V

UY

P L
X L D L U

TI 6:

m hiu cc loi nh JPEG

io vin hng dn:

PGS.TS. Nguyn

Th Hong Lan

Sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Vn Ha

20081020

TTM-K53

Nguyn Khnh Hng

20081279

TTM-K53

L B Huy

20081131

TTM-K53

Nguyn L Hoi Nam

20081819

TTM-K53

Thn Vn Quang

20082082

TTM-K53

Trn Vn Ton

20082715

TTM-K53

Nguyn Hong Vit

20083139

TTM-K53

Trn Minh Hi

20086357

SPKT-K53

4/2012

M U ............................................................................................................ 4

A.

DU

B.

........................................................................................................ 5

ii thiu chung v chun JPE ................................................................ 5

I.
1.

2.

II.

Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................... 5

1.1.

JPEG l g ?......................................................................................... 5

1.2.

u nhc im ca phng php nn nh JPEG ............................... 6

Cc loi JPEG ............................................................................................. 7

2.1.

JPEG (1992) ........................................................................................ 7

2.2.

LS-JPEG (Lossness JPEG) ................................................................. 8

2.3.

JPEGSearch ...................................................................................... 10

2.4.

JPEGXR ............................................................................................ 11

thut nn nh JPE ............................................................................. 11

1.

Gii thiu chung v k thut nn nh ....................................................... 11

2.

Phng php nn nh JPEG ly tin(JPEG progressive) ......................... 15

2.1.

S khi ......................................................................................... 15

2.2.

Phn tch s khi .......................................................................... 16

2.2.1. Bin i DCT ............................................................................... 16

2.2.2. Lng t ha ................................................................................ 18
2.2.3. Qut zig-zag ................................................................................. 19
2.2.4. M ha thnh phn DC ................................................................ 20
2.2.5. M ha thnh phn AC ................................................................ 22
2.2.6. Gii nn ........................................................................................ 23
2.3.

Gii thch mc ch ........................................................................... 24

2.4.
3.

c im ca nn JPEG ly tin ...................................................... 25

Phng php nn nh JPEG khng tn hao(JPEG Lossless) ................... 26

3.1.

Khi nim .......................................................................................... 26

3.2.

Cc phng php .............................................................................. 26

3.2.1. Phng php m ha di lot RLE ......................................... 26

3.2.2. Phng php m ha Huffman .................................................... 28
3.2.3. Phng php m ha Lemple Ziv ............................................. 32
3.2.4. Phng php m d on............................................................. 33
III.

ng dng ca cc loi JPE ................................................................. 35

h nghim nn nh JPE

IV.

v so snh ................................................. 36

1.

Mi trng cng c .................................................................................. 36

2.

Th nghim kt qu v so snh ................................................................ 37

LU ..................................................................................................... 41

C.

L U
P

...................................................................................... 42
V ................................................................................... 43

A. M U
Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca my tnh v s ra i ca Internet th vic
tm mt phng php nn nh gim bt khng gian lu tr thng tin v truyn
thng tin trn mng nhanh chng ang l mt yu cu cn thit. Trong nhng nm
gn y, c rt nhiu cc phng php v ang c nghin cu rng ri thc
hin vic nn nh. Tt c u vi mt mc ch chung l lm th no biu din
mt nh vi dung lng t nht c th ti thiu ho dung lng knh truyn v
khng gian lu tr trong khi vn gi c tnh trung thc ca nh. V JPEG l mt
trong nhng phng php nn nh kh hiu qu.Trong ti ny chng ta nghin
cu v : Cc loi nh JPE

B.
I.

ii thiu chung v chun JPE

1.

ii thiu chung

DU

1.1. JPEG l g ?
JPEG vit tt ca Joint Photographic Experts Group l tn ca mt nhm
nghin cu pht minh ra chun ny, t nm 1986 nhm nghin cu a ra
chun nn nh JPEG v n nm 1994 JPEG c khng nh vi tiu chun ISO
10918-1. JPEG l nh dng nn nh c tn tht, mc d c s thay i ca cc bin
th nhng n vn gi c nguyn l ca chun nn c bn JPEG (cc nh dng
m rng khc nh .jpg, .jpeg, .jpe, .jfif v .jif).
JPEG c s dng lu tr nh v truyn qua mng Internet (World Wide
Web). nh dng nn JPEG c s dng trong tt c my nh k thut s c kch
thc rt nh nn thng chp c nhiu nh trn mt th nh, JPEG d hin th
trn mn hnh, nh c th chuyn nhanh qua th in t (dung lng t 300KB n
700KB), nh JPEG cht lng cao c dung lng khong vi MB hay ln hn,
khuyt im chnh ca nh JPEG l nh c cht lng thp, nh thng b suy gim
nu so vi nh gc.
Cng ngh nn nh JPEG l mt trong nhng cng ngh nn nh hiu qu,
cho php lm vic vi cc nh c nhiu mu v kch c ln. T l nn nh t mc
so snh ti vi chc ln. Tuy nhin c ci ny phi mt ci khc, l quy lut
b tr t nhin.
Thng thng cc nh mu hin nay dng 8 bit (1 byte) hay 256 mu thay
cho tng mc cng ca cc mu , xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Nh th mi
im ca nh cn 3 byte lu m mu, v lng byte mt nh mu ny chim gp
24 ln nh trng en cng c. Vi nhng nh ny cc phng php nn nh nh IFF
(Image File Format) theo phng php RLE (Run Length Encoding) khng mang
li hiu qu v h s nn ch t ti 2:1 hay 3:1 (tt nhin l kt qu nn theo
phng php RLE ph thuc vo c th tng loi nh, v d nh kt qu rt tt vi
5

cc loi nh t i mu). u im cao ca phng php ny l nh nn sau khi

gii nn s trng khp vi nh ban u. Mt s phng php nn khc khng
mt thng tin nh ca Lempel - Ziv - Welch (LZW) c th cho h s nn ti 6:1.
Nhng nh th vn cha tht p ng yu cu i hi thc t.
Phng php nn nh theo thun JPEG c th t h s nn ti 80:1 hay ln
hn, nhng phi chu mt thng tin (nh sau khi gii nn khc vi nh ban u),
lng thng tin mt mt tng dn theo h s nn. Tuy nhin s mt mt thng tin
ny khng b lm mt cch cu th. JPEG tin hnh sa i thng tin nh khi nn
sao cho nh mi gn ging nh nh c, khin phn ng mi ngi khng nhn
thy s khc bit. V bn hon ton c th qun l s mt mt ny bng cch hn
ch h s nn. Nh th ngi dng c th cn nhc gia ci li ca vic tit kim b
nh v mc mt thng tin ca nh, chn phng n thch hp.
1.2.

