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CHNG 1

DNG C V THIT B
THIT B TH NGHIM
DNG C THY TINH
Beakers
DNG C THY TINH
Wide mouth gas collecting bottles
with glass plates
DNG C THY TINH
Chi ra
DNG C THY TINH
Flint Burner Lighter
Dng C
Cc s c np
DNG C THY TINH
ng lng
DNG C THY TINH
Evaporating Dish
DNG C THY TINH
Medicine droppers
DNG C THY TINH
Erlenmeyer Flask
Dng c
Chemical Forceps
DNG C THY TINH
Glass Funnel
Vt dng
Red and Blue Litmus Paper (giy
qu)
DNG C THY TINH
Cell Well Plate
Vt dng
Micro Spatula and Scoop Spatula
Dng c
Plastic Spoon
DNG C THY TINH
Stirring Rods
DNG C THY TINH
Hand Test Tube Holder
DNG C THY TINH
Test Tube Rack and Small Test
Tubes
DNG C THY TINH
Standard Test Tubes
Dng c
Flask Tongs (kp tht c)
DNG C THY TINH
Watch Glass (Da petri)
Dng c
Beaker Tongs
Chemistry Lab Table
Bunsen Burner
Chemistry Lab Table
Crucible Tongs
Dng c
Lab Apron (Folded)
Dng c
Ring Stand and Clamps, Gi v kp
Dng c
Plastic Test Tube Rack
Chemistry Lab Table
Water Trough for Collecting Gas
Chemistry Lab Table
Wire Gauze with Ceramic Center
Dng c
Wire Triangle with Porcelain
Thit b
Centigram Balance
Thit b
Analytical Balances
Thit b
Buret on ring stand, buret v gi
Thit b
Combustion spoon
Thit b
Desiccator, bnh ht m
Thit b
Drying tubes
Other Used Lab Equipment
Florence flask
Thit b
Funnel tube
Other Used Lab Equipment
Gas collecting tube
Other Used Lab Equipment
Mortar and Pestle
Other Used Lab Equipment
Pipets and Pipet bulb
Other Use Lab Equipment
Thermometers
Other Used Lab Equipment
Triangular file for glass cutting
Other Used Lab Equipment
Wash bottle
Other Used Lab Equipment
Volumetric flasks
Thit b
Separatory funnel
Other Lab Equipment
Buchner funnel and side arm filter flask
pH

My pH cm tay hiu WTW - c
Model 330
c tnh k thut: o pH t ng, o nhit v in th
(mV). Ngoi ra my cn c kh nng o hiu in th
oxy ho kh khi s dng in cc Redox, ch tr s
liu th cng (Store) v t ng (Auto store)
pH: t -2 n 16, chnh xc 0.01
mV: t -1250 n +1250, chnh xc 1.0

0
C: t -5 n 99.9, chnh xc 0.1
in th: pin 4 x 1.5 V
My DO
My o DO cm tay hiu YSI - M
Model 55
c tnh k thut: o DO, nhit
DO: T 0 n 20 mg/L, chnh xc 0.3 mg/L

0
C: t -5 n 45, chnh xc 0.2
su o ti a 15 m
in th: pin 6 x 1.5 V

o dn in
My o dn in cm tay hiu ORION - Anh
Model 105
c tnh k thut: o dn in (S, mS), o mui
(
0
/
00
) v nhit . My cn c chc nng t kim tra
my.
dn in: t 0 n 199.9 mS, chnh xc 0.5%
max
mui: t 0 n 80 ppt (
0
/
00
), chnh xc 0.5% max

0
C: t -5 n 105, chnh xc 1.0
in th: pin 9V

MY LY TM
My ly tm hiu HETTICH_C
Model EBA 12
c tnh k thut: My dng tch cc thnh phn
khc nhau trong nc thi bng cch to lc ly tm.
Cng sut ly tm ti a: 6 x 50 mL
Trng lng ring ti a ca mu: 1.2 kg/L
My c mn hnh hin th, m thanh v n LED bo
hiu
in nng tiu th:350 W, my c cu ch loi T 3.15 A.

My so mu
(Spectrophotometer) hiu JENWAY_Anh
Model 6300
c tnh k thut: o dn truyn, hp thu, nng
Thng s k thut:
Bc sng: dn truyn:
320 1000 nm Thang o: 0 199.9%
Hin th n: 1 nm Hin th n: 0.1%
chnh xc: 2 nm nh sng lc mt: < 0.5%
Di ph: 8 nm chnh xc: 2%
Nng : hp thu:
Thang o: -300 1999 Thang o:
-0.300 1.999 Abs
Hin th n: 0.1/1 Hin th n: 0.001 Abs
Hin th n: 0.1/1
n v: ppm, mg/L, g/L, M

CHT RN L LNG
v Phng php: Phng php lc
v Thit b v dng c: Thit b lc chn khng,
t sy, cn in t, giy lc thy tinh, bnh ht
m (dessicater)
Giy lc thu tinh hiu Whatman, loi
GF/C, 47mm Bnh ht m (dessicater)

