He Thong Cung Cap Dien

BGMH: CUNG CP IN
LI NI U
Bi ging c bin son theo cng mn hc Vt liu in cung cp nhng kin thc c
bn v cung cp in nh: xc nh ph ti, chn phng n cung cp, chn thit b, cng nh
cc bin php bo v cho li cho sinh vin ngnh in.
Bi ging gm mi chng ln lt trnh by cc vn :
+ Khi qut cung cp in c trnh by Chng 1.
+ Chng 2 v 3 trnh by v li in v tnh ton ph ti in.
+ Trm in c cp chng 4.
+ Tnh ton v li in v la chn thit b in ln lt trnh by chng 5, 6, v 7.
+ Chng 8 cp cc vn bo v h thng in v vic nng cao h s cng sut c
trnh by chng 9.
+ Chng 10 trnh by v k thut chiu sng.
d dng tip cn cc vn trong bi ging: cc chng cn c c tun t t 1 n 10.
Bi ging c bin son nhm phc v cho sinh vin cao ng v trung hc chuyn
nghip ng thi cn phc v cho nhng ngi quan tm n kin thc c bn trong cung cp
in.
Do thi gian v trnh ngi bin son c hn nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Tc
gi rt mong nhng nhn xt, nh gi v gp ca bn c v ng nghip.
Mi kin xin gi v: thachbaoan@yahoo.com
Bnh dng, thng 9 nm 2008
Tc gi
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
MC LC
LI NI U............................................................................................................................. i
MC LC ................................................................................................................................... ii
Chng 1. GII THIU CHUNG V CUNG CP IN ........................................................1
1.1. Li in v li cung cp in: ..................................................................................... 2
1.2. Nhng yu cu chung v li cung cp in: ................................................................. 2
Chng 2. CC LOI LI IN .............................................................................................5
2.1. Li in th: .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Li in nng thn: ....................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Li in x nghip: ........................................................................................................ 5
2.4. Cc loi dy v cp in: ................................................................................................. 6
2.5. Cu trc ng dy ti in: ........................................................................................... 7
Chng 3. TNH TON PH TI IN ..................................................................................10
3.1. Cc khi nim chung: .................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc nng thn:..................................................................... 11
3.3. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc cng nghip: ................................................................. 12
3.4. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc th: ........................................................................... 13
Chng 4. TRM IN ..............................................................................................................15
4.1. Khi qut v phn loi trm in:.................................................................................. 15
4.2. S ni dy trm bin p: ........................................................................................... 15
4.3. Cu trc trm: ................................................................................................................ 17
4.4. La chn my bin p cho trm: ................................................................................... 18
4.5. Ni t trm v ng dy ti in: .............................................................................. 18
Chng 5. TNH TON TN THT IN .............................................................................20
5.1. S thay th li cung cp in: ................................................................................ 20
5.2. Tnh ton tn tht in p: ............................................................................................. 24
5.3. Tnh ton tn tht cng sut: ......................................................................................... 25
5.4. Tnh ton tn tht in nng: ......................................................................................... 27
Chng 6. TNH TON NGN MCH TRONG H THNG IN...................................29
6.1. Khi nim chung: .......................................................................................................... 29
6.2. Cc phng tnh ton gn ng dng in ngn mch: ................................................ 31
6.3. Khi qut v s dng my tnh trong tnh ton ngn mch: .......................................... 36
6.4. Phng php tnh ngn mch trong mng in p thp n 1000V:............................. 36
Chng 7. LA CHN THIT B IN TRONG LI CUNG CP IN .....................38
7.1. Khi qut: ...................................................................................................................... 38
7.2. La chn my ct in: ................................................................................................. 39
7.3. La chn cu ch, dao cch ly: ...................................................................................... 40
7.4. La chn v kim tra s cch in: ............................................................................... 40
7.5. La chn thanh dn: ...................................................................................................... 40
7.6. La chn dy dn v cp: .............................................................................................. 41
7.7. La chn cc thit b khc: ............................................................................................ 41
Chng 8. BO V H THNG IN ....................................................................................42
8.1. Khi qut: ...................................................................................................................... 42
8.2. Bo v relay: .................................................................................................................. 42
8.3. Chng st v ni t: ..................................................................................................... 43
Chng 9. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT ..........................................................................46
9.1. H s cng sut v ngha vic nng h s cng sut: ................................................. 46
9.2. Cc gii php b cos: .................................................................................................. 46
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
9.3. B cng sut cho li in x nghip: ........................................................................... 47
Chng 10. TNH TON CHIU SNG ..................................................................................48
10.1.
Khi nim chung: ...................................................................................................... 48
10.2.
Ni dung thit k chiu sng: .................................................................................... 49
10.3.
Thit k chiu sng dn dng: ................................................................................... 49
10.4.
Thit k chiu sng cng nghip: .............................................................................. 49
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 1. GII THIU CHUNG V CUNG CP IN
in nng ngy cng ph bin v d dng chuyn thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh: c,
ha, nhit nng ; c sn xut ti cc trung tm in v c truyn ti n h tiu th vi
hiu sut cao. Trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu th in nng c mt s c tnh:
+ in nng sn xut ra thng khng tch tr c, do phi c s cn bng gia sn xut v
tiu th in.
+ Cc qu trnh v in xy ra rt nhanh v nguy him nu c s c xy ra, v vy thit b in
c tnh t ng v i hi an ton v tin cy cao.
Hnh 1.1. H thng in

Nhng yu cu v ni dung ch yu khi thit k h thng cung cp in:
Muc tiu chnh ca thit k cung cp in l m bo cho h tiu th lun in nng vi
cht lng trong phm vi cho php.
Mt phng n cung cp in (cho x nghip) c xem l hp l khi tha mn cc nhu cu
sau:
+ Vn u t nh, ch tit kim ngoi t v vt t him.
+ m bo tin cy cung cp in ty theo tnh cht h tiu th.
+ Chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp.
+ m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
+ Thun tin cho vn hnh v sa cha
+ m bo cht lng in nng.
+ Ngoi ra, cn phi ch n cc iu kin khc nh: mi trng, s pht trin ca ph ti,
thi gian xy dng
Mt s bc chnh thc hin mt phng n thit k cung cp in:
+ Xc nh ph ti tnh ton nh gi nhu cu v chn phng thc cung cp in.
+ Xc nh phng n v ngun in.
+ Xc nh cu trc mng.
+ Chn thit b.
+ Tnh ton chng st, ni t chng st v ni t an ton cho ngi v thit b.
+ Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ Tip theo thit k k thut l bc thit k thi cng nh cc bn v lp t, nhng nguyn vt
liu cn thit Cui cng l cng tc kim tra iu chnh v th nghim cc trang thit b, a
vo vn hnh v bn giao.
1.1. Li in v li cung cp in:
1.1.1. Khi nim:
H thng in gm 3 khu: sn xut, truyn ti v tiu th in.
Ngun in l cc nh my in (nhit in, thy in, in nguyn t) v cc trm pht
in (diesel, mt tri, gi)
Tiu th in gm tt c cc i tng s dng in trong cng, nng nghip v i sng
Li in truyn ti in t ngun n h tiu th, li gm ng dy truyn ti v cc
trm bin p.
Li in Vit nam hin c cc cp in p: 0,4; 6; 10; 22; 35; 110; 220 v 500kV. Tng lai
s ch cn cc cp: 0,4; 22; 110; 220 v 500kV.
1.1.2. Phn loi:
C nhiu cch phn loi li in:
+ Theo in p: siu cao p (500kV), cao p (220, 110kV), trung p (35, 22, 10, 6kV) v h p
(0,4kV).
+ Theo nhim v: li cung cp (500, 220, 110kV) v li phn phi (35, 22, 10, 6 v 0,4kV).
+ Ngoi ra, c th chia theo khu vc, s pha, cng nghip, nng nghip
1.2. Nhng yu cu chung v li cung cp in:
1.2.1. tin cy cung cp in:
Ty theo tnh cht ca h dng in c th chia thnh 3 loi:
+ H loi 1: l nhng h rt quan trng, khng c mt in nh sn bay, hi cng, khu
qun s, ngoi giao, cc khu cng nghip, bnh vin
+ H loi 2: l cc khu vc sn xut, nu mt in c th nh hng nhiu n kinh t
+ H loi 3: l nhng h khng quan trng cho php mt in tm thi.
Cch chia h nh vy ch l tm thi trong giai on nn kinh t cn thp km, ang hng
n mc tiu cc h phi u l h loi 1 v c cp in lin tc.
1.2.2. Cht lng in:
Cht lng in c th hin qua hai thng s:
tn s (f) v in p (U). Cc tr s ny phi nm
trong phm vi cho php.
Trung tm iu quc gia v cc trm in c
nhim v gi n nh cc thng s ny.
+ Tn s f c gi 50 0,5Hz.
+ in p yu cu lch |U|= U Um5%Um.
Lu lch in p khc vi tn tht in p
(hiu s in p gia u v cui ngun ca cng
cp in p).
Hnh 1.2: lch v tn tht in p
1.2.3. Tnh kinh t:
Tnh kinh t ca mt phng n cung cp in th hin qua hai ch tiu: vn u t v chi ph
vn hnh.
+ Vn u t mt cng trnh in bao gm tin mua vt t, thit b, tin vn chuyn, th
nghim, th nghim, mua t ai, n b hoa mu, tin kho st thit k, lp t v nghim thu.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ Ph tn vn hnh: bao gm cc khon tin phi chi ph trong qu trnh vn hnh cng trnh
in: lng cho cn b qun l, k thut, vn hnh, chi ph bo dng v sa cha, chi ph cho
th nghim th nghim, do tn tht in nng trn cng trnh in.
Thng thng hai loi chi ph ny mu thun nhau. Phng n cp in ti u l phng n
dung ha hai chi ph trn, l phng n c chi ph tnh ton hng nm nh nht.
Z = ( avh + atc ) .K + c.A min
Trong :
- avh : h s vn hnh, vi ng dy trn khng ly 0,04; cp v trm bin p ly 0,1.
- atc : h s thu hi vn u t tiu chun = 1 , vi li cung cp in Ttc = 5 nm.
Ttc
- K: vn u t.
- A : tn tht in 1 nm.
- c: gi tin tn tht in nng (/kWh).
1.2.4. Tnh an ton:
An ton thng c t ln hng u khi thit k, lp t v vn hnh cng trnh in. An
ton cho cn b vn hnh, cho thit b, cng trnh, cho ngi dn v cc cng trnh xung quanh.
Ngi thit k v vn hnh cng trnh in phi tuyt i tun th cc quy nh an ton in.
1.2.5. Mt s k hiu thng dng:
Thit b
K hiu
Thit b
My pht in hoc nh my
in
ng c in
My bin p 2 cun dy
Khi ng t
My bin p 3 cun dy
My bin p iu
chnh di ti
My ct in
Cu ch.
Cu dao cch ly
Aptmt
My ct ph ti
Cu ch t ri
T iu khin
T in b
T chiu sng cc b
T chiu sng lm vic
T phn phi
T phn phi ng lc
n si t
n hunh quang
Bin son: Thch Bo n
K hiu
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
cm in
Cng tc in
Khng in
My bin dng in
Dy cp in
Thanh dn (thanh ci)
Dy dn in
Dy dn tn s 50Hz
Dy dn mng hai dy
ng dy in p
U 36V.
Dy dn mng 4 dy.
ng dy mng ng
lc 1 chiu
Chng st ng
Chng st van
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 2. CC LOI LI IN
2.1. Li in th:
Thng s dng cp in p trung p l 22 v 10kV.
tng tin cy cung cp in, li trung p thnh ph thng c cu trc mch vng kn
vn hnh h.
m bo an ton v m quan th, thng s dng cp
ngm cho mng trung v h p. Thng dng trm bin p kiu
xy. Tuy nhin chi ph u t v vn hnh s cao hn nhiu.
thun li cho phn phi v t nh hng n giao thng cc
trm bin p thng ch cung cp in cho mt bn ng v c
t gc hay gia on ng.
Hnh 2.1. Trm bin p t gc ph.
2.2. Li in nng thn:
nng thn, mi huyn thng c cp in t 1 hay 2 trm bin p trung gian, hin nay
thng s dng cp 10 v 35kV. Li phn phi c cu trc dng cy.
Tt c cc tuyn dy u l ng dy trn khng. Cc trm bin p thng dng kiu ct.
d qun l v vn hnh trm bin p phn phi thng c t gia thn (lng).
2.3. Li in x nghip:
Cc x nghip cng nghip l nhng h tiu th in tp trung, cng sut ln, in nng cung
cp cho cc x nghip c ly t cc trm bin p trung gian bng cc ng dy trung p.
S cung cp in cho x nghip c th phn thnh 2 phn: bn trong v bn ngoi.
+ S cung cp in bn ngoi: l phn cung cp in t h thng n trm bin p chnh
hay trm phn phi trung tm ca x nghip. Bn di l mt s dng s ph bin: s a):
khi cp in p s dng ca nh my trng vi in p cung cp t h thng; s b): cc trm
bin p phn xng nhn in trc tip t h thnh v h xung 0,4kV s dng; s c): c
trm bin p trung tm trc khi phn phi n cc trm bin p phn xng; v s d): khi x
nghip c my pht in d phng.
Li trung p in x nghip c cu trc khc nhau ty vo quy m x nghip. i vi nhng
x nghip c ti vi trm kVA, ch cn t 1 trm bin p. i vi nhng x nghip ln cn t
nhiu trm bin p, mi trm cung cp cho mt hoc vi phn xng.
Hnh 2.2: S cung cp in bn ngoi x nghip
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ S cung cp in bn trong: t trm phn phi trung tm n cc trm bin p phn
xng. C 3 kiu s thng dng: s hnh tia, lin thng v s hn hp.
Hnh 2.3. S cp in bn trong