u nhc im ca phng php nn nh JPE

u im
JPEG cho php nn nh vi t s nn ln n 80:1 hoc cao hn, hin th cc

hnh nh y mu hn (full-colour) cho nh dng di ng m kch thc file li

nh hn.JPEG cng c s dng rt nhiu trn Web. Li ch chnh ca chng l
chng c th hin th cc hnh nh vi mu chnh xc true-colour (chng c th ln
n 16 triu mu), iu cho php chng c s dng tt nht cho cc hnh nh
chp v hnh nh minh ha c s lng mu ln.
hc im
Nhc im chnh ca nh dng JPEG l chng c nn bng thut ton
lossy (mt d liu). iu ny c ngha rng hnh nh ca bn s b mt mt s chi
tit khi chuyn sang nh dng JPEG. ng bao gia cc khi mu c th xut
hin nhiu im m, v cc vng s mt s r nt, t s nn cng cao th s mt mt
thng tin trn nh JPEG cng ln. Ni mt cch khc, nh dng JPEG thc hin
bo qun tt c thng tin mu trong hnh nh , tuy nhin vi cc hnh nh cht
lng mu cao high-colour nh hnh nh chp th iu ny s khng h hn g.Cc
nh JPEG khng th lm trong sut hoc chuyn ng - trong trng hp ny bn
s s dng nh dng GIF (hoc nh dng PNG to trong sut).
6

2.

c loi JPE

2.1. JPEG (1992)

y l loi JPEG tiu chun. Phng php nn nh da trn nguyn l sau:
nh mu trong khng gian ca 3 mu RGB (Red Green Blue) c bin i v h
YUV (hay YCBCr) (iu ny khng phi l nht thit, nhng nu thc hin th cho
kt qu nn cao hn). H YUV l kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh sn xut v tuyn
truyn hnh h Pal, Secam v NTSC, nhn thy tn hiu video c th phn ra 3 thnh
phn Y, U, V (cng nh phn theo mu chun , xanh l cy v xanh da tri). V
mt iu th v l th gic ca con ngi rt nhy cm vi thnh phn Y v km
nhy cm vi hai loi U v V. Phng php JPEG nm bt pht hin ny tch
nhng thng tin tha ca nh. H thng nn thnh phn Y ca nh vi mc t
hn so vi U, V, bi ngi ta t nhn thy s thay i ca U v V so vi Y.
Giai on tip theo l bin i nhng vng th hin dng bin i cosin ri rc
(thng thng l nhng vng 8x8 pixel). Khi thng tin v 64 pixel ban u s
bin i thnh ma trn c 64 h s th hin "thc trng" cc pixel. iu quan trng
l y h s u tin c kh nng th hin "thc trng" cao nht, kh nng
gim rt nhanh vi cc h s khc. Ni cch khc th lng thng tin ca 64 pixel
tp trung ch yu mt s h s ma trn theo bin i trn. Trong giai on ny c
s mt mt thng tin, bi khng c bin i ngc chnh xc. Nhng lng thng
tin b mt ny cha ng k so vi giai on tip theo. Ma trn nhn c sau bin
i cosin ri rc c lc bt s khc nhau gia cc h s. y chnh l lc mt
nhiu thng tin v ngi ta s vt b nhng thay i nh ca cc h s. Nh th khi
gii nn nh nn bn s c c nhng tham s khc ca cc pixel. Cc bin i
trn p dng cho thnh phn U v V ca nh vi mc cao hn so vi Y (mt
nhiu thng tin ca U v V hn). Sau th p dng phng php m ha ca
Huffman: Phn tch dy s, cc phn t lp li nhiu c m ha bng k hiu
ngn (marker). Khi gii nn nh ngi ta ch vic lm li cc bc trn theo qu
trnh ngc li cng vi cc bin i ngc.

V phng php ny thc hin vi cc vng nh (thng thng l 8 x 8 pixel)

nn hay xut hin s mt mt thng tin trn vng bin ca cc vng (block) ny.
Hin nay ngi ta gii quyt vn ny bng cch lm trn nh sau khi bung
nn che lp s khc bit ca bin gii gia cc block. Mt h nn nh theo chun
JPEG cng algorithm lm trn nh c cng ty ASDG a ra trong h Art
Department Professional.
2.2. LS-JPEG (Lossness JPEG)
LS-JPEG c pht trin nh s b sung mun mng cho JPEG vo nm
1993, bng cch s dng mt k thut khc nhau t tiu chun JPEG c. N s
dng 1 h thng d bo c sp xp da trn ba im ln cn (upper, left and
upper-left) v entropy m ha da trn cc li d bo.
Khng ging nh ch mt d liu da trn DCT, cc qu trnh m ha
khng mt mt thng tin da trn m hnh tin on m n gin gi l chuyn m
xung vi sai (Differential Pulse Code Modulation-DPCM) . y l mt m hnh d
on cc gi tr mu t cc mu ln cn c m ha trong hnh nh .Hu ht cc
d on ly trung bnh ca cc mu ngay lp tc bn trn v bn tri ca mu mc
tiu. DPCM m ha s khc bit gia cc mu d on thay v mi mu m ha c
lp.S khc bit t mt trong nhng mu tip theo thng l gn bng khng.

Cc bc chnh ca ch hot ng khng gim cht lng c m t

trong hnh 2

Trong qu trnh ny, d bo cc kt hp ti a ba mu ln cn ti A, B, v C

c th hin trong hnh 3 d bo gi tr ca mu ti v tr dn nhn ca X.

Ba mu lng ging phi c c d on mu . Bt k mt trong nhng

d on cho thy trong bng di y c th c s dng c tnh mu t ti .
Bt k mt trong tm d on c lit k trong bng c th c s dng. Lu
rng cc la chn 1, 2, v 3 c d on mt chiu v la chn 4, 5, 6, v 7 c
d on hai chiu. Gi tr la chn u tin trong bng, bng khng, ch c s
dng m ha khc bit ch phn cp hot ng. Mt khi tt c cc mu
c d on, s khc bit gia cc mu c th c ly v entropy-m ha trong
mt thi trang khng gim cht lng bng cch s dng m ha Huffman hoc m
s hc .