Cn phn tch
Cn in t hiu SARTORIUS_C

Model CP324S
c tnh k thut: 0.1mg, max 320g
Cn in t hiu OHAUS_C
Model Explorer (E12140)
c tnh k thut : 0.1mg, max 230g
Cn in t hiu SARTORIUS_C
Model GM 1502
c tnh k thut: 0.01g, max 1500g
Nm s dng:
Cn in t hiu SARTORIUS LABORATORY_C
Model L 320
c tnh k thut: 0.01g, max 400g

TNG QUAN V HA PHN TCH
Ths. Nguyn Th Thanh Phng
Khoa Mi Trng
i hc Bch Khoa, Tp.HCM
BI GING HA PHN TCH
Phn M u
TNG QUAN V HA PHN TCH
Khi nim v ha phn tch:
Ha phn tch l khoa hc v cc phng php kim tra
nhng qu trnh ha l v k thut ha hc.
Phn tch nh tnh (PTT): Xc nh s hin din ca cc
cu t trong mu phn tch v nh gi s b hm lng
ca chng.
Phn tch nh lng (PTL): Xc nh chnh xc hm
lng ca nhng cu t trong mu.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Vai tr ca ha phn tch:
Gip tm ra cc nh lut ha hc quan trng
Xc nh c nguyn t khi ca mt s nguyn t
Thnh lp c cng thc ha hc ca nhiu hp cht
C s cho vic kim nghim ha hc trong nghin cu, sn
xut
Xy dng cc phng php kim tra t ng cc qu trnh
k thut
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Phn loi phng php phn tch (Da vo bn cht
ca phng php)
1. Phng php ha hc (PPHH)
Dng phn ng ha hc chuyn cu t kho st thnh hp
cht mi c tnh cht c trng m ta c th xc nh c s
hin din v hm lng ca cu t kho st.
2. Phng php vt l (PPVL)
Xc nh thnh phn v hm lng ca cc cht da trn vic
nghin cu cc tnh cht quang, in, t, nhit hoc cc tnh
cht vt l khc.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
3. Phng php ha l (PPHL)
Kt hp gia PPHH v PPVL. nh tnh hoc nh lng mu
da vo l tnh ca hp cht hay dung dch thu c t cc
phn ng ha hc gia cu t cn phn tch vi thuc th.
4. Cc phng php ha l khc
PPPT phng x: o cc bc x ca cc nguyn t c hot tnh
phng x.
PP nhit, PPnhit in, PP o dn in, PP chun nhit
lng
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
5. Phng php ph nghim (PPPN)
Kt qu kho st c biu din di dng ph, bao gm:
Phng php quang ph: da trn s pht x, hp thu v
tn x nh sng.
Phng php khi ph: o khi lng phn t cht
Phng php ph cng hng t: da trn s tng tc
cht vi mi trng.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
6. Phng php sc k (PPSK)
Da trn s chuyn dch ca hn hp phn tch qua lp cht
bt ng tm trn cht mang rn (pha tnh) nh mt cht lng
hoc kh c kh nng di chuyn (pha ng).
ng dng:
Tch cc cht v c v hu c ging nhau v thnh phn v
tnh cht.
Tch cc nguyn t t him v cc nguyn t phng x
nh tnh, nh lng rt nhiu loi mu: rn, lng, kh.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
7. Phng php in ha (PPH)
Da trn cc phn ng in ha xy ra trn ranh gii tip xc
gia cc cc v DD phn tch, hoc da trn tnh cht in ha
ca DD to nn mi trng gia cc in cc.
8. Phng php vi sinh
nh lng vt cu t da trn hiu ng ca chng vi tc
pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
9. Phng php phn tch ng hc
Xc nh nng ca cc cht bng cch o tc phn ng
ca chng. Phng php ny c nhy cao (10
-5
10
-6
g/ml)
Muc ch cua phep phan tch
nh ngha:
Muc ch cua phep phan tch lien quan en viec tm ra lng va loai
cac cau t hoa hoc hien dien trong mau.
Yeu cau phan tch nham muc ch:
- Cung cap thong tin chnh xac ve gia tr cua mau thc
- Chuan b cac so lieu ay u e d oan xu hng phat trien,
bien oi cua vat chat
- Chap nhan hay loai tr mot san pham nao o
- Kiem nghiem mot so ch tieu ac trng cua mau

Vai tro phan tch oi vi khoa hoc moi trng
Xac nh ham lng chat o nhiem
Xac nh oc to hoa hoc
Kiem nh chat lng mau trc khi s dung