Li h p x nghip chnh l li in bn trong mi phn xng. cp in cho phn
xng ngi ta t cc t phn phi nhn in h p t cc my bin p v cp cho cc t ng
lc, t t ny cung cp in cho cc thit b.
2.4. Cc loi dy v cp in:
ti in ngi ta dng dy dn v cp. So vi dy dn ti in bng cp t tin hn
nhng m quan hn, v th cp trung v h p thch hp cho li in th v x nghip. Ti
in bng dy dn r tin, d sa cha v thay th thng c dng trn li trung p v khu
vc nng thn.
2.4.1. Cc loi dy dn:
Dy dn gm hai loi: dy bc cch in
v dy trn.
Dy bc cch in: thng dng trn li
h p. Dy bc c nhiu loi: mt si, nhiu
si, dy cng, mm, n, i Vt liu
thng dng l ng v nhm.
Hnh 2.4: Cp v dy trn
K hiu: M(n, F), trong : M l dy ng; n l s dy; F l tit din dy.
Dy trn: dng cho mi cp in p. C cc loi nh: nhm, thp, ng v nhm li thp.
Trong dy nhm v nhm li thp c dng ph bin cho ng dy trn khng, trong
phn nhm lm nhim v dn in v phn thp tng bn c hc.
K hiu: Loi dy(A, AC) - F, trong : A l dy nhm; AC dy nhm li thp; F l tit din.
K hiu cho mng in: loi dy (n.F +1.Fo) vi n l s dy pha v Fo tit in dy trung tnh.
2.4.2. Cc loi cp:
a) Cu to cp:
Cp lc gm cc phn t chnh sau: li, cch in v lp v bo v.
Li (rut dn in):
Vt liu c bn dng lm rut dn in ca cp l ng hay nhm k thut in.
Rut cp c cc hnh dng trn, qut, hnh mnh. Rut c th gm mt hay nhiu si.
Lp cch in:
Lp vt liu cch in cch ly cc rut dn in vi nhau v cch ly vi lp bo v.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Hin nay cch in ca cp thng dng l nha tng hp, cc loi cao su, giy cch in,
cc loi du v kh cch in.
Lp v bo v:
Lp v bo v bo v cch in ca cp trnh m t, trnh tc ng ca ha cht do du
tm thot ra do h hng c hc cng nh trnh n mn, han g khi t trong t.
Lp v bo v dy dn l ai hay li bng thp, nhm hay ch. Ngoi cng l lp v cao su
hoc nha tng hp.
b) Phn loi cp:
Cp c th phn loi theo nhiu cch:
+ Theo s li: mt, hai, ba hay bn li. Thng thng cp cao p ch c mt li.
+ Theo vt liu cch in: giy cch in (c tm hay khng tm), cch in cao su hay nha
tng hp v cch in t hp.
+ Theo mc ch s dng: h, trung v cao p, ngoi ra cn c cp rado v cp thng tin.
+ Theo lnh vc s dng: cp dng cho hng hi, hng khng, du m, hm m, trong nc hay
cho cc thit b di chuyn (cn cu, cn trc)
2.5. Cu trc ng dy ti in:
ng dy ti in trn khng k hiu l DK. ng dy
ti in trn khng bao gm cc phn t: dy dn, s, x, ct,
mng, cn c th c dy chng st, dy no v b chng rung.
2.5.1. Mt s nh ngha lin quan:
a) ng dy truyn ti in trn khng: cng trnh xy
dng mang tnh cht k thut dng truyn ti in nng theo
dy dn, c lp t ngoi tri. Dy dn c kp cht nh s,
x ct v cc chi tit kt cu xy dng.
ng dy h p cn c thm mt dy trung tnh ly c
in p pha v in p dy. Nu ph ti 3 pha i xng th ly
dy trung tnh bng dy pha cn khi ph ti pha khng cn
bng th tit din dy trung tnh ly bng tit din dy pha.
b) Khong cch tiu chun: gm cc khong cch ngn nht
gia dy dn c cng v t, gia dy dn c cng v cng trnh xy dng, gia dy dn v
ct, gia cc dy dn vi nhau.
c) vng trn dy: l khong cch theo chiu thng ng t ng thng ni 2 im treo dy
trn ct ti im thp nht ca dy dn do tc dng ca khi lng dy.
d) Lc cng dy: l lc cng ko dy v kp cht c nh dy dn trn ct.
e) Ch lm vic bnh thng: l ch lm vic m dy dn khng b t.
f) Ch s c: l ch m dy dn b t d ch mt dy.
g) Khong vt trung gian ca ng dy: khong cch theo mt phng ngang gia 2 ct.
h) Khong no cht: l khong cch theo mt phng nm ngang gia 2 ct chu lc gn nhau.
Cc ct chu lc bao gm cc ct u tuyn, cc ct cui tuyn v cc ct gc dy dn chuyn
hng i.
2.5.2. Cu trc ng dy trn khng
a) Ct: li cung cp in trung p dng 2 loi ct: ct vung v ct ly tm, k hiu H v LT.
+ Ct vung (ct ch H): thng ch to c 7,5 v 8,5m. Ct H7,5 dng cho li h p v
H8,5 dng cho li h p v li 10kV.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ Ct ly tm (ct trn): cc ct c c di 10 v 12m, cc ct di 6, 8 v 10m. Ct v
c ni vi nhau nh cc mng xng hay mt bch, t c th c cc ct 10, 12, 16, 20, 22m.
Cc ct cn c phn loi thnh A, B, C, D theo kh nng chu lc (c tra cc bng).
b) X: dng dy dn v c nh khong cch gia cc dy, c lm bng st hoc b
tng kch thc ty vo cp in p.
Trn x c khoan sn cc l bt s, khong cch gia hai l khoan (cng l khong cch
gia hai dy) t 0,30,4m i vi ng dy h p, t 0,81,2m vi ng dy 10kV, t 1,52m
vi ng dy 35kV.
c) S: s c tc dng va lm gi cho cc b phn mang in va lm vt cch in gia
cc b phn vi t. V vy s phi bn, chu c dng ngn mch ng thi phi chu
c in p ca mng k c lc qu in p.
S cch in thng c thit k v sn xut cho cp in p nht nh v c chia thnh
hai dng chnh: s hay s treo dng hay treo thanh ci, dy dn v cc b phn mang
in; s xuyn dng dn nhnh hay dn xuyn qua tng hoc nh.
+ S : thng dng cho ng dy c in p t 35kV tr xung, khi ng dy vt sng
hay ng giao thng th c th dng s treo.
+ S treo: c th phn thnh s thanh v s a. S thanh c ch to c chiu di v chu
c mt in p xc nh trc. Chui s c kt li t cc a v s lng c ghp vi
nhau ty thuc in p ng dy. u im ca vic dng chui s cho ng dy cao th l
in p lm vic c th tng bng cch thm cc a s vi chi ph nh.
Hnh 2.5. Mt s dng s
Khi cn tng cng v lc ngi ta dng cc chui s ghp song song, khi tng cng cch
in ngi ta tng thm s a. Vic kp dy dn vo s ng c thc hin bng cch qun dy
hoc bng ghp kp dy chuyn dng. Vic kp dy vo s treo c thc hin bng kha kp
dy chuyn dng.
S ng Hong lin sn c k hiu VHD-35. ng dy c in p 110kV tr ln dng s
treo. Chui s treo gm cc a s tu theo cp in p m chui s c s a khc nhau.
in p (kV)
3-10
35
110
220
Bin son: Thch Bo n
S a s
01
03
07
13
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Ti s l chi tit c gn vo s ng bng cch vn ren v chn ximng, ct c dng lm
tr kp cht s vi x trn ct in. Ti s c lm bng thp, c sn ph hay m chng
g.
d) Mng ct: c nhim v chng lt ct. Trong vn hnh ct in chu lc ko ca dy v lc
ca gi bo.
e) Dy no: ti cc ct no (ct u, cui v gc ng dy), tng cng chu lc ko cho
cc ct ny cc dy no c t ngc hng lc ko dy.
f) B chng rung: chng rung cho dy dn do tc dng ca gi.
B chng rung gm 2 qu t bng gang ni vi nhau bng cp thp, on cp c kt vo
ng dy nh kp.
Hnh 2.6: B chng rung v mng ct
Ngoi ra, trn ct v cc x cn c lp t cc tit b in phc v cho vic vn hnh

v bo v hot ng ca li in nh: cc cu ch t ri, my ct ph ti, dao cch ly, thit b t
ng li
Bin son: Thch Bo n
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 3. TNH TON PH TI IN
3.1. Cc khi nim chung:
Nhim v u tin khi thit k cung cp in l xc nh nhu cu in ca cng trnh (gi l
ph ti tnh ton). Nu ph ti tnh ton nh hn ph ti thc t s lm gim tui th thit b i
khi c th gy chy n do qu ti thit b, ngc li th thit b c chn s qu ln gy lng ph
vn u t.
3.1.1 Ph ti in:
Thng thng cng sut vn hnh khc vi cng sut thc t do nhiu yu t khc nhau v
l mt hm theo thi gian. Nhng cn phi xc nh ph ti in cho vic tnh ton cung cp
in. Cng sut tnh ton c gi l cng sut tnh ton (Ptt).
+ Nu Ptt < Pthc t: thit b mau gim tui th, c th chy n.
+ Nu Ptt > Pthc t: lng ph vn u t.
C nhiu phng php xc nh ph ti in, cng c nhiu thng tin cng la chn c
phng php chnh xc. Thng thng c hai nhm phng php l phng php kinh nghim
v phng php da trn xc xut thng k.
3.1.2 Cc c tnh chung ca ph ti in:
Mi ph ti c c trng ring, c 3 c trng m cc phng n cung cp phi xt n:
a) Cng sut nh mc: thng c ghi trn nhn ca thit b. i vi ng c, cng sut nh
mc l cng sut trn trc ca ng c, cng sut in P =Pm/m.
Thng m =0,8 0,85; trng hp ng c nh c th xem P =Pm.
b) in p nh mc: in p lm vic ca thit b phi ph hp vi li in ni t thit b.
c) Tn s: tn s lm vic ca thit b khc nhau nhiu t 0Hz (in DC) n hng triu Hz
thit b cao tn.
3.1.3 th ph ti:
th ph ti: c trng cho s tiu dng nng lng in ca cc thit b ring l, ca
nhm thit b, ca phn xng hoc ca ton b x nghip.
a) Phn loi: c nhiu cch phn loi
+ Theo i lng o: th ph ti tc dng P(t), phn khng Q(t) v in nng A(t).
+ Theo thi gian kho st: th ph ti hng ngy, hng thng v hng nm.
b) Cc loi th ph ti thng dng:
+ th ph ti ngy: nh hnh a) c ghi bng my; b) c ghi v v li bi cc vn hnh
vin v c) th hin dng bc thang thng s trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3.1: th ph ti ngy
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th ph ti hng ngy cho ta bit tnh trng lm vic ca thit b t sp xp li qui
trnh vn hnh hp l nht, n cng lm cn c tnh chn thit b, tnh in nng tiu th
th ph ti ngy c 5 thng s c trng sau: ph ti cc i, h s cng sut cc i,
in nng tc dng v phn khng ngy m, h s cng sut
tng ng v h s in kin ca th ph ti.
+ th ph ti hng thng: c xy dng theo ph ti trung
bnh ca tng thng ca x nghip trong mt nm lm vic.
th ph ti hng thng cho ta bit nhp sn xut ca x
nghip. T c th ra lch vn hnh sa cha cc thit b in
mt cch hp l nht, nhm p ng cc yu cu ca sn xut
(VD: vo thng 3,4 sa cha va v ln, cn nhng thng
cui nm ch sa cha nh v thay cc thit b).
Hnh 3.2: th ph ti thng
+ th ph ti nm: thng c xy dng dng bc thang, xy dng trn c s ca th

ph ti ngy m in hnh (thng chn 1 ngy in hnh vo ma ng v vo ma h).
Hnh 3.3: th ph nm
th ph ti nm c cc thng s c trng nh: in nng tc dng v phn khng tiu

th trong nm, thi gian s dng cng sut cc i Tmax, h s cng sut trung bnh v h s in
kn ph ti.
3.2. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc nng thn:
i tng s sng in ph bin nng thn l: trm bm, trng hc v sinh hot.
3.2.1. Ph ti in trm bm:
Cc my bm nng nghip thng c cc thang cng sut: 14, 20, 33, 45, 55, 100, 200kW.
Vi my bm cng sut nh (< 100kW) s dung in h p, my bm cng sut ln tr ln
thng s dng in 6 hay 10kV.
Trm bm thng chia thnh hai loi: trm bm ti v trm bm tiu.
n
Ph ti trm bm tnh theo cng thc sau: Ptt = K dt K ti .Pdmi v Qtt = Ptt .tg
(3-1)
i =1
Trong : Ptt , Qtt : cng sut tc dng v phn khng tnh ton ca trm bm.
K dt : h s ng thi, ly theo thc t K dt = nlv =s my lm vic/tng s my.
n
K t : h s ti ca my bm, ring i vi trm bm tiu ly bng 1.
3.2.2. Ph ti trng hc:
thit k cp in cho trng hc cn xc nh ph ti tng phng hc, tng tng, tng dy
nh hc v ton trng hc.
c) Ph ti cho tng phng hc xc nh theo cng thc: Pp = P0 * S v Q p = Pp * tg
(3-2)
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H s cng sut cho: n ng + qut cos= 0,8; n si t + qut cos= 0,9.
n
d) Ph ti tnh ton mt tng nh gm n phng: PT = K dt Ppi
(3-3)
Vi: K dt l h s ng thi.
m
e) Ph ti tnh ton cho mt ta nh gm m lu: PN = K dt PTi
(3-4)
3.2.3. Ph ti chiu sng sinh hot

a) Ph ti tnh ton cho mt thn, xm hoc lng c xc nh:
Ptt = P0 * H v Qtt = Q0 * H
Trong H: s h dn trong lng, thn.
P0: sut ph ti tnh ton cho mt h.
b) Ph ti tnh ton cho x bao gm cc thn xm c xc nh.
n
(3-5)
PX = K dt Ptti ; QX = K dt Qtti v S X = PX2 + QX2
(3-6)
3.3. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc cng nghip:

3.3.1. Trong giai on d n kh thi:
Thng tin thu nhn trong giai on ny thng khng chnh xc.
xc nh ph ti in cho vic thit k, xy dng ng dy cao p v trm bin p trung
gian ngi ta da vo din tch hoc sn lng.
a) Xc nh ph ti in cho khu CN, ch xut cn c vo din tch: Stt = S0 * D
(3-7)
Trong : S0 sut ph ti trn n v din tch, ty ngnh CN m S0 chn 100400(kVA/ha).
D: din tch khu CN, ch xut (ha).
b) i vi x nghip, nu bit sn lng s sn xut, cng thc xc nh ph ti in nh sau:
(3-8)
Ptt = a.M
Tmax
Trong : a: sut in nng chi ph sn xut ra mt n v sn phm (kWH/sp).
M: sn lng.
Tmax: thi gian s dng cng sut cc i. Tmax v a thng c tra bng.
3.3.2. Trong giai on xy dng nh xng:
Thng tin nhn c trong giai on ny l cng sut t ca tng phn xng, din tch ca
tng xng.
a) Ph ti in ng lc ca tng phn xng c xc nh theo cng thc:
(3-9)
Ptt = K nc .Pd v Qtt = Ptt .tg
Trong : K nc : h s nhu cu (tra bng).
Pd : cng sut t ca phn xng. Vi Pd = Pdm .n
Pdm v n: cng sut nh mc ca ng c v s ng c.
b) Ph ti in chiu sng trong phn xng c xc nh theo din tch:
(3-10)
Pcs = P0 .D v Qcs = Pcs .tg
Trong : D : din tch xng.
P0 : sut chiu sng trn mt n v din tch (W/m2). Ty theo v tr, mc ich s
dng chn P0 = 530 W/m2.
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c) Ph ti in cho ton phn xng: PPX = Ptt + Pcs v QPX = Qtt + Qcs
d) Ph ti in cho ton x nghip c n phn xng:
n
(3-11)
2
2
PXN = K dt . PXNi ; QXN = K dt . QXNi v S XN = PXN
+ QXN
(3-12)
3.3.3. Trong giai on thit k chi tit:

y l cng on cui cng trong qu trnh thit k cp in cho x nghip cng nghip.
giai on ny bit hu ht cc thng tin v i tng s dng in.
Ph ti tnh ton xc nh cho mt nhm my, c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
n
Ptt = K max .Ptb = K max .K sd . Ptbi
(3-13)
Trong : Ptb : cng sut trung bnh trong thi gian kho st.
K max , K sd : tra bng.
V d: tnh ton ph ti mt x nghip c s nh hnh v.
Nguyn tc tnh ton:
+ PttXN: phi c tnh t cc TB in ngc tr v pha ngun.
+ Phi k n tn tht trn ng dy v trong MBA.
+ Ph ti tnh ton XN cn phi k n d kin pht trin ca XN trong 5 - 10 nm ti.
Cc bc tnh ton c thc hin nh sau:
im 1: im trc tip cp in n cc thit b dng in,
ti y cn xc nh ch lm vic ca tng thit b (xc
nh Kt; ksd; cos).
im 2: Vi nhm thit b lm vic ch khc nhau
Xc nh Ptt bng phng php s thit b hiu qu. Ptt =
KM.Ptb v S2 =P2 + j.Q2
im 3: s bng ph ti im 2 cng thm phn tn tht
ng dy h p: S3 =S2 + Sdd
im 4: im tng h p ca cc trm bin p phn xng.
Tai y ph ti tnh ton c th tnh bng phng php h
s nhu cu hoc tng hp cc ph ti ti cc im 4.
n
n
S 4 = K dt . P3i + j Q3i
1
1
im 5: S5 = S4 + SB2
im 6: S6 = S5 + Sdd
n
n
im 7: S7 = K dt . P6i + j Q6i
1
1
im 8: S8 = S7 + SB1
Ch : S8 cha phi l ph ti ca x nghip. V khi tnh
ph ti x nghip cn phi k n s pht trin ca x nghip (5
- 10 nm) sau. SXN = S8 + SXN. xc nh c SXN phi d bo tng trng ph ti.
3.4. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc th:
3.4.1 Ph ti in cc h gia nh:
Cc h gia nh l i tng s dng in ln nht th.
a) Trong giai on xy dng c s h tng:
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Thng tin nhn c l mt bng quy hoch ng ph, cng thc xc nh ph ti nh sau:
Ptt = P0 .L v Qtt = Ptt .tg
(3-14)
Trong : L: chiu di on ph.
P0 : cng sut ph ti trn mt mt chiu di.
b) Trong giai on thit k chi tit:
Thng tin nhn c tng i chnh xc, xc nh ph ti in c hai phng php tnh
ton:
+ Phng php 1: Tnh ph ti t cn h ri n khu vc.
+ Phng php 2: Tnh ngc li t khu vc ri n cn h.
3.4.2 Ph ti in cc trng di hc, trung hc chuyn nghip:
i vi khu vc ging ng, hnh chnh vn phng, phng th nghim ph ti c xc nh
theo cng thc: Pp = P0 * S vi P0 = 2040 W/m2. Sau c cng vi ph ti ca xng in,
c kh, k tc xta c ph ti cho trng hc.
3.4.3 Cc loi ph ti khc:
Cc ph ti in khc nh: khu vn phng, khch sn siu th, nh hng cng vin c tnh
ton tng t bng cch chn cng sut ph ti n v ( P0 ) ph hp.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 4. TRM IN
4.1. Khi qut v phn loi trm in:
Trm bin p dng bin i in nng t cp in p ny sang cp in p khc.
Theo nhim v, c th phn trm thnh hai loi:
+ Trm bin p trung gian hay cn gi l trm bin p chnh: trm ny nhn in 35220kV t
h thng bin i thnh cp in p 10, 6 hay 0,4kV.
+ Trm bin p phn xng: nhn in t trm bin p trung gian bin i thnh cc cp in
p thch hp phc v cho ph ti phn xng. Pha s cp thng l 35, 22, 15, 10, 6kV; cn
pha h p c th l 660, 380/220 hay 220/127V.
Theo cu trc, cng c th chia thnh hai loi:
+ Trm bin p ngoi tri: trm ny, cc thit b cao p u c t ngoi tri, cn phn
phn phi in p thp c t trong nh hoc trong cc t chuyn dng ch to sn.
+ Trm bin p trong nh: trm ny tt c cc thit b u c t trong nh. Chi ph xy
dng trm trong nh thng cao hn trm ngoi tri nhiu.
4.2. S ni dy trm bin p:
S ni dy ca trm phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:
+ m bo lin tc cung cp in theo yu cu ph ti.
+ S ni dy r rng, thun tin trong vn hnh v lc x l s c.
+ An ton lc vn hnh v sa cha.
+ Cn bng gia cc ch tiu v kinh t v k thut.
Hnh 4.1: S trm h p trung gian v trm phn phi chnh

4.2.1. S ni dy trm h p trung gian:
S ni dy pha s cp ca trm loi ny ph thuc cc thng s: in p cung cp, s
lng v cng sut my bin p, ch lm vic, tin cy yu cu, s pht trin trong tng
lai Do vy c rt nhiu phng n gii quyt vn , tuy nhin rt t hoc khng c phng
n no tha ht cc yu cu.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Sau y l mt s s ni dy trm bin p thng dng. Cc trm ny thng c thc
hin theo dng sau:
+ Ni n h thng bng mt hoc hai l. Hai l n thng khng c thanh ci.
+ Pha in p th cp (in p phn phi) ngi ta dng s vi thanh ci n hay thanh ci
kp.
4.2.2. Trm phn phi chnh:
Trm nm trong phm vi x nghip, thanh ci cao p ngoi ni vi h thng cn ni vi nh
my in a phng hay t my pht in ring. Thanh ci c th l n hay kp vi my ct
phn on. Do c ni vo ngun ln nn cc ph ti c th lp cc cun khng gim dng
ngn mch nu c.
4.2.3. Trm phn phi trung gian:
i vi cc x nghip c nhiu phn xng nm ri rc v phn tn, th cn c cc trm bin
p trung gian phn phi in nng t cc trm chnh n cc phn xng.
Vic kt ni gia trm trung gian v trm phn phi chnh nh cc l chnh.
4.2.4. Trm h p phn xng:
Trm h p phn xng thng c mt hay hai my bin p, khi trm c nhiu (> 3) my bin
p th c th c thanh ci phn on.
a) Trm h p vi mt my bin p: trm ny thng phc v cho h loi 2, loi 3, tr trng
hp lm ngun d phng cho h loi 1 c cng sut nh nh s dng t ng ng.
c im ca s trm h p mt my bin p phn xng l cch ni ca my bin p
n ng dy cao p, thng thng c 3 cch ni sau:
+ Thng qua dao cch ly v my ct in: cch ny t s dng do my ct t tin, phi tnh
ton n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c ngn mch.
+ Ni qua dao cch ly v cu ch: thng s dng, dao cch ly c nhim v ct dng khng ti.
Nhc im l do bo v qu ti v ngn mch nh cu ch nn c nhy thp.
+ Ni qua dao cch ly v cu ch v my ct ph ti: s ny c dng my ct ph ti do ch
thit k ct dng ph ti nn b phn dp tt h quang c cu to n gin, chi ph khng cao.
Hnh 4.2: Trm c mt v trm nhiu my bin p

b) Trm h p vi nhiu my bin p: phc v cho tt c cc loi h dng in. Ty theo s
my bin p, s l cung cp, loi h c cung cp m c mt s dng s ph bin nh hnh.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
c) Trm h p dng cc t ch to sn:

Cc t ch to sn thng c ch to thnh nhiu ngn. Mi ngn bao gm: my ct, dao
cch ly, thit b o lng v bo v. Ty theo dng ph ti m my ct c th l my ct du,
khng kh v i khi l my ct chn khng.
Hnh 4.3: Trm vi t ch to sn

4.3. Cu trc trm:
Khi thit k xy dng trm phi tit kim chi ph tuy nhin mt s ch tiu sau phi c m
bo:
+ Chn ng trang thit b in, lp rp ng quy phm v tha cc iu kin vn hnh.
+ Tn trng khong cch gia cc phn dn in vi nhau v vi xung quanh.
+ Kh nng loi nhanh ha hon v cc s c khc.
+ Thun tin trong thao tc v cc hnh lang thi cng, sa cha.
+ Phi thc hin ni t bo v.
+ Phi s dng cc tn hiu cn thit.
4.3.1. Trm h p phn xng ngoi tri:
Thng p dng cho x nghip b, li in cung cp t ng dy
trn khng. C hai dng ph bin l my bin p c treo trn ct v
t ngay di chn ct.
+ Dng treo ct: khi cc my bin p ba pha hay mt pha (t
25240kVA) v cc trang b cng kh c in c tng trng lng nh
(khong 3001800kg). Ton b trang b ca trm c treo trn cc gi
mc vo mt, hai hay bn ct bng g hay xi mng ct thp.
+ Dng t di chn ct; i vi cc my bin p qu ln hay khng
m bo c cn bng trng lng khi treo trn ct th my bin p
c t trn mt nn g hay xi mng ngay di chn ct, xung quanh
c ro li cao 2,5m ngn ngi hay vt n gn trm.
4.3.2. Trm h p phn xng trong nh:
i vi trm cng sut ln (hn 320MVA), khi c cc yu cu trong vn hnh, hoc trong
iu kin c bit nh khng kh c hi trong qu trnh sn xut, khng gian b tr trm qu t
th trm trong nh c chn xy dng; trm dng ny tt c cc thit b c t trong nh.
Trm ny thng c s ni dy n gin, ch s dng thanh ci khi c ph ti in p cao.
Cc khi c phn cao p l cu ch ng, my ct ph ti vi cu ch, my ct du hay kh nn.
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Trm c th c mt hay nhiu bung ty theo s lng my bin p. Cc bung phi c h
thng thng gi vi chiu cao ph hp.
i vi cc thit b c cha du nh my bin p, mt ct c cha du phi c h thng gp
du v b cha du phng khi c s c hay ha hon.
Vic ni dy gia cc my bin p v bung phn
phi in p cao (nu c), cng nh vic ni dy n
bng in p thp c th thc hin bng cc thanh dn
hay cp.
4.3.3. Trm h p phn xng ch to sn thnh t:
Loi ny gm c: mt hay hai my bin p h p
c t trong bung con bng kim loi hoc h nu
my bin p c du. H thng phn phi in p cao (6
10kV) gm mt hay nhiu t con c gia cng v lp
t sn theo mt s ni no . H thng phn phi
in p thp cng gm cc t cu kin gia cng sn.
ng dy ni gia cc my bin p v trang b in l
cc thanh trn t bn trong cc khung bng kim loi ca
t ny.
Hnh 4.4: T ch to sn
4.4. La chn my bin p cho trm:
La chn my bin p bao gm chn s lng v cng sut ca my bin p. Vic la chn
ph hp vi loi h tiu th, ph hp vi ch tiu k thut v kinh t (ph u t v vn hnh).
4.5. Ni t trm v ng dy ti in:
Trong li cung cp ngi ta thc hin ni t vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau: ni t lm
vic, an ton v chng st.
Trang b ni t bao gm cc in cc v dy dn ni t. Cc in cc ni t bao gm: in
cc thng c ng su vo trong t v in cc ngang c chn ngm mt su nht
nh. Cc dy ni t dng ni lin cc b phn c ni t vi cc in cc.
4.5.1. Ni t trm bin p:
H thng ni t trong trm bin p thc hin c ba chc nng: lm vic, an ton v chng
st. Theo quy phm in tr ni t (R) ca h thng ni t phi t nh sau:
+ Vi trm bin p phn phi: R 4.
+ Vi trm bin p trung gian c Um 35kV: R 1.
+ Vi trm bin p trung gian c Um 110kV: R 0,5.
Kt cu h thng ni t ca trm thng dng mch vng gm cc cc di 2,5m ng
ngp su 0,7m, cc cc cch nhau 2,5m v c hn ni vi nhau bng cc thanh thp to
thnh mch vng.
i vi cc trm t h ph th phng n ni t hnh tia c thc hin.
4.5.2. Ni t ng dy ti in:
C hai loi ni t ng dy ti in:
a) Ni t chng st v an ton: cc DK trung p tr ln tt c cc ct u phi ni t, vi
DK 0,4 kV phi ni t cc ct i qua khu vc ng dn.
Quy phm quy nh R ca mt ct nh sau:
+ Vng ng bng: R 10.
+ Vng trung du: R 15.
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+ Vng ni: R 20.
Thng vi vng ng bng, in tr sut ca t nh, mi ct ch cn ni t 1 cc l t tr
c cho php, vng trung du v vng ni phi tng s cc theo hnh tia n khi t tr s cho php.
b) Ni t trung tnh lp li: l hnh thc ni t ring cho DK 0,4kV d phng mt trung
tnh ti trm bin p lm chy cc thit b dng in.
Theo quy phm, c khong 4 hay 5 ct phi thc hin ni t trung tnh lp li.
Lu : cn phn bit ni t trung tnh l ni t ng dy trung tnh xung cc ni t; ni
t chng st v an ton l ni t x dy xung cc ni t.
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Chng 5. TNH TON TN THT IN