Thut ton LoCo-I

Ct li ca LS-JPEG da trn cc thut ton LoCo-I. Trong thut ton LoCoI, cnh c pht hin ban u ca cc cnh theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc bng
cch kim tra cc im nh ln cn ca im nh X hin thi nh trong hnh 3.Cc
im nh c nhn B c s dng trong trng hp ca cnh thng ng trong khi
im c nhn A s dng trong trng hp cnh ca cnh nm ngang.iu d on
n gin ny c gi l pht hin cnh trung v(Median Edge Dectection-MED)
hay d on LoCo-I(LoCo-I predictor)
im nh X c d on bng LoCo-I predictor theo tiu ch sau y:

Ba d on n gin c chn theo cc iu kin:(1) n c khuynh hng

nhn B trong trng hp tn ti cnh dc tri ca X,(2) A trong trng hp cnh
nm ngang pha trn, hoc (3) A+B-C nu khng c cnh no c pht hin.
2.3. JPEGSearch
Ngy nay, nhiu nh dng siu d liu khc nhau tn ti m t hnh nh
nhng vn cn nhiu vn trong kh nng tng tc.Trong bi cnh ,trng tm
chnh ca JPEGSearch l cung cp mt kh nng tng tc tt hn trong tm kim
hnh nh. Phin bn hin ti ca d n JPSearch c chia thnh 5 phn chnh.
Phn 1 c c hon thnh: N m t cu trc tng th ca JPSearch,
mt tp hp ln cc trng hp v phc tho mt kho phc hi hnh nh v cc
thnh phn ca n.
Phn 2: ng k, nhn dng, v qun l cc siu d liu lc (Registration,
Identification, and Management of Metadata Schema): c gng vt qua
nhng rc ri trong m hnh siu d liu.
Phn 3:nh dng Truy vn JPSearch(JPSearch Query Format): cung cp mt
giao thc thng bo chun khi phc hnh nh.

10

Phn 4: Tp tin nh dng cho cc siu d liu nhng vo d liu hnh nh

(JPEG v JPEG 2000).
Phn 5: nh dng trao i d liu gia Kho Hnh nh(Data Interchange
Format between Image Repositories).
2.4. JPEGXR
L 1 nh dng hnh nh cung cp 1 s ci tin so vi JPEG
-

Kh nng nn tt hn: JPEG XR nh dng tp tin h tr t l nn cao hn so

vi JPEG m ha mt hnh nh vi cht lng tng ng.

Nn khng mt mt

H tr cu trc lt(Tile structure support) .

- Cht lng mu tt hn v h tr High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging.
- H tr bn trong sut(Transparency map support)
- Gim bt vng nn nh(Compressed-domain image modification)
- H tr siu d liu(Metadata support)

II.
1.

thut nn nh JPE
ii thiu chung v k thut nn nh
Cc k thut nn nh hng ti vic gii quyt bi ton gim khi lng

thng tin cn thit m t nh s. Nn tng ca qu trnh nn l loi b d tha c

trong tn hiu. Phng php nn hiu qu nht thng s dng cc bin i ton
hc bin ma trn cc im nh trong khng gian hai chiu sang mt khng gian
hai chiu khc, ni mc tng quan gia cc h s bin i mi nh hn. Nh
chng ta bit, d tha trong tn hiu nh s ph thuc vo mc tng quan
gia cc im nh, tng quan ln th d tha cng ln.
Phn loi cc phng php nn nh:
Phn loi theo nguyn l nn
-

Nn khng tn hao (Lossless data reduction)

Nn c tn hao (Loss data reduction)

Phn loi theo cch thc hin nn

-

Phng php khng gian (Spatial Data Compression): cc phng

php nn bng cch tc ng trc tip ln im nh.
11

Phng php s dng bin i (Transform Coding): phng php

nn s dng cc php bin i khng gian, qu trnh nn c
thc hin bng cch tc ng ln nh bin i.

D tha trong d liu

d tha s liu l vn trung tm trong nn nh s. d tha c xc
nh nh sau: nu

l lng s liu trong hai tp hp s liu cng c

dng biu din lng thng tin cho trc th d tha s liu tng i

ca

tp s liu th nht so vi tp s liu th hai c th c nh ngha nh sau:

vi
Trong trng hp

th = 0, iu ny c ngha l so vi tp s liu th

hai th tp s liu th nht khng cha s liu d tha. Khi

<<

th

tin ti

tin ti mt, c ngha l d tha s liu tng i ca tp s liu

v cng v

th nht l kh ln so vi tp s liu th hai.

Cht lng nh nn c th thay i ty theo c im ca hnh nh ngun v
ni dung nh. C th nh gi cht lng nh nn theo s bit cho mt im trong
nh nn (

c xc nh bng tng s bit dng m t nh nn chia cho

).

tng s im nh:
= S bit nn/S im
Trong l thuyt nn nh s c th phn bit ba loi d tha s liu khc nhau
-

D tha m (Coding Redundancy)

D tha trong pixel (Interpixel Redundancy)

D tha tm sinh l

12

 iu ch nh gi cht lng hnh nh

Qu trnh nn nh thng i i vi vic nh nn b bin dng so vi nh gc.
V vy, cn xc nh tiu ch v phng php nh gi mt cch khch quan lng
thng tin v nh b mt i sau khi nn. C th nh gi mc sai s gia hai
nh thng qua mc sai lch trung bnh bnh phng RMS (Root Mean Square).
Cho

l nh gc,

l nh khi phc sau khi nn. Khc bit tuyt i

gia hai nh l:

Sai s trung bnh nnh phng c tnh theo cng thc:

Thng thng, khi gi tr RMS thp, cht lng nh nn s tt. Tuy nhin,
trong mt s trng hp cht lng hnh nh nn khng nht thit phi t l thun
vi gi tr RMS. Mt phng php nh gi cht lng nh nn khc da trn t l
tn hiu/nhiu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) - t l tn hiu/ nhiu

M hnh h thng nn d liu

Hnh 5: S h thng nn tn h u

13

H thng truyn dn s dng cc phng php nn tn hiu khc nhau c th

c m t bng s khi nh hnh trn. Cc thnh phn quan trng nht trong h
thng l b m ha v gii m.
m ha ngun v gii m ngun
B m ha ngun thc hin qu trnh loi b cc thnh phn d tha trong nh
gc. Thng thng, b m ha ngun c cu trc nh trn hnh sau:

Hnh 6: S b m ha ngun
B chuyn i
Thng dng cc php bin i khng gian chuyn nh trong khng
gian thc sang mt khng gian khc, ni cc h s chuyn i c mc
tng quan thp hn. Kt qu nhn c l ma trn cc h s bin i.
B lng t ha
S dng phng php lng t khng ng u nhm trit tiu cc h s
bin i c nng lng thp hoc ng vai tr khng quan trng khi khi
phc nh. Qu trnh lng t khng c tnh thun nghch: nh khi phc
s b bin dng so vi nh gc.
B m ha
Gn mt t m (mt dng bit nh phn) cho mt mc lng t
Cu trc b gii m ngun