Yeu cau phan tch
- Nhan vien : c ren luyen qua trng lp, co tay
nghe, kinh nghiem
- Moi trng lam viec: Khong gian thoang, sach se, an
toan
- Thiet b: c chuan hoa bao gom thiet b phan tch
hoa hoc, hoa ly, phan tch the tch, may tnh, pham
mem quan ly d lieu
- Hoa chat: am bao chat lng, o tinh khiet
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Dung dch (DD) Nng dung dch
nh ngha: DD l h ng th do s phn tn ca phn t hay
ion, bao gm hai hay nhiu cht m thnh phn ca chng c
th thay i trong mt gii hn rng.
Nng ca DD
tan: l lng cht tan trong DD bo ha t
0
C v P nht
nh.
100 .
q
m
S =
Trong : m(g): khi lng cht tan
q(g): khi lng dung mi
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Trong : V(ml): th tch dung dch
Nng khi lng: S gam cht tan trong mt lt nc DD
1000 .
/
V
m
C
l g
=
chun: S gam hay miligam cht tan trong 1ml DD
Hay
V
m
T
ml g
=
/
V
m
T
ml mg
=
/
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Nng phn trm:
100 . ) / %(
q m
m
KL KL C
+
=
100 . ) / %(
V
m
TT KL C =
100 . ) / %(
V
V
TT TT C
x
=
Nng phn triu ppm: Khi lng cht tan cha trong 10
6

ln khi lng mu.
6
10 . ) (
q m
m
ppm C
+
=
Trong : V
x
(ml): th tch cht tan
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Nng Molan: S mol cht tan trong 1000gam dung mi
q M
m
C
m
1000
=
Nng phn mol: T s gia s mol ca cu t I (n
i
) trn
tng s mol N ca cc cht to thnh DD (N
i
).
N
n
N
i
i
=
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Nng ng lng: S ng lng cht tan trong
1lit1 DD
V
m
C
N
1000
=
Nng ca DD sau khi pha trn:
Trn DD a% vi DD b% (ca cng mt cht) s c DD
c%, vi a>c>b.
c a
b c
m
m
b
a

=
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Cn bng ha hc nh lut tc dng khi lng
nh lut: T s gia tch hot sn phm trn tch hot
tc cht l mt hng s, c gi l hng s cn bng K.
Phn ng thun nghch tng qut:
aA + bB dD + eE
(1)
(2)
Hng s cn bng:
b a
e d
B A
E D
K
) .( ) (
) .( ) (
=
b a
e d
B A
E D
K
] .[ ] [
] .[ ] [
= Nu DD long
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
nh lut tng tc khi lng (Danton)
nh lut: Trong mt phn ng ha hc, s ng lng ca
cc cht tham gia phn ng phi bng vi nhau.
A + B D + E
Xt phn ng:
Vi: m
A
, m
B
: khi lng ca A, B

A
,
B
: ng lng gam ca A, B
V
A
, V
B
: th tch ca A, B
C
A
, C
B
: nng ng lng ca A, B
B B A A
C V C V . . =
B
A
B
A

m
m
=
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Nguyn tc chung v chun
Chun l phng php xc nh hm lng cc cht da
trn vic do th tch dung dch thuc th (DD chun) c
thm vo mt th tch nh DD cht nh phn tc
dng va vi cht nh phn .
1. Khi nim
c trng ca mt php phn tch: tnh ng nht thp, tnh d th cao phi c
loi tr. Qu trnh ny i hi phn tch cng phu v chnh xc
ngha ca mt php phn tch:
Cung cp thng tin chnh xc v mu, do c c nh gi chnh xc v mu.
Trong thng mi s lm tng uy tn ca sn phm sn xut ra.
Yu cu ca khch hng:
Tha thun vi khch hng v yu cu phn tch mu. Yu cu thng tin mu
bao gm: Ngun gc mu, thi gian, a im ly mu, mc dch ca vic phn
tch.
nh ngha php phn tch: L mt php m t xc nh c thnh phn,
tnh cht (phn tch nh tnh) v lng (phn tch nh lng) no tn ti
trong mu.
Mc ch ca php phn tch: c 4 mc ch
Chun b ngn hng d liu tm ra xu hng bin i ca cc vt cht trong
mi trng.
Chp nhn hay loi tr 1 sn phm trc khi a vo th trng hoc cng on
sn xut tip theo.
nh gi gi tr ca mu trc khi tr tin cho mu .
Kim chng li mt s ch tiu trong sn phm.
nh ngha QAQC:
QC (Quality Control) Kim tra cht lng: l cc k thut v cc hot ng m
chng ta s dng tha mn i hi v mt cht lng.
QA (Quality Assurance) Bo m cht lng: L tp hp ca tt c nhng hot
ng mang tnh k hoch v h thng c thc hin trong khun kh h thng
cht lng vi mc ch cung cp cho chng ta nhng s tin cy trong vic tha
mn cht lng.
H thng cht lng (Quality system): L tp hp nhng cu trc, t chc, nhng
th tc, nhng qa trnh, nhng phng tin dng thc hin vic qun l cht
lng. H thng cht lng bao gm.
Qun l cht lng (Quality Management)
Kim tra cht lng (Quality Control)
Bo m cht lng (Quality Assurance).
2. Ly mu vn chuyn v bo qun mu
2.1 nh ngha mu v phn loi mu
nh ngha ly mu:
Ly mu l 1 qu trnh chn la mi phn ca 1 cht bng mt phng cch no
cho sao cho n cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin v tnh i din ca mt mu ln
hn
K hoch ly mu: Phi c k hoch t u, k qu ca mt php phn tch ph
thuc vo k hoch ly mu. Sai s trong ly mu thng thng chim 66% tng
sai s ca php phn tch.
2. Ly mu vn chuyn v bo qun mu
Phn loi mu: c rt nhiu cch phn loi mu
Theo trng thi: rn, lng, kh.
Theo tnh ng nht.
Theo s hoc k hoch ly mu.
a. Mu i din (representative sample):
L mu c cc ng trng tiu biu nht ca mt mu m tha mn mt yu cu
cho trcTy thuc vo trng thi ca mu m, c chia thnh 4 nhm:
Mu ng th: Hu ht cc mu nc l mu ng th.
Mu d th: Tiu biu cho rc thi, bn lng t cc cng trnh x l nc thi
Mu tnh: L mu ly trong mt h tnh.
Mu ng: Ly trong thc nc
b. Mu chn la (Selective):
Da trn c s ca k hoch ly mu tc l chn nhng mu vt cht vi 1 tnh
cht thch hp no v b qua nhng tnh cht khc.
b. Mu bt k (Random Sample): L mu m c chn sao cho bt c 1 phn
no ca mu m u c c hi c la chn bnh ng nh nhau.
c. Mu hn hp (Composite Sample):
Mu m cha nhiu thnh phn v tnh cht ca mu ln v c chun b sao cho
mang tnh i din ca mu ln.

