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Gi :
bi 44)
t Sn l s chui nh phn di n , c 3 bit 0 lin tip:
mt chui di n (n>3) s c mt trong cc dng sau:
A1 ( A cha 3 bit 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-1))
B10 (B cha 3 bt 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-2))
C100 (C cha 3 bt 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-3)
D000 (D ty di n-3, s cch 2^(n-3)
ta c cng thc truy hi:
Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)+S(n-3)+2^(n-3)
khi to: S1=S2=0; S3=1.
bi 45)
t Sn l s chui nh phn di n , ko c 3 bit 0 lin tip:
mt chui di n tha mn iu kin s c dng:
A1
B10
B100
trong A,B,C c di n-1,n-2,n-3 v tha mn ko c 3 bit ko lin tip.
nn ta c h thc:
Sn=Sn-1 + Sn-2 + Sn-3 ( khi to: S1=2,S2=4,S3=7)
bi 46)
Sn l s chui nh phn c cha chui con 01 (*)
th s chui nh phn ko cha chui con 01 l 2^n-Sn.
chui tha mn (*) c 1 trong 2 dng:
Ax (A tha mn (*) , x = 0 hoc 1 )
bi 49)
trn mt phng c n (vi n>1) ng thng i mt ct nhau v ko c 3 ng ng quy.
ta thy rng c mi ng thng b n-1 ng cn li chia lm n phn. bi vy nu ta b i
mt ng bt k th khi mt n phn ny , 2 mt min 2 bn lp tc hp li lm mt, iu
ngha l nu b i 1 ng thng th s min b mt i l n:
tc l
Rn=n+R(n-1), R1=2.
d dng c c cng thc Rn=n(n+1)/2+1
bi 50)
Gi Sn l s chui tha mn : c cha 2 k t lin tip ging nhau ()
th s chui ko tha mn () l 3^n-Sn
chui tha mn c 1 trong 2 dng:
* Mx ( M tha (), x c 3 cch)
* Nxx (Nx ko tha ())
=> Sn=3 Sn-1 + (3^(n-1) - Sn-1) = 2 Sn-1 +3^(n-1)
khi to: S1=0, S2=3
c th gii ko truy hi nh sau:
u tin tm s chui ko c 2 k t lin tip bng nhau:
chn k t u tin c 3 cch, k t tip theo c 2 cch ( tr k t trc n )
vy tt c c : 3.2^(n-1) cch
=> Sn=3^n-3.2^(n-1)
bi 51) bt th ch c 0, 1 thi lm g c 9
bi 52)
a)
chui di n tha mn ko cha 00 th c mt trong 2 dng
* A1 ( A ko cha mu 00)
* B10 ( B ko cha mu 00)
vy Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)
S1=2 (0;1) , S2=3 (01;10;11)
b)
quy np:
S1=f(2); S2=f(3) ng.
gi s ng n n-1 tc l Sk=f(k+1), mi k=1..n-1
=>Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)=f(n)+f(n-1)=f(n+1)
vy Sn=f(n+1) mi n=1,2,3,..
53)
cha r rng, ch c mt cp ngoc thi hay th no?
# nu ch c mt th mt cch ng cho biu thc di n = a1*a2*...*an
gi cng thc tnh s cch ng cp ngoc l Sn
n>2: mt cch ng s c 1 trong 2 dng
* Aan, vi cp ngoc trong A, A di n-1, S(n-1) cch
* Aan), du m ngoc A , n-1 cch.
=> Sn=S(n-1)+n-1
S2=1;
s3=3
s4=3+3=6
d tnh c Sn=(n-1)+(n-2)+..+3+2+1=n(n-1)/2
Bi 54:
a)
Gi Kn (n>0) l s cc ch s 0 c trong cc s t nhin t 10^(n-1) n 10^n-1 ( tc c
ng n ch s, ch s u tin bn tri khc 0 )
ta s i chng minh Kn=9(n-1).10^(n-2)
mt s c n ch s s c dng Ax, trong A c n-1 ch s v x=0..9
Kn l s cc s 0 trong cc s dng Ax
s cc s 0 trong Ax bng 10 ln s cc s 0 trong A cng thm cc s 0 trong x.
s cc s 0 trong A th bng 10 ln s cc s K_(n-1) ( v Ax, x c 10 cch chn)
s cc s 0 dng A0 th bng s cc s dng A, s u khc 0 nn s cch chn l
9.10^(n-2)
vy rt cuc ta c cng thc:
Kn = 10.K_(n-1)+9.10^(n-2), t y d dng quy np c Kn = 9(n-1).10^(n-2) ( v
10.9(n-2).10^(n-3) + 9.10^(n-2) = 9(n-1).10^(n-3) )
Mt khc An=A_(n-1)+Kn ( chia t 1 n 10^n-1 thnh 2 on, t 1 n 10^(n-1)-1 v
10^(n-1) n 10^n-1. )
vy ta c h thc truy hi: An=A_(n-1) + 9(n-1).10^(n-2)
b)
ta ci: An=9(n-1).10^(n-2) + 9(n-2).10^(n-3) +...+ 9.1.10^0+A0 ( A0=1 )
x^n-1=(x-1) (x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) +...+ x^2 + x + 1)
(x^n-1)/(x-1)=(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) +...+ x^2 + x + 1)
o hm 2 v
(n.x^(n-1).(x-1)-(x^n-1))/(x-1)^2=(n-1 + (n-2).x^(n-3) +...+ 2x + 1
thay x=10 ta c:
(n.10^(n-1).9-(10^n-1))/9^2 = (n-1).10^(n-2) + (n-2).10^(n-3) +..+ 2.10 + 1
=> An = (n.10^(n-1).9-(10^n-1))/9+1 = n.10^(n-1) - (10^n-1)/9 + 1
bi 55)
mt dy di n ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau th c 1 trong 2 dng
* A10 ( A c n-2 bit v ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau )
* B1 ( B c n-1 bt v ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau )
vy suy ra
an=a(n-1)+a(n-2)
a1=2; a2=3
dy ny bt u t a1=2 l dy fibonaci
gii truy hi bng cch xt nghim ca phng trnh c trng
x^2=x+1
x1=(1+5)/2 ; x2=(1-5)/2
an=c1.x1^n+c2.x2^n
thay n=1,2 vo tm c1,c2
bi 56)
a)
mt s c 2 bt 0 k nhau th c 1 trong 3 dng
* A00 (A bt k di n-2 , s trng hp l 2^(n-2))
* B10 (B cha 2 bt 0 lin nhau di n-2 , s trng hp l a(n-2))
* C1 (C cha 2 bt 0 lin nhau di n-1, s trng hp l a(n-1))
vy
an=a(n-1)+a(n-2)+2^(n-2)
b)
a0=0,a1=0
=>a2=0+0+2^0=1
=>a3=1+0+2^1=3
=>a4=3+1+2^2=8
=>a5=8+3+2^3=19
=>a6=19+8+2^4=43
=>a7=43+19+2^5=94