Hnh 7: S b g m ngun
B gii m: Thc hin gii m tn hiu nhn c cho ra ma trn cc
h s ca nh bin i.
14

 B chuyn i: Thc hin bin i nghch (so vi qu trnh bin i

b m ha) khi phc li nh s ban u.
m ha v gii m knh
Khi truyn tn hiu qua knh truyn c nhiu, lm gim nh hng ca
nhiu ti tn hiu ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php m bng cch thm
mt s thng tin d tha vo chui tn hiu cn truyn i. Ty thuc vo phng
php m ha, ti pha thu, sau khi gii m knh, chng ta c th pht hin c li
trong chui tn hiu va nhn c (do nhiu knh gy ra) hoc c th ng thi
thc hin sa cc li .
2. Phng php nn nh JPE

ly tin(JPEG progressive)

Khai trin DCT l k thut then cht trong JPEG v n cho php nn nh vi
cht lng tt nht ti tc bit thp, gii thut chuyn i nhanh v d dng thc
hin bng phn cng.
2.1. S khi

Hnh 8: S kh b m ha nh theo JPEG

Trc khi a ti b chuyn i DCT, nh mu gc phi c phn tch
thnh cc nh n sc v c s ha theo mt trong nhng tiu chun hin hnh.
15

nh chi (Y) v hai mu n sc UV (chun PL) hoc IQ (chun NTSC) c chia

thnh cc block 8*8 v a ti b chuyn i DCT. Kch thc cc block l 8*8
c chn bi 2 l do: (1) cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy hm tng quan gia
cc im nh suy gim rt nhanh khi khong cch gia cc pixel vt qu 8; (2)
kch thc 8*8 tin li cho vic tnh ton v thit k phn cng.
B chuyn i DCT bin i ma trn nh
cng kch thc. Ma trn

8*8 thnh ma trn h s

c a ti b lng t ha. Cc h s

DCT s c lng t ha da trn cc bng lng t. Tn hiu chi v tn hiu

mu s c lng t theo cc bng lng t khc nhau. Ma trn h s DCT nhn
c sau b lng t

. H s

l thnh phn trung bnh (thnh phn

DC) ca mi block c a ti b m ha vi sai (DPCM). Cc h s khc (thnh

phn AC) trong tng block c c ra theo trnh t zigzag v a ti b m ha
lot di (RLC). Cui cng chui d liu t hai b m ha DPCM v RLC c m
ha mt ln na bng m Entropy. D liu nn cng cc bng m v bng lng t
c kt hp li thnh file nh nn theo chun JPEG.
Sau y, chng ta s phn tch tng khu trong qu trnh nn nh JPEG ly
tin.
2.2. Phn tch s khi
2.2.1.

in i D

Cng on u tin ca qu trnh nn theo JPEG l bin i cosin ri rc DCT

(Discrete Cosine Transform). DCT bin i d liu t min khng gian sang min
tn s. DCT c s dng tng i rng ri v n c c tnh "gi" nng lng tt,
bin i DCT cho kt qu l cc s thc, ngoi ra c cc thut ton nhanh thc
hin bin i ny.
Bin i DCT c thc hin trong phm vi cc khi 88 mu tn hiu chi Y
v cc khi tng ng ca tn hiu hiu mu (UV hoc IQ).

16

Bin i DCT hai chiu (2-D) c dng cho cc khi nh c kch thc 88.
Qu trnh bin i thun DCT (Forward DCT) dng trong tiu chun JPEG c
nh ngha nh sau:
(3.1)
Trong :
cc mu ca nh gc trong block 8*8 pixel
- cc h s ca khi DCT 8*8

Phng trnh trn l kt qu ca hai phng trnh DCT mt chiu, mt cho

tn s ngang v mt cho tn s dc. Trong ma trn h s DCT hai chiu, h s th
nht F(0,0) bng gi tr trung bnh ca cc im nh trong block 8*8.
(3.2)
Cc h s nm cc dng di thnh phn mt chiu, c trng cho cc tn
s cao hn ca tn hiu theo chiu dc. Cc h s nm cc ct bn phi ca thnh
phn mt chiu c trng cho cc tn s cao hn theo chiu ngang. H s F(0,7) l
thnh phn c tn s cao nht theo chiu ngang ca block nh 88, v h s F(7,0)
c trng cho thnh phn c tn s cao nht theo chiu dc. Cn cc h s khc ng
vi nhng phi hp khc nhau ca cc tn s theo chiu dc v chiu ngang.
Php bin i DCT hai chiu l bin i i xng v bin i nghch cho
php ti to li cc gi tr mu f(j,k) trn c s cc h s F(u,v) theo cng thc sau:
(3.2)

17

Bn thn php bin i DCT khng nn c d liu, t 64 mu ta nhn

c 64 h s. Trong cc h s DCT, thnh phn DC thng c gi tr ln nht, cc
h s nm k n ng vi tn s thp c gi tr nh hn, cc h s cn li ng vi tn
s cao thng c gi tr rt nh.
Trn hnh v 9 l mt v d minh ha qu trnh bin i DCT hai chiu cho
mt block 88 im nh (chi) c trch ra t mt nh thc. Thnh phn chi Y
sau khi s ha s c bin cc mu nm trong khong 0-255, cc mu ca thnh
phn mu CR,CB c bin cc i l 128. c th s dng mt b m ha
DCT cho c tn hiu chi v mu, tn hiu Y c dch mc xung di bng cch
tr 128 t mi gi tr pixel trong block 8x8. b gii m DCT, gi tr ny s c
cng thm vo cc gi tr chi sau khi gii nn. Gi tr h s DC ca khi DCT dao
ng trong khong t

Hnh 9: Kt qu cc bc nn nh theo JPEG v bng lng t Q(u, v)

2.2.2. Lng t ha
Bc tip theo ca qu trnh nn nh l bc lng t ha cc h s DCT
F(u,v) vi mc ch lm gim s lng bit cn thit dng m t nhng h s .
Cc h s tng ng vi tn s thp thng c gi tr ln, nhng h s ny cha
phn ln nng lng ca tn hiu, do chng phi c lng t ha vi chnh
xc cao. Ring h s DC cn m ha vi chnh xc cao nht, bi l h s ny l
18

gi tr chi trung bnh ca tng block nh. S thay i chi trung bnh ca cc
block s nh hng rt nhiu ti cht lng ca nh nn.
thc hin qu trnh nn d liu, ma trn cc h s khai trin sau DCT phi
c chia cho bng trng s Q(u,v) loi b mt phn cc h s DCT c bin
nh (thng l cc thnh phn cao tn).
JPEG s dng phng php lng t khng ng u, cc h s c tn s
thp c chia cho cc gi tr nh, cc h s ng vi tn s cao c chia cho cc
gi tr ln hn, kt qu s c lm trn (b i cc phn thp phn):

Trn hnh 9 m t qu trnh bin i DCT: nh gc (a), ma trn h s DCT trc (b)
v sau khi lng t ha (d) bng cch chia cho bng lng t Q(u,v) (c).
2.2.3. Qut zig-zag
m ha entropy cc h s

, trc ht, cn bin i ma trn h s

thnh chui s mt chiu. Trong k thut JPEG s dng phng php c

theo ng zig-zag. Vic c 64 h s ca khi 8*8 pixel theo ng zig-zag (hnh
3.1.3) lm tng ti a di ca chui cc gi tr 0 lin tip. Nh vy hiu qu nn
khi dng m RLC s tng.

