
ti nh hoc y ti u c th vn hnh chnh xc.
Lc ph do b b ma st sinh ra c th lm cho cng t in sinh ra hin tng
t quay khng ti. khc phc nhc im ny, c th lp mc hm trong cng t
in. Mc hm l phin ng t ha lp trn trc quay. Phin ng quay n ch
nam chm in song song s sinh ra lc ht, hm li, iu chnh di ca mc hm
s c th khc phc hin tng t quay khng ti.
Ngoi ra, cng c p dng khoan l nh trn a nhm hoc qut cht cha st
ln a nhm khc phc hin tng t quay khng ti.

18 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt cng t in cung cp in cho hn hai mi bng n. Ngi s
dng tt ht tt c n, nhng c lc cng t in vn quay. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: ng dy chiu sng s dng qu lu, nc ma vo nh, trong phng
qu m t hoc bi bm qu nhiu u c th lm hng cch in ca dy in, dn
n r in. Cho d khng m n cng s c dng in chy qua, cho nn cng t
in vn chy.

- Trang 377 -
Nu pht hin hin tng ny, nht thit phi kim tra lm r v trit khc
phc s c, nhm trnh gy chy hoc s c in git.


- Trang 378 -
18 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao dng bin php n gin phn on vic u dy ca cng t
in ba pha hai nguyn kin (nh hnh 18 - 5 - 9) c chnh xc khng?
p: Khi ph ti khng thay i, c th ct ngun in pha c im u chung
(pha B) ca cun dy in p, nu s vng quay ca a trn cng t in chm mt
na so vi trc khi ngt th cch u dy ng. V khi cch u dy ng, sau khi
ngt pha B, cun dy in p ca hai nguyn kin Wh
1

,Wh
2
bin thnh ni tip, tr s in p hai u u st mt
na, lch pha gia in p v dng in trong hai nguyn
kin va vn i nhau, tc cng sut m nguyn kin Wh
1

phn nh l mt na cng sut c ca nguyn kin Wh
2
,
cng sut m nguyn kin Wh
2
phn nh l mt na cng
sut c ca nguyn kin Wh
1
,cng sut tng hp bng mt
na cng sut tng hp ca hai nguyn kin c, cho nn s vng quay chm mt na.

18 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cng t in hu cng ba dy ba pha, cun dy
dng in u chnh xc, cn hai pha A, C ca cun dy in
p u sai (ng l phi u vi pha A li u vi pha C), liu
cng t in c quay ngc khng?
p: Trong tnh hnh ny, cng t in khng quay
thun cng khng quay ngc, m ng yn.
Sau khi u ngc cun dy in p, t s vc t c
th thy: cng sut ghi ca hai nguyn kin o ca cng t
in l:
P
l
= U
CB
I
A
cos(90
o
+ ) = U
L
I
L
cos(90
o
+ )
P
2
= U
AB
I
C
cos (90
o
- ) = U
L
I
L
cos(90
o
- )
Trong cng thc: U
L
l in p dy.
I
L
l dng in dy.
Tng cng sut m cng t in o c l:
P = P
1
+ P
2
= U
L
I
L
[cos(90
o
+ ) + cos(90
o
- )] = U
L
I
L
2cos90
o
cos= 0
Cho nn cng t in khng chy.

18 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phn xng x l nhit c rt nhiu thit b dng in mt pha. Cung cp
in bng h bn dy ba pha, hin chi c mt cng t in ba dy ba pha ln v
mt cng t in mt pha tng i nh. Lm sao o lng in s dng?
p: Cng t in ba dy ba pha vn ch c
th do lng in s dng ca ph ti h ba dy, ba
pha. Nu dng o h bn dy th s sinh ra sai s
khng cho php, by gi dng cng t in mt pha
b sai s ca n. Cch u dy l: Cng t in ba
pha u theo cch bnh thng vo trong ba dy pha,
cun dy dng in ca cng t in mt pha ni tip
ln dy gia, u cun dy in p u dy gia,
u cui u trn dy pha ch u cui cun dy din p cng t in ba pha, nh

- Trang 379 -
th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 11, ch khng c u sai u tng ng c du "*". Lc
ny tng lng in s dng l tng i s ca s c hai cng t in.
W = W
3
+ W
1

Nguyn l o th ny: Cng sut (biu th bng tr s tc th) phn ng ca
cng t in ba pha l:
P
3
= P
A
+ P
C
= U
AB
i
A
+ U
CB
i
C
=(U
A
- U
B
)i
A
+ (U
C
-U
B
)i
C
= U
A
i
A
= U
C
i
C
-U
B
(i
A
+i
C
)
Bi v:
i
A
+ i
B
+ i
C
= i
O

Tc:
i
A
+ i
C
= - i
B
+ i
O

Thay vo cng thc trn s c:
P
3
= U
A
i
A
+ U
C
i
C
+ U
B
i
B
- U
B
i
O

M cng sut tng phi l:
P = U
A
i
A
+ U
B
i
B
+ U
C
i
C
= P
3
+ U
B
i
O
= P
3
+ P
1

Cng th c th c tng lng hao in:
W= W
3
+ W
1

Lu cng t in mt pha c th quay ngc, tc W1 l m. Lc ny phi l:
W= W
3
-
1
W

18 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n v s dng in nng thn ni chung khng c ng h o cng
sut, ch c cng t in. Lc ny c th dng bin php g o cng sut s dng
in nhm nm c tnh hnh vn hnh?
p: Cng sut s dng in c th tm ra c bng cch tnh ton t o tc
quay ca a cng t in. Trn mp ca a quay cng t in ni chung u c
k hiu mu hoc mu en. Nu k thm mt ng thng trn knh ch a
quay th c th cn c vo s ln gp nhau gia k hiu a quay vi ng thng
trn knh tnh ra s vng quay. Thi gian tnh c th ba giy. Khi o, nu tc
quay ca cng t in tng i nhanh th nn o thm vi vng, nu tc quay ca
a quay tng i chm th c th o t i vi vng. Khi thi gian cn thit o
c n vng ca a ng h l T giy th c th tnh c cng sut P chy qua cng
t in (ngn ot) bng cng thc sau y:
P = K
CT
n 3600

Trong cng thc: C - thng s ca cng t in (s vng quay ca a/kW) c
th tra c t trn nhn hiu cng t in.
K - T l bin i ca b h cm dng in, c th tra c t
trn nhn hiu ca b h cm (khi khng c b h cm dng in, l 1).
Cng sut o c bng bin php ny, thc t l cng sut bnh qun trong
thi gian o.

18 - 5 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi khng c ph ti m ng dy li khng c hin tng b m,
r in, cng t in kiu h cm vn c th chuyn ng?
p: l do lp mt c cu c bit to ra m men quay ph nhm b p
m men quay ma st m a quay chu ng. Di in p bnh thng, chng ta iu

- Trang 380 -
chnh m men quay ph ca n va ng bng vi m men quay ma st. Khi in p
tng cao, th m men quay ph ny s tng cao theo s tng ln ca in p vt qu
m men quay ma st. Lc ny, cng t in tuy khng c ph ti vn t chy, ni
chung gi l "chy ngm".

18 - 5 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu, c lc s c trn ng h
cha ti tr s ht thang m cun dy ng h chy. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Tnh hnh ny c th xy ra trong mch h s cng sut thp. Cng sut
trong mch in xoay chiu P = UIcos . Nu h s cng sut cos qu nh th khi
cng sut P tng i nh, dng in ph ti I c th rt ln, lm chy ng h o
cng sut. Cho nn khi o cng sut trong mch in h s cng sut thp nn s dng
ng h o cng sut c h s cng sut c bit.


18 - 5 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi im gia ca ph ti u hnh sao ba pha cn bng khng th ly dy
dn ra hoc cc pha ca ph ti u hnh tam gic khng th ngt tch ra, lm sao dng
ot k mt pha o cng sut tc dng ca chng?
p: Nu ch c mt ot k kiu in ng, th dng hai in tr R bng tng
cun dy in p v in tr ph ca n, ba ci u li
theo hnh sao nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 15. Do ph ti
cn bng, cho nn in th im O' bng in th im
O, s c ca ot k l cng sut ca mt pha ph ti,
tng cng sut ca ph ti bng ba ln tr s ch th ca
ot k. Nu c mt ot k kiu cm ng th dng hai tr
khng phc s Z bng tr khng c tnh cm ng ca
cun dy in p thay i in tr R trong hnh.

18 - 5 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h o cng sut o cng sut in, p dng cch u dy
nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 16 (a) (b) c khng?
p: Nu u ngc cun dy in p (xem hnh a) th chnh lch in th
gia cun dy in p vi cun dy dng in s rt cao, c th lm hng cch in
gia cc cun dy. Nu u u () ca cun dy in p ln u ph ti, xem hnh (b)
th dng in ca cun dy dng in bng tng ca dng din ph ti vi dng in
ca cun dy in p, s c ca ng h o cng sut l tng ca cng sut ph ti

- Trang 381 -
vi cng sut tiu hao ca cun dy in p v in tr phn p RD, nn khi o cng
sut nh th sai s tng i ln.
Hnh (c) v phng php u dy ng. Khi o, s c ca ng h o cng
sut l tng ca cng sut ph ti vi tiu hao ca cun dy dng in, do in tr ca
cun dy dng in rt nh nn sai s o tng i nh.


