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Kt cu thp Gia cng, lp rp v nghim thu Yu cu k thut

Sted structures Fabrication, assembly, check and acceptance Technical requirements
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu v gia cng, lp rp, nghim thu kt cu thp ca nh v cng trnh cng nghip. Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc loi kt cu lm bng thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp t loi C38/23 n loi C60/45. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cc kt cu |c lin kt bng inh tn, khng p dng cho cc kt cu lm bng thp loi C60/45 chu ti trng ng v rung. 1. Nguyn tc chung. 1.1. Kt cu thp phi |c gia cng v lp rp theo bn v kt cu v bn v chi tit kt cu. 1.2. Khi gia cng, lp rp nn dng ph|ng php c gii, ph|ng php t hp khi ln ph hp vi bin php thi cng va s cng ngh. 1.3. Trong qu trnh gia cng, lp rp, nghim thu phi tin hnh kim tra vic thc hin cc s cng ngh v bin php thi cng. Kt qu kim tra phi ghi vo nht k cng trnh. 1.4. Vt liu dng cho gia cng v lp rp phi c cht l|ng v s hiu ph hp vi yu cu thit k. 1.5. i vi cc kt cu c th, ngoi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny cn phi tun theo cc quy nh ring dnh cho cc kt cu . 2. Gia cng. 2.1. Yu cu v thp v vt liu hn. 2.1.1. Tt c thp phi |c kim tra t cc tiu chun hoc iu kin k thut. Thp phi |c nn thng, xp loi, ghi mc v sp xp theo tit din. Tr|c khi em s dng, thp cn phi lm sch g, sch vt du m v cc tp cht khc. 2.1.2. Thp phi |c xp thnh ng chc chn trong nh c mi che. Tr|ng hp phi ngoi tri th phi xp nghing cho ro n|c. Xp cc tm thp k lt phi |c to gc l|n trnh tc ng n|c. Khi vn chuyn thp, phi c b g thp khng b bin dng. 2.1.3. Que hn, dy hn, thuc hn phi xp theo l, theo s hiu v phi ni kh ro. Ring thuc hn phi bo qun trong thng kn. Tr|c khi s dng, phi kim tra cht l|ng que hn, dy hn v thuc hn t|ng ng vi quy nh trong cc tiu chun hoc iu kin k thut. Que hn, dy hn v thuc hn phi sy kh theo ch thch hp cho tng loi. L|ng que hn v thuc hn sy kh ly t sy ra |c dng trong mt ca. Ring C60/45 |c dng trong hai gi.

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2.2. o c, nn v un thp. 2.2.1. o c thp phi dng th|c cun hoc th|c l kim loi c chnh xc cp 2 theo TCVN 4111 : 1985 (Dng c o di v gc. Ghi nhn, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun). Cn ch ti l|ng d| o gia cng c kh v co ngt khi hn. 2.2.2. Nn v un thp cn trnh to vt x|c, vt lm v cc khuyt tt khc trn b mt. Khi un, cc chi tit thp cn |c bo nhn mp, ba via v cc |ng cong giao nhau. 2.2.3. Nn v un ngui thp phi m bo bn knh cong v vng f ca cc chi tit theo quy nh ca bng 1. 2.2.4. Nn v un cc chi tit lm bng cc loi thp sau y ch |c tin hnh trng thi nng. a) Loi C46/39, C44/29 v 38/23 nhit t 900 n 10000C. b) Loi C52/40 v C60/45 nhit t 900 n 9500C. Khi nhit h xung d|i 7000C phi ngng gia cng thp. Sau gia cng, thp phi |c ngui dn sao cho chi tit khng b ti, cong vnh hoc rn nt. Tuyt i khng dng hn p h quang gia nhit khi nn v un thp. 2.2.5. Khi un thp, |ng knh ba un |c quy nh: a) Khng nh hn 1,2 b dy chi tit lm bng thp cc bon chu ti trng tnh. b) Khng nh hn 2,5 b dy chi tit lm bng thp cc bon chu ti trng ng. i vi thp hp kim thp, |ng knh u ba un phi tng 50% so vi thp cc bon. Ring thp hp kim C60/45 th |ng knh ba un khng nh hn 3 ln b dy chi tit v phi lm nhn cc mp tr|c khi un. Bng 1 Bn knh cong v vng yu cu khi nn v un cc chi tit thp.