Hnh 10: Qut zig-zag cc h s lng t ha DCT

19

2.2.4. M ha thnh phn D

Cc h s DC l gi tr trung bnh ca cc khi nh 8x8. chi trung bnh
ca cc block nh gn nhau thng t bin i, do trong chun nn JPEG, cc h
s DC c m ha theo phng php DPCM. tng hiu sut nn, kt qu nhn
c sau c m ha tip bng m Huffman. Trn l thuyt, di ng ca cc
gi tr nhn c sau khi m ha DPCM ln gp i di ng ca cc h s DCT,
c ngha l thnh phn ny s c gi tr nm trong khong

. S

lng bt cn thit m ha thnh phn DC c th ln ti 11.

S khi b m ha thnh phn DC

Hnh 11: S b m ha th nh phn DC

H s DC ca cc block DCT c ln lt a ti b DPCM. Thnh phn sai
s gia hai h s DC lien tip s c m ha trong b m Huffman. Qu trnh m
ha Huffman c thc hin cho thnh phn DC nh sau: 1- D tm trong bng
phn loi tm loi ca gi tr DC. ( loi chnh l chiu di t m dng
m ha thnh phn DC); 2 Dng bng m Huffman cho thnh phn DC tm ra
t m cho loi DC tm c bc 1; 3 M ha nh phn gi tr DC; 4
Ghp cc t m Huffman v gi tr nh phn ca DC c c t m cho thnh
phn DC.
Trn hnh 12 v 13 l cc bng tra cn thit thc hin m ha thnh phn
DC.

20

nh 12: Bng phn lo cc h s AC v DC

nh 13:Bng m uffman cho th nh phn DC

nh 14: Block h s DCT cn c m ha

V d: Thnh phn DC trong block trn hnh 14 c gi tr
phn DC ca block trc l
tr DC=

=15. Gi s thnh

. Nh vy kt qu m ha DPCM s l gi

. Trn bng 12, ta c DC=3 thuc loi 2.

21

Da vo bng m Huffman ta c t m tng ng vi loi 2 l (01) 2

chnh l di t m. Gi tr DC=3 c biu din bng chui nh phn 11.
Nh vy t m DC s l 0111.
2.2.5. M ha thnh phn
S khi ca b m ha thnh phn AC c biu din trn hnh 15

nh 15:B m ha th nh phn AC
Chui cc h s AC c ln lt a vo b m ha RLC. u ra ta nhn
c cc t m bao gm hai thnh phn: 1) Gi tr chy l s lng bit "0" ng
trc h s khc "0" ang c m ha; 2) bin ca h s khc "0" ni trn. T
m Huffman ng vi cp gi tr trn c tm ra trong bng phn loi 12 v bng
m Huffman cho thnh phn AC (hnh 16). T m AC s bao gm t m Huffman
v gi tr bin (nh phn) ca h s AC.
V d: Sau qu trnh qut zig-zag, t block h s DCT trn hnh 14 ta nhn
c chui h s AC sau:
0, -2, -1, -1, -1, 0 , 0,-1, 0 , 0
Chui bt nhn c sau b m RLC l:
(1,-2) (0, -1) (0, -1) (0, -1) (2,-1) (EOB)
Sau h s khc "0" cui cng, chng ta t t m c bit bo hiu kt thc
khi, t m ny c tn l EOB End Of Block.
S dng bng phn loi (hnh 12) chng ta tm c loi ca bin cc h
s. Tn hiu c a vo m ha Huffman c cu trc sau:
(1,2)(-2), (0,1)(-1), (0,1)(-1), (0,1)(-1) (2,1)(-1), (0,0)

22

 ngha ca cc gi tr trong chui trn c gii thch trong hnh sau:

nh 16:Bng m uffman cho th nh phn AC

T m Hufman cho tng cp gi tr chy v loi c th c tm ra sau khi tra bng
trn hnh 16. Kt qu m ha cc thnh phn AC v DC c tp hp li thnh
chui bt c dng nh sau:

C th thy rng ch cn 35 bits truyn i block 64 im nh, nh vy hiu qu

nn ca phng php JPEG trong trng hp ny l 0.5 bit/im nh.
2.2.6.

ii nn

S khi b gii nn nh JPEG biu din trn hnh 17. Qu trnh gii nn
JPEG c thc hin vi trnh t ngc vi qu trnh m ha. u tin, b gii m
tch thng tin ghi trong phn Header ca nh nn: l bng m v bng lng t.

23

nh 17: S kh b g m tn h u JPEG
Cc bng ny c a ti khi gii m entropy v khi lng t ngc. D
liu mang tin tc v nh c ln lt a qua b gii m entropy, gii m DPCM
v RLC. Cc h s DC v AC sau khi gii m sau s c sp xp theo th t
to ra block h s DCT ging nh pha coder. Qu trnh lng t ngc c
thc hin theo cng thc:
(3.1.6)
l bng lng t ging nh bng lng t dng coder.
Tp h s DCT F(u,v) c a vo khi bin i DCT nghch theo cng thc
3.1.6 to ra block nh gii nn.
2.3.

ii thch mc ch
Nn JPEG thng thng cc block nh c khi phc theo trnh t t tri

sang phi, t trn xung di. nh ch c hin th khi nhn c tt c cc gi

tin pha pht. V vy khi truyn nh s cht lng cao qua mng bng thng hp,
thi gian truyn nh c th tng i lu, ngi xem phi ch mt thi gian di.
Phng php nn JPEG ly tin thc hin ghi d liu theo cch c bit (c cc

24

block vo khi DCT) decoder c th gii m ton b nh mc th ngay m

khng cn ch n khi qu trnh truyn nh kt thc.
2.4.

