e cng on tap hoc k 1 KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai

Trng THCS&THPT Kpa

S GIAO DUC VA AO TAO GIA LAI

TRNG THCS VA THPT KPA LNG

E CNG ON TAP HOC K I

A. LY THUYET
MON: HOA HOC LP 10 (BAN C BAN VA NANG CAO)

I. CAU HOI ON TAP Chng I : Nguyen t Bai 1: Thanh phan nguyen t 1. Hay cho biet thanh phan cau tao nguyen t va ac iem cac hat c ban tao nen nguyen t? 2. Tai sao noi khoi lng nguyen t tap trung chu yeu hat nhan? Bai 2: Hat nhan nguyen t nguyen to hoa hoc ong v. 1. The nao la so khoi? nh ngha nguyen to hoa hoc? Nhan xet ve quan he gia so khoi va khoi lng nguyen t? 2. Nhng ac trng c ban cua nguyen t? Bai 3: ong v. Nguyen t khoi va nguyen t khoi trung bnh 1. ong v la g? Cach xac nh nguyen t khoi trung bnh? 2. Phan biet khoi lng mol nguyen t va nguyen t khoi? Bai 4: S chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t. Obitan nguyen t 1. Trong nguyen t, electron chuyen ong nh the nao? 2. Obitan nguyen t la g? Hnh dang cua obitan s va obitan p. Neu s nh hng trong khong gian? Dung hnh ve bieu dien cac obitan nay? Bai 6: Lp va phan lp electron 1. The nao la lp electron , phan lp electron ? Moi lp co bao nhieu phan lp? 2. Co bao nhieu obitan , so electron toi a trong mot lp, mot phan lp? Bai 7: Nang lng cua cac electron trong nguyen t. Cau hnh electron 1. S phan bo electron trong nguyen t tuan theo nhng nguyen l va quy tac g? Hay phat bieu cac nguyen l va quy tac o. Lay th du minh hoa. 2. Cau hnh electron nguyen t la g? 3. Neu hien tng sm bao hoa va ban bao hoa gap. 4. The nao la nguyen to s, p, d, f ?. ac iem cua lp electron ngoai cung? (So electron oc than). Hay cho biet s lien quan gia so electron oc than va hoa tr cua cac nguyen to nhom A? Chng II. Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc nh luat tuan hoan Bai 9. Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc 1. Nguyen tac sap xep ? 2. So th t nguyen to, so th t nhom nguyen to, th t chu k trong bang tuan hoan cho ta biet nhng thong tin g? 3. Cho biet loai nguyen to au va cuoi moi chu k (cau hnh electron chung)? Bang tuan hoan co bao nhieu chu k? Moi chu k co bao nhieu nguyen to? Tai sao? 4. Nhom nguyen to la g? Cho biet c s e phan loai nhom A va nhom B. BTH co bao nhieu nhom A va bao nhieu nhom B? Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -1-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai 5. Nhng chu k nao c goi la chu ky nho, chu k ln? 6. BTH co cac khoi nguyen to nao? ac trng cau tao nguyen t cua moi khoi? Bai 10: S bien oi tuan hoan cau hnh electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc 1. Nguyen nhan cua s bien oi tuan hoan tnh chat cua cac nguyen to? 2. Neu moi quan he gia cau hnh, so th t nhom va tnh kim loai, phi kim? 3. Neu ac iem cua cac nguyen to nhom VIIIA, IA, VIIA ? Bai 11, 12, 13: s bien oi tuan hoan mot so ai lng vat l, s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to hoa hoc nh luat tuan hoan. Y ngha cua bang tuan hoan. 1. Nang lng ion hoa la g? Cho biet quan he gia nang lng ion hoa va ban knh nguyen t. (trong cung nhom A, cung chu k). 