Tim nng ng dng ca cng ngh nano ang i v u?

Trng Vn Tn Vic khm ph qu bng fullerene C60 vo nm 1985 ca Harold Kroto, Robert Curl v Richard Smalley v vic ti pht hin ng than nano ca Sumio Iijima vo nm 1991 l hai s kin tnh c trong khoa hc nhng m mn mt k nguyn mi ca nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh. Hai loi vt liu nano hu c ny nh mt chi lu quan trng ha nhp vo dng thc "cng ngh nano" manh nha vo thp nin 80 ca th k trc. Cng vi s pht trin fullerene v ng than nano, cc nh vt liu hc v ha hc tng hp v tinh ch cc loi ht nano kim loi, ht nano bn dn hay hu c vi mt kch thc ng nht t 1 n 100 nanomt. Tng hp ht nano vi mt kch thc ng nht theo mun phi ni l mt thnh tu ni bt trong ngnh ha tng hp [1]. Ngoi ra, b mt ca fullerene, ng than nano v cc loi ht nano c "trang b" vi cc nhm chc, polymer c kh nng cm quang, cm nhit ch to b cm ng ha hc, sinh hc, sng in t, dng c in t, quang in t; hay vi phn t dc cho vic tr liu ung th. Thng 12 nm 2010, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Thy in trao gii Nobel Vt l cho cng trnh nghin cu graphene ca hai nh khoa hc ngi Anh gc Nga, Andre Geim v Konstantin Novoselov (i hc Manchester, Anh quc). Graphene l mt lp ca than ch (graphite). T lu, ngi ta bit r cu trc lp (layered structure) ca than ch, v gi r nn khng bit lm g hn l dng lm li bt ch. Geim v Novoselov dng mt thao tc nano n gin bng cch p bng keo ln than ch tch ra mt mng graphene. T than ch t mt "ph thng dn" c thng hoa tr thnh hong t. Vic tch ri tng lp graphene t than ch ln u tin cho ngnh vt liu hc mt vt liu nano thun carbon hai th nguyn vi dy ca mt nguyn t. Tm quan trng trong ng dng ca graphene v vic m rng chn tri nghin cu vt l l thuyt c l l hai nguyn nhn chnh trong vic trao gii Nobel cho Geim v Novoselov, d rng hai ng ch mi ch to graphene vo nm 2004. Nh vy, trong mt phn t th k qua carbon tr nn mt vt liu quan trng vi gii Nobel Ha hc (1996) cho fullerene, gii Nobel Vt l (2010) cho graphene, v cc loi vt liu nano kim loi hay bn dn c thit k v ch to mc phc tp a

nng cha tng thy trong lch s khoa hc. H qu l c hng ngn bo co khoa hc c pht biu trn cc tp ch chuyn ngnh, hng ngn ng k pht minh xut hin v vn tip tc gia tng theo con s ly tha. Vic khm ph graphene vi nhng tnh cht c th ca vt liu nano hai th nguyn cng gia tng s ho hng trong cc n lc nghin cu c bn ln ng dng. Trong ci nhn ca cc nh vt l, chng ta c ton b vt liu nano t ht nano (chm lng t) vi zero th nguyn, ng than nano mt th nguyn v graphene hai th nguyn thc chng nhng hin tng c tin on t cc l thuyt vt l trong nhiu nm qua. Nhng cc ng dng thc tin v sn phm nano th ra sao? Sau 25 nm nghin cu vi tng kinh ph nghin cu u t trn ton th gii vo cng ngh nano c th vt qua mc trm t la, cha k chi ph xy dng h tng c s cho cc vin nghin cu, cng vi mt ti sn tr tu ca hng ngn nh nghin cu t nhng khoa hc gia tm c ca hnh tinh n cc nghin cu sinh bnh thng, n lc ngi ta t cu hi bao gi th kho tng tr tu ny mi c em ra ng dng bin ch ra thng phm phc v con ngi v lm giu cho nn kinh t quc gia. Liu nn cng ngh nano c phi l con g trng vng to ra nhng t sng thn cch mng cng ngh nh cc nh nghin cu v doanh nghip k vng? Nu ta c mt ci nhn khe kht hn th mt phn t th k c l di bin mt pht minh khoa hc trong phng th nghim thnh nhng sn phm trn thng trng. Lch s khoa hc cho thy vic p dng cht bn dn vo transistor ch to cc dng c in t k c my tnh to ra cuc cch mng tin hc, hay vic pht minh ra si nylon to ra cc loi vi vc nhn to thay th t tm, len d thin nhin lm thay i khi nim "mc" ca con ngi, cng nh vic s dng cc loi si gia cng nh si carbon (carbon fibres), si Kevlar ch to composite cng ngh va nh va bn thay th kim loi; tt c nhng s kin khoa hc cng ngh ny t phng th nghim cho n thng trng khng qu 30 nm. Tuy nhin, trong cng mt thi gian ta phi khch quan nhn nhn rng d vt liu nano cng ngy cng a dng v tinh vi nhng cho n nay chng vn cha mang ti cho nhn loi mt sn phm i i nh transistor, vi vc nhn to hay composite gia cng lm trong qu kh. Ti cc hi ngh khoa hc hay trong cc bi bo co, cc nh khoa hc c thi quen d phng, thm ch cng iu nhng tim nng ng dng ca mt pht hin c l kch thch s lng nghe ca cc c quan ti tr vi nim hy vng tm c kinh ph cho ti kha ti, s mua thm c nhiu thit b v ban pht nhiu hc bng cho cc nghin cu sinh xut sc. Cui cng, h s xut bn nhng bi bo trn nhng tp ch