Tnh ton v in l xc nh thng s ch ca li in.
Tnh ton v in bao gm tnh cc loi tn tht trong h thng nh tn tht in p, tn tht
cng sut, tn tht in nng cng nh cc tnh ton v phn b cng sut, la chn tit din dy
dn v cp, cc ch vn hnh
Tnh ton in phc v cho cng tc nh gi cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng cung cp in,
xc nh tng ph ti, chn cc phn t ca mng in, xc nh phng n b cng sut phn
khng
Ty mc ch s dng m chnh xc ca cc tnh ton i hi khc nhau. khi lng tnh
ton gim bt c th s dng cc biu , bng tnh c sn trong cc sch tra cu.
Cc bc thc hin ln lt: x l cc d kin ban u (cp in p, loi dy dn, s
mng), xy dng s thay th, thc hin tnh ton v x l kt qu.
5.1. S thay th li cung cp in:
5.1.1. Khi nim:
Thnh lp s thay th cho mt li in bt k gm c: la chn s tnh ton cho mi
phn t ca li v tnh ton cc thng s ca chng, sau lp cc s thay th theo ng trnh
t trong li, cui cng l quy i cc thng s trn s v cng cp in p.
S thay th ca ng dy v my bin p s c ln lt trnh by, y l hai thnh phn
chnh ca li truyn ti v phn phi.
5.1.2. S thay th ng dy:
a) Cc thng s ca ng dy:
+ in dn G: l thng s phn nh hin tng tn tht cng sut tc dng trong s v in mi.
Phn cng sut tn hao trong s ca ng dy trn khng mi cp in p rt b v c th b
qua. Mt phn tn tht cng sut na l tn tht do vng quang, thng ch xy ra cp in p
110kV trong mt s iu kin nht nh. i vi dy cp c th b qua in dn.
+ Dung dn B: dung dn ng dy th hin in dung gia cc dy dn. Dung dn ny t l vi
dng in chuyn dch (hay l dng in np ca ng dy), sinh ra cng sut phn khng trn
ng dy. Dng in in dung ca cp thng ln hn ng dy trn khng, do vy i vi cp
t 20kV tr ln phi xt n dung dn khi lp s thay th.
+ in tr R: in tr ng dy, ph thuc chiu di v thng c cho bi nh ch to.
+ in khng X: th hin hin tng tn t. Khi ti dng in xoay chiu ba pha s xut hin xung
quanh cc dy dn mt t trng, to ra lc in ng trong mi dy dn v ph thuc khong cch
tng h gia cc dy dn. i vi cc ng dy t 330kV tr ln, gim in khng ngi ta
thng p dng k thut phn pha.
b) S thay th:
Cc thng s ca ng dy: in tr, in khng, in dn v dung dn hu nh phn b dc
theo ng dy. d dng trong tnh ton, ty theo loi ng dy mt s thng s c th xem l
tp trung hay b qua. Cc s thay th v trng hp p dng c tm tt trong bng bn di.
c) Tnh thng s ng dy:
Z = R + j. X = ( ro + .xo ) .l ; ro v xo in tr v in cm khng trn n v chiu di (km).
Y = G + j.B = ( g o + .bo ) .l ; go v bo in dn v dung dn trn n v chiu di (km).
+ in dn G: c xc nh theo tn tht cng sut tc dng G =
Pvq
(5-1)
U2
Trong Pvq l tn tht vng quang xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim.
Bng 5-1. Cc s thay th ng dy

Bin son: Thch Bo n
20
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
S
Trng hp p dng
S ng dy.
U1
Rn
Iy
I1
U1
Iy
Bn
2
Gn
2
Rn
IB
U2
In
Bn
2
Gn
2
I1
Xn
Xn
I2
U2
In
IB
Bn
2
Bn
2
I2
S thay th hnh p dng cho ng

dy trn khng 300km hay cp 50km.
Z= R + j.X
Y = G + j. B
2
2
2
S hnh b qua in dn, do:
+ in dn gy bi tn tht trong s v
in mi rt b.
+ Tn tht vng quang thng ch xy ra
ng dy trn khng > 200kV.
S thay th mng a phng b qua
tng dn.
S thay th cho cp 610kV b qua
tng dn
7,58
(5-2)
.106 1
.km
Dtb
log10 .
R
Trong : Dtb khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy dn, Dtb = 3 D12 .D13 .D23 , [ mm ]
+ Dung dn bo:
bo =
R l bn knh dy dn, [mm].

Nu ng dy c dy dn phn nh, th tr s R c thay th bng Rdt = n R.atbn 1
Trong : Rt: bn knh ng tr ca cc dy dn trong mt pha.
n: s dy dn trong mt pha.
atb: khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy dn trong mt pha.
R: bn knh thc ca mi dy phn nh.
+ in tr ro: thng c cho bi nh ch to hay tnh theo rt = r20 1 + ( t 20 )
(5-3)
Trong : rt: in tr nhit t.

r20: in tr nhit 20oC, c tra cc bng cho sn.
: h s nhit in tr, c tra cc bng cho sn, i vi ng, nhm, nhm li
thp = 0,004.
D
(5-4)
+ in khng xo:
xo = 0,1445.log10 . tb + 0, 0157,
km
R
Nu ng dy c dy dn phn nh, khi :
D
0, 0157
,
xo = 0,1445.log10 . tb +
km
Rdt
n
5.1.3. S thay th my bin p:
Bin son: Thch Bo n
21
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
a) Cc thng s ca my bin p:
+ Tng tr ca my bin p: l ZT = RT + j. X T phn nh hin tng tn tht cng sut tc dng
do hiu ng Joule v hin tng tn tht cng sut phn khng do tn t trong cc cun dy. Trong
: RT l in tr, X T l in cm khng.
+ Tng dn ca my bin p: YT = GT + j.BT phn nh hin tng tn tht cng sut trong li thp
my bin p: tn hao do dng Foucault v tn hao t. Tn tht trong li thp hu nh khng ph
thuc vo ti ca my bin p v bng lc khng ti. Vi: GT l in dn, BT l cm dn.
Cc thng s ca my bin p c th tnh theo cc s liu ca my bin p nh: tn tht ngn
mch Pk , tn tht khng ti Po , in p ngn mch U k % , dng in khng ti I o % . Cc s liu l
kt qu ca th nghim ngn mch v th nghim khng ti.
b) S thay th v tnh cc thng s cho my bin p hai cun dy:
My bin p ba pha hai cun dy l loi c dng ph bin trong h thng cung cp in. Khi
tnh ton dng s hnh nh hnh v.
RT
GT
XT
RT
XT
BT
S T = PT j QT
a)
b)
Hnh 5.1. S thay th my bin p 2 cun dy
y: RT = R1 + R2' v X T = X 1 + X 2' ( R2' v X 2' l in tr v cm khng ca cun dy th cp 2

quy i v cun dy s cp 1. Sau y s nu cc cng thc tnh thng s my bin p ( RT , X T ,
GT v BT ) thng qua cc s liu ( Pk , Po , U k % v I o % ) ca n:
2
2
S dm
Pk .U dm
+ Tnh RT : ta c Pk = 3I .RT = 2 .RT , do RT =
2
U dm
S dm
2
dm
Tnh vi n v thng dng: RT =
2
KV 2
Pk [ KW ] .U dm
2
KVA2
Sdm
(5-5)
.103 , [ ]
2
KV 2
U k %.U dm
I dm . X T
Tnh X T : ta c U k % =
.100 , do X T =
.10, [ ]
U dm
Sdm [ KVA]
3
P
Tnh GT : mt cch gn ng GT = 20
U dm
Q
Tnh BT : mt cch gn ng BT = 2 0
U dm
I %.Sdm
Trong : Q0 0
, [ KVA]
100
S thay th v tnh cc thng s cho my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu:
i vi my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu, nh ch to cho nhng s liu sau:
Sdm : cng sut nh mc my bin p.
U Cdm , U Tdm , U Hdm hay U1dm , U 2dm , U 3dm : in p nh mc cc cun cao, trung v h.
+
+
c)
Bin son: Thch Bo n
(5-6)
(5-7)
(5-8)
22
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
I o % : dng in khng ti tnh theo phn trm so vi dng in nh mc.
P12 , P13 , P23 : tn tht ngn mch ng vi ba trng thi th nghim ngn mch.
U12 % , U13 % , U 23 % : in p ngn mch ng vi ba trng thi th nghim ngn mch.
+
+
X3
S0
R3
Hnh 5.2. a) My bin p ba cun dy; b) MBA t ngu; c) S thay th hnh sao
S thay th hnh sao c t lng tn hao trong thp: S0 = S Fe = PFe + j.QFe

(5-9)
Tn tht cng sut tc dng khi ngn mch v in p ngn mch ca my bin p ba cun dy
v t ngu c tnh theo cc dng ngn mch sau:
1) Khi cun 2 b ngn mch, cun 3 h mch, cun 1 c t vo mt in p sao cho trong cun
1 v 2 c dng nh mc. Ngi ta o c P12 v U12 % , vi:
+ P12 = P1 + P2 trong P1 v P2 l tn tht cng sut tc dng trong cun 1 v 2.
+ U12 % = U1 % + U 2 %
2) Cho h mch cun 2, ngn mch cun 3 v cun 1 c t vo mt in p sao cho trong cun
1 v 3 c dng nh mc ta thu c: P13 = P1 + P3 v U13 % = U1 % + U 3 % .
3) Tng t khi cho cun 1 h mch, cun 3 ngn mch v t in p vo cun 2 sao cho trong
cun 2 v 3 c dng nh mc ta c: P23 = P2 + P3 v U 23 % = U 2 % + U 3 % .
Gii h cc phng trnh trn ta tnh c tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch i vi tng
cun dy theo s liu cho:
P1 = 1 ( P12 + P13 P23 )
2
(5-10)
P2 = P12 P1
P3 = P13 P1
U1 % = 1 (U12 % + U13 % U 23 % )
2
(5-11)
U 2 % = U12 % U1 %
U 3 % = U13 % U1 %1
Sau p dng cng thc (5-5) v (5-6) tnh cc thng s ca my bin p.

Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
5.2. Tnh ton tn tht in p:

Khi truyn ti in nng t ngun n h tiu th th mi phn t mng in do c tng tr nn
u gy tn tht cng sut v in p.
Tn tht cng sut gy tnh trng thiu ht in nng ti ni tiu th, lm tng gi thnh truyn
ti in v lm cho hiu qu kinh t km.
Tn tht in p lm cho in p ti cc h tiu th b gim thp, nh hng cht lng in.
Sau y ln lt gii thiu s lc phng php tnh ton tn tht in p, cng sut v in
nng trn mng phn phi in.
5.2.1. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c ph
ti tp trung:
Tn tht in p l i lng phc: U = U + j. U

Gi thit mng lm vic ch i xng, do ch
cn nghin cu mt pha.
Tng tr dy dn: Z = R + j. X [ ] v ph ti tp
trung cui ng dy S = P + j.Q [ KVA] .
Trn hnh v biu din vect in p ca ng dy:

+ Vect Oa: in p Up2 cui ng dy.
Hnh 5.3. th vect tn tht in p
+ Vect Oc: in p Up1 u ng dy.
Tn tht in p c xc nh bng tam gic tn tht abc, trong :
+ Vect ab: l tn tht in p trn in tr, trng pha vi vect dng in I, ln = I.R.
+ Vect bc: l tn tht in p trnuuur
in khng,
vung
gc vi vect ab, c ln = I.X.
ur
ur
+ Vect ac: tn tht in p tng U p = U p1 j.U p 2 c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn:
o Tn tht in p dc: on ad, l hnh chiu ca U ln trc.
o Tn tht in p ngang U p : on cd.
Lc ny tnh ton tn tht in p c th phn thnh hai trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: i vi li c in p 35kV, thng rt b do c th b qua tn tht in
p ngang.
Tn tht in p pha: U p = ad = af + fd (xem 1 = 2 = ) = I .R.cos + I . X .sin
Tn tht in p dy: U = 3U p = 3 ( I .R.cos + I . X .sin )
P.R
Q. X P.R + Q. X
= 3
+
(5-12)
[V ]
=
U
U
U
3
3
dm
dm
dm
P.R + Q. X 100
Tnh theo %: U % =
, vi P[kW], Q[kVA], R v X[], Um[kV].
.
2
U dm
1000
+ Trng hp 2: i vi li c in p > 35kV, phi xt n tn tht in p ngang U p :
Tn tht in p ngang: U p = cd = cg dg = cg bf = IX cos IR sin
Tn tht in p ngang i vi in p dy: U p = 3 U p = 3 ( IX cos IR sin )
Do vy:
PX
QR PX QR
= 3
=
U dm
3U dm
3U dm
PR + QX
PX QR
U = U + j. U =
+ j.
U dm
U dm
Bin son: Thch Bo n
24
(5-13)
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
5.2.2. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c nhiu ph ti tp trung:
Hnh 5.4. ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung

Trng hp ng dy c nhiu ph ti tp trung, gi tr tn tht in p l tng tn tht in p
cc on dy, ta c cc cng thc sau:
n
1 n
100
.
.
hay
%
U =
P
r
+
Q
x
U
=
(5-14)
(
)
ii i i
( Pi .ri + Qi .xi )
1000.U dm2 i =1
U dm i =1
Trong : Pi , Qi cng sut chy trn on th i, n v [kW], kVAR].

ri , xi in tr v in khng ca on th i, n v [].
U dm in p dy nh mc, [kV].
U =
1
U dm
( pi .Ri + qi . X i ) hay
U % =
i =1
100
1000.U dm2
( p .R + q . X )
i
(5-15)
i =1
Trong : pi , qi cng sut ca ph ti ti im th i, n v [kW], kVAR].

Ri , X i in tr v in khng ca ng dy k t u ngun n im th i, []
5.2.3. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c ph ti phn b u:
i vi ng dy c ph ti phn b u, ta c:
P.R + Q. X
U =
[V ]
2.U dm
Trong : P, Q tng cng sut ca ph ti trn ng dy, n v [kW], kVAR].
R, X in tr v in khng ca ng dy, []
(5-16)
5.2.4. Tn tht in p trong my bin p:

Tng t nh tnh tn tht in p trn ng dy c ph ti tp trung, tn tht in p trong
P.R + Q. X 100
U % =
my bin p l:
.
(5-17)
2
U dm
1000
Trong : P, Q cng sut do my bin p truyn ti, n v [kW], kVAR].
R, X in tr v in khng ca MBA quy i v cp in p tng ng, []
U dm in p nh mc, [kV].
5.3. Tnh ton tn tht cng sut:
5.3.1. Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy:
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l mt i lng phc: S = P + j.Q , trong :

+ P : tn tht cng sut tc dng do pht nng trn in tr ng dy.
+ Q : tn tht cng sut phn khng do t ha ng dy.
xc nh tn tht cng sut trn ng dy, ta dng s thay th hnh .
+ Trng hp 1: xt mng in khu vc c in p t 110 220kV do c th b qua thng s
in dn G (nh hnh a).
Bin son: Thch Bo n
25
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Hnh 5.5. S thay th tnh tn tht cng sut
Theo hnh v, d dng tnh c:

S " = P" + j.Q" = P2 + jQ2 jQc 2
B
2 B
y: Qc 2 = 3I c 2U 2 = U 22 . U dm
.
2
2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng v phn khng khi c dng in ba pha chy qua Z = R + j. X :
2
2
P" ) + ( Q" )
(
P =
.R
U2
hay
2
2
P" ) + ( Q" )
(
.X
Q =
U2
Vy: S ' = S " + S = ( P" + P ) + j. ( Q" + Q ) = P ' + jQ '
S2
2
P = 3I .R = U 2 .R
2
Q = 3I 2 . X = S . X
U2
(5-18)
B
2 B
.
U dm
2
2
+ Trng hp 2: i vi ng dy a phng ta c th b qua tng dn B, nh hnh b, khi
tn tht cng sut c xc nh theo cng sut ti P2 + jQ2
V:
S = S ' jQc1 = P ' + jQ ' jQc1 = P1 + jQ1 vi Qc1 = 3I c1U1 = U12 .
2
2
P2 ) + ( Q2 )
(
.R
P =
U2
(5-19)
2
2
P2 ) + ( Q2 )
(
.X
Q =
U2
5.3.2. Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy c ph ti phn b u:
Nu ng dy phn phi c ph ti phn b u (nh ng dy chiu sng ngoi ng), c
tng dng I v in tr R, th tn tht P = I 2 R
5.3.3. Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p:
Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p bao gm tn tht khng ti (tn tht trong li thp hay tn
tht st) v tn tht c ti (tn tht trong dy qun hay tn tht ng).
a) Thnh phn tn tht khng ti:
Thnh phn tn tht trong li thp khng i khi ph ti thay i v bng tn tht khng ti:
(5-20)
S0 = P0 + j.Q0
I %.S dm
I %.S dm
Vi: Q0 = 0
ta c: S0 = P0 + j. 0
100
100
b) Tn tht c ti i vi my bin p hai cun dy:
i vi my bin p hai cun dy, tn tht cng sut tc dng trong cc cun dy khi ti nh
mc bng tn tht cng sut ngn mch: Pcun dy nh mc = PK.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
26
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Tn tht cng sut phn khng trong cc cun dy, nu xem RT<<XT, c xc nh nh sau:
U %.S dm
= QK
Qcun dy nh mc = K
100
V my bin p lm vic vi Spt khc vi ti nh mc nn khi xc nh tn tht trong my bin
S
I
p phi xt n h s ti: kt = pt = pt
S dm I dm
U %.Sdm
Khi tn tht trong cc cun dy: Scun dy = kt2 PK + j.kt2 K
100
Tng tn tht cng sut trong my bin p:
S
(5-21)
ST = S0 + Scuonday = ( P0 + kt2 PK ) + j. ( I 0 % + kt2 .U K % ) dm = PT + j.QT
100
c) Tn tht c ti i vi my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu:
Cc bc tnh ton c tun t thc hin:
Trc ht, tnh tn tht cng sut trong cun
dy 2 v 3 theo ph ti tng ng trung v h p:
P2 2 + Q2 2 '
P2 2 + Q2 2 '
=
+
S
.
R
j
.X 2
2
2
U 2'
U 2'
(5-22)
2
2
2
2
S = P3 + Q3 .R ' + j P3 + Q3 . X '
3
3
3
U 3'
U 3'
y U 2' , U 3' , R2' , R3' , X 2' , X 3' l cc in p

v tng tr tng ng quy i v in p cun
1.
Cng sut:
S1" = S 2' + S3' = S2 + S3 + S2 + S3 = P1" + j.Q1"
Hnh 5.6. Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p ba cun dy
Tn tht cng sut trong cun 1: S1
( P ) + (Q )
=
" 2
1
" 2
1
( P ) + (Q )
.R + j
" 2
1
" 2
1
.X1
(5-23)
1
U12
U12
Ngoi ra, c th tnh tn tht cng sut trong my bin p ba cun dy v my bin p t ngu
mt cch trc tip theo cc lng nh mc v h s ti:
S
S
S
ST = ( P0 + kt21PK 1 + kt22 PK 2 + kt23 PK 3 ) + j. Q0 + kt21.U K 1 % dm1 + kt22 .U K 2 % dm 2 + kt23 .U K 3 % dm3

100
100
100
5.4. Tnh ton tn tht in nng:

5.4.1. in nng v tn tht in nng:
in nng l lng cng sut tc dng sn xut, truyn ti hay tiu th trong mt khong thi
gian. Trong thit k h thng thng ly thi gian l mt nm.
(5-24)
Nu cng sut P khng i trong thi gian kho st T th in nng: A = P.T
Khi tn tht cng sut cng khng i v tn tht in nng: A = P.T
Trng hp cng sut thay i v c th biu din thnh hm theo thi gian, ta c:
T
A = P ( t ) .dt v A = P ( t ) .dt
(5-25)
Trong thc t, rt t khi c th biu din c cng sut cng nh tn tht cng sut theo thi
gian, ch c th xc nh tn tht in nng bng phng php gn ng v cn tm , Tmax.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
27
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
a) Tmax: l thi gian nu h thng cung cp in ch truyn ti cng sut ln nht Pmax, th s truyn
ti c lng in nng ng bng lng in nng truyn ti trong thc t 1 nm.
A
Pmax .Tmax = A hay Tmax =
(5-26)
Ta c:
Pmax
Tuy nhin trong giai on thit k do cha bit A, nn gi tr Tmax thng c chn:
+ Tra s tay i vi ph ti cng nghip.
+ Chn 4000 5000h i vi h tiu th th.
+ Chn 2500 3000h i vi h tiu th nng thn.
b) : l thi gian nu h thng cung cp in ch truyn ti cng sut ln nht th s gy ra lng
tn tht in nng ng bng lng tn tht in nng gy ra trong thc t mt nm.
(5-27)
Ta c:
Pmax . = A
c xc nh gn ng theo Tmax: = ( 0,124 + 104 Tmax ) .8760 [ h ]

2
(5-28)
5.4.2. Tn tht in nng trn ng dy:

Tn tht in nng trn ng dy c xc nh nh sau: Add = Pdd . [ KWh ]
(5-29)
Trong : Pdd tn tht cng sut ln nht trn ng dy vi ph ti tnh ton [kW].
thi gian chu tn tht cng sut ln nht, [h]
5.4.3. Tn tht in nng trong my bin p:
2
Tn tht in nng trong my bin p l: AT = P0 .t + PK pt max . [ KWh ]

S dm
Nu my bin p lm vic sut nm t= 8760h.
2
S pt max
1
Khi c n my bin p lm vic song song: AT = n.P0 .t + .PK
. [ KWh ]
n
S
dm
5.4.4. Cc gii php gim tn tht in nng:
(5-30)
(5-31)
P2 + Q2
.R .
U2
Cc gii php thc hin u nhm vo mc ch tc ng vo cc i lng P, Q, R v U dn ti
lm gim P .
a) Tng in p truyn ti: c th s dng u phn p ca my bin p nhm nng cao in p
cung cp (khng cao qu 5%Udm). Nu c th ci to nng cp in p cho ng dy truyn ti.
b) Gim P: ct gim P c th dng cc gii php nh thay i dy chuyn cng ngh hin i
tiu tn in nng t hn, s dng cc thit b in cng ngh mi hiu sut cao.
c) B cng sut phn khng: gii php ny nhm gim lng Q truyn ti trn li in. C th
l: dng bin php hnh chnh v khuyn khch cc x nghip t t b gim Q v tin hnh b
kinh t trn li cung cp in.
d) Gim tr s R: gim R c th dng cc gii php:
+ Dng cp ng thay cho cp nhm. Tng tit din dy dn.
+ Chn tit din dy theo Jkt (dy s ln hn v R nh hn khi chn theo cc phng php khc).
Ngoi ra, c th dng cc bin php nh: t trm ng trong tm ph ti, la chn ng dung
lng my bin p (khi thit k); vn hnh kinh t trm bin p
Mun gim tn tht in nng cn phi gim tn tht cng sut tc dng: P =
Bin son: Thch Bo n
28
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 6. TNH TON NGN MCH TRONG H THNG IN

6.1. Khi nim chung:
6.1.1 Khi nim v ngn mch:
Ngn mch l hin tng mch in
b chp li mt im no lm cho
tng tr mch nh i, dng in trong
mch s tng cao t ngt v in p
gim xung. Vic dng in tng cao
qu mc s gy cc hu qu nghim
trng:
+ Xut hin lc in ng ln c kh
nng ph hy kt cu ca cc thit b
in, tip tc gy chm chp chy n.
+ Lm nhit tng cao ph hy cc
c tnh cch in, vic ny li tip tc
gy ra cc ngn mch khc.
Hnh 6.1. th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu .
Nu khng nhanh chng c lp vng ngn mch th h thng chuyn sang ch ngn mch
duy tr.
Dng in ngn mch theo thi gian c th phn tch thnh 2 thnh phn: chu k v khng
chu k. iN ( t ) = ick ( t ) + ikck ( t )
(6-1)
Trong , thnh phn khng chu k s tt sau mt thi gian ch cn li thnh phn chu k.
E
i: dng in siu qu ban u, i " = *
x*
Trong : E* : sc in ng siu qu tng ng trong n v tng i.
x* : in khng tng hp trong n v tng i.
Ickm: bin ca thnh phn chu k, I ckm = 2.i "

ixk: l dng ngn mch ti t=T/2, do : ixk = I ckm + I ckm .e
Trong : k xk = 1 + e
0,01
Ta
0,01
Ta
= k xk .I ckm = k xk . 2.i "
gi l h s xung kch, vi Ta = x
l hng s thi gian. Thng

w.r
thng h s xung kch c tra t cc bng theo t s x ca mch, v tr ngn mch v cc c
r
trng ca mch in.
Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau:
+ Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p tng:
kxk = 1,9.
kxk = 1,8.
+ Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht:
+ Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000kVA): kxk = 1,3.
i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu k v t do do n
cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly:
+ ng c c ln :
kxk = 1,8.
+ ng c c 100200kW:
kxk = 1,51,6.
+ ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: kxk = 1.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
6.1.2 Phn loi ngn mch:

C nhiu dng ngn mch: ngn mch 3 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha chm t,
ngn mch 1 pha chm ttrong ngn mch 3 pha l nguy him nht.
Bng 6-1. Tm tt cc loi ngn mch
Thng tng cc dng ngn mch phi c c lp khi h thng. Ring trong li trung p
35, 10, 6kV l li c trung tnh cch in th dng ngn mch 1 pha nh v ngi ta cho php
tip tc vn hnh 2 gi k t khi ngn mch, nu sau 2 gi nu khng pht hin v khc phc
c s c th mi ct in. S c ny c pht hin nh my bin p ba pha tam gic h.
6.1.3 Mc ch v yu cu ca tnh ton ngn mch:
Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut yu cu
tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch.
Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti mt s
im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc i lng trn
c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong sut c qu trnh qu .
Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau:
+ So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in.
+ Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in.
+ Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v.
+ Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng...
Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh khn. Do
vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng php thc nghim, gn
ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch.
Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch cn phi
xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng ngn mch xy ra
lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng ngn mch gy nn dng ln
nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti u cc my ct gii quyt cc vn
lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit b bo v rle thng phi tm dng ngn mch
nh nht, lc y tt nhin cn phi s dng nhng iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng
iu kin nu trn.
6.1.4 Tnh ton ngn mch
Trong tnh ton ngn mch, kt qu thu c l gn ng, mc chnh xc ph thuc vo
cch thc thit lp s thay th ( tnh ton) v chnh xc ca phng tin tnh ton. V d:
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ Nu khng k n ph ti v cc phn t khc th gi tr dng ngn mch tnh ton s ln hn
2-7% so vi gi tr chnh xc.
+ Nu khng k n in tr v ph ti (khi tnh ton chnh xc sc in ng), th dng ngn
mch ba pha s ln hn gi tr thc khong 20%.
+ Nu ch khng lu n s khc nhau v module v argument ca sc in ng (xem cc
my pht in l nh nhau v c sc in ng bng 1,05E) th gi tr tnh ton dng in ngn
mch ba pha s nh hn khong 10% so vi gi tr chnh xc.
+ Nu khng k n s khc nhau v module v argument ca sc in ng (sc in ng
bng 1,05E), ng thi khng k n s khc nhau ca ph ti, th dn n kt qu dng in
ngn mch ba pha nh hn so vi gi tr chnh xc khong 5-8%.
+ Nu dng nh l my pht in tng ng (Thevenin) tnh ton th dng ngn mch s
Uk
l: I nm =
Z k + Z sun
Trong :
+ Uk: in p ca thanh gp s c ch lm vic trc khi pht sinh ngn mch.
+ Zk: tng tr tng ng ca s th t thun c nhn t ch s c.
+ Zsun: tng tr mch sun tng ng ca ch s c.
S sai lch ca dng in ngn mch tnh ton so vi gi tr thc t nm trong phm vi trn
c th chp nhn c khi nghin cu mt s phm tr tnh ton nh vic xc nh cng sut
dng in ngn mch ca my ct in.
Tuy nhin trong vic tnh ton, la chn c tnh cho cc bo v khong cch, so lchcn
phi tnh ton dng ngn mch mt cch chnh xc.
6.1.5 Cc phng php tnh ton
tnh ton dng ngn mch c th p dng cc phng php thc dng gn ng nh
phong gii tch v phng php ng cong tnh ton, khi cn chnh xc cao phng php
dng ma trn v my tnh c dng.
+ Phng php gii tch.
+ Phng php ng cong tnh ton.
+ Phng php dng ma trn v my tnh tnh ton.
6.2. Cc phng tnh ton gn ng dng in ngn mch:
Cc phng php tnh thng thng u phi tun t thc hin cc bc sau:
a) Xy dng cc gi thit, cc gi thit ph hp vi phng php tnh, mc ch tnh ngn mch,
ph hp vi tng trng hp c th
b) Chn h n v tng i.
c) Thnh lp s thay th v thc hin cc php bin i c th tnh c in khng t
ngun n im ngn mch.
d) Tnh cc thnh phn ca dng ngn mch cn thit.
Sau y s gii thiu khi qut hai phng php tnh gn ng dng ngn mch l phng
php gii tch v phng php ng cong tnh ton.
6.2.1 Phng php gii tch:
a) Bc 1 - Xy dng cc gi thit: Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in, c
in b ph hoi, trong h thng in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s bin thin
mnh v nh hng tng h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh hng, th vic tnh ton
ngn mch s rt kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra nhng gi thit nhm n gin
ha vn c th tnh ton. Mi phng php tnh ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit
ring ca n. y ta ch nu ra cc gi thit c bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
1. Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v tnh ton
ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th dng nguyn l xp
chng phn tch qu trnh.
2. B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p.
3. H thng in 3 pha l i xng.
4. B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr trng
hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung dn ca ng dy.
5. B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng. Gi thit ny
dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr khi bt buc phi xt n
in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc khi tnh ton ngn mch trn ng dy cp
di hay ng dy trn khng tit din b. Ngoi ra lc tnh hng s thi gian tt dn ca dng
in khng chu k cng cn phi tnh n in tr tc dng.
6. Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh qu c
th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp trung ti mt nt chung.
7. Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch pha gia
sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh ngn mch. Nu gc
lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in tng ln th dng trong nhnh s c gim
xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm cho vic tnh ton n gin hn v tr s dng in ti ch
ngn mch l ln nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, nht l khi tnh ton trong giai on
u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 0,2 sec).
b) Bc 2 - Chn n v tng i:
Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din trong h n v c tn hoc trong h
n v tng i.
Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no l t s gia n vi mt i
lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o lng.
i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn.
Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn cc i
lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i lng c bn sau:
Zcb: tng tr pha c bn.
Scb: cng sut c bn 3 pha.
tcb: thi gian c bn.
Ucb: in p dy c bn.
Icb: dng in c bn.
cb: tc gc c bn.
Cc i lng ny lin h vi nhau qua cc biu thc sau:
U
1
S = 3.U .I
Z=
v t =
3.I
Do thng thng chn ba i lng c bn l Scb, Ucb, cb cc i lng cn li c
tnh t cc biu thc trn.
Scb: thng c chn bng 100MVA, 1000MVA hay c th chn bng cng sut nh mc
ca mt trong cc ngun cung cp.
Ucb: ly theo thang in p trung bnh nh mc: 500; 330; 230; 115; 37; 22; 18; 15,75; 13,8;
6,3; 3,15 v 0,4kV.
Sau khi c cc i lng c bn, c th tnh cc i lng tng i t cc i lng
thc theo cc cng thc sau:
3.I cb
S
E
U
S
I
Z
= Z.
= Z . cb2
E*( cb ) =
S*( cb ) =
Z*( cb ) =
; U *( cb ) =
; I*( cb ) =
Z cb
U cb
U cb
U cb
U cb
Scb
I cb
Mt s tnh cht ca h n v tng i:
1. Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn cng ng
thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng.
V d: Scb dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Zcb - cho Z, R, X.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
2. Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3 pha v cng
sut 1 pha cng bng nhau.
3. Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty thuc vo lng
c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th tng ng vi nhiu i lng
thc khc nhau.
4. Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh
mc ca chng (Sm, Um, Im). Lc :
3.I dm
S
Z
= Z.
= Z . dm
Z*( dm ) =
2
Z dm
U dm
U dm
5. i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v d nh khng
in, my bin p...
3.I dm
X K % = 100. X *( dm ) = X K .
.100
U dm
3.I dm
.100 = U N %
U dm
c) Bc 3 - Thnh lp s thay th v bin i s : S thay th l s cho php th
cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt mch in tng ng bng cch qui i tham s
ca cc phn t cc cp in p khc nhau v mt cp c chn lm c s. Cc tham s ca
s thay th c th xc nh trong h n v c tn hoc h n v tng i, ng thi c th
tnh gn ng hoc tnh chnh xc.
Trnh t qui i nh sau:
+ Chn cng sut c bn Scb chung cho tt c cc on trn s .
+ Trn mi on ly Um = Utb ca cp in p tng ng.
+ Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc biu thc gn
ng. Di dy l bng tm tt cng thc tnh quy i cho cc phn t.
X B % = X B.
Sau khi quy i, thc hin cc php bin i c th tnh ton in khng t ngun n
v tr ngn mch.
Cc php bin i: Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton ngn mch
nhm mc ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in thnh mt s n
gin nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S ti gin c th bao gm mt
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng ng tr E n im ngn mch thng
qua mt in khng ng tr (tng hp) X.
E?
x?
1. Nhnh ng tr: Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun
hoc khng ngun thnh mt nhnh tng ng.
Trong :
n
Edt =
E .Y
k
k =1
n
; X dt =
k =1
1
n
k =1
1
l in dn nhnh k.
Xk
2. Bin i Y - : Bin i s thay th c
dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh a) thnh tam gic
(hnh b) theo cc biu thc sau:
Vi Yk =
Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu thc sau:
3. Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch:

Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh, th c th tch ring cc
nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh vy. S nhn c lc ny
khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong mi nhnh khi cho ngn mch ch trn
mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh ph ti c sc in ng bng khng. Dng qua
im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh cc nhnh ngn mch ring r. Phng php ny
thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh ngn mch no .
4. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :

Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n gin hn
hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
d) Bc 4 - Tnh ton ngn mch:

Sau khi tnh c in khng tng hp v sc in ng siu qu , ln lt tnh:
E
+ Dng in ngn mch siu qu tng i: i " = *
x*
+ Dng in ngn mch: I N = I cb .i "[ kA]
+ Dng in xung kch: ixk = k xk . 2.I N [ kA]
6.2.2 Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

Phng php ny da trn c s s dng mt s ng cong c bit, c th xc nh gi tr
chu k ca dng in ti bt k thi im no ty theo in khng tnh ton ca s .
ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu k trong
dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo mt in khng "
in khng tnh ton x*tt = xd + xN v I *ckt = f ( x*tt , t )
Cu trc ca ng cong c v da trn s n gin (hnh v) v cc gi thit:

+ Trc lc ngn mch, my pht in mang ti nh mc vi cos= 0,8 v in p nh mc,
tng ng vi gi thit l ph ti khng i Z pt = 0,8 + j 0.6 = 1 36o8 .
+ Nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng xN khng mang ti trc khi xy ra ngn
mch.
Cho xN cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh Ick ti im
ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng cong
I *ckt = f ( x*tt , t ) . Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc ca
my pht: Ucb = Utb v Scb = SmF. ng cong tnh ton c xy dng ring cho cc my pht
nhit in v thy in
Cc bc tnh ton ngn mch theo phng php ng cong tnh ton:
Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php ny s
dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc s tt dn
ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh nhau, cho nn c th
nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c cng sut tng tnh ton. Trnh
t tnh ton nh sau:
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
+ Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc lng c bn
Scb, Ucb = Utb):
- in khng ca my pht ly bng xd.
- Khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s .
- Ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo im ngn mch
th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut.
+ Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr x* ca s
i vi im ngn mch.
+ Tnh i v in khng tnh ton: x*tt = x*
S dm
Scb
Trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht.

T in khng tnh ton x*tt v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton s tm c I*ckt.
Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l Sm v Utb:
I ckt = I *ckt .I dm = I *ckt .
S dm
3.U tb
6.3. Khi qut v s dng my tnh trong tnh ton ngn mch:
My vi tnh c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong vic nghin cu cc ch ca h thng
in. Nu my tnh mnh n c th tnh ton cc bi ton vi s lng vi chc nt ch trong
vi pht.
tnh ton cc bi ton ca h thng in bng my tnh, u tin phi xy dng cc ma
tng dn (Y) hay tng tr (Z), sau gii bi ton (I)= (Y)(U) hay (U)= (Z)(I) bng phng php
lp Seidel Gauss.
6.4. Phng php tnh ngn mch trong mng in p thp n 1000V:
Tnh ngn mch trong mng in di 1000V thng l la chn cc kh c in v cc b
phn c dng in i qua. i vi mng ny khng th b qua thnh phn in tr khi tnh ton
ngn mch v nu b qua sai s s rt ln. in tr ca cc phn t trong mch nh my bin p,
dy dn, thanh dn, bin dng in, bin in p o lng u phi c k n.
Tnh ton ngn mch trong mng h p c th gi thit in p pha s cp my bin p l
khng i khi xy ra ngn mch v nn dng n v c tn n gin v ch c mt cp in p:
Z (R, X) [m]; U [kV, V]; I [kA, A]; S [kVA].
a) Tnh in khng:
+ Tnh in khng h thng: X ht =
U tb .103
3.I dmcat
U tb2 .103
[ m]
S dmcat
Trong :
- U tb l in p trung bnh (0,23; 0,4; 0,525; 0,69 kV).
- I dmcat , Sdmcat : dng in v cng sut nh mc ct ca my ct in t pha cao p
my bin p, tnh bng kA v kVA.
Nu khng bit s liu ca h thng th c th b qua Xht, ngha l coi in p bn cao p l
hng s nh gi thit.
+ in tr v in khng my bin p:
2
P .U 2
U %.U dm
RT = k 2 dm .103 , [ m ] X T = x
.10, [ m ]
S dm
S dm
Trong :
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Pk tn tht ngn mch ca my bin p (W).
U dm , S dm : in p v cng sut nh mc my bin p (kV, kVA)
U x % thnh phn phn khng ca in p ngn mch, tnh theo U x % = U k2 % U r2 % ,
vi: U k % l % in p ngn mch v thnh phn tc dng ca n:

Pk
P
= 3 k .100
Ur % =
10.Sdm 10 .S dm
+ in tr v in khng ng dy h p:
i vi ng dy h p, mt cch gn ng c th ly xo= 0,3[/km] cho ng dy trn
khng v xo= 0,07[/km] cho cp.
1
in tr r0 = . ,[ / km] .
F
+ in tr v in khng cc thnh phn khc: nh cun dng in ca p-t-mt, cun s cp
ca my bin dng, in tr tip xc ca cc tip imc th tra cc cm nang.
b) Dng in ngn mch: sau khi xc nh c in khng v in tr tng hp ca mch
in ngn mch, tnh c:
1000.U tb
+ Thnh phn chu k ca dng in ngn mch: I ck(3) =
,[ A]
3. r2 + x2
+ Dng in xung kch: ixk = 2.k xk . I ck vi k xk = 1 + e
Bin son: Thch Bo n
0,01
Ta
; Ta =
x
.
.r
37
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 7. LA CHN THIT B IN TRONG LI CUNG CP IN
7.1. Khi qut:
Trong iu kin vn hnh cc kh c in, s cch in v cc b phn dn in khc c th
mt trong ba ch :
+ Ch lm vic lu di: cc thit b in s lm vic tin cy nu chng c chn theo ng
in p v dng in nh mc.
+ Ch qu ti: dng in qua cc thit b cao hn bnh thng, thit b cn tin cy nu gi tr
v thi gian in p hay dng tng cao cn nh hn gi tr cho php.
+ Ch ngn mch: cc thit b cn tin cy nu trong qu trnh la chn thit b c xt n
iu kin n nh ng v n nh nhit. Ring i vi my ct in cn phi la chn thm kh
nng ct ca n.
Vic la chn cc thit b v b phn dn in cn phi tha mn yu cu hp l v kinh t k thut. Sau y l mt s iu kin chung chn thit b in c dng in chy qua:
7.1.1. Chn theo iu kin lm vic lu di:
a) Chn theo in p nh mc:
in p nh mc thit b in thng c ghi trn nhn thit b, ngoi ra thit b thng
c ch to c th chu c mt qu in p nht nh. Do thit b c chn tha:
UmKC + UmKC Um mng + Um mng
Trong : UmKC l in p nh mc kh c in.
UmKC: tng in p cho phpcu3a kh c in.
Um mng: in p nh mc mng in ni thit b lm vic.
Um mng: lch in p so vi in p nh mc.
Bng sau ghi tr s lch in p cho php tng i ca mt s thit b.
Cp in lc: 1,1Um
Dao cch ly: 1,1Um
My bin dng in: 1,1Um
Chng st:
1,25Um
My ct in: 1,25Um
My bin in p:
1,1Um
S cch in: 1,15Um
Khng in: 1,15Um
Cu ch:
1,1Um
Ring trng hp khi cc thit b t cao hn 1000m so vi th in p cho php ch

c ly bng in p nh mc.
b) Chn theo dng in nh mc:
Dng in nh mc kh c in ImKC do nh ch to cho sn. Chn dng in nh mc s
m bo cho cc b phn ca n khng b t nng nguy him khi lm vic lu di nh mc.
Nh vy, chn thit b c ImKC Ilv max (dng lm vic cc i).
Dng nh mc cc kh c in c gi thit khi vn hnh nhit mi trng xung quanh
l 35oC. Trng hp nhit khc th phi hiu chnh:
cp - xq
+ Nu xq > 35oC th.
cp -35
+ Nu xq < 35oC th Icp c th tng ln 0,005. cho mi (khng qu 0,2 ImKC).
7.1.2. Cc iu kin kim tra thit b khi xy ra ngn mch:
a) Kim tra n nh lc in ng:
Khi xy ra ngn mch thit b c dng ngn mch i qua s chu mt lc in ng ln hn
bnh thng nhiu. Mi kh c in c dng in cc i cho php, chn Imax Ixk, dng ngn
mch xung kch.
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
b) Kim tra n nh nhit:
Dy dn v kh c in s b nng ln v c cc tn tht cng sut. Cc tn tht ny ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t nhng ch yu ph thuc vo bnh phng dng in, do khi ngn mch
dng in tng cao lm cho thit b pht nng rt nhanh.
Khi nhit kh c in v dy dn qu cao s lm cho chng b h hng hay gim thi gian
phc v. Do , cc thit b c quy nh nhit lm vic cho php khi lm vic bnh thng
cng nh khi xy ra ngn mch.
7.2. La chn my ct in:
7.2.1. La chn v kim tra my ct in in p cao hn 1000V:
My ct in l thit b dng trong mng in p cao ng, ct dng in ph ti v ct
dng in ngn mch.
Cc iu kin chn v kim tra my ct c tm tt bng sau:
Th
t
1
2
3
i lng la chn v kim tra
K hiu
Cng thc chn v kim tra
in p nh mc (kV)
Dng in nh mc (A)
Dng in n nh lc in ng (kA)
UmMC
ImMC
Imax
UmMC Um mng
ImMC Ilv max
Imax Ixk
Dng in n nh nhit (A)
Cng sut ct nh mc (MVA)
In
Smct
In I .
t gt
tdn
Smct SN(tN)
Ch thch:
+ Dng n nh nhit ca my ct trong l lch my thng cho ng vi thi gian 1; 5 v 10s.
+ Cng sut ngn mch ti thi im ct SN(tN) c th xem l cng sut ti thi im my ct
hot ng.
7.2.2. La chn v kim tra my ct ph ti:
My ct ph ti l thit b ng ct n gin v r tin hn my ct. N gm b phn ng ct
iu khin bng tay v cu ch, trong cu ch ng vai tr ct dng ngn mch.
Cc iu kin chn v kim tra my ct ph ti c tm tt bng sau:
Th
t
1
2
3
K hiu
in p nh mc (kV)
Dng in nh mc (A)
Dng in n nh lc in ng (kA)
UmMCPT
ImMCPT
Imax
UmMCPT Um mng
ImMCPT Ilv max
Imax Ixk
Dng in n nh nhit (A)
5
6
Dng in nh mc cu ch(A)
Cng sut ct nh mc cu ch (MVA)
In
ImCC
Smct CC
In I .
t gt
tdn
ImCC Ilv max