- Trang 382 -
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km)

18 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in ph ti cn bng
ba pha, sau khi t dy mt pha, hai pha hoc ba pha vo trong
ming kp, s c ca ng h c g khc nhau? Ti sao?
p: Khi cho bt c dy ca pha no vo trong ming kp
th s c ca ng h l dng in dy ca pha . Kh t vo hai
dy pha th s c ca ng h tuy ging vi khi t dy mt pha,
nhng trn thc t, s c ny l tng vc t ca dng din hai pha
vo ming kp. Cn khi cho c ba dy pha vo ming kp th s
c bng 0, v lc ny tng vc t ca dng in ba pha bng 0, (xem hnh 18 - 6 - 1)

18 - 6 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ampe k kp khng dng dy ni vi ngun in, ti sao c th o
c dng in trong dy dn?
p: Kt cu ca ampe k kp nh th hin hnh 18 - 6 -
2. N c mt cun dy ph v b h cm dng in c li st chia
thnh hai b phn, v th khi dng o dng in chy qua bt k
dy dn no, c th khng cn ngt dy dn, ch cn dng km kp
cht dy dn l c Bi v dy dn thng in s sinh ra t thng,
t thng chy qua li st, s cm ng ra in th trong cun dy ph, do c th c
c s trong ampe k. Nhng sai s o th ny tng i ln.

18 - 6 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in cn ch g?
p: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in cn ch :
(1) Khng nn o dy dn trn, phng nga in git v ngn mch.
(2) Tm o phi chn nc ln, phng nga chy ng h.
(3) Dy dn cn o phi xuyn qua gia li st, nhm gim sai lch.
(4) Phi s dng ring bit ng h in mt chiu, xoay chiu.
(5) Khi o dy dn cao p c cch in (nh 3 ngn vn) phi eo gng tay
cch in.

18 - 6 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in ca dy dn thp p, ch gn b h
cm dng in, ti sao kim ng h s ch cao?
p: Bi v ch gn b h cm dng in, c t thng r, li st ca ampe k
kp b nh hng ca t r, dng in cm ng ca cun dy th cp ampe k tng
ln, cho nn kim ch cao.

- Trang 383 -
18 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao li dng bin php n gin nht phn on u c t thng
r xoay chiu, v nh gi s b ln ca n?
p: M ming kp ca ampe k kp ra vo trong t trng xoay chiu, kim
s xy ra quay lch, m t trng cng mnh th kim quay lch cng ln. l do hai
cng ca ampe k kp lm bng cht st t, t vo trong t trng thnh ng thng
ca t thng, khin cun dy ca ampe k cm ng ra in th nht nh, lm cho kim
quay lch. Li dng phng php ny c th phn on ch no c t thng r xoay
chiu.

18 - 6 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ampe k kp liu c th o c dng in rto ca mt in khng
ng b kiu qun dy?
p: Tn s ca dng in rto mt in khng ng b kiu qun dy l tch
gia tn s ngun in vi sai sut quay, sai sut quay nh mc l 2 ~ 15%, khi quay
bnh thng, tn s ca dng in rto l 1 ~ 7.5 Hz.
Ampe k kp xoay chiu thng dng gm b h cm dng in v u ng
h h t in kiu chnh lu to thnh. u ng h nhn c in p t trn in tr
u trong nhm cun dy bn th cp ca b h cm. Bi v in p cm ng ca
nhm cun dy t l thun vi tn s, khi o dng in tn s thp nh dng in rto,
in p t c trn u ng h s nh hn nhiu so vi khi o dng in tn s
cng cng c tr s cng nh nhau, c lc cn khng lm thng mch diode
chnh lu, v th ng h khng th lm vic bnh thng.
Ampe k kp lng dng mt chiu, xoay chiu khng c cun dy bn th cp
m cho t thng trong li st trc tip thng qua u ng h h t in, cho nn
tn s cao, thp khng nh hng n n. V th, loi ampe k kp lng dng xoay
chiu, mt chiu ny c th o dng in rto.

18 - 6 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hin ch c mt ampe k kp, tm o thp nht ca n l 25 ampe, s c
mi vch chia l 1 ampe. Lm sao li dng n o tr s dng in nh?
p: C th dng mt si dy mm cch in qun vi vng ch ming km,
v d cn o mt dng in nh cha bit th qun 50 vng dy mm ch ming km,
sau u ni tip trong mch dng in, nu c s c 5 ampe k th dng in
thc t l 5/50 = 0.1 ampe.


- Trang 384 -
18 - 7 Cu in

18 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng cu in Wheatstone o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy
in cm cao, in tr ca nhnh cu tuy iu chnh n xu th cn bng, nhng khi
bm nm pin, kim ng h vn dao ng rt gh?
p: Khi va bm nm pin, mch cu in vo trong qu trnh tc th lc
ny, in cm ca cun dy ch o pht huy tc dng, khin s cn bng ca cu in
b ph hoi, v th kim dao ng.

18 - 7 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn bin p 35000/6000 vn, dng cu in Kelvin o in tr mt chiu
bn thp p. Khi o, ngi chm phi u dy ra 35 ngn vn s cm thy t .Ti sao?
p: Bi v thi im va nhn hoc t ngt bung nm n cu in, do tc
dng thay i tc th ca dng in mt chiu, s cm ng ra in p bn pha th cp
bin th, cn ln ca in p ph thuc vo t l thay i ca t thng, tuy in p
a vo ch 1.5 vn nhng do tc thay i nhanh cng sinh ra in p cao.

18 - 7 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi o in tr thp di 1 khng dng cu in Wheatstone m
dng cu in Kelvin?
p: Khi dng cu in W o in tr thp, do nh hng ca in tr dy dn
u ni v in tr tip xc ch ni vi cu in nn sai s tng i ln. Cn cu
in K khi thit k xt ti c gng loi b cc nh hng ny, cho nn khi o in
tr thp tng i chnh xc.


- Trang 385 -
CHNG XIX
O TH IN

19 - 1 o in

19 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tnh cng sut ph ti ba pha cn bng, P = 3 U
L
I
L
cos, trong cng
thc U
L
, I
L
ln lt l in p dy, dng in dy. Gc l lch pha gia in p dy
vi dng in dy hay l lch pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha?
p: Cng sut ca ph ti ba pha cn bng l gp ba cng sut mt pha, P =
3U
|
I
|
cos, trong cng thc U
|
, I
|
ln lt l in p pha v dng in pha, l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.
Khi ph ti l cch u sao, U
L
= 3 U
|
, I
L
= I
|
; khi ph ti l cch u tam
gic, U
L
: U
|
, I
L
= 3 I
|
. tin tnh ton v o, trong cng thc dng in p dy v
dng in dy th hin, tc P : 3 U
L
I
L
cos .V th, gc trong cng thc l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.

19 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b phn phi in cao p, ti sao trn ng dy ba pha ch lp b h
cm dng in trn hai pha, cn trn mch th cp li lp ba ampe k o dng in
(xem hnh 19 - 1 - 2)?
p: Bi v trong mch in h ba dy ba pha, tng
vc t ca dng din ba pha ca n bng 0, tc
.
I
A
+
.
I
B
+
.
I
C
=
0. V th,
.
I
A
+
.
I
C
= -
.
I
B
, cng tc l vc t hp in pha B
m. Nu cng lp ni tip mt ampe k trn hai im I, II
mch chung ca dng in I
A
v dng in th cp I
C
, th
dng in m n ch th l I
B
, nhn n vi t s bin dng ca
b h cm dng in, tc l tr s dng in thc t ca pha B bn cao p. Cho nn,
ch cn dng hai b h cm dng in l c th o c tr s dng in ba pha.

19 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch in xoay chiu ba pha lp hai b h cm dng in v mt
ampe k o dng in ba pha, cch u dy nh hnh 19 - 1 - 3 (a), (b), cch u dy
no ng?
p: Trong hnh, ZK l cng tc chuyn i khi tay gt chuyn n ba v tr
khc nhau "Tri", "0", "Phi" c th ln lt o dng in ba pha A, B, C. im en
"." th hin tip im thng mch, khng c im en th hin tip im ngt. Trong
mch in, ba dy ba pha,
.
I
a
+
.
I
b
+
.
I
c
= 0, hoc
.
I
b
= - (
.
I
a
+
.
I
c
). Trong tnh hnh
dng hai b h cm dng in v mt ampe k o dng in ba pha, yu cu khi o
dng in ca pha khng lp b h cm dng in phi bo m dng in chy qua
ampe k l tng dng in ca hai pha. Khi u dy theo hnh (a), cc tnh ca b h
cm hai pha A, C ging nhau. Khi cng tc chuyn i sang v tr "0", th dng in

- Trang 386 -
chy qua ampe k l
.
I
a
+
.
I
c
, cho nn ampe k ch th chnh xc tr s ca
.
I
b
. S
vc t ca dng in cch u dy ny nh hnh (c). Nu u dy theo hnh (b) th cc
tnh ca b h cm hai pha A, C ngc nhau. Khi tay gt chuyn n v tr "0", dng
in chy qua ampe k l
.
I
c
+ (-
.
I
a
), s vc t ca n nh hnh (d), chiu ca Ia
ngc vi chiu ca
.
I a trong hnh (c),
.
I
b
t c khng phi l dng in thc t
chy qua trong pha B, cho nn ch th trong ampe k khng phn nh dng in thc t
ca pha B. Cho nn cch u dy ca hnh (b) chnh xc.