c ch s nh hng cao (high impact factor) v gio s ch o s c nhiu c hi tm thm kinh ph mi. Trc nhng khm ph khoa hc, doanh nhn c mt ci nhn khc, su sc v lnh lng hn v mc ch cui cng ca doanh nghip l li nhun. Mt doanh nhn tng tuyn b: "Mt pht minh cn phi 10 ln tt hn v 10 ln r hn sn phm hin c th mi c c hi xut hin trn thng trng". S sng cn ca mt doanh nghip ty vo s tha mn ca khch hng v lng hoan h ca cc ch c ng. T phng th nghim n sn chng khon l con ng di cho mt pht minh v cng lm khi n buc phi b chn sng gia ng. Cng ngh nano cng khng nm ngoi cc quy lut thng mi. Thm vo ta c th tm thy s tr tr trong vic thng phm ha ca vt liu nano gy ra t cc nguyn nhn sau: (1) s a dng ca vt liu nano, (2) s a dng ca cc ng dng, (3) s cnh tranh v gi c, hiu nng v phng php sn xut ca vt liu "c in" hin c trn thng trng v (4) vn an ton sc kho v c tnh ca vt liu nano. Ta c th hnh dung nn cng ngh nano nh mt ngi ang i vo ci tui trung nin c ci u bch khoa rt to nhng t chi chm pht trin, c mm bnh li thm ci tnh gn d mun lm nhiu vic cng mt lc! Ni nh th xem chng qu ngn nhng s a dng ca vt liu nano vi nhiu ng dng a ngnh t vt l n sinh y hc, t in t hc n ha hc lm chm tin trnh thng phm ha. Nn cng ngh nano tr thnh ngi t trong s thng thi ca mnh. Ta hy xem vi tim nng ng dng ca ng than nano. ng than nano c c tnh tuyt vi, cng hn thp 5 ln, bn hn thp 160 ln nhng li nh hn thp gn 6 ln. C th ni ng than nano c c tnh cao nht so vi cc vt liu ngi ta bit t trc n nay. Cn phi nhn mnh rng y l c tnh ca mt ng than ring l. Gia cng cc loi polymer/epoxy l mt ti nghin cu quan trng trong cc ng dng cng nghip t nhiu thp nin. Vic trin khai composite gia polymer/epoxy v ng than nano l mt hng i tt nhin trong lnh vc gia cng. Tri nghim hng ngy cho ta bit nhng gia dng polymer (plastic) rt tin li v gi r, d ch bin, nh nhng gin, d gy nt. Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), mt loi plastic gia dng trong sut nh knh, ch cn 1 % ng than nano cng lm tng c tnh ca polymer nhiu hn 5 ln. Nh th ta ch cn mt lng rt nh ng than nano gia cng PMMA m vn gi c s trong sut ca n. y s l mt sn phm tuyt vi. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th ch to o gip vi composite ng than nano vi cng bo v ln hn nhiu ln so vi o gip Kevlar hin c. Trn thc t, ng than nano khng hin hu tng ng ring l m nhiu ng dnh vo nhau thnh cm hay b