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Trong : l - Chiu di phn un cong; S- B dy thp; b-h- Chiu rng v chiu cao ca tit din; d- |ng knh ng.
Ch thch: 1) i vi thp tm cho php dng m hn hi gia nhit nn. 2) Bn knh cong nh nht khi un chi tit ti trng tnh, c th bng 12,5. 3) Cng thc tnh vng f |c p dng khi chiu di cung khng v|t qu 1,5S.

2.3. Ct v gia cng mp. 2.3.1. Phi dng ph|ng php gia cng c kh (bo, phay, mi) gia cng mp chi tit cc loi thp sau: a) Tt c cc loi thp sau khi ct bng h quang khng kh. b) Thp loi C53/40 v loi c c|ng nh hn, thp gia cng nhit (cc loi thp ny ch|a qua hn hoc hn khng nng chy hon ton) sau khi ct bng xy th cng. Ring loi thp C60/45, ch |c dng ph|ng php bo hoc phay gia cng mp. 2.3.2. Gia cng c kh phi thc hin ti su khng nh hn 2mm loi tr ht cc khuyt tt b mt, cc vt x|c hoc vt nt cc mp chi tit. Khi gia cng bng my mi trn, phi mi dc mp chi tit.

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2.3.4. 2.3.5.

2.4. 2.4.1.

2.4.2.

Mp cc chi tit sau khi ct bng dao ct cng phi qua gia cng c kh t|ng ng vi cc mc 2.3.1; 2.3.2. Mp sau khi ct bng dao ct phi nhn, khng c ra xm v|t qu 0,3mm v khng c cc vt nt. Mp cc chi tit sau khi gia cng phi nhn, g gh khng qu 0,3mm. Ring i vi thp loi C38/23 cho php ti 1mm. sai lch v kch th|c v hnh dng ca cc mp chi tit gia cng phi tun theo s sai lch cho php ca cc bn v chi tit kt cu hoc TCVN 1691 : 1975 (mi hn h quang in bng tay. Kiu, kch th|c c bn) v bng 5 ca tiu chun ny. T hp. Ch cho php t hp kt cu khi cc chi tit v cc phn t kt cu |c nn, sa, lm sch g, du m v cc cht bn khc. Khng |c lm thay i hnh dng ca kt cu v cc chi tit khi t hp nu khng |c cp ti trong bin php thi cng. Khng |c lm thay i hnh dng ca kt cu v cc chi tit khi lt v vn chuyn. Khng |c dch chuyn v lt cc kt cu ln, nng khi chng mi |c hn dnh, ch|a c b g chng bin dng. Cc phn t kt cu khi t hp xong v |c kim tra nh|ng ch|a kt thc hn trong vng 24 gi th phi |c kim tra li. Khi hn dnh, ch cn mi hn c tit din ti thiu, khi hn chnh mi hn ny s lm nng chy mi chnh. Chiu di mi hn dnh i vi kt cu thp loi C52/40 v thp c c|ng nh hn, quy nh khng nh hn 50mm, khong cch gia 2 mi hn ny khng ln hn 500mm, i vi thp loi C60/45, chiu di khng nh hn 100mm, khong cch gia 2 mi hn ny khng qu 400mm v chiu cao khng ln hn 0,5 ln chiu cao mi hn theo thit k. Mi hn dnh phi do cc th c cc iu kin nu iu 2.5.3 v phi hn bng vt liu hn c cht l|ng nh| cht l|ng ca mi hn chnh.
Ch thch: 1) Cc chi tit lm bng thp loi C52/40 v loi c c|ng nh hn, cho php hn dnh ngoi |ng hn thit k kp gi tm chi tit ny trong khi gia cng (khoan, un.). Sau khi hn xong cn ty b v lm sch ch hn trn kt cu. 2) i vi lin kt hn t ng hoc na t ng, cho php hn dnh bng que hn c bn m bo |c yu cu nu ti iu 2.5.1; 2.5.2.

2.4.3.

2.4.4.

Dng mp vt, kch th|c khe h ca cc chi tit v ca bn ni cng ngh (nu c) theo TCVN 1691 : 1975 (mi hn h quang in bng tay. Kiu kch th|c c bn) ring thp loi C60/45 theo ch dn ca bn v kt cu. Nhng ch ba via v ch g gh cn tr vic lp ghp cc chi tit phi |c ty phng bng my mi trn tr|c khi t hp. Khi t hp bng bu lng cn phi xit cht cc bu lng v lm trng cc l cn li bng nhng cht t hp.

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2.4.5.