2. o am ien la g? Cho biet quan he gia o am ien va ban knh nguyen t. 3. Tnh kim loai la g? Tnh phi kim la g? Cho biet quan he gia tnh kim loai va nang lng ion hoa, tnh phi kim va o am ien. 4. S bien thien nang lng ion hoa, o am ien, tnh kim loai, tnh phi kim trong mot chu k va trong mot nhom? 5. Da tren cong thc cua hp chat vi hiro, oxit va hiroxit bac cao nhat cua cac nguyen to chu k 3, hay nhan xet s bien oi hoa tr cua cac nguyen to nhom A. Tnh axit-baz cua Oxit va Hiroxit tng ng? (quan he gia o manh tnh axit-baz vi o manh ve tnh kim loai, phi kim) 6. Quan he gia v tr va cau tao nguyen t, v tr va tnh chat cac nguyen to trong BTH? Chng III. Lien ket hoa hoc 1. Lien ket hoa hoc la g? Tai sao cac nguyen t co khuynh hng lien ket vi nhau hnh thanh phan t? 2. Co bao nhieu loai lien ket hoa hoc? Da tren c s nao e phan loai lien ket hoa hoc? 3. So sanh lien ket ion, lien ket cong hoa tr co cc, lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc? 4. Hoa tr cua nguyen to trong hp chat ion, hp chat cong hoa tr? Cach xac nh? 5. Lien ket s (xichma) la g? Lien ket (pi) la g? S giong va khac nhau cua 2 loai lien ket nay. 6. Phan biet lien ket n, lien ket oi, lien ket ba. Cho v du minh hoa. 7. S lai hoa cac obitan nguyen t la g? The nao la lai hoa sp, sp 2, sp3 ? Da tren thuyet lai hoa, mo ta cau truc cua cac phan t di dang xen phu cac obitan nguyen t va cho biet dang hnh hoc cua mot so phan t cu the? 8. So sanh tinh the ion, tinh the nguyen t, tinh the phan t va tinh the kim loai? Neu v du? 9. So sanh lien ket cong hoa tr, lien ket ion va lien ket kim loai? Chng IV. Phan ng oxi hoa kh 1. The nao la so oxi hoa ? Quy tac xac nh so oxi hoa? 2. Phan ng oxi hoa-kh la g? Phan biet chat oxi hoa, chat kh? S oxi hoa, s kh? Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -2-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai 3. Can bang phan ng oxi hoa kh? Phan loai phan ng trong hoa hoc vo c. 4. Da tren c s nhiet phan ng, ngi ta co the chia phan ng hoa hoc lam may loai? K hieu nhiet phan ng? Cach bieu dien phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc? Chng V. Nhom halogen (Phan Clo) 1. Cho biet v tr va thanh phan cac nguyen to halogen? T ac iem cau tao nguyen t, suy ra tnh chat c ban cua cac nguyen to halogen. 2. T F en I tnh phi kim, tnh oxi hoa bien oi nh the nao? Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng chng minh? 3. Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua Cl2 , giai thch. Viet phng trnh chng minh. 4. Cach ieu che clo trong phong th nghiem va trong cong nghiep. 5. Viet cong thc cau tao cua HCl. T cong thc cau tao cua HCl co the ket luan g ve tnh chat c ban cua HCl? Viet phng trnh phan ng chng minh. 6. Cho biet cach ieu che va thanh phan cua nc Gia-ven, clorua voi. Giai thch tnh tay trang cua kh clo am, nc Javen va clo rua voi? 7. Nhan biet ion Cl- . II. HNG DAN ON TAP.