c im ca nn JPE

ly tin

C 3 gii thut ghi d liu:

Gii thut la chn ph:

Cc h s DCT ng vi tn s thp ca cc block 8*8 c truyn i
trc, v d, tt c cc h s F(0,0) ca cc block c truyn ln lt
theo th t t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. K tip l chui cc
h s F(0,1), F(1,0) v.v. Pha thus au khi nhn c cc h s F(0,0),
decoder c th nhanh chng khi phc c nh th, vi phn
gii thp hn 64 ln nh gc, v cc im nh trong khi 8*8 im u
c gi tr bng F(0,0) ( tc gi tr tring bnh ca block).
Gii thut xp x
Tt c cc h s DCT c gi i trc c chnh xc thp hn, th
d bc 1 truyn 4 bits, bc 2 truyn thm 4 bits, bc 3 truyn nt
2 bits cn li ca s nh phn biu din bin h s AC
Gii thut kt hp
Da trn nguyn tc kt hp c 2 gii thut chia ph v xp x.

Minh ha cho phng php nn JPEG ly tin

nh gc

25

Hnh 18: Cc pha g m nh nn theo JPEG ly t n

Vi phng php nn v gii nn theo JPEG ly tin, ngi quan st s khng
thy kh chu khi phi ngi ch trc mn hnh trng trong mt thi gian di. Hn
na khi quan st c ni dung chnh ca nh, ngi nhn c th nhanh chng
quyt nh ti tip hay ngng qu trnh ti nh. Vi c ch nh vy, b m ha v
gii m JPEG ly tin cn c b nh m, kch thc b nh m phi ln
cha tt c cc h s DCT ca nh.
H thng JPEG ly tin hiu qu trong vic truyn cc nh c kch thc ln.
H thng ny hng n nhng ng dng yu cu truyn nhanh cc nh c phn
gii cao qua mng c bng thng gii hn: v d truyn nh y hc, nh chp t v
tinh cng nh truyn hnh nh qua mng Internet.
3. Phng php nn nh JPE
3.1.

khng tn hao(JPEG Lossless)

hi nim
Nn khng tn hao (Compressed but lossless) l cc phng php nn m sau

khi gii nn s thu c chnh xc d liu gc. Tuy nhin nn khng tn hao ch t
hiu qu nh so vi nn c tn hao.
3.2.

c phng php

3.2.1. Phng php m ha di lot LE

M ha theo di lot RLE (Run Length Encoding) l mt phng php nn
nh da trn s ct bt cc d tha v khng gian ( mt vi hnh nh c vng mu
ln khng i, c bit vi nh nh phn ). Lot c nh ngha l dy cc phn t
im nh (pixel) lin tip c cng chung mt gi tr.

26

Nguyn tc: Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l pht hin mt lot cc im

nh lp li lin tip, v d: 11001000000000000011. Ta thy im nh c gi tr 0
xut hin nhiu ln lin tip. Thay v phi lu tr ton b cc im nh c gi tr 0,
ta ch cn lu tr chng bng cch s dng cc cp ( di lot, gi tr).
V d: cho mt chui ngun d:
d = 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 19 19 19 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
ta s c chui mi (10 5) (5 19) (7 0) (8 23)
t s nn = 20/8 = 2.5
i vi nh en trng ch s dng 1 bit biu din 1 im nh th phng
php ny t ra rt hiu qu. Ta thy iu qua v d sau : vi chui ngun d
000000000000000111111111100000000001111111111000000000000000
Ta c chui mi (15, 10, 10, 10, 15)
T s nn = 60 bit/(5*4bit) = 3 ( ch s dng 4 bit th hin di lot v
khng th hin gi tr lot v nh en trng ch c 2 gi tr 0 v 1 )
Ch : i vi nh chiu di ca mt dy lp c th ln hn 255, nu ta dng
1 byte lu tr chiu di th s khng . Gii php c dng l tch chui
thnh 2 chui : mt chui c chiu di 255, chui kia c chiu di cn li.
Phng php nn RLE ch t hiu qu khi gp chui lp ln hn 1 ngng
nht nh no hay ni cch khc, trong nh cn nn phi c nhiu im nh k
nhau c cng gi tr mu. Do phng php ny khng em li mt kt qu n
nh v n ph thuc hon ton vo nh nn. Ch thch hp cho nhng nh en trng
hay nh a cp xm.
V d : chui ngun d
5 7 9 11 13 18 28 38 48 58 30 35 40 45
Ta c chui mi
1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13 1 18 1 28 1 38 1 48 1 58 1 30 1 35 1 40 1 45
T s nn = 14/28 = 0.2
27

Nh vy chui sau khi m ha ln hn nhiu chui ngun ban u. Do

cn phi ci tin x l nhng trng hp trn, trnh lm m rng chui d liu
ngun, ngha l ch m ha di lot d liu lp li. Ngi ta a ra cch :
thm k t tin t vo trc di lot, vic gii m c thc hin nu gp k t
tin t vi di lot v gi tr im nh theo sau :
V d : chui ngun d
5 8 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Gi s k t tin t l + , ta c : 5 8 4 +7 8 +9 10
T s nn = 19/9 = 2.1
Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, cc im nh c tng quan vi nhau
v gi tr mc xm. Trong v d sau y, ta c th tin hnh x l nh sau :
V d : chui ngun d
5 7 9 11 13 18 28 38 48 58 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Ta c th da vo tng quan ny c c hiu qu nn cao, bng vic
p dng e(i) = d(i) d(i-1) s thu c :
5 2 2 2 2 5 10 10 10 10 -3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ap dng phng php nn lot di ta s thu c :
(5 1) (2 4) (5 1) (10 5) (-3 1) (5 9)
3.2.2. Phng php m ha

uffman

Phng php m ha Huffman l phng php da vo m hnh thng k.

Ngi ta tnh ra tn sut xut hin ca cc k t bng cch duyt tun t t u tp
gc n cui tp. Vic x l y tnh theo bit. Trong phng php ny, cc k t
c tn sut cao mt t m ngn, cc l t c tn sut thp mt t m di. Nh vy
vi cch thc ny, chng ta lm gim chiu di trung bnh ca t m ha bng
cch dng chiu di bin i. Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp b thit 1 t bit khi tn
sut l rt thp.