(Hnh 1). Trong qu trnh sn xut, s kt tp ca ng thnh cm hay b xy ra mt cch t nhin v ng c din tch b mt rt ln nn lc van der Waals to ra sc ht rt hu hiu gia cc ng. Tic rng, cng (m-un Young) ca nhng cm ny ch bng 1/10 v bn lm lc ch cn 1/100 tr s ca cc ng nano to thnh.

Hnh 1: S kt tp ca ng than nano do lc van der Waals (nh ca tc gi). Vic gia cng vi ng than nano cn phi c nhng ng ring l. V vy, s thnh bi ca composite gia polymer v ng than nano ty thuc vo cch tinh ch, g ri cm v b ng nano v phn tn hiu qu tng ng nano trong cht nn. Cho n ngy hm nay (2010), cha c mt phng php hu hiu no tch cc ng than nano hon ton thnh nhng ng ring l. C tnh tuyt vi ca ng vn cha c tn dng v composite c gia cng bng ng than nano cha l sn phm trn thng trng. Mt ng dng ln khc ca ng than nano l cng nghip in t. Nhng cng ty tm c nh IBM (M), Samsung (Hn Quc), NEC (Nht Bn) u t vo vic nghin cu s dng ng than vo cc dng c in t. ng than mang c tnh dn in n o (electrical ballistic conduction), ngha l nh vo hnh dng ng electron c th di chuyn t do m khng b va chm vo thnh ng, nh vy vic pht nhit c gim thiu ti a. dn in ca ng c th iu chnh t mc bn dn n kim loi. IBM tn dng nhng c tnh ny ch to transistor ng nano [2]. Vt liu chnh ca transistor hin ti l cht bn dn silicon. Ct sng ca cc dng c in t, my tnh v cng ngh tin hc l transistor silicon. Trong vng 40 nm cho n ngy nay, transistor silicon c thu nh vi chc triu ln v gi c ch to mt transistor

gim i mt triu ln. Nu gi chic xe hi c gim gi ging nh transistor th ngy hm nay ta c th mua mt chic xe hi vi gi vi xu! Hin nay, transistor "Penryn" do hng Intel ch to t nguyn t silicon v hafnium c kch thc 45 nanomt l transistor nh nht trn thng trng. Transistor ny nh n mc ngi ta c th xp 2000 transistor trong mt khong khng gian dy bng ng knh si tc. K thut sn xut chip vi tnh hin nay pht trin n mc 1 t transistor trong mt chip ch to vi cm2. Theo lung ch bin ny, ngi ta d on rng transistor silicon vi kch c 16 nanomt s c tung ra th trng vo nm 2018. Khi transistor cng nh, ta c th gia tng s transistor lm dng c cng linh hot, chc nng cng cao, ng p cng nhanh chng, kch thc cng mng, nh v gn gng. T nhng u im ny, s i hi thu nh kch thc transistor cng lc cng mnh lit. Tuy nhin, s thu nh ca transistor silicon khng th vt mc nh hn 10 nanomt. Nhng cc cng trnh nghin cu ca IBM v cc nhm nghin cu khc trong 15 nm qua cho thy transitor ng than nano c th vt qua mc 10 nanomt. Gn y, graphene nhp cuc. Nm 2008, nhm Manchester ca Geim v Novoselov ch to transistor graphene kch c 1 nanomt. C th y l kch c nh tn cng ca mt transistor. R rng l mt t ph nhng ch mang tnh hn lm. S cn rt lu trong tng lai transistor ng nano hay graphene mi c th thay th transistor silicon v vn k thut v gi c. Chng ngi k thut th nht l s ng nht tuyt i ca vt liu s dng. ng than nano dng cho transistor cn phi c kch thc ng nht cp nanomt v dn in ging nhau. Yu cu ny thc y vic sn xut ng than nano cht lng cao (Bng 1) nhng vn cha t c yu cu ca transistor [3]. Chng ngi th hai l cc nh khoa hc cha trin khai c qu trnh ch to siu vi mch to ra chipcha hng trm triu transistor ng nano hay graphene nh chip transistor silicon hin ti. ng dng trong gia cng v transistor ca ng than nano l hai ng dng c tim nng to nn mt cuc cch mng cng ngh trong th k 21. Tuy nhin, vin nh thnh cng vn cn m mt. Bng 1 cho thy hin trng ng dng v hng pht trin ca ca ng than nano phn ln vn cn trong thi k nghin cu hay trin khai sn phm. Bng 1: Nghin cu v trin khai ca cc sn phm ng than nano [4] Cng ty Sn phm Giai on