Smct S
Ch thch: S= 3 .I. Um mng, vi I l gi tr hiu dng ban u ca thnh phn chu k

dng in ngn mch.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
7.3. La chn cu ch, dao cch ly:
7.3.1 La chn dao cch ly:
Nhim v ch yu ca dao cch ly l to ra khong h cch in trng thy c gia b
phn ang mang in v b phn ct in. Dao cch ly ch ng ct khi khng c dng in.
Dao cch ly c ch to vi nhiu cp in p khc nhau, mt pha hay ba pha, lp t trong
nh v ngoi tri.
Dao cch ly c chn cc iu kin nh mc: dng v p cng iu kin n nh ng v
n nh nhit.
7.3.2 La chn cu ch:
Cu ch l kh c in bo v mch in khi ngn mch. Thi gian ct ca cu ch ph
thuc vo vt liu lm dy chy. Cu chi l thit b bo v n gin, r tin nhng nhy km
n ch tc ng khi dng ln hn nh mc nhiu ln (ch yu l dng ngn mch).
Cc iu kin chn v kim tra cu ch c tm tt bng sau:
Th
t
1
2
3
K hiu
in p nh mc (kV)
Dng in nh mc (A)
Cng sut ct nh mc cu ch (MVA)
UmCC
ImCC
Smct CC
UmCC Um mng
ImCC Ilv max
Smct S
Lu khi chn cu ch dng bo v ng c in th dng nh mc phi tha hi iu

kin l dng lm vic bnh thng v dng m my.
7.4. La chn v kim tra s cch in:
S c tc dng va lm gi cho cc b phn mang in va cch in chng vi t. Do
s cch in phi c bn c v c v in.
S c phn thnh s , s treo cc thanh ci, dy dn v cc b phn mang in. Ngoi ra
cn c x xuyn dng dn thanh ci hay dy dn xuyn qua tng nh hay v thit b.
Cc iu kin chn v kim tra s c tm tt bng sau:
Th
t
1
2
3
4
in p nh mc (kV)
Dng in nh mc i vi s xuyn
v s u ra (A)
Lc cho php tc dng ln u s
Dng in n nh nhit cho php i
vi s xuyn v s u ra
K hiu
Um s
Um s Um mng
Im s
Im s Ilv max
Fcp
Fcp Ftt= k.Ftt
In
In I
Trong :
+ Fcp: lc cho php tc dng ln u s, Fcp= 0,6.Fph, vi Fph l lc ph hng s.
+ Ftt= lc tc dng ln u s.
+ k: h s hiu chnh.
7.5. La chn thanh dn:
Thanh dn c th bng ng, nhm hay thp ty theo cng cng nh mi trng lm
vic s c chn thch hp.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Tit din S ca cc thanh dn thng c chn theo mt dng kinh t (tra bng), ng
thi phi kim tra cc iu kin pht nng v n nh ng.
7.6. La chn dy dn v cp:
C nhiu loi cp dng cho cc cp in p khc nhau. Li cp thng bng ng hoc nhm
gm mt, hai, ba hay bn li. cp 110 220kV cch in cp thng l du hay kh. Cp trn
10kV thng c ch to tng si ring l trong khi cp di 10kV c th gm ba pha bc
chung mt v ch. Cp di 1000V thng c cch in bng giy tm du hoc bng nha.
Dy dn trn khng thng l dy trn mt hay nhii si, c hay rng rut.
Trong mng in x nghip dy dn v cp thng c chn theo hai iu kin:
+ Chn theo iu kin pht nng.
+ Chn theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php.
Khi chn tit din dy dn theo iu kin ny th kim tra li bng iu kin kia. Ngoi ra cn
c th chn tit in dy dn theo mt dng kinh t. Sau y gii thiu phng php chn tit
din dy theo iu kin pht nng.
La chn dy dn theo iu kin pht nng:
Nhit cho php ca dy dn v cp thng trong khong 55 80oC, ty thuc vo nhit
mi trng v iu kin lm vic.
Do , tit din dy dn v cp c chn tha iu kin: k.Icp Ilv max
Trong : k: h s iu chnh khi nhit mi trng khc 25oC (tra trong s tay k thut).
Icp: dng in cho php ng vi dy dn c chn.
7.7. La chn cc thit b khc:
7.7.1. La chn v kim tra khng in:
Khng in l cun dy in cm khng li thp c in khng ln hn in tr rt nhiu.
in khng dng hn ch dng in ngn mch hay hn ch dng in m my ca cc ng
c in.
Khng in c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in nh mc v gi tr in khng xk%,
cui cng c kim tra n nh ng v n nh nhit.
7.7.2. La chn v kim tra bin dng in:
My bin dng in c nhim v bin i dng in c tr s ln xung tr s nh cung
cp cho cc dng c o lng, bo v rle v t ng ha.
Cun s cp ca BI c mc ni tip vi mng in v c s vng dy rt nh (thng ch
vi vng), cun dy th cp c nhiu vng hn.
Dng in nh mc th cp ca my bin dng l 5A, trng hp c bit l 1 hay 10A.
My bin dng c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in s cp nh mc, ph ti nh
mc. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn kim tra lc n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c dng ngn mch
chy qua.
7.7.3. La chn v kim tra bin in p:
My bin in p c nhim v bin i in p t tr s cao xung tr s thp phc v cho o
lng, bo v rle v t ng ha. in p th cp ca my bin in p ch khong 100V khng
k in p s cp nh mc l bao nhiu.
Nguyn l lm vic tng t nh my bin p thng thng ch khc l cng sut ca n rt
nh ch hng chc hay vi trm VA. Tng tr mch ngoi ca my bin in p rt ln.
My bin in p thng c ch to thnh loi mt pha, ba pha hoc ba pha nm tr
nhiu cp in p. My c chn theo loi, in p, cp chnh xc v cng sut th cp.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
41
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 8. BO V H THNG IN
8.1. Khi qut:
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng in c th xut hin tnh trng s c v ch lm vic
khng bnh thng ca cc phn t.
Cc s c thng ko theo hin tng dng in tng cao v in p gim thp. iu ny lm
ri lon hot ng bnh thng ca h thng. Mun duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng
v h tiu th cn nhanh chng pht hin s c v cch ly n ra khi h thng.
Thit b bo v rle l loi thit b t ng bo v c chc nng thc hin nhim v trn.
Ngoi ra h thng in cn c th b h hi nghim trng khi b st nh, h thng chng st
c nhim v gim thiu cc h hng khi c st nh vo cc phn t in.
Chng ny s gii thiu mt cch khi qut hai loi bo v trn.
8.2. Bo v relay:
8.2.1. Cc yu cu i vi h thng bo v rle:
Cc bo v rle cn phi tha mn mt s ch tiu k thut nht nh:
+ Tnh nhanh chng: nhm ct nhanh vng s c khi h thng, gim thiu cc h hng.
+ Tnh la chn: ct ng vng s c khi h thng.
+ Tnh m bo: bo v phi tc ng khi cn, khng tc ng sai hoc tc ng khng ng
lc.
+ nhy: tc ng gn vi tr s c chnh nh s hot ng, tr s tc ng cng st chnh
nh th nhy cng cao.
+ c lp vi cc iu kin vn hnh: bo v phi hot ng ng trong cc iu kin vn hnh
khc nhau.
Ngoi ra, h thng bo v phi t yu cu v kinh t, gn nh, linh hot trong vic thay i
tnh nng
Theo lch s pht trin t cc rle in c n rle in t v ngy nay l s kt hp vi s
iu khin ca my tnh cc h thng bo v ngy cng c hon thin.
8.2.2. Nhng bo v chnh bng rle:
a) Bo v dng in: tc ng trong trng hp dng in ca mch bo v tng ln do qu ti
hay ngn mch.
Rle s tc ng khi dng in trong mch tng qu mt gi tr c xc nh, gi l dng
in khi ng k hiu IkBv, dng ny phi ln hn dng nh mc cng nh dng ph ti cc
i ca mch.
I
Nh vy dng khi ng rle I kdR = kdBv vi nCT l t s bin dng in.
nCT
b) Bo v in p: bo v in p cc tiu v cc i l hai loi rle bo v in p.
+ Bo v in p cc tiu: l bo v s tc ng trong trng hp in p gim i do xut hin
dng ngn mch hay c s c. Bo v s tc ng khi in p ca mch nh hn in p khi
ng bo v UkBv, in p ny nh hn in p nh mc v in p nh nht ca mng. in p
U
khi ng rle U kdR = kdBv vi nPT l t s bin in p.
nPT
+ Bo v in p cc i: l bo v s tc ng trong trng hp in p tng qu in p khi
ng ca bo v, t s dng ch yu cc nh my thy in v cc ng dy in p rt cao.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
c) Bo v c hng: kt hp vi cc bo v khc nhm tng tnh chn lc cho cc bo v. Hot
ng nh xc nh lch pha gia vect dng in v in p.
d) Bo v so lch: bo v ny tc ng khi xut hin s
sai lch gia nhng gi tr ca dng in t hai u ca
vng c bo v. trng thi lm vic bnh thng,
hiu dng in qua hai bin dng bng 0, nu ngn mch
xy ra trong vng bo v th hiu ny s khc 0 v rle s
tc ng bo v.
e) Bo v khong cch: bo v ny thc hin bng rle tng tr, rle tc ng khi tng tr ca
mch bo v c bo v b gim. Bnh thng tng tr mch cao, khi c ngn mch th in th
gim trongkhi dng in li tng do t l Z= U/I gim mt cch ng k, khi rle tng tr
s tc ng.
f) Bo v bng rle nhit: khi nhit tng cao thng khi c ngn mch hay qu ti i vi
cc phn t in, rle nhit s tc ng, thng c dng cho cc ng c in.
g) Bo v bng rle hi: l rle thng c trang b cho cc my bin p du cng sut ln.
Rle ny lp trn ng ng ni gia my bin p v thng du ph. Khi c s c trong my bin
p th tc hi du i qua trong ng ni tng c th lm nghin rle c th gy ng cc tip
im t trn rle, nu nh th ng tip im bo ng trng hp nng i tc ng ct my
bin p.
Sau y l bng gii thiu m s ca mt s rle thng dng:

M s
Rle
M s
Rle
21
Bo v khong cch
51
Bo v qu dng c thi gian
27
Bo v in p gim
67
Bo v qu dng c hng
32
Rle nh hng cng sut
79
T ng ng tr li (TL)
40
Rle bo v mt t trng
81
Rle tn s
49
Bo v qu nhit
87
Bo v so lch
50
Bo v qu dng ct nhanh
96B
Rle kh Buchholz
8.3. Chng st v ni t:
8.3.1. Qu in p thin nhin v c tnh ca st:
St l s phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t, hay gia cc m my mang
in tch tri du.
Hai tham s quan trng ca dng in st l bin Is v dc u sng a. Bin Is
thng khng qu 200 300kA v thng gp < 100kA. Trong tnh ton thit k thng chn
mc 50 100kA v dc chn a= 30kA/s.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Qu in p kh quyn pht sinh khi st
nh trc tip vo cc vt t ngoi tri
(ng dy ti in, thit b phn phi)
cng nh khi st nh gn cc cng trnh. Qu
in p kh1 quyn xy ra trong thi gian
ngn vi in p tng cao lm ph hy cch
in ca thit b in, do cn phi thc
hin chng st cho cc cng trnh ni chung
v cng trnh in ni ring.
thc hin chng st cho mt cng
trnh phi thc hin 6 im sau:
1. u thu st (dy thu st): t trn cao
ti nhng v tr mong mun.
2. Dy dn dng st t u thu st xung t.
3. Tiu tn nng lng dng st vo t nh h thng ni t.
4. Thc hin li ni t ng th loi tr cc chnh lch in th.
5. Bo v thit b khi st lan truyn theo ng dy ti in.
6. Bo v thit b khi st lan truyn theo cc ng dy tn hiu.
Sau y gii thiu cng tc phng chng st cho trm v ng dy ti in:
8.3.2. Bo v st nh trc tip i vi trm bin p:
bo v st nh thng vo trm ngi ta dng cc ct thu li cao c nh nhn bng kim
loi (i khi kt hp vi c dy chng st) v c ni n h thng ni t.
Phm vi bo v c ph thuc vo chiu cao ct thu st, s ct thu st. Sau khi b tr mt s
ct thu v chiu cao nht nh, ngi ta tnh ton kim tra phm vi bo v c th bo v ht
cc thit b cn bo v cha? Nu cha, th c th t them cc ct b sung hoc nng cao ct thu
st v tnh ton kim tra li.
Tuy nhin st nh theo xc xut v chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t, do vy rt kh m
bo bo v hon ton trm.
8.3.3. Bo v chng st ng dy ti in:
Trong vn hnh, s c ct in do st nh vo ng dy ti in trn khng l kh ln. Do
cn thit phi bo v st nh vo ng dy trn khng.
bo v chng st cho ng dy, c th treo dy chng st trn ton tuyn (kh tn km)
v thng ch dng cho ng dy 110 220kV ct st v ct b tng ct st.
ng dy 35kV thng t c bo v ton tuyn, thng dng kt hp cc bin php nh:
ni t ct, t chng st ng ti mt s ct, tng thm bt s nhng ni cch in yu nhng
ct vt cao.
Ty theo cch b tr dy dn trn ct c th treo mt hay hai dy chng st. Cc dy chng
st c treo bn trn ng dy ti in sao cho dy dn ca c ba pha u nm trong phm vi
bo v ca dy chng st.
8.3.4. Bo v chng st lan truyn theo ng dy vo trm:
bo v cc thit b trong trm bin p trnh sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo phi
dng cc thit b chng st. Cc thit b chng st ny s h thp bin sng qu in p n tr
s an ton cho cch in cn c bo v.
Thit b chng st lan truyn cho trm ch yu l chng st van (CSV), chng st ng (CSO)
v khe h phng in.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Khe h phng in: l thit b chng st n gin nht, gm c hai in cc: mt in cc

ni vi mch in, cn in cc kia ni t.
Chng st ng: khe h phng in c t trong ng lm bng vt liu sinh kh, khi xy ra
phng in h quang sinh ra lm nng ng, ng sinh ra nhiu kh lm tng p sut trong ng v
thi tt h quang.
Chng st van: gm c hay khng khe h phng in v in tr phi tuyn. Khi c qu in
p chc thng cc khe h khng kh v i qua in tr phi tuyn xung t.
bo v st lan theo ng dy thng kt hp t chng st ng cho on dy gn vo
trm v chng st van ngay trc my bin p.
8.3.5. Ni t cho trm v ng dy:
chng st t hiu qu cao th h thng ni t cho trm v ng dy phi t mt s
iu kin nht nh (xem thm mc 4.5) nh:
+ i vi trm c trung tnh ni t trc tip in p t 110kV tr ln th R 0,5.
+ i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th R 4.
+ i vi trm c b th R 10.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 9. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT
Hin nay cht lng in nng ngy cng c quan tm. Cht lng in nng c nh
gi trn hai ch tiu l cht lng in p v cht lng tn s.
+ Cht lng in p: nh gi cht lng in p thng qua 5 i lng: lch in p,
dao ng in p, khng hnh sin ca sng in p, d khng i xng ca in p v lch
trung tnh.
+ Cht lng tn s: c nh gi qua hai i lng l lch tn s v dao ng tn s.
9.1. H s cng sut v ngha vic nng h s cng sut:
9.1.1. H s cng sut:
Cc i lng biu din cng sut c lin quan mt thit vi nhau qua tam gic cng sut:
Trong : S l cng sut ton phn.
S
Q
P: cng sut tc dng.
Q: cng sut phn khng.