B. Cac dang bai tap c ban

Dang 1: Xac nh thanh phan cau tao nguyen t. Bai 1: a. Tnh khoi lng rieng (theo g/cm3) cua nguyen t hiro. Biet ban knh cua nguyen t H la 0,53Ao va khoi lng H = 1,0079. b. Gia ban knh hat nhan va so khoi cua nguyen t (A) co moi lien he R = 1,5.10-13 A1/3. Tnh khoi lng rieng cua hat nhan. c. Giai thch v sao khoi lng rieng cua hat nhan lai ln hn rat nhieu so vi khoi lng rieng cua nguyen t. Bai 2: Tong so proton , notron , electron cua nguyen t R la 21. a. Xac nh ten nguyen to R. b. Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t? Tnh khoi lng nguyen t R? xac nh v tr R trong bang TH? Bai 3: Viet k hieu cua cac nguyen t A, B, E, F biet: a. Nguyen t A co tong so hat c ban ( proton , notron , electron ) la 24. So hat khong mang ien chiem 33,33% tong so hat. b. Nguyen t B co tong so hat c ban la 34, so hat khong mang ien nhieu hn so hat mang ien tch dng la mot hat. c. Nguyen t E co tong so hat c ban la 18, so hat mang ien nhieu hn so hat khong mang ien la 6. d. Nguyen t F co so khoi bang 207, so hat mang ien tch am la 82. Bai tap lam them (Sach Nang Cao) SGK: 3, 4/8 ; 7/96 SBT: 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24/6; 1.67, 1.68/13 . 3.62/27 Dang 2: Nguyen t khoi trung bnh. Bai 1 : a. Nguyen to H co cac ong v nao ? Goi ten moi loai ong v. Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -3-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai b. Hiro c ieu che t nc co nguyen t khoi trung bnh la 1 2 1,008. Trong nc chu yeu cha hai ong v 1 H va 1 H . Tnh phan tram moi loai ong v H trong nc? c. Co bao nhieu nguyen t teri trong 1mL nc (D = 1 g/mL) ? d. Co bao nhieu nguyen t proti trong 3 ml nc? Bai 2 : Nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua Ag la 107,87 . Bac co hai ong v, trong o ong v 109Ag chiem t le 44%. Xac nh nguyen t khoi cua ong v con lai? Bai 3 : Khoi lng nguyen t trung bnh cua Bo la 10,812. Bo co hai ong v la 10B va 11B. a. Tm phan tram ve so nguyen t cua moi ong v. b. Moi khi co 94 nguyen t 10B th co bao nhieu nguyen t 11B ? Bai tap SGK: 3, 7, 8/14; 2/18 Bai tap SBT: 1.14 ; 1.16 ; 1.18 ; 1.19 ; 1.21 ; 1.23 ; 1.56 ; 1.57; 1.58. Bai tap lam them (Sach Nang Cao) SGK: 3, 4, 5, 6/14 ; 1, 2, 4, 5/22 SBT : 1.26, 1.27 ; 1.28 ; 1.29 ; 1.30 ; 1.32 ; 1.33 ; 1.34 ; 1.46 Dang 3 : Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t va xac nh v tr, tnh chat nguyen to trong BTH Bai 1 : Hay viet s o phan bo electron vao cac obitan trong nguyen t S va ion S2- , t o cho biet v sao ion S2- ch co tnh kh con S va co tnh oxi hoa va co tnh kh? Bai 2 : Tong so hat proton , notron , electron cua nguyen t nguyen to A la 28. Cua nguyen t nguyen to B la 40. Biet nguyen to A co 7 electron lp ngoai cung, nguyen to B phan nhom chnh nhom III. Tnh khoi lng nguyen t va xac nh nguyen to A va B? Bai 3 : Cho 3 nguyen to A, M, X co cau hnh electron lp ngoai cung ( vi n = 3 ) tng ng la ns1 ; np1 ; ns2np5 . Hay xac nh v tr cua A, M, X trong bang tuan hoan? Bai 4 : nguyen to A khong phai la kh hiem, nguyen t cua no co phan lp ngoai cung la 3p. nguyen t cua nguyen to B co phan lp ngoai cung la 4s. a. Trong hai nguyen to A, B nguyen to nao la kim loai, nguyen to nao la phi kim? b. Xac nh cau hnh electron nguyen t cua A, B va ten cua A. Biet tong so electron co trong phan lp ngoai cung cua A va B la 7. c. Viet cong thc phan t va cong thc cau tao cua cac hiroxit tao bi 3 nguyen to A, hiro va oxi. So sanh tnh axit cua chung theo chieu tang tnh oxi hoa cua A va giai thch. Bai tap SGK: 6/22 ; 5,6/28 ; 6,7,8,9/30 ; 6,7/41 ; 4/51 ; 6/54 Bai tap SBT: 1.33; 1.39 ; 1. 41 ; 1.56 ; 2.34 ; 2.35 ; 2.46. Bai tap lam them SGK: 4, 5, 6/44 SBT: 2.11 ; 2.22 ; 2.362.43 ; 3.65; 3.67 Dang 4: Xac nh nguyen to da vao cong thc tong quat Bai 1 : Oxit cao nhat cua mot nguyen to ng vi cong thc R2O5 . Hp chat kh vi hiro cua R co cha 82,35% R ve khoi lng. Xac nh nguyen t khoi va ten nguyen to R? Bai 2 : M thuoc nhom IIIA. Trong oxit bac cao nhat cua M, oxi chiem 47,05% khoi lng. X thuoc nhom VIA. Trong oxit bac cao nhat, X chiem 40% khoi Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -4-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai lng. Xac nh ten nguyen to M va X. viet cong thc phan t cua cac oxit tren. Bai 3 : a. Trong oxit bac cao nhat cua R (thuoc nhom A), oxi chiem 56,338% khoi lng. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua oxit. b. Trong hp chat vi hiro cua R ( thuoc nhom A ), hiro chiem 5,88% khoi lng. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua hp chat vi hiro. Bai tap SGK: 7,8/54 Bai tap SBT: 2.40 Bai tap lam them SGK: 5, 6/60 SBT: Dang 5 : Xac nh nguyen to theo phng trnh phan ng Bai 1 : Hoa tan 3,33 gam mot kim loai kiem vao nc d thu c 0,48 gam kh H2 . Xac nh ten kim loai o? Bai 2 : Hoa tan 4,05 gam mot kim loai hoa tr III vao dung dch HCl d thu c 5,04 lt kh (ktc). Xac nh ten kim loai o? Bai 3 : Cho 4,25 gam hai kim loai kiem thuoc hai chu k lien tiep trong bang tuan hoan tac dung va u vi dd HCl thu c 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Xac nh ten hai kimloai o? Bai 4 : Hoa tan 17 gam hon hp hai kim loai kiem A, B thuoc hai chu k lien tiep vao H2O thu c 6,72 lt khi (ktc). Xac nh ten hai kim loai kiem va thanh phan % ve khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp. Bai 5 : Hoa tan hoan toan 14,2 gam hai muoi cacbonat cua hai kim loai A, B lien tiep nhau trong nhom IIA bang lng va u dung dch H2SO4. Sau phan ng thu c 3,36 lt kh (ktc). Xac nh cong thc phan t cua hai muoi va thanh phan % ve khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp. Bai tap lam them SGK: 7, 8, 9/61 SBT :3.70 Dang 6 : So sanh tnh chat cua mot nguyen to vi cac nguyen to lan can. Bai tap SGK: trang 51 Bai tap SBT: 2.24 ; 2.25 ; 2.26 ; 2.27 ; 2.28 ; 2.29 ; 2.48 ; 2.49 Bai tap SGK: 5, 6, 7/55 ; 6, 7, 8, 9, 10/58 ; 11/61 SBT: 2.172.21 Bai 1 : Sp xp cac hp cht sau theo chiu (a) tng dn tnh axt: SrO, SO3, Cl2O7, SeO3, CaO va (b) tng dn tnh baz: NaOH, Mg(OH)2, H2SO4, H3PO4 va KOH. HD: Tnh axit tng theo chiu tng tnh phi kim. Tnh baz tng theo chiu tng tnh kim loi. Dang 7: Giai thch s tao thanh phan t va viet cong thc cau tao, lai hoa va dang hnh hoc cua phan t. Bai 1 : Anion M1+ co phan lp electron ngoai cung la 3p6 . a. Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t M ? b. Cho biet cau hnh electron cua M1+ giong cau hnh electron cua nguyen t va anion nao? Bai 2 : Biu din s tao thanh cac phan t: Al2O3 , NH3 , CaCl2 , H2O, KCl. Bai 3 : Biu din s xen ph obitan nguyn t v qu trnh hnh thnh cho cc phn t: H 2, Cl2, HCl. Bai 4 : Viet cong thc electron va cong thc cau tao va xac nh cong hoa tr cua cac nguyen to cac phan t sau, xac nh dang lai hoa cua nguyen t trung tam, va dang hnh hoc cua cac phan t: C2H4 , H2O, NH3 , H2CO3 , HClO , HNO2 , HNO3 , H3PO4 , HClO2 , HClO3 , HClO4 . Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -5-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai Bai 5: Dung s o xen ph cac obitan nguyen t, mo t cu to cac phan t etilen (C2H4), axetilen (C2H2), HClO, PH3. Bai 6 : Da tren cau hnh electron hay cho biet loai lien ket va cong thc phan t hnh thanh gia cac nguyen t cua tng cap nguyen to sau ay: a) 19X + 8Z b) 15Y + 8Z. Bai tap SGK: 3,4,5,6/60 ; 5,7/64 ; 3/76 Bai tap SBT: 3.8 3.12 Bai tap lam them SGK: 5, 6, 7, 8/70 ; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6/75 ; 3, 4, 8/80 ; 1, 2, 3, 4/82 ; 4, 5, 6, 8, 9/96 SBT: 3.6 ; 3.7 ; 3.8 ; 3.21 ; 3.22 ; 3.23 ; 3.24 ; Dang 8: Lap phng trnh hoa hoc cua phan ng oxi hoa kh. Phan loai phan ng Can bang cac phng trnh phan ng sau theo phng phap thang bang electron , ch ro chat chat oxi hoa, chat kh? a) HCl + KMnO4 KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O b) FeS2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + N2O + H2SO4 + H2O c) Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O d) KClO3 + NH3 KNO3 + KCl + Cl2 + H2O e) FexOy + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O f) M + HNO3 M(NO3)n + NO + H2O g) C2H5OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O Bai tap lam them SGK: 7/104 ; 6, 7, 8/110 ; 8,9,10,11/113 SBT: 4.5 ; 4.7 ; 4.8 ; 4.12 ; 4.13 ; 4.18 ; 4.31 ; 4.32 ; 4.33 ; 4.34