2.2 chin lc ly mu (Sample Strategy).
Theo nhng i hi v mt php ch (tiu chun qun l cht lng) quy
nh trong chin lc ly mu.
Ph thuc vo s ly mu, c 4 dng s ly mu:
Ly mu chc chn (Probability): Thu mu c mu i din.
Ly mu khng chc chn (Nonprobability): Thu mu c mu la chn.
Ly mu trng ln nhau (Bulk): Thu c mu hn hp.
Ly mu chp nhn (Aceptance): Tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng.
2. Ly mu vn chuyn v bo qun mu
2.3 Cc ch s ly mu.
Tnh thch hp ca mu: ph hp cho php phn tch: ln mu, t/c vt l
Tnh khng chc chn trong ly mu (uncertainty): c th xc nh th tch
mu cn thit cho php phn tch ta phi xc nh c nhng ngun nghi ng
(S
2
)
tc
= (S
2
)
mu
+ (S
2
)
o
trong S
2
l lch chun
Nn: (S
2
)
mu
= (S
2
)
tc
- (S
2
)
o

S lng mu c bn cn ly (ng dng trong kim tra cht lng sn phm)
Mu nh (Sub sample): L mt mu t mu ln c phn chia ra sao cho
chng ta c hy vng cao v nng ca cht cn phn tch.
2.3 bn vng ca mu:
Thi gian lu mu: l t
max
cho php t thi im ly mu cho n thi im
phn tch m mu khng c thay i ng k (holding time)
2. Ly mu vn chuyn v bo qun mu
2.4 Vn chuyn mu.
Qu trnh vn chuyn mu phi c ghi chp cn thn, lm gim ti a s
gim cht lng ca mu v lm s nhim bn mu.
Phn tch cng sm cng tt.
Nhng tnh cht quan trng ca mu: bc hi, nhy vi nh sng, bn
nhit, tnh phn ng cn vch ra trong chin lc ly mu.
Tnh nguyn vn ca mu phi c bo ton.
i vi phn tch cc yu t vt th vic vn chuyn, lu tr bo qun mu phi
ht sc thn trng. Phi c cch ly vi cc thit b v ha cht.

Phng php phn tch
nh lng
nh tnh
CHUN B PHN TCH MU
La chn phng php




Phng php la chn phi tha mn tiu ch sau:
PP c pht trin t phng th nghim
PP c cng b trong cc tp ch khoa hc chuyn ngnh
PP c cung cp bi cc hng cung cp tht b
PP c cng b trong cc sch ca cc t chc chuyn ngnh
PP ca cc t chc chun ha
PP ca cc cng b mang tnh php ch
CHUN B PHN TCH MU
La chn phng php
Cc yu t nh hng khi lc chn PP phn tch:
Gii hn pht hin (LOD hoc DL): L lng cht nh nht trong mu phn
tch m ta c th pht hin c.




Gii hn nh lng: > LOD
ng ca PP: lch gia gi tr o v gi tr thc ca mu cn o.
chnh xc ca PP: lch gia gi tr o v gi tr ca ng chun.
Vn tc ca phng PP phn tch
Thit b phn tch
Kch thc, kch c ca mu
Gi thnh phn tch
Tnh an tan
LOD = 3.
Du hiu
Nhiu
Hoc LOD = 3. lch chun ca php th 0
CHUN B PHN TCH MU
Sai s thng gp
Sai s v mt phng php: vd: pp qu c in
Sai s v mt thit b: vd: cha chun thit b
La chn thit b, vt dng phn tch:
Mi trng phn tch: thit b o, nhn vin phn tch, ha cht lu tr trong
PTN, mi trng khng kh trong PTN.
Yu t nh hng n th nghim:
Bi
Bc x in t
Xung ng in t
nh sng mt tri
Nhit
m