: gc gia S v P.
P
Trong thc t tnh ton khi nim h s cng sut cos c dng. Khi cos cng nh th
lng cng sut phn khng tiu th hoc truyn ti cng ln v cng sut tc dng cng nh v
ngc li.
9.1.2. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut:
Nng cao h s cng sut l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng tit kim in nng.
Do ng c khng ng b, my bin p cng vi ng dy trn khng l nhng thit b ch
yu tiu th cng sut phn khng Q ca h thng in. trnh truyn ti mt lng Q ln trn
ng dy, cc thit b b c t gn ph ti cung cp Q trc tip cho ph ti v c gi
l b cng sut phn khng, lm nng cao h s cng sut cos. Vic nng cao h s cng sut
a n cc hiu qu:
P2 + Q2
+ Gim c tn tht cng sut trong mng in, do P =
.R .
U2
P.R + Q. X
+ Gim c tn tht in p trong mng in, do U =
.
U
+ Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p, do kh nng truyn ti ph thuc
vo tnh trng pht nng v t l vi bnh phng dng in, I =
P2 + Q2
.
3U
+ Ngoi ra, n cn dn n gim c chi ph kim loi mu, gp phn n nh in p, tng kh
nng pht in ca my pht
9.2. Cc gii php b cos:
C hai gii php chnh b l cos t nhin v dng cc thit b b.
9.2.1. Cc gii php b cos t nhin:
a) Thay ng c thng xuyn non ti bng ng c c cng sut b hn.
b) Gim in p cho nhng ng c lm vic non ti.
c) Hn ch ng c chy khng ti.
d) Dng dng c ng b thay th ng c khng ng b.
e) Nng cao cht lng sa cha ng c.
f) Thay th nhng my bin p lm vic non ti bng nhng my bin p dung lng nh hn.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
9.2.2. Cc thit b b:
Thit b pht Q thng dng trn li in l my b v t b. My b hay cn gi l my
b ng b v t b. My b thng ch dng cc trung tm in duy tr n nh cho h
thng in. T b dng cho li in x nghip, dch v v dn dng. Mc ch b cos cho x
nghip sao cho cos ln hn 0,85. T c th ni tip hay song song vo mng in.
+ B dc: mc ni tip t vo ng dy, bin php ny nhm ci thin thng s ng dy,
gim tn hao in p. Lc ny thng s ng dy: Z = R + j ( X L X C )
+ B ngang: mc song song t vo ng dy, c nhim v cung cp Q vo h thng, lm nng
cao in p cng nh cos.
P.R + ( Q Qb ) . X
D thy lc ny tn tht in p gim xung: U =
.
U
+ y lp hi m, m mi trng xung quanh, b mt vt liu v bn cht vt liu.
9.3. B cng sut cho li in x nghip:
Cng sut cn b cho x nghip nng h s cng sut t cos1 ln h s cng sut cos2:
Qb = P ( tg1 tg 2 )
Cc v tr c th t t b trong mng in x nghip:
1. t t b pha cao p x nghip: tuy gi t cao p r nhng ch gim tn tht in nng t
pha cao p ra li.
2. t t b ti thanh ci h p ca trm bin p x nghip gip gim in nng trong trm
bin p.
3. t t b ti cc t ng lc: lm gim c tn tht in p trn ng dy t t n
trm phn phi v trong trm.
4. t t b cho tt c cc ng c: phng php ny c li nht v gim tn tht in nng
nhng tng chi ph u t, vn hnh v bo dng t.
Trong thc t vic tnh ton phn b b ti u cho x nghip l phc tp v ty theo quy m
v kt cu li in x nghip c th c thc hin theo kinh nghim nh sau:
1. Vi mt xng sn xut hoc x nghip nh nn tp trung t b ti thanh ci h p ca
trm bin p x nghip.
2. Vi x nghip loi va c 1 trm bin p v mt s phn xng cng sut kh ln cch xa
trm nn t t b ti cc t phn phi phn xng v ti cc cc ng c c cng sut ln (vi
chc kW).
3. i vi x nghip c quy m ln gm nhiu phn xng ln, c trm phn phi chnh v
cc trm phn xng. Vic b thng thc hin ti tt c cc thanh ci h p ca trm phn
xng.
4. i khi c th thc hin b cho c cao v h p ty vo gi thnh ca t.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
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BGMH: CUNG CP IN
Chng 10. TNH TON CHIU SNG
10.1. Khi nim chung:
10.1.1. Khi nim:
Chiu sng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong i sng. C nhiu cch phn loi cc hnh
thc chiu sng:
+ Cn c vo i tng cn chiu sng: chiu sng dn dng v chiu sng cng nghip.
+ Cn c vo mc ch chiu sng: chiu sng chung, chiu sng cc b v chiu sng s c.
+ Ngoi ra cn c th phn thnh chiu sng trong nh, chiu sng ngoi tri, chiu sng trang
tr, chiu sng bo v
Mi hnh thc chiu sng c yu cu ring, c im ring dn n phng php tnh ton
cch s dng cc loi n v b tr khc nhau.
10.1.2. Mt s i lng dng trong tnh ton:
a) Quang thng: l nng lng ca ngn sng pht ra qua mt n v din tch trong mt n
v thi gian. F = V .e .d . n v ca quang thng l Lumen (lm).

0
Trong : : bc sng.
V : r ca bc sng.
e : hm phn b nng lng.
b) Cng nh sng: nu c mt ngun sng S bc x theo mi phng, trong gc d
(steradian) n truyn i mt lng quang thng dF th cng nh sng ca ngun sng
dF
, (cd). Sau y l chng sng ca mt s ngun sng thng dng:
I=
d
Ngun sng
Cng sng (cd)
Ghi ch
Ngn nn
0,8
Theo mi hng
n si t 40W/220V
35
Theo mi hng
n si t 300W/220V
400
Theo mi hng
c b phn x
1500
gia chm tia
n iot kim loi 2kW
14800
Theo mi hng
c b phn x
250000
gia chm tia
c) ri: ngi ta nh ngha mt quang thng ri trn b mt l ri, c n v l lux:
dF
(1 lux=1 lm/m2).
E=
dS
Quy nh v ri cho mt s khu vc (t/c Php):
i tng chiu sng
ri (lx)
i tng chiu sng
ri
Phng lm vic
400 600
Phng hc, th nghim
Nh
150 300
Phng v, siu th
750
20 50
Cng nghip mu
1000
Cng vic vi cc chi tit

rt nh
>1000
ng ph
Ca hng, kho tng
Phng n
Bin son: Thch Bo n
100
200 300
300 500
48
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
10.1.3. Cc loi n:
a) n si t: cn gi l n dy tc c dng rng ri do cu to n gin, d lp t.
+ u im: ni trc tip vo li, kch thc nh, r tin, cos cao, sng nhanh
+ Khuyt im: tn in, pht nng, tui th ph thuc in p.
b) n hunh quang:
+ u im: hiu sut quang hc ln, din tach pht quang, tui th cao, quang thng t b nh
hng khi in p dao ng trong phm vi cho php.
+ Khuyt im: ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao, cos thp, khi ng in n khng sng ngay.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi n khc nh n kh Natri p sut cao, p sut thp, n halogen
kim loi
c) Cc loi chao n:
Chao n bao bc ngoi bng n, dng phn phi li quang thng ca ca bng n mt
cch hp l v theo cc nhu cu nht nh.
C th phn thnh: chao n trc tip, phn x v khuch tn.
10.2. Ni dung thit k chiu sng:
Ni dung thit k chiu sng bao gm ba bc chnh sau:
1. La chn loi n, cng sut, s lng bng n.
2. B tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng.
3. Thit k li in chiu sng (s nguyn l li chiu sng, chn dy dn, CB, cu
ch)
Vic chn dy dn s theo iu kin pht nng cho php ca dy dn, K1.K2.Icp Itt.
Trong : K1: h s iu chnh nhit (so vi mi trng ch to v s dng).
K2: h s iu chnh khi k n s dy i trong mt ng.
Icp: dng cho php ca dy dn c chn.
CB v cu ch c lc chn theo cc iu kin: in p, dng nh mc lm vic v nh
mc ct (chng 7).
10.3. Thit k chiu sng dn dng:
Chiu sng dn dng l chiu sng cho cc khu vc nh: nh , hi trng, trng hc, c
quan, vn phng, siu th, bnh vin Cc khu vc ny khng yu cu tht chnh xc v ri
cng nh cc thng s k thut khc.
Ty theo kinh ph m thit k c th t yu cu m quan cng nh a dng cc loi n
c s dng.
Trnh t thit k chiu sng nh sau:
1. Chn sut ph ti chiu sng Po (W/m2) ph hp i tng cn chiu sng, tnh c tng
cng sut chiu sng cho khu vc thit k: Pcs= Po.S.
P
2. Chn loi n, cng sut n P, xc nh lng n cn: n = cs .
Pd
3. B tr v tr n theo mt bng cn chiu sng.
4. V s u dy v s d nguyn l cho thit k.
5. La chn v kim tra cc phn t trn s (CB, cu ch, thanh ci, dy dn).
10.4. Thit k chiu sng cng nghip:
i vi cc nh xng thng thit k chung km vi chiu sng tng cng ti im cn
chiu sng cc b. Thit k c yu cu kh chnh xc v ri ti mt bng cng tc. Phng
php h s s dng thng c dng, trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
Bin son: Thch Bo n
49
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
1. Xc nh treo cao n: H= h h1 h2
Trong : h l cao ca nh xng.
h1: khong cch t trn n bng n.
h2: cao mt bng lm vic.
2. Xc nh khong cch L gia hai n k nhau theo t s L/H (cho bng):
L/H b tr nhiu dy
Loi n v ni s dng
Nh xng dng chao

m hoc st trng men
Nh xng dng chao
vn nng
Chiu sng c quan vn
phng
L/H b tr mt dy
Tt nht
Max cho
php
Tt nht
Max cho
php
Chiu rng gii hn

ca nh xng khi b
tr mt dy
2,3
3,2
1,9
2,5
1,3H
1,8
2,5
1,8
2,0
1,2H
1,6
1,8
1,5
1,8
1,0H
3. Cn c vo s b tr n, xc nh h s phn x ca trn v tng tr, t (%).

4. Xc nh ch s ca phng (c kch thc a.b): =
a.b
H. ( a+b )
5. T tr, t v tra bng tm h s s dng Ksd.

K.E.S.Z
6. Xc nh quanh thng ca n, Ftt =
n.K sd
Trong : K: h s d tr, tra bng.
E: ri theo yu cu ca nh xng (lx).
S: din tch nh xng (m2).
Z: h s tnh ton (chn 0,8 1,4).
n: s bng n.
7. Tra s tay tm cng sut bng c F Ftt
8. V s cp in chiu sng trn mt bng.
9. V s nguyn l chiu sng.
10. La chn cc phn t trn s nguyn l.
S ln v sinh n
nh k/thng
Tnh cht mi trng

Nhiu khi, bi, tro, b hng
Mc khi bi trung bnh
t khi, tro, b hng
Bin son: Thch Bo n
4
3
2
H s d tr
n tup
2
1,8
1,5
n si t
1,7
1,5
1,3
50
BGMH: CUNG CP IN
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Ng Hng Quang (2007). Gio trnh cung cp in. Nh xut bn gio dc.
2. Nguyn Xun Ph (2006). Cung cp in. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut.
3. Patrick Vandeplanque (2000). K thut chiu sng. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut.
4. Dng V Vn - Trn Hong Lnh L Thanh Hoa (2006). Hng dn thit k chng st
v thit k phn in cho Nh my in. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia.
5. L Kim Hng - on Ngc Minh T (2007). Ngn mch trong h thng in. H Bch
Khoa Nng.
6. L Kim Hng (2007). Bo v cc phn t trong h thng in. H Bch Khoa Nng.
Bin son: Thch Bo n
51

He Thong Cung Cap Dien

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He Thong Cung Cap Dien

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BGMH: CUNG CP IN

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 1.1. H thng in

Bin son: Thch Bo n

T chiu sng lm vic

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 2.2: S cung cp in bn ngoi x nghip

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 2.3. S cp in bn trong

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 2.5. Mt s dng s

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 2.6: B chng rung v mng ct

Ngoi ra, trn ct v cc x cn c lp t cc tit b in phc v cho vic vn hnh

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 3.1: th ph ti ngy

Bin son: Thch Bo n

+ th ph ti nm: thng c xy dng dng bc thang, xy dng trn c s ca th

th ph ti nm c cc thng s c trng nh: in nng tc dng v phn khng tiu

Bin son: Thch Bo n

d) Ph ti tnh ton mt tng nh gm n phng: PT = K dt Ppi

e) Ph ti tnh ton cho mt ta nh gm m lu: PN = K dt PTi

3.2.3. Ph ti chiu sng sinh hot

PX = K dt Ptti ; QX = K dt Qtti v S X = PX2 + QX2

3.3. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc cng nghip:

Bin son: Thch Bo n

3.3.3. Trong giai on thit k chi tit:

Ptt = K max .Ptb = K max .K sd . Ptbi

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 4.1: S trm h p trung gian v trm phn phi chnh

Hnh 4.2: Trm c mt v trm nhiu my bin p

Bin son: Thch Bo n

c) Trm h p dng cc t ch to sn:

Hnh 4.3: Trm vi t ch to sn

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Chng 5. TNH TON TN THT IN

+ in dn G: c xc nh theo tn tht cng sut tc dng G =

Bng 5-1. Cc s thay th ng dy

S thay th hnh p dng cho ng

R l bn knh dy dn, [mm].

Trong : rt: in tr nhit t.

5.1.3. S thay th my bin p:

Bin son: Thch Bo n

Hnh 5.1. S thay th my bin p 2 cun dy

y: RT = R1 + R2' v X T = X 1 + X 2' ( R2' v X 2' l in tr v cm khng ca cun dy th cp 2

Tnh vi n v thng dng: RT =

Bin son: Thch Bo n

U12 % , U13 % , U 23 % : in p ngn mch ng vi ba trng thi th nghim ngn mch.

S thay th hnh sao c t lng tn hao trong thp: S0 = S Fe = PFe + j.QFe

Sau p dng cng thc (5-5) v (5-6) tnh cc thng s ca my bin p.

5.2. Tnh ton tn tht in p:

Tn tht in p l i lng phc: U = U + j. U

Trn hnh v biu din vect in p ca ng dy:

Bin son: Thch Bo n

5.2.2. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c nhiu ph ti tp trung:

Hnh 5.4. ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung

Trong : Pi , Qi cng sut chy trn on th i, n v [kW], kVAR].

Trong : pi , qi cng sut ca ph ti ti im th i, n v [kW], kVAR].

5.2.4. Tn tht in p trong my bin p:

I ckt = I ckt .I dm = I ckt .