19 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng my hin sng o hnh sng ca mt s mch thirixto, ti sao
phi tho dy tip t trong u cm ca my hin sng ra trc?
p: Bi v mt u ca ph ti thirixto ca rt nhiu thit b l tip t. Nu
khng tho dy tip t trong dy ngun ba li ca my hin sng th khi o s gy
ngn mch linh kin thirixto qua u tip t ca bt th my hin sng, dy tip t
ca ngun in v du tip t ca ph ti, lm chy linh kin thirixto. Cho nn, dng
my hin sng o hnh sng mt s mch in thirixto, trc tin phi tho dy t
trong cm ngun in ca my hin sng. Nhng trc khi tho dy t ngun in
ca my hin sng, cn kim tra v ngoi my hin sng xem c r in, nhm trnh
s c in git trong s dng.



- Trang 387 -

19 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh o in tr mt chiu ca nhm cun dy bin p,
dng in chy qua cun dy khng nn vt qu 20% dng in nh mc, cn khi
tin hnh o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, dng in cng ln cng tt, nh nht
khng c di 100 ampe?
p: Khi o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, do cun dy c in cm
L v in tr R, khi o c thi gian np in tng i lu (theo T
o
=L/R thng s thi
gian gim). Khi trong cun dy thng qua dng in tng i ln (ln hn 20% dng
in nh mc) s lm nng cun dy, nhit tng cao th tr s in tr mt chiu o
c s lch ln, sai s ca n thm ch vt qu tiu chun qui nh. Cho nn, ni
chung qui nh dng in chy qua cun dy khng ln hn 20% dng in nh mc
ca bin p.
Khi o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, in cm L ~ 0, cn in tr R cng
nh hn nhiu in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, cho nn khng cn thi gian
np in. Cn khi dng in cng ln, tnh hnh tip xc ca u tip xc cng tt,
cng cng gn vi tnh hnh vn hnh ni chung. Cn khi dng in qu nh, u tip
xc tip xc khng tt s xut hin kt qu th nghim lch ln. bo m chnh
xc o, ni chung trong qui trnh qui nh dng in khi o khng nn nh hn 100
ampe.

19 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi p dng phng php vn k v ampe k o in tr tip t ca
thit b tip t, ti sao phi u thm bin p cch ly?
p: bo m chnh xc tr s o
ca in tr tip t, qui nh khi o phi s
dng ngun in xoay chiu. Nhng ngun
in 220, 380V thng dng, ni chung u p
dng hnh thc u ni dy trung tnh trc tip
tip t. Nu trc tip dng o in tr tip
t s gy nn ngn mch tip t, sinh ra dng
in ngn mch, v do nh hng phn dng
khin tr s dng in o c khng phi l
tr s thc t chy qua thit b tip t.
Sau khi u thm bin p cch ly nh hnh 19 - 1 - 6, do gia s cp, th cp
ch c lin h v t m khng c lin h v in, cho nn khng gy ra ngn mch tip
t ngun in, khin tr s dng in do c l tr s thc t chy qua thit b tip
t.

19 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my hin sng phi s dng u d? C phi khng dng u d
th khng th o c?
p: Tr khng u vo ca my hin sng v cng cao, nu dy o khng che
chn th t trng mnh 50Hz ca khng gian s sinh ra in p hng trm vn trn
u vo khin khng th o c. u d u ni bng cp in ng trc vi my
hin sng, c th che chn nhiu ca t trng in khng gian. Hn na u d c

- Trang 388 -
mc th tch nh, c th phng nga chm vi cc im khng o chung quanh, gy
ngn mch. Nhng u d ni chung u lm cho tn hiu suy gim 10 ln. Mun lm
cho tn hiu khng suy gim, c th ng dy o lm bng cp in ng trc, u
cui ca dy dng kp mang c c ng cch in dn n im o th.

19 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong t cu dao ch lp mt b h cm in p v hai b h cm dng
in, nh dng mt ng h in mt pha o in nng tiu hao ca ba pha, lm
sao u dy?
p: Trong rt nhiu t cng tc cao p ch lp mt b h cm in p v hai
b h cm dng in, khi chng ta mun tnh tiu hao nng lng, nu phi hp vi
b h cm in p, dng cng t in 1 pha, trong tnh hnh ny chng ta c th ch
dng mt cng t in mt pha, ch cn u cho dy ra th cp ca b h cm dng
in ri u vo cng t in l c.
l do sau khi u cho dy th cp ca b h cm dng in lm thay i
pha ca dng in hai pha, khin dng in a vo ng h in bng 3 ln dng
in mi pha, nn s c ghi trn ng h in mt pha bng in nng tiu hao ca
ba pha.

19 - 1 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng nn dng cng tc i pha o dng in ba pha?
p: Kt cu ca cng tc ba pha khng c l tng, khi i pha dng in
s xy ra ngt bn th cp b h cm dng in. iu khng cho php. Bi v khi
ngt bn th cp b h cm dng in s sinh ra in p cao, khng nhng nh thng
cch in m cn uy hip s an ton ca con ngi. Cho nn, thit b s dng in ph
ti ba pha cn bng ni chung ch lp mt ampe k, ch o mt pha trong ba pha, cn
khi cn o dng in ba pha th phi dng ba ampe k.

19 - 1 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba phng php o nhit ca thit b in: phng php nhit k,
phng php in tr, v phng php nhit ngu. C th ty chn la khng?
p: Nhit ngu v nhit k ni chung dng o nhit mt im no
ca thit b in. Phng php in tr ch c th o nhit bnh qun, cho nn o
nhit bnh qun ca cun dy thng dng phng php in tr, cn khi o nhit
b mt ni chung dng phng php nhit k hoc phng php nhit ngu.

19 - 1 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tr s nhit hin th trn nhit k nhit ngu khng bng nhit
thc t ca vt c o?
p: Tr s nhit trn nhit k nhit ngu trn thc t l hiu nhit gia
u vt c o (u nng) vi u ng h (u ngui) (tc tng nhit ). Cn
nhit thc t ca vt c o phi bng tng ca s c trn ng h cng vi tr s
nhit mi trng chung quanh.


- Trang 389 -
19 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Linh kin cm ng nhit ca in tr
nhit ti sao phi dng h ba dy u vo cu in?
p: Khi dng in tr nhit Rt o nhit
t xa i hi phi s dng dy dn tng i
di u ni vo mch cu, in tr ca dy dn
s gy ra sai s ph khng th b qua, khong cch
cng ln th sai s cng ln. Nu dng h 3 dy nh
hnh (a) u vo th dy dn ln lt u vo hai
bn cu khin cu in cn bng, nh th hin hnh (b), loi tr c sai s ph. V
th khi dng in tr nhit lm linh kin cm ng nhit o hoc iu khin nhit
t xa, phi dng h ba dy u vo cu in, di v quy cch ca dy dn phi bng
nhau.

19 - 1 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao dng phng php n gin o c cng sut b chn lu
n hunh quang?
p: C th u b chn lu theo hnh 19 - 1 - 13.
Sau khi ng cng tc K, o tr s in p hai im A, B;
sau cn c vo s liu bng km theo l c th bit
c tr s cng sut ca b chn lu.


Cng sut b chn lu (ot) in o gia hai im A, B (vn)
8 160
20 115
30 97
40 72

Nu l chn lu t qun, khi tr s in p gia hai im A, B o thc t khc
vi cng sut tng ng trong bng th c th iu chnh khe h li st chn lu (in
p cao th m rng khe h li st, in p thp th thu hp khe h li st).

19 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn mm phi in thng lp ba ampe k, mi pha mt ci, cn vn k
ch c mt ci, lp thm mt cng tc i pha thay th vn k, ti sao?
p: Bi v a s s c u phn nh ln trn s c ca dng in thng lm
cho dng in ba pha khng cn bng. gip ngi trc ban tin nm vng, d pht
hin, nhm trnh xy ra s c, cho nn phi mi pha mt ampe k. Cn tnh hnh ba
pha khng cn bng v in p t xy ra, cho nn ch s dng mt vn k v mt cng
tc i pha.