CHUN B PHN TCH MU
La chn thit b, vt dng phn tch:
Thit b
La chn thit b ph hp
Chc nng ha thit b:
nh chun thit b
Kim tra thit b
Lau chi, bo tr thit b thng xuyn
Ha cht v cc vt dng khc:
Ha cht phi c ghi tinh khit
Nhn phi ghi r nh xut bn, CTP, CTCT, KLPT, V,..
Chun b ha cht cn lu :
Tun th tuyt i theo ch dn
Lu dng c cha ha cht
iu kin lu tr ha cht
Quy tc an tan khi s dng ha cht
Thi b ha cht
O MU
Cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s khi o mu
Nng lc yu km ca ngi phn tch
PP s dng khng hp l
Mu b nhim bn
Cc nhiu khi o mu
Sai s trong nh chun thit b
Sai s trong ly mu
Cc qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong mu

O MU
Tnh thch hp ca mt phng php phn tch
C 6 ch tiu:
Tnh lp li ca php phn tch
Lm th nghim thu hi
Mu th khng
Cc PP tng t c thc hin nc khc, ngi khc, t chc
khc
Dng u d khc
Dng vt liu tham chiu

O MU
Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch
Trc khi phn tch:
Cch li mu
C bn miu t phn tch mi nht, c k PP phn tch
c, hiu bn miu t PP phn tch
Kim tra li ton b thit b
Lp k hoch cho cng vic
Xem xt tnh c t ca php o
C qun o bo h, gng tay, mt n
Kim tra li cc dng c thy tinh
Ln k hoch thi b cc ha cht, lau chi thit b

O MU
Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch
Trong lc phn tch:
Kim tra li l lch ca mu
Thc hin vic ly mu o
o
m bo sch thit b sau mi bc o
Ghi nhn li, theo di, quan st qu trnh o
Khng c nng vi trong khi o

O MU
Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch
Sau khi phn tch:
Thu thp, ghi nhn cc s liu o
nh gi s b cc sai s
Kim tra cc gii ngha s liu trong kt qu
Khng c vt mu ngay m phi lu gi trong mt thi gian
Sp xp v chun b li hin trng th nghim chun b cho php
o tip theo.
O MU
nh chun php o phn tch
So snh gi tr o c vi gi tr tham chiu
Gi tr tham chiu c cung cp bi vt liu tham chiu, c cung
cp bi nh sn xut
Kim tra cht lng php o
Cc ch tiu:
Mu trng
Mu kim tra cht lng: Dung dch chun
Mu lp li: kim tra chnh xc
Mu m
Thu hi: kim tra tnh ng n ca php o

X L V BO CO D LiU
Qan l d liu
Ghi nhn s liu: C 4 hnh thc s liu:
S liu lin quan n mua/ bn, hp ng mua bn, ha n, bin bn
kim k.
Cc th tc lin quan n PTN
Phng php
Quy tc lin quan n nh chun thit b v phng php
Cc th tc bo tr, chi ra thit b.
Cc cng vic lin quan n phn tch: Bng biu s liu, th lun
lun phi c ghi ch y


X L V BO CO D LiU
Bo co kt qu
Chuyn kt qu o c sang dng s liu c th c c, so snh kt
qu o c vi vt liu tham chiu
a kt qu o cho mt ngi khc kim tra li
S liu lin quan n mua/ bn, hp ng mua bn, ha n, bin bn kim
k.
o c tnh bt thng
Tnh bt thng l yu t xy ra lm cho kt qu php o b lch so vi kt
qu ng
Khi nim v sai s: l sai s gia kt qu ca php o vi gi tr thc:
C 2 lai sai s:
Sai s bt k
Sai s h thng
nhy ca PP phn tch: c quyt nh bi dc ca ng chun

Phng phap chun
chat lng nc
Phng phap chuan o: la s xac nh ham lng cac chat da
tren s o the tch dung dch chuan.
Nguyen tac: lay mot he tch xac nh dung dch chat can nh phan,
cho vai giot ch th, them t t dung dch chat chuan vao cho en
kh tac dung hoan toan vi chat can nh chuan. Thi iem tac
dung hoan toan: iem tng ng (dung dch oi mau, ket tua )
Thi iem ket thuc chuan o: iem cuoi

Yeu cau chnh xac cua phng phap chuan o
Chat nh phan tac dung hoan toan ci chat chuan
Phan ng dien ra nhanh (tang cng toc o phan ng bang nung,
them chat xuc tac)
Chat chuan ch tac dung rieng vi chat nh phan
Chon chat ch th thch hp
Phng phap chuan o
Chuan o trc tiep: Them trc tiep dung dch chuan vao dung dch chat
can nh phan
D + C = E + F (C: chat chuan;D: chat can nh phan) T C - Lng
chat can nh phan D
Chuan o ngc: Them chnh xac va d the tch dung dch chuan (C), sau
o chuan o lng chat chuan d bang mot dung dch chuan khac (C*
)
Chuan o thay the:Cho mot hp chat MY tac dung chat nh phan D giai
phong ra chat y, ke tiep chuan o Y bang dung dch chat chuan C*, t
ay => D