ng than nano cht lng cao cho cc ng dng in t

CarboLex (M)

Ch to bng h quang hay Sn xut CVD* Ch to bng CVD Ch to bng h quang ng than nano c bit t CVD Sn xut Sn xut Sn xut

Carbon Nanotechnologies (M) Carbon Solutions (M) SouthWest NanoTechnologies (M) Thomas Swan (Anh) Phim trong sut Battelle Institute (M) Eikos (M) Eastman Kodak (M) Unidym (M)

ng than nano sn xut i tr Sn xut t CVD

Memorial Lp ph trong sut Mc in dn in Lp ph quang hc trong sut

Nghin cu Trin khai sn phm Nghin cu, mu th (prototype)

Phim cho mn hnh chm (touch Trin khai sn phm screen), pin mt tri, diode pht quang

Linh kin DuPont (M) IBM (M) Intel (M) Motorola (M) Nanomix (M) Nantero (M) Samsung (Hn Quc) Linh kin in t trong sut Transistor nano cho vi tnh Lin mng vi Nghin cu Nghin cu mch Nghin cu Mu th Trin khai sn phm Mu th Nghin cu

(interconnect) B cm ng ha v sinh hc B cm ng ha v sinh hc Cng ngh b nh Mn hnh

* CVD (chemical vapour deposition): kt ta ha hc t pha hi Mt khc, ng dng sinh y hc ca ht nano to ra nhng dc liu tr liu v chn on ung th [5]. Nhn loi ang ch i mt cuc cch mng ha tr v x tr ung th. c nhiu bo co v vic tng hp cc loi ht nano "thng minh" c th cm nhn c t bo ung th, c kh nng ti thuc v nh thuc tn cng vo cc t bo

ny. Ht nano ti thuc phi tng thch vi c th con ngi v t phn hy khi hon thnh nhim v m khng sinh ra c t. y l hai yu t tin quyt cho vic chp nhn l dc phm tr liu. Bng 2 cho thy "Cc qun l thc phm v dc liu" (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) ca chnh ph M cho n nay ch chp nhn cho ph bin ht nano liposome v albumin, vn l phn t sinh hc tng thch vi c th v c th t o thi ra ngoi. Bng 2: Cc dc liu nano tr ung th [6] Loi ht nano Liposome Albumin Mixen polymer Lin hp polymer/thuc Liposome nh hng** Ht polymer nh hng** ht nano vng * FDA: Food and Drug Administration. "Cc qun l thc phm v dc liu" cu chnh ph M. ** C chc nng tm t bo ung th. Vn an ton sc khe v c tnh ca vt liu nano ang tr thnh mi quan tm hng u ca chnh ph v cc doanh nghip ang u t vo cng ngh nano. N nh mt lung nc ngm nguy him ang cun cun chy di mt dng sng m m lp lnh nh ho quang. Kh nng gy ung th ca ng than nano v s kin v ht nano titanum dioxide trong kem chng nng c th ph hng no b ca chut phn no lm lu m nh ho quang v ging ln ting chung cnh bo trong cng ng nghin cu khoa hc. y l mt vn rt ln lin quan n an ton sc khe ca cng nhn hng ngy tip xc vi vt liu nano v ngi tiu dng s dng thnh phm nano [7]. Cc chnh ph ti Bc M, chu u, c v Nht Bn ban hnh nhng quy nh lin quan n s an ton, cch x l v ch ng trong cc quy trnh sn xut v s dng vt liu nano [8-10]. Nhng cng trnh nghin cu v tc ng v c cu xm nhp vo t bo sinh vt ca vt liu nano cng lc cng gia tng [11-14]. Vt liu nano lnh hay d? Hin ti chng ta cha c cu tr li dt khot. Giai on pht trin c FDA* chp nhn c FDA* chp nhn Th nghim lm sng Th nghim lm sng Th nghim lm sng Th nghim lm sng Tn thuc DaunoXome, Doxil Abraxane -