19 - 1 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi s dng ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 o tn s in p
u my pht in, trong qu trnh my pht in tng in p kch thch hoc dng

- Trang 390 -
my gim p, ti sao ng h tn s thng xy ra hin tng s c ch th khng
ng?
p: Mch in ca ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 nh th hin
hnh 19 - 1 - 15. N l mt loi my o kiu mi, mt loi mch in, mch chnh lu
v mch phn cc chuyn dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu t l thun
vi tn s ca n, li thng qua ng h ch th (ng h mA mt chiu M) trc tip
hin th ra s c tn s.
My pht in s dng ng h tn s ny,
trong qu trnh tng in p kch thch hoc dng
my gim p, do tr s in p xoay chiu hnh sin
u vo ng h cha t ti tr s in p m ng
h cn thit, cho nn mch ct sng n p trong
mch in ng h khng c tc dng, in p u
vo ca mch vi phn RC khng phi sng vung
m l sng sin. V th, in p u ra ca n cng l in p sng sin. Tr s bnh qun
ca dng in chy qua M sau khi chnh lu ln hn nhiu so vi tr s bnh qun ca
dng in mch xung nh nhn thit k chy qua M khi tn s ging nhau, do ch
th ca ng h thng vt ln trn, dn n s c khng chnh xc.

19 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c lc u ni tip thun chiu cun dy th cp ca hai b h
cm dng in s dng?
p: B h cm dng in c cp chnh xc khc nhau. Mi cp qui nh sai s
tr s v sai s gc ca n (gi tt l sai s). Nu ph ti th cp ca b h cm dng
in khng vt qu tr s qui nh th sai s sinh ra c th trong phm vi qui nh
ca cp chnh xc tng ng. Nu ph ti th cp vt qu tr s qui nh, s c s
tng, cp chnh xc s gim. Nu u ni tip thun chiu cun dy th cp ca hai b
h cm dng in s dng, th t s bin i dng in khng thay i, tr khng
ph ti u vo khng thay i, in p trn u tr khng ph ti cng khng thay
i, nhng in p trn cun dy th cp ca mi b h cm dng in ch bng mt
na so vi trc, ph ti thc t tng ng ca n cng gim mt na, t sai s ca
n cng gim, d p ng yu cu cp chnh xc qui nh.

19 - 1 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng b h cm dng in LH em tn hiu dng in ngu hp n th
cp a n hai u in tr R
1
nhm thu c tn hiu in p t l thun vi dng
in (xem hnh 19 - 1 - 17). Ti sao phi u thm in tr R
2
v
t C th cp LH?
p: R
2
v C dng b lch pha cn d ca b h cm
dng in. Dng in bn s cp v dng in bn th cp ca b
h cm dng in do nh hng ca dng in kch t khng ti
I
o
(bao gm thnh phn hu cng, v cng) nn khng hn va
ng ngc pha (tc lch pha 180
o
). Khi dng in ph ti tng
i ln, nh hng ca I
o
khng r rt, I
2
vi I
1
gn ngc nhau;
khi dng in ph ti tng i nh, do nh hng ca I
o
, lch
pha gia I
2
vi I
1
s lch 180
o
tng i r, dng in ph ti cng nh th lch xa

- Trang 391 -
cng ln. T sinh ra lch pha. Nu chn tham s R
2
v C hp l th c th gim
thiu sai s ny.

19 - 1 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao o in tr mt chiu di 1 phi dng cu in hai nhnh?
p: Khi o in tr mt chiu di 1 nu dng cu in mt nhnh, do nh
hng ca in tr dy dn v in tr tip xc ch dy ni vi cu in s sinh ra sai
s rt ln. Nu dng cu in hai nhnh o, v trong cu s dng mch in c bit
c th loi tr sai s trn, khin o chnh xc. Cho nn o in tr mt chiu di 1
nht thit phi dng cu in hai nhnh.

19 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o in tr cch in, ti sao phi qui nh thi gian cho in p?
p: Sau khi cho in p mt chiu vo th dng in chy qua cch in s
gim theo s tng ln ca thi gian cho in p. l v khi va cho in p mt
chiu vo, dng in hp thu chy qua cch in lm cho mi cht cc ha. Dng in
hp thu ny s suy gim theo thi gian. in tr sut mt chiu ca cch in c
xc nh da vo dng in d. Cch in khc nhau th thi gian mt i dng in
hp thu khc nhau. Nhng a s cc vt liu trong mt pht, dng in n
nh, v th qui nh ly dng in sau mt pht cho in p tnh in tr sut. Nh
vy l c tnh c th so snh.

19 - 1 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: T s hp thu cch in ca b bin th in tr cch in thp, thp hn ti
s hp thu cch in ca b bin th in tr cch in cao phi khng?
p: Cha chc. in tr cch in ca b bin th m cch in b m nghim
trng s thp m t s hp thu cng tng i nh. Nhng in tr cch in l tr s
o c m ng h m ga m quay o mt pht, cn t s hp thu l t s ca in tr
cch in gia mt pht v 15 giy, m t s hp thu cn ph thuc vo dung lng
ca b bin th. Cho nn trong tnh hnh chung, in tr cch in thp, t s hp thu
cha chc thp. Nht l i vi bin th ln, dung lng ca n ln, dng in hp thu
ln. V th t s hp thu tng i cao. Cn bin th c nh, dung lng ca n nh,
thng thng in tr cch in cao, nhng t s hp thu li tng i nh.

19 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng thang din p khc nhau ca ng h vn nng o in p "in
cm ng" i vi t, ti sao chnh lch kt qu o rt r?
p: Thc cht "in cm ng" l do tn ti in dung
phn b gia cun dy vi li st thng in ca thit b in gy
ra. V d, mt bin th m li st khng tip t (Xem hnh 19 - 1
- 21), in dung phn b gia cun dy s cp v li st c th
dng t in tng ng C thay th. Khi dng thang in p
ca ng h vn nng o in p ca "in cm ng" i vi
t tng ng vi in p ngun in U (220 vn) n n mch in ni tip do C
v in tr trong R ca thang in p ca ng h vn nng to thnh, tr s in p
m ng h vn nng th hin chnh l phn p UR t c trn R.

- Trang 392 -
2
C
2
C 2
R
) R X ( 1
U
R
X R
U
IR U
+ +
=
+
= =
Do U v C l tr s c nh, tc dung khng tng ng X
C
cng l tr s c
nh, nhng tm o ca thang in p cng nh th R cng nh, tr s in p o c
cng cng nh, cho nn kt qu o khc nhau.

19 - 1 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o in tr cch in ca thit b, ti sao phi ghi li nhit khi o?
p: Vt liu cch in ca thit b u cha nc v cc tp cht ha tan
trong nc (nh cc loi mui, vt cht c tnh axit v.v...) vi mc khc nhau, to
thnh dng in dn. Nhit tng cao s tng nhanh s vn ng ca phn t v ion
trong mi cht, nc v tp cht phn b di theo chiu hai cc ca din trng ,tng
thm tnh nng in dn, v th nhit tng cao, in tr cch in s gim r rt theo
hm s m. V d nhit tng cao 10
o
C th in tr cch in B ca my pht in
gim 1/1.9 ~ 1/2.8, in tr cch in cp A ca bin th gim 1/1.7 ~ 1/1.8. Thit b
b m nghim trng th s thay i theo nhit ca in tr cch in cng ln. V
th, khi quay o in tr cch in phi ghi li nhit mi trng. Nu thit b ang
vn hnh dng li, cch din cha ngui hn th cn phi ghi li nhit thc s trong
cch in chuyn i in tr cch in n cng nhit nhm tin hnh so snh
v phn tch.


- Trang 393 -
19 - 2 Th nghim in

19 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p thit b in, ti sao yu cu tr s chu
p cao hn tr s in p nh mc?
p: Thit b in trc khi lp t u phi tin hnh mt ln th nghim chu
p, m tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn tr s in p nh mc ca thit b. l v:
(1) bo m thit b vn hnh an ton bnh thng, tr s chu p ca n phi
c h s an ton.
(2) Thit b s dng di tn s cng cng xoay chiu th tr s in p nh
mc l ch tr s hu hiu, cn tr s ln nht bng 1.414 tr s hu hiu.
(3) Xt n tr s qu p thao tc v qu p kh quyn s rt cao. V th, khi th
nghim chu p, tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn in p nh mc ca thit b.

19 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thit b thc hin th nghim r r mt chiu, ly chnh lu na sng
thu c in p mt chiu, nu khng lp t lc sng, ln lt dng khe h hnh
cu ,vn k tnh in v vn k nam chm vnh cu o, tr s o c c bng nhau
khng?
p: Khi mch chnh lu na sng khng lp t lc sng
(tc ph ti thun in tr) th mi chu k hnh sng u ra ca
in p ch c na sng, nh th hin hnh 19 - 1 - 2. Khi dng
khe h hnh cu o in p, khe h hnh cu s b nh thng khi
cng t trng tr s nh ln nht, in p o c l tr s
nh na sng u ra ca dng in. M men quay ca vn k tnh in t l thun vi
bnh phng tr s hu hiu ca in p a n gia hai in cc. o c l tr s
hu hiu ca na sng u ra. Tr s o c bng vn k kiu nam chm vnh cu l
tr s bnh qun trong mt chu k in p u ra mt chiu. Kt qu l: in p o
c bng khe h hnh cu ln nht, in p o c bng vn k kiu nam chm vnh
cu nh nht.