Phng phap chuan o
Chuan o gian tiep: khong xac nh trc tiep, chuyen chat nh phan
vao mot hp chat thch hp, xac nh hp chat nay bang mot chat chuan
D + MX = MXD
MXD + C* = CX
*
+ MD
Chuan o phan oan: Chuan o lan lt cac chat D; E, F trong cung mot
dung dch bang mot hay hai dung dch chuan.
Phng phap chuan o
Da vao chuan o, phan chia:
Phng phap acid baz (trung hoa) xac nh trc tiep cac acid, baz va
muoi
Phng phap ket tua: nh lng cac ion tao c cac hp chat kho tan
(phan ng cham, khong co ch th thch hp)
Phng phap phc chat: Phan ng tao phc gia chat can phan tch va
chat chuan
Phng phap oxy hoa kh: Da tren phan ng oxy hoa kh, nh lng
tr65c tiep cac chat.

Khuyet iem cua phng phap chuan o
Quan sat bang mat nen kho chnh xac

I.Phng phap chuan o
1.1. nh ngha chuan o. gii thieu iem tng ng, iem cuoi, ng
cong chuan
1.2. Tong quan cac dang chuan o
1.2.1. Chuan o da tren phan ng axit baz
1.2.2. Chuan o da tren phan ng ket tua
1.2.3. Chuan o da tren phan ng oxi hoa kh
1.2.4. Chuan o da tren phan ng tao phc
1.3. Mot so dang chuan o khac (trong dung moi khong nc)

Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Phn loi cc phng php chun :
Theo trnh t tin hnh:
1. Chun trc tip: Cho va d DD chun vo dung dch
nh phn, thuc th R s phn ng trc tip vi cht nh
phn X:
R + X Q + Y
Da vo th tch, nng DD chun tiu tn lng cht X
phn ng.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
2. Chun ngc: Cho mt th tch chnh xc v d DD
chun vo cht nh phn. Chun lng thuc th d R
bng thuc th khc R

. Da vo th tch, nng ca R, R


v phng trnh phn ng ta xc nh c lng cht nh
phn.
3. Chun thay th:
A + MY MX + Y
Chun Y bng thuc th thch hp, v da vo nng ,
th tch ca n xc nh lng cht X
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
4. Chun gin tip: Chuyn cht X vo mt hp cht
thch hp cha t nht mt nguyn t c th xc nh trc
tip bng mt thuc th thch hp.
5. Chun gin on: Chun ln lt cc cht X, Y,
Ztrong cng mt DD bng 1 hoc 2 DD chun.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
Theo bn cht phn ng chun :
1. Phng php axit baz:
nh lng cc axit, baz v cc mui c tnh axit hoc
baz da trn cc phn ng trung ha (H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O).
2. Phng php kt ta:
Dng nh lng cc ion to c cc hp cht kh tan.
Tuy nhin cc phn ng ny xy ra chm v khng c cht
ch th thch hp nn p dng hn ch.
Phn M u: TNG QUAN V HA
PHN TCH
3. Phng php phc cht: nh lng hu ht cc cation
kim loi v mt s anion da trn phn ng to phc cht
gia cht cn phn tch v thuc th.
4. Phng php oxi ha: nh lng trc tip cc nguyn
t chuyn tip, mt s cht hu c v nh lng gin tip
mt s ion v c da trn phn ng oxi ha kh.
1. PHNG PHP CHUN TO PHC
Nguyn tc: Da trn phn ng to phc ca
cc cht
Cc phng php chun to phc thng
dng:
Phng php complexom
Phng php bc
Phng php thy ngn II
1. PHNG PHP CHUN TO PHC
1.1 Phng php complexon
Da trn s to phc cng cua ca cc ion kim loi vi nhm
complexon dn xut ca axt aminopolycacboxylic (ph bin dinatri ca
axt etilendiamin tetraaxetic - EDTA).
Ch th mu l nhng axt hu c yu hoc baz yu cha nhng nhm
mang mu v ch mu. Mu bin i theo pM (pM = - lg[M]) v theo pH.
Mu ca ch th v mu ca phc phi khc nhau, d phn bit.
pH phi thch hp cho ch th v phn ng to phc xy ra hon ton.
Ch th thng dng: eriocromen T, murexit, xylen da cam
1.2 Phng php bc
Da trn s to phc gia ion Ag
+
v ion xyanua
+
+
2
) ( 2 CN Ag CN Ag
Sau Ag
+
kt ta vi ion phc