28

guyn tc :
Bc 1 : tnh tn sut xut hin ca cc k t trong d liu gc bng cch
duyt tp gc mt cch tun t t u n cui xy dng bng m v tnh ton
tn sut. Tip theo l sp xp li bng m theo th t tn sut gim dn.
Bc 2 : Duyt bng tn sut t cui ln u thc hin ghp hai phn t c
tn sut thp thnh mt phn t duy nht c tn sut bng tng hai tn sut thnh
phn. Cp nht phn t mi ny vo v tr ph hp trong bng v loi b hai phn t
xt. Thc hin lp li nh trn cho n khi trong bng ch cn mt phn t duy
nht. y l qu trnh to cy nh phn Huffman, phn t c tn sut thp bn
phi, phn t kia bn tri. Sau khi cy to xong, ngi ta tin hnh gn m cho
cc nt l. Vic m ha thc hin theo quy nh : Mi ln xung bn phi ta thm 1
bit 1 vo t m, mi ln xung bn tri, ta thm mt bit 0 vo t m.
Qu trnh gii nn cng kh n gin, c tin hnh theo chiu ngc li.
Ngi ta cng phi da vo bng m to ra trong giai on nn (bng ny c lu
tr trong cu trc u ca tp nn cng vi d liu nn). V d : Mt tp bt k c
tn sut xut hin ca cc k t s nh bng sau..

Bng tn sut sp xp g m dn

29

M t : Ta tin hnh hp nht hay cng hai tn sut nh nht cui bng
thu c gi tr tn sut mi, sau a gi tr tn sut ny tr li bng tn sut ban
u nhng b i hai thnh phn to nn n. Sau khi a gi tr mi vo bng, ta
phi tin hnh sp xp li ton b bng, lc ny s lng tn sut ch cn l n-1, nu
ban u s lng tn sut l n. Tip tc thc hin ln lt theo th t nh trn cho
n khi s lng tn sut ch cn li duy nht 1 gi tr.
Vic to cy nh phn c th c thc hin theo mt thut ton sau :
a. Tt c nhng k t ban u c xem l nhng k t giao im t do.
b. Hai nt t do vi tn s xut hin thp nht c phn cng ti mt nt
gc vi gi tr bng vi tng hai nt con t do.
c. Hai nt con c chuyn khi danh sch nt t do. Chuyn nt gc mi
to thnh cng vo danh sch.
d. Lp bc 2 sang bc 3 n khi ch c mt nt t do v pha tri. Nt t
do ny l gc ca cy.
Qu trnh xy dng cy nh phn Huffman c th hin chi tit nht nh
trong hnh sau :

30

Ta c cy m Huffman tng ng sau

Bng t m gn cho cc k t s nh sau

Nh vy vi v d sau y, ta c th tin hnh m ha nh sau :

Chui ngun : 00000000006666693333 kch thc = 20*8 = 160 bit
S dng m Huffman theo bng kch thc = 10*1+5*3+1*6+4*3 = 43
bit. V gi tr 0 xut hin 10 ln nhng ch dng 1 bit th hin, gi tr 6 xut hin

31

5 ln v dng 3 bit th hin. Gi tr 9 dng 6 bit v gi tr 3 xut hin 4 ln dng

3 bit th hin.
T s nn : 160/43 = 3.7
Trong phng php m ha Huffman, m ca k t l duy nht v khng m
no l phn bt u ca m trc. V vy, khi c theo tng bit u n bit cui tp
nn, ta c th duyt cy m cho n mt l, tc l k t c gii m. Vic gii
m chc chn phi s dng cy nh phn ging nh trong m ha. c, gii m
c th yu cu phi s dng cho ng tiu chun nht inh.
3.2.3. Phng php m ha Lemple Ziv
Gii thut nn Lemple-ziv xy dng mt t in lu cc mu c tn sut xut
hin cao trong nh. T in l tp hp nhng cp (t vng v ngha ca t vng).
Trong t vng s l cc t m c sp xp theo th t nht nh. Ngha l mt
chui con trong d liu nh. T in c xy dng song song vi qu trnh c d
liu. S xut hin ca chui con trong t in khng nh rng chui tng
xut hin trong phn d liu c c qua. Thut ton lin tc tra cu v sau mi
ln c mt k t d liu u vo th tin hnh cp nht li t in.
Do gii hn ca b nh v m bo tc tm kim nhanh, t in ch
gii hn 4096 phn t dng lu tr gi tr ca cc t m. Nh vy di ln nht
ca t m l 12 bit (4096 = 2 12). Cu trc t in nh sau:

32

256 t m u tin theo th t t 0 255 cha cc s nguyn t 0 255.

y l m ca 256 k t c bn trong bng m ASCII.
T m th 256 cha mt m c bit l m xa (CC Clear Code). Khi s
mu lp ln hn 4096 th ngi ta s coi nh gm nhiu mnh nh v t in s
gm nhiu t in con. Khi ht mt mnh nh s gi mt m xa CC bo hiu
kt thc mnh nh c v bt u mnh nh mi ng thi s khi to li t in.
T m th 257 cha m kt thc thng tin (EOI End of Information).
Thng thng mt file nh c th cha nhiu mnh nh, mi mnh nh ny s c
m ha ring. Chng trnh gii m s lp i lp li thao tc gii m tng nh cho
n khi gp m kt thc thng tin th dng li. Cc t m cn li (t 258 n 4095)
cha cc mu thng lp li trong nh, 512 phn t u tin ca t in biu din
bng 9 bit. Cc t m t 512 n 1023 biu din bi 10 bit, t 1024 n 2047 biu
din 11 bit v t 2048 n 4095 biu din bi 12 bit.
3.2.4. Phng php m d on
Phng php m ha ny da trn tnh tng quan gia hai im nh nm k
nhau v k thut tch v truyn thng tin "mi" cha trong mi pixel nh. Theo
nhng nghin cu thng k v phn b bin tn hiu video, mc tng quan
gia cc im nh nm gn nhau trong min khng gian l kh cao, iu ny c
ngha l s khc bit gia hai im nh k bn rt nh hoc bng 0, v th khi m
ha chnh lch ny cn s lng bit t hn so vi khi m ha ton b bin cc
mu.
Thng tin "mi" trong im nh c xc nh bng hiu gia im nh thc
v im nh d on. Phng php m d on cn gi l iu xung m vi sai
(DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation). Trong b m ha DPCM cng s
dng thm cc k thut lng t ha thch nghi v m ha entropy tng h s
nn. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng DPCM c m t trn hnh sau:

33

H thng DPCM bao gm b m ha v b gii m:

B m ha

B g m
Trong thnh phn b m ha v gii m u c khi d on. Khi mt mu
fn ca nh c a ti b m ha, khi d on s thc hin xp x gi tr mu
nh da trn thng tin c v cc im nh trc. Sau gi tr xp x c
lm trn

v a ti mch tr tm ra sai s gia im nh thc v im nh

d on:
en = f n -

Gi tr sai s (thng l nh) c m ha bng m c di thay i (m Entropy)

trc khi a vo ng truyn. pha thu, sau khi d liu nn c gii m
Entropy, gi tr sai s en c a ti b d on khi phc gi tr im nh fn
fn =

+ en
34

 c c gi tr

da trn cc mu ti trc, c th s dng cc phng php

xp x cc b, ton cc hoc phng php thch nghi. Thng thng,

c xc

nh da trn gi tr ca m mu n trc nh sau:

n

= round
- h s d on vi i = 1, 2, , m;

round(.) ton t lm trn ti s nguyn gn nht.