Nhom halogen: ( phan Clo)

Bai tap SGK , SBT t bai 29 en bai 33. Bai 1 : Cho 300ml dung dch co hoa tan 5,85 g NaCl tac dung vi 200ml dung dch co hoa tan 34 gam AgNO3 , thu c mot ket tua va nc loc. a. tnh khoi lng chat ket tua thu c. b. Xac nh nong o mol chat con lai trong nc loc. Cho rang the tch nc loc thu c thay oi khong ang ke. Bai 2 : Hoa tan HCl vao nc ta c dung dch HCl (dd A). lay 3 gam dung dch A cho tac dung vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c 4,305 gam ket tua. a. Tnh C% va CM cua dung dch A. Biet D cua dd A la 1,15g/ml. b. Tnh V kh HCl can dung ktc e hoa tan trong 1 lt H2O tao ra dung dch A ( DH 2O = 1 g/ml). Bai 3 : e hoa tan hoan toan 16 gam oxit cua sat can va u 200 ml dung dch HCl 3M. Tm cong thc cua oxit sat. Bai 4 : Co nhng chat sau: KMnO4, MnO2 , K2Cr2O7 va dung dch HCl. a. Neu cac chat oxi hoa co khoi lng bang nhau th chon chat nao e co the ieu che c lng kh clo nhieu nhat ? Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -6-

e cng on tap hoc k 1 Trng THCS&THPT Kpa KLng Mang Yang Gia Lai b. Neu cac chat oxi hoa co so mol bang nhau th chon chat nao e co the ieu che c lng kh clo nhieu nhat ? Bai 5 : Co 4 bnh khong nhan, moi bnh cha mot trong cac dung dich sau : NaCl, NaNO3 , BaCl2 , Ba(NO3)2 . Trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc e phan biet tng dung dch cha trong moi bnh. Bai 6 : Trong phong th nghiem co kim loai canxi, nc, MnO2, dung dch H2SO4 70% (D = 1,61g/ml) va NaCl. Hoi can phai dung nhng g va vi lng bao nhieu e ieu che 254 gam clorua voi?

Giao Vien : Ngo Thanh Ha -7-