2
) (CN Ag
] ) ( [ ) (
2 2
CN Ag Ag CN Ag Ag +
+
Ag(Ag(CN)
2
] lm c dung dch, lm ch th cho vic chun .
2. PHNG PHP CHUN OXY HA KH
Da trn phn ng trao i electron gia dung dch chun cha
cht oxy ha (hoc kh) vi dung dch phn tch cha cht kh
(hoc oxy ha).
Ch th phn ng thng l cht oxy ha hay cht kh, dng oxy
ha v dng kh c mu khc nhau.
Phng trnh cn bng trao i in t:
Ind
ox
+ ne Ind
kh
Phng trnh in th:
| |
| |
kh
ox
o
Ind
Ind
Ind
n
E E log
0059 , 0
+ =
Ch th thng dng:
Diphenylamin: C
6
H
5
-NH-C
6
H
5
, dng oxy ha mu tm, dng kh
khng mu
Feroin: phc ca Fe
2+
v 1,10-phenantrolin, dng oxy ha mu
xanh nht, dng kh mu .
Natri diphenylsunfonat: C
6
H
5
-NH-C
6
H
5
-SO
3
, dng oxy ha mu tm
, dng kh khng mu.
3. PHN TCH CC CH TIU HA HC BNG PHNG
PHP HA L
3.1 Phn tch in ha:
Da trn vic xc nh cc tham s:in th,
in tr, in dung, th in cc, dn
intrn b mt hoc gia cc in cc.
Phng php bao gm:
Phn tch in th
Phn tch in phn
phn tch cc ph..
3.1 Phn tch in ha:
a. Phn tch in th
S dng cc h in ha gm hai in cc: in cc ch th (in cc tr
hoc in cc kim loi) v in cc so snh (in cc n nh, d bo
qun: in cc bc, clorua bc, in cc calogen)
Trong qu trnh o c, in cc c s chn lc i vi cc ion rng r
theo quan h Nernst nh sau:
) log(
303 , 2
z
o
a
znF
RT
E E + =
E - in th o c;
Eo - in th chun ca in cu
R: hng s cht kh;
Z: du in th chun ca in cc;
n s in tch;
F hng s Faraday.
25
o
C phng trnh Nernst:
) )( log(
2 , 59
mV a
znF
RT
E E
z
o
+ =
3.1 Phn tch in ha:
a. Phn tch in th:
Phng trnh Nernst vi in cc Cadimi v florua
059 , 0
x
x
E E
pH pH

+ =
) log( 2 , 59
2+
+ = E E E
o
) log(
303 , 2
2 / 2 + +
+ =
H
o
H H
a
znF
RT
E E
) log( 2 , 59

= F E E
o
Cc my o pH hin i ng dng in cc so snh l in cc calomen
(KCl | Hg2Cl2 | Hg)
Th in cc hydro:
Biu thc o pH iu kin 25
o
C:
Biu thc o pH iu kin 30
o
C:
060 , 0
x
x
E E
pH pH

+ =
3.1 Phn tch in ha:
a. Phn tch in th:
My o pH vi in cc thy tinh, pin in bao gm in cc thuy tinh v
in cc calomen, biu din di dng:
Ag | AgCl | HCl 0,1M | Thy tinh | Dung dch o
Trong : Ag | AgCl | HCl 0,1M l in cc trong ca in cc thy tinh
C ch lm vic theo c ch trao i ion qua mng thy tinh.
+ + + +
+ +
pp dd dd pp
H M H M
+ + + +
+ +
dd pp pp dd
H M H M
Th in cc thy tnh l:
d
o
pp d pp
H
znF
RT
E E ] log[
303 , 2
) (
+
+ =
) log(
303 , 2
+
+ = H
znF
RT
E E
o
pp pp
x
o
pp x pp
H
znF
RT
E E ] log[
303 , 2
) (
+
+ =
Hay:
3.1 Phn tch in ha:
b. Phn tch cc ph
Dng phng php cu ph ampe: theo di s bin
i ca dng khuych tn gii hn i
d
ph thuc vo th
tch thuc th thm vo V
tt
, thc hin trn catod git
Hg.
Chun ampe c th thc hin c cho cc loi
phn ng khc nh: phn ng to phc, phn ng kt
ta, phn ng oxy ha kh.
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
a. nh lut beer-Lambert v s hp th nh sng: S dng trong vic
nghin cu di chuyn nh sng qua dung dch.
nh lut Lambert: Khi chiu chm sng trng c cng I
0
qua dung
dch mt hp cht mu (dung dch phn t hoc lp nguyn t), cng
nh sng b gim i do s hp th ca dung dch theo biu thc sau:
T=I/I
o
=10
-kL

T: truyn nh sng
I: cng nh sng ti khong cch l cch mt nc,
I
o
: cng nh sng ti mt nc,
k: hp th nh sng ca dung dch,
L: khong cch (b dy) t mt nc n im xc nh I
nh lut Beer: gim cng nh sng ph thuc vo s hp th
nh sng ca cc cht trong dung dch v biu din bng phng trnh
sau:
T=I/I
o
=10
-kC

k: hp ph phn t
C-nng cht dung dch.
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
a. nh lut beer-Lambert v s hp th nh sng:
Kt hp nh lut Lambert v nh lut Beer
T=I/I
o
=10
-kLC