19 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi chuyn i dng in r o c di in p nh mc ca thit b
thnh in tr cch in, tng i gn vi tr s o c bng ng h m ga m,
nhng khi cao hn in p nh mc tng i nhiu th thng thng khng thng
nht na. Ti sao?
p: Cch in ca thit b cao p trng thi kh ro v di in p lm
vic nh mc th tr s dng in r ca n t l thun vi in p, v in tr cch
in lc ny l hng s, nn di iu kin phng php th nghim v my do chnh
xc, th dng in r o dc i thnh in tr cch in tng i gn vi tr s o
c bng ng h m ga m. Nhng khi din p th nghim cao hn tng i nhiu
so vi in p nh mc ca sn phm th nghim, do b mt cch in th rp v dnh
bn khin r in, phn u tng ln r rt theo tng ca in p; in tr cch
in lc ny khng cn l hng s na, nn tr s in tr cch in i t dng in
r ra s thp hn tr s o c bng ng h m ga m.

- Trang 394 -
19 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng bc t in khi tin hnh th nghim in p ring l th u
tt nhng khi my ci cng tin hnh th nghim th thng xy ra nh la?
p: Sau khi my bin p th nghim mang ph ti tnh cht in dung, t s
bin i ca n s thay i, in p bn cao p s cao hn tr s chuyn i, m ph ti
in dung cng ln th sai s thay i cng cng ln.
Khi th nghim ng bc ring l, do ph ti in dung rt nh, s bin i t s
thay i rt nh hoc khng thay i. Khi nhiu ng bc cng th nghim, do ph ti
in dung tng ln, in p bn cao p s cao hn nhiu tr s chuyn i. Nu vn cho
in p ging nhau vo bn thp p th bn o cao p vt qu tr s in p mun
cho vo, do xy ra nh la.

19 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Thit b in khi tin hnh th nghim chu p ti sao khng cho php cho
in p mt ln, m khi ko cu dao cng khng cho php ct mch in khi y
in p?
p: Thit b in lm th nghim in p l th nghim in p xoay chiu
tn s cng cng (50Hz). N khc vi th nghim chu p xung kch. N yu cu khi
cho in p khng c t ngt cho in p, ch cho php tng p t t, mt mt
phng nga lm hng cng cch in vt th do b xung kch, mt khc trnh cho
thit b hoc ng h khng b xung kch.
Khi ngt in p, phng nga nng lng tch tr ca vt th phn hi gy
hng thit b th nghim v tai nn v ngi, cho nn cng khng cho php t ngt
ct ngun in trong tnh hnh y p, m nn gim p xung cn 1/3 tr xung mi
ct mch in.

19 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong ngun in th nghim
chu p mt chiu nh th hin hnh 19 - 2
- 6, dng ng h A c nhy in p mt
chiu t 40000/V v ng h B vi nhy
in p mt chiu l 1000/V ln lt o
in p khng ti ca n, kt qu t c
khc nhau, in p m ng h A o c
gn bng ba ln ca ng h B, nhng in p m hai ng h u song song o c
li ging nhau. Ti sao?
p: Dng in khi khng ti ca mch in ny l dng in chy qua vn k.
Do t lc sng ch c 5100p, khi ln ca ph ti khc nhau, s nh hng rt ln
n in p u ra sau khi lc sng ca n. in p u ra mt chiu c th thay i
trong (0.45 ~ 1.41)U
2
. Dng din ph ti cng nh th in p u ra cng cao. Dng
in tiu hao ca ng h l A bng 1/40 ng h B, tc ng h A o c l tr s
nh (1.41U
2
) gn bng in p chnh lu na sng - ng h B o c l gn bng
tr s bnh qun (0.45U
2
) ca in p chnh lu na sng. Nu hai ng h u song
song o th dng in ph ti l tng dng in tiu hao ca hai ng h nn kt
qu o c ging vi kt qu o c ca ring ng h B.


- Trang 395 -
19 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in cc th nghim in p nh thng du cch in, ni chung
u s dng in cc hnh trn tm phng? Liu c th s dng in cc hnh cu
hoc hnh kim?
p: in trng sinh ra gia in cc hnh trn tm phng l in trng u.
Di tc dng ca in trng u c th pht hin mt cch rt nhy s tn ti ca
nc, si v cc ht nh khc trong du, v th in p nh thng do c tng i
thp, tc cng d pht hin khim khuyt ca du cch in, in p nh thng o
c cng tng i chnh xc. in cc hnh cu v hnh kim to ra khng phi l
in trng u, khng c u im trn, do ngoi c quan nghin cu th nghim
ra, hin trng ni chung khng p dng.

19 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng mt my bin th tng p dung lng tng i nh tin hnh th
nghim chu p i vi bin th dung lng tng i ln, nu khi do dung lng
khng nn nng khng ln c in p th phi p dng bin php g?
p: C th u song song mt cun dy in khng vo gia dy cao p vi
t trong mch th nghim. Ni chung s dng cun dy cao p ca mt bin th
khc, dng in cm ca n trit tiu mt phn dng in in dung lm gim dng
in u ra ca b nng p, nhm tip tc nng cao in p th nghim, nhng phi
ch cch in ca cun dy u song song phi khng thp hn cp cch in ca
bin th th nghim.

19 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thc hin th nghim chu p thit b in, ti sao khng th thay th
ln nhau gia th nghim chu p xoay chiu vi th nghim chu p mt chiu?
p: Bi v s phn b ca in p xoay chiu, mt chiu trong thit b in
khng ging nhau. Khi th nghim chu p mt chiu, s phn b ca in p mt
chiu trong lp cch in t l thun vi in tr cch in, cn khi tin hnh th
nghim chu p xoay chiu th in p xoay chiu t l nghch vi in dung phn b
cng tn ti vi in tr cch in. Cho nn, th nghim chu p xoay chiu, mt chiu
khng th thay th ln nhau, nhng th nghim xoay chiu cng gn vi tnh hnh thc
t thit b chu qu p trong vn hnh, cng c th pht hin mt cch hu hiu nhc
im ca cch in.

19 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in, li
cp phi u vi cc m?
p: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p i vi cp in, nu li cp u cc
dng th dng in s t li cp chy v cch in v bc ch, khi cch in ca cp
in b m, c nc, do tc dng c tnh thm thu ca in, nc s di chuyn t
trong cch in ra bc ch theo chiu dng in r, iu s lm cho tr s dng in
r th nghim thu c lch nh, kh m thng qua th nghim pht hin ra khim
khuyt. Li cp u cc m s c th trnh c nc t trong cch in di chuyn
n bc ch, lm cho kt qu th nghim chnh xc, c khim khuyt l pht hin
c.

- Trang 396 -
19 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim dng in r mt chiu i vi cp in lc, ti
sao trong khi o, kim ca ng h A k c lc dao ng c tnh chu k?
p: ng h A k mt chiu sinh ra dao ng c tnh chu k nu khng phi
do cc nhn t u cui ca cp in b bn hoc ngun in th nghim khng n nh
th chng t trong cch in ca cp in th nghim c khim khuyt c tnh cht khe
l cc b. V di in p c nh, khe h ca khe l b nh thng, dng in r s
tng, in dung ca cp in s phng in qua khe h b nh thng, khi in p np
ca cp in gim n cch in khe h c khi phc, dng in r s gim theo,
in p np ca cp din li dn dn ln cao, khin khe h li b nh thng phng
in; sau cch in khe h li c khi phc. C th lp i lp li khin A k
trong khi o sinh ra hin tng dao ng c tnh chu k.

19 - 2 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: i vi kt du mi tin hnh th nghim chu p du cch in, ti sao
phi qua vi ln x l phng in mi c th o th chnh thc? in cc ca n ti
sao cn phi m crm?
p: i vi kt du mi tin hnh th nghim chu p du cch in, ni
chung u phi qua vi ln x l phng in, t chy cc x bavia nh trn b mt
in cc, ng thi mc ch ca vic nh bng m crm b mt in cc l duy tr
bng b mt. Nh vy c th lm cho in trng gia in cc tng i u,
nng cao in p nh thng khin tr s o th tng i chnh xc.

19 - 2 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng qu cu bng ng o chu p, thng mt qu cu tip t, mt qu
cu u cao p. Khi qu cu cao p l dng hoc l m, th in p nh thng no
cao? Khi o chu p tn s cng cng, ti sao ni chung u b nh thng khi bn
chu k m?
p: Khi s dng qu cu bng ng o cao p, in p nh thng ca qu
cu i vi qu cu c hiu ng cc tnh. Bi v khi cho in p vo qu cu cao p,
pha trc qu cu ng cao p s sinh ra ion ha rt yu, khin in tch tch ly
khng gian trc qu cu, lm thay i in trng vn c, sinh ra hiu ng cc tnh.
Khi qu cu cao p l m, in tch khng gian s lm cho in trng trc qu cu
m tng mnh, kt qu in p nh thng gim; khi qu cu cao p l cc dng, in
tch khng gian s lm yu in trng st pha trc qu cu dng, kt qu in p
nh thng cao. Nn khi qu cu cao p l dng th in p nh thng s cao hn
khi qu cu cao p l m. V th, khi o chu p tn s cng cng, ni chung u b
nh thng bn chu k m tn s cng cng.