III. ng dng ca cc loi JPE

S lng cc ng dng ca JPEG l rt ln ha hn ngy cng tng, cng
ging nh cc hnh nh k thut s c dng ngy cng nhiu. Internet chc
chn l khu vc chnh m JPEG c s dng. Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th k n
cc ng dng ca n trong Y t, nhip nh k thut s, h thng GIS, Digital
CinemaTrong phn ny chng ta s trnh by v cc ng dng ca JPEG mt
chun cng ngh lm thay i rt nhiu vn vng mc trong lnh vc truyn
thng.
ng dng ca JPE
Thut ton s dng trong JPEG th hin s u vit ca n trn cc bc tranh,
nh chp li cnh vt thc t nh s bin i kh mn mng cc mc khc nhau
ca mu sc. Khi s dng trn Web, hoc nhng trng hp cn quan tm n dung
lng s dng, JPEG c bit th hin tnh u vit.
Tuy nhin trn thc t JPEG khng c s dng trong cc trng hp yu
cu s tng phn r rt gia cc pixel cnh nhau.Nhng bc nh nh vy cn c
lu tr bng nhng nh dng ha khng mt mt d liu TIFF, GIF, PNG hay
nh dng nh RAW. Chun JPEG c cch nn khng mt mt d liu nhng cch
ny hu nh khng c h tr trn cc thit b thc t.

35

JPEG thng c s dng dng nn c tn hao nn thng tin, dng suy

gim cht lng nh, chng ta khng nn s dng nh trong cc trng hp cn
tng hp li chnh xc nh gc.
JPEG cng khng nn s dng trong cc trng hp cn phi x l sa cha
nh gc nhiu ln v mi ln chnh sa nh vy thng tin mt cng ln, trnh s
mt mt ny chng ta nn s dng nhng nh dng nh dng khng mt mt, v
s dng JPEG cho nhng minh ha mi ln sa cha ch khng phi sa cha
trc tip t JPEG.
ng dng ca JPE

ly tin

JPEG ly tin dng cho nhng ng dng yu cu truyn nhanh cc nh c

phn gii cao qua mng c bng thng gii hn. V d: truyn nh y hc, nh chp
t v tinh cng nh truyn hnh nh qua Internet
ng dng ca JPE

khng tn hao

JPEG khng tn hao c dng ph bin trong hnh nh y t, m bn k thut

s(DNG), mt s my nh k thut s nn nh th. Nhng JPEG khng tn hao
khng c s dng rng ri.
IV.

h nghim nn nh JPE

v so snh

phn ny em s s dng cng c nn nh theo cc phng php khc

nhau v a ra cc so snh.
1. Mi trng cng c
Phn mm c ng dng y l IrfranView Version 4.33, download ti a
ch http://www.irfanview.com/. L mt mt phn mm min ph nhanh, nh gon v
sng to trong vic hin th ha dng trong mi trng Window.mt s tnh nng
ca IrfranView:
- H tr nhiu nh dng tp tin.
- a ngn ng
- Chp mn hnh
- H tr Unicode
- Lun chuyn gia cc JPG lossless
- Chnh sa file TIF
- H tr tm kim file
36

- ..

G ao d n chnh ca phn mm
2.

h nghim kt qu v so snh

y em s dng file nh .NEF (mt file nh RAW c chp t my nh

ca hng NIKON), file cha qua ch chnh sa. nh ban u c dung lng 5.01
MB kch thc ban u l 3008 x 2000 Pixel.

37

n tun t
T giao din ca chng trnh chn Save as v t cc thng s theo hnh sau:

Ta thu c bc nh c c cc thng s nh sau:

- Dung lng nh l 473kb y ta la chn cht lng l 80% dung lng c
th cao hn nu ta la chn cht lng cao hn.

38

n ly tin
Lm tng t nh trn,ty chn cc thng s nh hnh di y.

Ta thu c bc nh c thng s nh sau

- Dung lng ca nh l 464kb thp hn so vi nn nh bng phng php m

ha tun t

39

- u im ca phng php ny l ngi xem c th ty chn load ton b bc

nh v hay khng.
M ha khng mt mt thng tin
Chn nh dng Save cho nh l JPEG Losless(JLS)
Ta c bc nh vi cc thng s nh sau:

+ ln ca bc nh l 4.77Mb gn bng vi file nh gc

Cch nn ny ch yu dung trong vic lu tr li nh gc, v mt mt thng
tin ca n l rt thp.

40

C.

LU

Cng ngh nn nh JPEG l mt phng php nn nh v cng hiu qu.

Trong s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v Internet th JPEG l mt cng c rt
hu hiu trong vic truyn thng tin v lu tr thng tin. Trong qu trnh pht trin,
JPEG ngy cng c ci tin khc phc nhng nhc im ca mnh tr
thnh nh dng nh ph bin nht trn th gii. Tuy nhin, v JPEG l chun khng
bo ton bi thng tin v nh s b thay i khi n b m ha nhiu ln. V vy m
cc chuyn gia trn th gii bt u nghin cu cc nh dng nh tha k nhng
u im ca JPEG m hn ch c s mt mt thng tin. C th k n nh dng
Webp do google pht trin. V chng ta cng ch i nhiu nh dng nh khc
hiu qu hn ra i trong tng lai gn.

41

L U

- Bi ging X l d liu a phng tin - PGS.TS Nguyn Th Hong Lan

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
- Digital Image Processing - 4th Edition - PrattWiley Intersc.
- http://jpeg.org
- S dng phn mm IrfranView 4.33.

42

Gii thiu chung v chun JPEG v cc loi JPEG.

- Thn Vn Quang
- Trn Minh Hi
Phng php nn nh JPEG ly tin
- Nguyn Khnh Hng
- L B Huy
Phng php nn nh JPEG khng tn hao
- Nguyn Vn Ha
- Nguyn Hong Vit
ng dng ca cc loi JPEG v th nghim
- Nguyn L Hoi Nam
- Trn Vn Ton

43