ng than nano, ht silica, Th nghim lm sng

Hin trng nghin cu ca cng ngh nano l hai mt mu thun. Mt mt l nghin cu c bn mang tnh hn lm, cc pht hin mi v c tnh in t, quang in t v lng t ca vt liu nano vn khng suy gim d thi gian ko di 25 nm. Graphene li bng ra mt cao tro mi. Sau khi c gii Nobel, Novoselov cao hng tuyn b: "Graphene l mt m vng nghin cu. N s ko di mi nh bt tn". Mt kia l cc vng mc k thut v quan ngi v an ton nh cp trn, lm tr hon cc d n sn xut i tr sn phm nano khin cho nn cng ngh nano hin ti nhp nh nh nhng gn sng ln tn trn mt h thu hn l nhng ngn sng thn i dng lm khuynh o th gii. Trong mt nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam v trc s a dng v phc tp ca cng ngh nano, trn bnh din i ni, chnh ph cn c mt nhn thc khch quan v tim nng v ri ro ca nn cng ngh ny nh hng v xc lp cc lnh vc nghin cu u tin nhm a ra chnh sch cung cp kinh ph cho vic tuyn chn cc n nghin cu thc t ph hp vi sinh hot ngi dn v lm giu cho nn kinh t quc gia. ng thi to ra ni lc trong cc lnh vc nghin cu u tin. Nh trnh by trn, chng ta ang c mt kho tng tri thc nano cng khai gn nh min ph c tch t trong mt phn t th k li c h tr bng nhng l thuyt vt l tuyt vi ang ch i nhng ci u kinh thng khoa hc bin thnh sn phm. Vit Nam c nhiu l thuyt gia li lc nhng hu nh thiu vng nhng nh nghin cu tinh thng trong ch tc (manufacturing). Nn cng ngh nano ang cn nhng u c v bn tay ch to cc sn phm nano. Trn bnh din i ngoi, bt kp th gii vic hp tc v gi nghin cu sinh lm vic ti cc vin cng ngh nano quc t, c bit c quan nghin cu R&D ca cc cng ty danh ting, tr nn cp bch hn bao gi ht. C l chnh ph ta cng nn u t to mi lin h vi cc gio s tm c hay gim c cng ty R&D ngh hu qua cc hot ng t vn. Ngoi kin thc chuyn mn, sau lng cc v ny l mt mng li dy c nhng quan h m ta cn khc phc kh khn trong vic pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh. Trng Vn Tn Melbourne, thng Ging 2011. Ti Liu Tham Kho

1. Hyeon,

J. Kim, J. E. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Jang, S.-W. Kim, K. An, J. H. Yu and T.

Agnew. Chem., 118 (2006), 4907. Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45 (2006) 4789. 2. 605. 3. 4. 5. 2009). 6. 2009, 44. 7. 8. Hazards", Safe Work Australia, November 2009. 9. Controls "Engineered Nanomaterials: Evidence on the Effectiveness of Workplace to Prevent P. Gould, Nano Today, 1 (May 2006), 34. "Engineered Nanomaterials: A Review of the Toxicology and Health J. R. Heath, M. E. Davis and L. Hood, Scientific American, February J. Appenzeller, Proceedings of the IEEE, 96 (2008) 201. G. Gunner, Scientific American, May 2007, 76. "Nanofunctional Materials in Cancer Research", MRS Bulletin, 34 (June P. Avouris, Z. Chen and V. Perebeinos, Nature Nanotechnology, 2 (2007)

Exposure", Safe Work Australia, November 2009. 10. 11. 12. 13 . 14. "Approach to Safe Nanotechnology", NIOSH, March 2009. A. D. Maynard, Nano Today, 1 (May 2006) 22. N. Lewinski, V. Colvin and R. Drezek, Small, 4 (2008) 26. S. M. Hussain et al, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009), 1549. Y. Lee and K. E. Geckeler, Adv. Mater. 22 (2010), 4076.

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