19 - 2 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong "tiu chun th nghim c tnh cht d phng thit b in" do B
thy in ban hnh, ti sao phi tng cng o in tr cch in ca ng bc nh ng
tr kiu cao p in dung i vi mt bch (t)?
p: ng bc kiu cao p in dung l do nhiu lp linh kin t in ni tip
m thnh, lp cui ca lp t in c dy dn qua ng bc nh dn n mt bch (t).

- Trang 397 -
Sau khi vn hnh b m, do t trng ca nc ln hn du cch in, nn nc chm
xung y hay lp ngoi. V th o tnh trng cch in ca ng bc nh i vi mt
bch (t) d pht hin s vo nc, b m ca n. ng thi, mc cch in ca
ng bc nh tng i thp, khng th tin hnh th nghim dng in r v tn hao
mi cht vi in p th nghim cao hn. Cho nn tng cng o th nghim in tr
cch in ca ng bc nh i vi mt bch c th gim st s vo nc ht m ca
n, in tr cch in qui nh ca n khng nh hn 1000M (s dng ng h
2,5KV-M)

19 - 2 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng cu in cao p in dung kiu QS - 1 o tang gc tn hao mi
cht tg ca b h cm in p kiu chui trn 110kV, nu tr s tg tng i ln,
liu c th hin cch in bn trong b h cm c khim khuyt?
p: Khng phi. Bi v trn b h cm in p kiu chui trn 110 kV c tm
u dy thp p hoc ng bc nh, v th khi dng cu in cao p in dung kiu QS
- 1 o tg theo qui nh thng thng, tc a vo tn tht cht mi ca tm u
dy hoc ng bc nh, khin ta s tg tng i ln.
Nu p dng "phng php t kch", "phng php che chn u cui " o
hoc tho b tm u dy hoc ng bc nh ri tin hnh o, nh vy s c th phn
bit ra l nh hng do tm u dy hoc ng bc nh gy nn, hay l cch in bn
trong b h cm c khim khuyt.

19 - 2 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi o tn hao cht mi ca ng bc kiu in dung cao p 110kV
tr ln, v tr t ca ng bc khc nhau, thng thng kt qu o c s sai lch tng
i ln?
p: Khi o tn hao mi cht ca ng bc kiu in dung cao p, do in dung
ca vt th nh, khi v tr t ng bc khc nhau, do nh hng ca in cc cao p v
in cc o i vi tr khng phn b ri rc ca khung gi, vt th, vch tng quanh
khng hon ton tip t s c nh hng rt ln i vi kt qu o thc t ng bc.
V tr t khc nhau, th cc nh hng ny cng khc nhau, cho nn thng thng
xut hin kt qu o c tnh phn tn ln. Do o tn hao mi cht ca ng bc kiu
in dung cao p yu cu phi t thng ng trn gi ng bc c tip t thch hp
o, ch khng nn t ng bc ngang bng hoc dng dy cch in treo bt c gc
no o.

19 - 2 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi th nghim tg ca kt cu cch in cao p in dung (ng
bc, t ghp, b h cm) nu iu kin cho php, ni chung l o ng cong quan h
gia tg vi in p th nghim U, ch khng phi o tr s tg di mt in p?
p: ng cong quan h gia tg vi in p th nghim ca kt cu cch
in cao p in dung tg = f(U), khi khim khuyt cch in khc nhau, ng cong
ca n khc nhau. Khi c s c mang tnh phng in v b m, cng vi U tng ln,
tr s tg ni chung cng tng ln; cn khi c tp cht c tnh ion, cng vi s tng ln
ca U, tr s tg li gim xung. V th, o ng cong tg = f(U) c th phn nh mt

- Trang 398 -
cch ton din khim khuyt cch in ca n. Nu ch o tg di mt in p (cao
p hoc thp p) th khng th gim st c ton din khim khuyt cch in ca n.


- Trang 399 -
19 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi np in cho t in in gii dung lng ln, khng th trc
tip dng dy ng th nghim phng in ngn mch?
p: T in gii gm mng nhm cc dng, mng xt mi cht, dung dch
in gii, m lt, phin mng dn ra v dy dn to thnh. Li lm vic ca n lm
bng phng php cun, cho nn c lng in cm nht nh. in dung ln th s
vng cun s tng i nhiu, in cm cng tng i ln. Khi trc tip dng dy
ng tin hnh th nghim phng in ngn mch i vi t in dung lng ln s
sinh ra th in ng t cm E
L
trn in cm ca chnh t in. V th, ln ca E
L

ph thuc vo lng in cm ca cun dy L v t s bin i ca dng in (I/t);
tc E
L
. : L.(I/t). Cho nn, lc ny t in s c hin tng d b nh thng. Ni
chung dng mt in tr 50 ~ 100 phng thot khin n phng in t t.

19 - 2 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b mt s ng bc t in 110kV tr ln b m, c th tng vng che
chn tin hnh th nghim in tr cch in, nhng khi dng cu in kiu QS-1
o tiu hao in mi (tg) li khng cho php tng thm vng che chn loi tr
nh hng b m b mt. Ti sao?
p: Sau khi b mt ng bc bng s b m m tin hnh th nghim in tr
cch in th tng vng che chn c th loi b c nh hng ca dng in r b
mt. Khi dng cu in kiu QS - 1 o tg nu tng thm vng che chn, do b mt
b m khin in p th nghim phn b bt buc theo din tr b mt ng bc bng
s, hnh thnh in p khc nhau ch cng tit din ngang trong li ng bc t in
v b mt ng bc bng s v lm cho trong c dng in in dung chy qua in
tr b mt ng bc bng s v vng che chn chy vo mch che chn ca cu in.
Nh vy khi th nghim dng in chy vo nhnh o ca cu in b phn dng,
khin tr s o tr nn nh, thm ch xut hin tr s m. V th khng th tiu biu cho
tnh hnh cch in thc t ca ng bc th nghim. Cho nn khng th lp vng che
chn. Nn p dng phng php bi du Silic v xt nn gii quyt m b mt.

19 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi o dy u ngc ca cu in Schering kiu QS1, in p th
nghim khng c vt qu 10kV, cn khi o dy u thun chiu th khng c hn
ch ny?
p: Khi o dy u ngc ca cu in Schering kiu QS1, in p nhnh cu
in i vi t l in p th nghim. Cn in p lm vic ca nhnh cu khi thit
k ch to l 10kV, cho nn khi o dy u ngc, in p th nghim khng c
vt qu 10kV. Khi o dy u thun, in p ca nhnh cu in i vi t l st p
ca nhnh cu, tr s ln nht ca n khng vt qu 100V. V th, ch khi c t in
tiu chun vi in p tng ng th in p th nghim c th a n in p th
nghim m vt th c th chu c, ni chung khng vt qu in p lm vic cho
php ln nht ca thit b in cao p.

- Trang 400 -
19 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p xoay chiu i vi l cch in bng s
ti sao phi xu vo mt vng s nh cch in gia dy dn cp in p ca mi s
cch in?
p: l nhm trc quan, nhanh chng kim tra ra cch in b nh thng.
Do in dung ca vng s nh tng i nh, khong cch khng kh ca n cng rt
nh, di tc dng ca in p cao tn lm vic, khe h khng kh ca vng s s
nhanh chng ion ha, hnh thnh ct h quang, thng qua ct h quang dn cao p n
tng ci cch in. Khi cch in th u tt, khe h trng bn trong vng s l ct h
quang ion ha ca dng in nh, c mu trng xanh; khi mt cch in no b
nh thng, khe h trng trong vng s s c dng in ngn mch tng i ln chy
qua. nh sng ca h quang trong vng s cng bin theo thnh mu , nh vy s c
th cn c vo mu sc ca h quang trong vng s kim tra ra mt cch nhanh
chng, tin li s cch in khng tiu chun.

19 - 2 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi cch in kiu treo mt phin cho in p th nghim tn s cng
cng ln lt trng thi kh v trng thi ma t, loi no in p nh la thp?
Nu cho in p th nghim xung kch th s ra sao?
p: Di tc dng ca in p tn s cng cng, th in p nh la ca cch
in khi ma t s thp hn khi kh ro. l do dng in r tng i ln ca
mng nc b mt cch in lm nng b mt m, ch mt dng in r cc b
ln khin mng nc nng ln, hong kh, st p ch ny tng ln, t dn n
phng in cc b, dn n nh la ton b b mt, khin in p nh la st gim.
Do qu trnh ny pht trin chm, m thi gian tc dng ca in p xung kch sm st
ngn, cho nn nh hng ca ma t i vi in p nh la ca cch in l rt
nh, do di tc dng ca in p xung kch, s chnh lch gia in p nh la
m t vi in p nh la ca cch in khng ln.