k: h s hp th nh sng ca dung dch
hp ph nh sng xc nh theo biu thc:
A=log(I
o
/I) =kLC
Cu trc phn t ca cc cht l khc nhau nn mi cht to mu c mt
bc sng hp ph tt nht.
Mt s hn ch ca nh lun:
B nh hng bi qu trnh khc x
tuyn tnh A = f(C) duy tr mt khong nht nh
Trn c s nguyn l Beer Lambert c hai phng php.
So mu theo mu chun(dy ng nghim vi nng bit trc)
Phng php trc quang: to ra nh sng n sc cho n truyn
qua dung dch mu ti t bo quang in
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
b. Phng php so mu:
Yu cu dung dch cht nghin cu:
Bn thn phi c mu hoc c kh nng to thnh hp cht mu vi
thuc th
Cht mu phi bn vng.
Bao gm 2 giai on:
Chuyn cht cn xc nh sang hp cht c mu
So mu vi dung dch chun hoc o cng mu hay cng
sng.
Cc yu t nh hng:
Nng : trong mt khong nht nh.
pH: pH thay i lm thay i thnh phn hp mu, lm thay i tnh
cht mu ca dung dch
Cht l: c mu, hoc kt hp vi cht to mu, phc hay cht cn xc
nh.
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
b. Phng php so mu
Cc phng php o mu thng dng:
So snh theo dy mu
Phng php pha long
Phng php chun mu
Phng php cn bng
Phng php o mt quang.
c. Phng php ph trc quang:
Nguyn tc:
A/s trngTm lc muB n sc hacuvetb cm bin quang inmy o
S dng cc phi t to phc c mu hoc c kh nng hp th quang
hc cao.
My so mu c kh nng hp th nh sng vng:
T ngoi v vng kh kin c =200-900 nm: my quang ph t ngoi
kh kin (UV-VIS)
Hng ngoi: my ph hng ngoi
Nhn thy: my trc quang hay so mu quang in.
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
d. Quang ph hp th nguyn t:
Thit b: my quang ph hp th nguyn t (Atomic absorbent
spectrophotometr AAS): di sng rt rng, t cc tm n hng
ngoi
Nguyn l: Dng kh c nhit lng cao (axetylen, N
2
O-axetylen,
l graphit) nguyn t ha mu thnh hi nguyn t, Nguyn t
kim loi hp th nng lng di dng lng t s nhy t mc
nng lng c bn sang mc cao hn.
Phng trnh nng lng:
E
1
= E
o
+ h v
E
o
: nng lng trng thi c bn
E
1
: Nng lng trng thi kch thch.
H: hng s Planck
v: tn s nh sng hp th
S nguyn l:
Ngun sng b iu chnhbung nguyn t hab n sc
detector b khuch i tn hiub x l v cho s liu
3.2 Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
d.Quang ph hp th nguyn t:
iu kin cc nguyn t hp th nng lng
Nhit nguyn t ha t 2000
o
C n 3000
o
C: 90%
nguyn t trng thi c bn.
Bc sng tng ng vi hp th cc i ca hi
nguyn t phi bng bc sng cc i ca ngun pht.
Chiu rng vch quang ph hp th ti thiu gp 2 ln
vch quang ph pht x ti bc sng :
Hp ph nguyn t ngn la khong pht hin thp: 0,1
0,5 mg/l
Hp ph nguyn t khng ngn la nhit nguyn t ha
cao hn (2800
o
C 3000
o
C) nn kh nng pht hin tng
hm trm ln.
3.3 Cc phng php sc k
L bin php tch hn hp cht khi a chng qua mt mi trng (ct,
bn mng) tng tc ph hp, cc hp cht hu c trong nc c
tch trit bng dung mi. Sau bm vo thit b sc k v nh cc
detector ph hp nhn bit.
Phn tch cht hu c: My sc k kh v my sc k lng.

a. Sc k kh (Gas chromatography):
Nguyn tc: cc cht hu c trong nc pha hu c (trit lng
lng, lng rn) bm vo thit b sc k ha hi v c dng
kh tr mang vo ct tch cc cht ln lt c tch ra khi ct
Nhn bit di dng pic sc k tng ng vi thi gian lu (detector
ph hp).
Cc detector thng dng:
Detector ion ha ngn la (FID): phn tch cc cht hu c, nhy:
10
-7
n 10
-9
g/s.
Detector bt in t (ECD): hp cht halogen, nhy: 10
-12
n 10
-14

g/s.
Detector khi ph (MS): Vn nng, chn lc cao.
Dng phn tch cc hp cht hu c khi lng phn t ln, khng phn
cc hoc t phn cc bn nhit.
3.3 Cc phng php sc k
b. Sc k lng hiu nng cao-HPLC
Xc nh cc hp cht hu c phng php sc k kh khng pht hin
c (80%),
Nguyn tc:
Hp cht phn tch vo dng cht lng (pha ng) ct tch tch cc
chtvo detector
Cc detector thng dng:
Detector t ngoi/kh kin (UV/VIS)
Detector hunh quang
Detector in ha
Detector dn
Detector khi ph...
Ngoi ra sc k lng cn xc nh cc anion F
-
, Cl
-
, NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
,
NO
2
-
, , Na
+
, NH
4
+
, Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
gi l sc k ion (Ion Chromatography IC)

_______ The End ________

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