19 - 2 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi o dng in r ca b thu li (b trnh st), ti sao khng th cn c
vo tr s in p bn thp p ca bin th th nghim tnh ra cao p u ra mt
chiu m phi nht thit trc tip o hai u vt th nghim bn cao p?
p: Bi v cao p dn ra mt chiu thu c sau khi qua chnh lu na sng,
lc sng bng t in; ng thi dng in r cn sinh ra st p trn in tr bo v.
Cho nn dng tr s in p bn thp p ca bin th th nghim tnh ra cao p dn
ra mt chiu s sinh ra sai s tng i ln. Ngoi ra, i vi b thu li c in tr
song song, do c tnh phi tuyn ca in tr song song, tr s in p a n b thu
li ch cn chnh lch mt t s c nh hng rt ln i vi dng in r, nu in p
chnh lch 10% th dng in r c th chnh lch 30%. V th tr s in p cao mt
chiu phi o trc tip hai u vt th nghim bn cao p.

19 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong tiu chun nh nc mi li ly sai s m ca in dung t
ghp t -10% trc y ln -5%?

- Trang 401 -
p: Bi v t ghp l do nhiu linh kin ni tip thnh. Nguyn nhn ch yu
sai s m in dung khi o l do du thm thu lm cho phn trn khng du. Khi
lng du gim, u cao p bn trn d phng in gy ra s c n, ng thi khi
lng in dung gim 5%, lng du ca n gim xung khng phi bng 5% tng
lng du m l nhiu hn. V th, nng cao tnh hu hiu ca vic gim st phi
nng sai s m ca lng in dung t -10% ca tiu chun b c kh s mt trc
y ln -5% tiu chun quc gia mi.

19 - 2 - 25 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai cch u dy (a), (b) trong hnh 19 - 2 - 25 o dng din r ca vt
th C
X
cch in i vi t, trong R
o
l in tr nc bo v. Hi phng php o
no chnh xc?
p: o theo cch u dy hnh (a) chnh xc. Bi v trong th nghim, dng
in r ca dy dn cao p, b chnh lu v gi cch in ca in tr bo v cng
dng in r ca bn thn bin th u trc tip chy vo u tip t ca bin th th
nghim. A k o c ch l dng in r ca vt th nghim, do tng i chun
xc. Nu u dy theo hnh (b) th trong A k ngoi dng in r chy qua vt th
nghim ra, cc loi dng in r ca u cao p cng chy qua A k, khin c ca
ng h lch ln, nn khng chnh xc.


- Trang 402 -
CHNG XX

NHNG VN KHC

20 - 1 S b in kh

20 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tn s ca ngun in xoay chiu trn my bay thng s dng
400 - 500 Hz?
p: Trong iu kin dung lng bng nhau, tn s ngun in cng cao th
trng lng v kch thc ca thit b in, my in s dng s cng nh, m tn
hao nng lng v st p li cng ln. Trn my bay yu cu trng lng ca thit
b nh, do cng sut nh, mch in ngn, tn hao v st p ln mt cht th vn
khng ln, cho nn thng s dng ngun in xoay chiu 400 ~ 500 Hz?

20 - 1 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt s cng tc hnh trnh c lp thit b hot ng tc th, cn
mt s khc li khng c?
p: Cng tc hnh trnh c lp thit b hot ng tc th l nhm tng nhanh
tc ngt v ng ca u tip xc, t ct mch in mt cch tin cy. Loi cng
tc hnh trnh ny thch hp s dng trng hp tc ca c chn rt chm. C
nhng trng hp tc vn ng ca c chn rt nhanh (1500 mm/pht tr ln) cho
d cng tc hnh trnh khng lp thit b hot ng tc th vn c th ngt mch in
mt cch tin cy. V th, c th s dng cng tc hnh trnh khng lp thit b hot
ng tc th. Gi thnh ca loi cng tc ny tng i r.

20 - 1 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc t hp thp p khng th dng vi mch in cos< 0.3
tr xung?
p: Kt cu ca cng tc t hp nh gn, dung lng tip im nh, khong
cch ca cng tc cng khng ln. Nu h s cng sut ca mch in cos < 0.3, do
in cm ca ph ti tng i ln, khi ngt, mch in s sinh ra qu p tng i
ln (tc in th t cm) dn ti kh dp h quang gia cc tip im, lm chy
cng tc. Cho nn mch in cos < 0.3 khng s dng cng tc t hp thp p.

20 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in tr nc s dng sodium cacbonat m khng dng mui n
cho vo nc?
p: Bi v thnh phn ha hc ca mui n l sodium clorua (NaCl), nc
mui khi dn in s phn gii thnh mt phn kh Clo, c hi cho sc khe con
ngi, hn na d n mn thit b. Nu s dng sodium cacbonat th khng c nhc
im ny. V th, in tr nc ni chung khng dng mui n m dng sodium
cacbonat.


- Trang 403 -


20 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mt in kiu qun dy, in tr khi ng s dng bin tr cht
lng. Ti sao trong mt in mt chiu khng dng bin tr cht lng?
p: Bi v cht lng dng trong bin tr cht lng l nc kim, nu cho vo
in mt chiu s sinh ra tc dng in gii mnh, khin in cc ca bin tr hng
nhanh, thnh phn cht lng cng b ph hoi, cho nn bin tr cht lng khng c
dng trong in mt chiu.

20 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin th ni chung u dng phin mng thp silic lm li st, ti sao
trong bin tr nhy tn s li dng thp tm dy hoc thp ng lm li st?
p: Li st ca bin th ni chung dng dn t, cho nn phin mng thp
silic c tnh dn t tt, tn hao t tr v dng xoy u tng i nh lm li st
Nhng li st ca bin tr nhy tn s l li dng t tr v tn hao dng xoy ca n
c tc dng lm in tr t l thun vi tn s, cho nn s dng thp tm dy, thp ng
c t tr tn hao dng xoy u tng i ln lm li st.


- Trang 404 -
20 - 2 u ni, hn ni v nhit in

20 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Di inh c u dy phi c m lt lm g?
p: Phin m di inh c u dy dng phng nga dy dn trt theo
inh c khi sit cht, tng tnh n hi, phng nga tut dy dn, tng din tch tip
xc gia dy dn vi inh c v tng din tch ta nhit, gim in tr tip xc.

20 - 2 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sut dn in ca ng cao hn thic, ti sao trn u dy ng m mt
lp thic.
p: Trong khng kh m t ng d b oxy ha sinh ra "g ng". N l cht
dn khng tt. Nu trn mt tip xc sinh ra y "g ng" th tip xc s khng tt, do
s nng, gy ra s c, nhng b mt ca thic sau khi oxy ha mt lp mng, va
bm cht b mt phng nga bn trong tip tc oxy ha, nng sut dn in ca cht
oxyt thic li tng i tt, khng dn n s c tip xc khng tt, cho nn thng
m mt lp thic ln u dy ng.

20 - 2 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th dng thic hn ni ch t dy ca linh kin in tr kiu
qun dy?
p: Nu xy ra t dy ch no ca linh kin in tr kiu qun dy, cn
cc ch khc vn tt hon ton th c th khi phc bng phng php hn ni. Nhng
do linh kin in tr thng s dng nhit khong 300
o
C, nn khng cho php
hn ni bng thic m phi hn ni bng vt liu hn cng (ng thau, bc hoc ng
photpho) hoc hn bng phng php in tr.

20 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi hn thic, s dng cao hn thic hay nha thng (tng hng) tt?
p: Ph thic u dy dn v u ni u dng cao du hn thic lm thuc
hn. Nhng trong cao du ny c cha cht c tnh axit, dy dn hn xong d b
en, lu ngy sinh g xanh, c tc dng n mn i vi li v cch in ca dy dn,
thm ch gy ra s c t u dy. Nu i sang dng nha thng cc lm thuc hn,
th u dy hn bng, u, khng c hin tng n mn i vi li v cch in ca
dy dn, bo m cht lng hn.

20 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thit b cao p mt chiu hot ng, ti sao quanh cc cao p bm rt
nhiu bi, cn thit b cao p xoay chiu khng c hin tng ny?
p: Trong bi c rt nhiu ht nh mang in, bnh thng sp xp khng
theo qui tc, khng th hin cc tnh ra ngoi, nhng di tc dng ca in trng
cao p mt chiu, cc tnh ca n s thc hin sp xp nh hng ngc vi chiu
in trng, v cn c vo nguyn l in khc du ht nhau s vn ng n cc cao
p c in th cao nht, bm chung quanh cc cao p. Cn khi xoay chiu, do cc tnh
dng, m ca in trng thay i, cc vt cht mang in ny trong in trng

- Trang 405 -
xoay chiu s bin i cc tnh c tnh chu k, khng sinh ra vn ng nh hng,
nn khi thit b cao p xoay chiu hot ng, khng c hin tng ht bi r rt.

20 - 2 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy dn u vi in tr hnh ng thng phi bc i mt on
cch in ri lng vo vi vng s?
p: Do nhit s dng ca in tr hnh ng l 300
o
C (khi s dng trn a
iu khin cng khong 150
o
C), cn nhit s dng ca dy dn cch in dng
u ni ch c 150
o
C, trnh dy dn b nh hng bi nhit qu cao, v th bc
bt mt on cch in dy dn gn in tr hnh ng ri lng vo vi vng s c
th chu nhit cao cch in.

20 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: M hn qu nng (gi l t cht) ti sao khng lm chy c thic hn?
p: M hn t qu nng, khin u m hn oxy ha mnh, b mt hnh
thnh lp oxyt rt dy, cn tr truyn dn nhit. Nh vy, nhit lng trn u m hn
khng th truyn nhanh n thic hn, nn khng lm nng chy c thic. Do lp
oxy ha khng truyn nhit, nhit lng bn trong m hn ta ra, nhit tng cao,
thi gian lu c th lm t dy nng, thm ch ph hy cch in.

20 - 2 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi hn bng h quang trong kh tr thng d b mt my dao ng cao
tn, c tc dng g?
p: Trong cht kh kh in ly, khi hn tm kim loi mng bng h quang
hoc dng in nh s kh dn h quang, cho d thnh thong c th dn h quang,
nhng tnh n nh ca h quang cng rt km, c thm my dao ng tn s cao s
gii quyt c vn trn, v my dao ng c th chuyn i dng in thp p v
tn s lm vic 50 Hz thnh dng in cao p 2500 vn v tn s cao 200 ~ 250 Hz.
Dng in cao tn, cao p ny sau khi cng vi dng in hn tn s lm vic khin
dn h quang d dng v h quang hn n nh. T bo m cht lng chi tit
hn.

20 - 2 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: L in dy nhit in mt pha sau khi thng in, c ni nng trc. C
phi do ln ca dng in khng bng nhau?
p: Do khong cch gia cc vng ca dy nhit in l in khng bng
nhau, c tha c dy, ch dy kh ta nhit, nng trc. ln ca dng in trong
cng mt mch in lun lun bng nhau.

20 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: L in trong s dng thng pht hin chy t ch u ni gia dy
nhit in l in vi dy dn mm, i sang dng dy ng mt li ni vi dy l
in th t b chy t, ti sao?
p: Dy nhit in l in bin in nng thnh nhit nng, sinh ra nhit
cao. Ch ni gia dy dn mm vi dy l in, nhit rt cao. D sinh ra tc dng

- Trang 406 -
xy ha. Dy dn mm gm nhiu dy ng nh to thnh; s dng cha lu, b mt
dy dn b xy ha thnh lp cht xy ha, khin tit din dn in tr nn nh,
in tr tng, ch ni cng nng d di, khi t ti im nng chy ca ng th ch
ni s b chy t. Nu s dng dy ng mt li di 8 - 10 cm, tit din ln mt cht
ni vi dy l in, mt u khc ca dy ng li ni vi dy dn mm th mt mt
do dy ng mt si tng i ln, mt khc mt xy ha chung s nh hn dy dn
mm do nhiu si dy dn nh hp thnh, nn kh b t. Ch ni gia u kia ca
dy ng mt si vi dy dn mm do cch dy l in nhit cao mt on, chu
nh hng xy ha nhit cao tng i nh nn dy dn mm kh b chy t.
cho an ton thng lun dy ng mt li vo trong ng s nh.

20 - 2 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy dn li nhm sau khi hn ni bng phng php in tr, quy
nh phi sn ln mt lp sn cch in bng nha ng chng kh?
p: Trong qu trnh hn, lm nng chy oxyt nhm, ni chung s dng
thuc hn cha kalium clorua, sodium clorua, cryolite to thnh, nhng n c tc dng
n mn nhm; sau khi hn xong kh lm sch vt thuc. Cho nn, qui nh sau khi hn
phi sn mt lp sn cch in bng nha ng chng kh dng mang thuc hn
kh lm mt.


- Trang 407 -
20 - 3 Xe in

20 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Xe in c ray s dng thnh ph ch c mt cn nhn in, cn xe kiu
dy treo s dng di hm l ni chung u c hai cn nhn in?
p: T nguyn l ca h thng in m ni th mt cn nhn in l c ri.
Nhng do xt ti iu kin di hm l khng tt, nn ng v dy treo khng th
lun lun gi c thng. Xe in chy di hm l chn ng tng i ln, nu ch
c mt cn nhn in, trong khi chy, c th do chn ng khin cn nhn in tut
khi dy dn, nh vy s sinh ra tia la rt ln, lm chy hng dy dn, c kh nng
dn n n hm l. Do tng thm mt cn nhn in, di iu kin tng i xu
cng c th bo m c mt cn nhn in tip xc vi dy dn.

20 - 3 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Pha di ca st ca xe in khng ray lp mt si dy xch st lm
g?
p: Gia thn xe in khng ray vi t b cch in bi bnh xe, nu thit b
in mt chiu 550V trong xe xy ra s c r in th gia thn xe vi t s c hiu
in th (ni chung khong 200 ~ 550V), ngi ng di t chm phi thn xe s b
in git. Nu lp si xch st ni vi thn xe vo di ca st lm tip t th khi
xe ga, ca st m, xch st ri xung t, khin thn xe ni vi mt t, lm gim
hiu in th gia thn xe vi t. Nhng khi bnh thng, mt t kh, in tr tip
t rt ln, mt tc dng bo m an ton. Cn khi tri ma, mt t m t, in tr
tip t ca dy xch tr nn rt nh, nu cch in ca xe in khng tt, th do thn
xe ni lin vi t, hiu in th gia thn xe vi t rt nh, do tuy ngi ng
trn mt t chm phi phn thn xe cng khng b t.

20 - 3 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b phn tip xc ca xe in thnh ph vi dy tri dng ch
phm than, cn di hm l li dng que nhm?
p: Ch phm than c th lm gim mn hng dy tri, st p tip xc ca n
cng khng ln. V th, tng i l tng. Nhng di hm l th rt m t, nu s
dng ch phm than do mi trng km gy st p tip xc qu ln dn n nng
khng th dng c. V th xe in di hm l s dng thanh nhm.

20 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Phin in tr ca bin tr iu chnh tc dng trn xe in ti sao u
ch to bng gang?
p: Vt liu phin in tr bng gang r tin, nu dng vt liu khc th gi
thnh s tng mnh. Ch to in tr bng phin gang n gin, cn c vo yu cu
iu chnh tc khc nhau, c th ty tng gim phin gang t c tr s in
tr va . Cho nn ni chung in tr iu chnh tc cng sut ln u ch to bng
gang. Do phm vi cn iu chnh ca xe in ln, cng sut ca bin tr iu chnh tc
s yu cu ln, cho nn s dng phin in tr bng gang.


- Trang 408 -
20 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc trn tm chn iu khin ca
xe din khng ray u b tr theo chiu hnh (a) trong hnh 20
- 3 - 5 m khng b tr theo chiu hnh (b)?
p: Mi tn di hnh th hin chiu tin ln ca xe
in. Khi xe in khng ray phanh gp trong lc chy, nu b
tr b tip xc theo chiu ca hnh (a), th chiu lc qun tnh
m u tip xc ng chu s thng nht vi chiu lc phn
tc dng ca l xo khin u tip xc duy tr v tr ngt, nu b
tr b tip xc theo chiu hnh (b) th lc qun tnh m u
tip xc ng chu s khc phc lc phn tc dng ca l xo, khin u tip xc t
ng ng, u thng mch in ng lc, xe s khi ng li, xy ra s c nghim
trng. Cho nn, khng cho php b tr theo chiu hnh (b).



- Trang 409 -
20 - 4 Linh tinh

20 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao im dng chung ca mt in u hnh sao ba pha ph thng
khng bc cch in th khng c vn g, cn im dng chung ca mt in trn
my ti khng bc cch in th im gia c lc in git?
p: Khi mt thng in ba pha, tng vect ca in p ba pha bng 0, cho
nn khi ph ti ba pha cn bng, in th ca im dng chung bng 0, khng bc
cch in, vn khng ln. Cn mt in trn my ti a phn iu khin bng
cng tc in t hoc b iu khin hnh trng. Khi cng tc in t thng in, ngun
in mt pha thng thng n mt in, v th in th ca im dng chung l in
th ca dy ngun in i vi t, cho nn chm phi l s t tay. Ngay khi quay bnh
thng, do bin tr ca rto kiu qun dy u p dng phng php ct khng cn
bng ba pha, dng in ba pha ca rto v stato khng cn bng th im dng chung
i vi t vn c in th, cho nn im dng chung nht thit phi bc cch in tt.

20 - 4 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao qui nh trn thit b in ca my cu khng c dng dy dn
nhm m ch c th dng dy dn bng ng?
p: Cng c hc ca dy dn bng nhm km, d gy t. Nht l trong
phn xng gia cng nhit, dy dn nhm cng d b n mn ca cc cht kh c tnh
n mn dn n t gy ch ni. Do t dy dn ng dy thit b in ca my cu
s dn n nguy him rt ln, v th mi qui nh dng dy ng, khng c dng
dy nhm.

20 - 4 - 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ca ca trm bin in ti sao phi m ra ngoi v khng c c kha t
ng?
p: l nhm phng nga khi trm bin in xy ra s c chy du hoc
n, nhn vin lm vic c th nhanh chng thot ra khi ni s c mt cch an ton.

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