2.4.6.

kht khi xit cht bu lng |c kim tra bng que d c b dy 0,3mm, que ny khng lm |c su qu 20mm vo khe h gia cc chi tit hoc bng cch g ba vo bu lng khng rung rinh hoc dch chuyn. i vi lin kt c yu cu kht cao th khe h gia cc chi tit khng |c ln hn 0,3mm v que d khng la |c vo khe h gia cc chi tit ny. i vi nhng thp gc cp i nm trong cng mt mt mt phng, g cnh ca chng khng |c lch nhau qu 0,5mm ch g, kp v cc mt ca kt cu, cn cc ch khc khng qu 1mm Khi t hp tng th k cu c th lin kt ton b cc phn t hoc lin kt ring bit tng phn ca kt cu. Trong qu trnh t hp tng th cn iu chnh ton b lin kt k c vic khot rng cc l lp rp v t cc dng c nh v. Phi ghi r m hiu v vch |ng trc trn tt c cc phn t kt cu. Khi t hp tng th v bao che ca kt cu tm phi tin hnh ng thi 3 on vnh tr ln. Kt cu u tin v kt cu th 10 tip theo ca kt cu cng loi |c gia cng trn 01 b g lp, phi |c lp th ph hp vi bn v chi tit kt cu. Khi lp th, phi lp ton b cc chi tit phn t ca kt cu vi s bu lng v cht khng v|t qu 30% tng s l trong nhm, ring s cht khng nhiu qu 3 chic.
Ch thch: Chu k lp th c th khc vi quy nh trn v tu thuc s tnh ton tr|c trong thit k.

2.5. Hn 2.5.1. Khi hn kt cu nn s dng cc ph|ng php t ng v na t ng c nng sut cao, tun th quy trnh cng ngh, nhm m bo cc yu cu v kch th|c hnh hc v c tnh ca mi hn. 2.5.2. Khi hn phi chn ch n nh. Ch hn phi chn sao cho m bo |c h s ngu Mn (l t s gia chiu rng b v chiu su ngu h ca mi hn) khng nh hn 1,3 i vi mi hn gc (hnh 1.a) v khng nh hn 1,5 i vi mi hn gip mp mt lp (hnh 1.b

2.5.3. 2.5.4.

Th hn h quang tay - phi c bng hn hp cch. Th hn t dng v na t ng phi |c hc v hn t ng v phi |c cp bng t|ng ng. Cn ghi r s hiu ca mi th hn gn mi hn, khong cch khng gn hn 4cm k t mp mi hn.

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Tr|c khi em t hp, chi tit phi |c lm sch hi m, du m v cc cht bn khc ( b mt nhng ch s hn) vi b rng khng nh hn 20mm. 2.5.6. Phi kim tra vic t hp kt cu tr|c khi em hn. Ch |c php hn cc lp tip theo ( mi hn nhiu lp) sau khi lm sch x, bn v kim loi bn to ca mi hn nh, lp lt v lp tr|c. Nhng on ca cc lp hn c r kh, nt, h lm phi |c ty ht tr|c khi hn lp tip theo. 2.5.7. hn ngu hon ton, khi hn hai mt ca mi hn ch T, mi hn gc v mi hn gip mp phi ty ht x v cc khuyt tt (nu c) gc mi hn mt tr|c, tr|c khi hn mt sau. Khi hn tip mi hn b buc phi ngng hn gia chng, nn nh sch x, kim loi te. cui |ng hn (k c x ming hn) mt on di 20mm. on hn tip, phi hn ph ln on |c lm sch. 2.5.8. B mt cc chi tit hn v ni lm vic ca th hn phi |c che m|a, gi mnh v gi la. 2.5.9. Kch th|c ca mi hn theo quy nh ca thit k nh|ng khng |c v|t qu cc tr s trong TCVN 1691 : 1975 (mi hn h quang in bng tay. Kiu, kch th|c c bn), ring i vi kt cu lm bng thp loi C60/45, kch th|c mi hn phi ph hp vi bn v kt cu. Kch th|c mi hn gc phi m bo |c tit din lm vic ca n. Tit din ny |c xc nh bng cnh mi hn ghi trong bn v kt cu v khe h ln nht cho php tiu chun TCVN 1691 : 1975 (mi hn h quang in bng tay. Kiu, kch th|c c bn). Nhng ch chy khuyt trn b mt chi tit do hn, phi |c lm sch bng my mi, vi su khng nh hn 0,5mm. Ch khuyt su vo trong thp hn khng |c ln hn 3% b dy thp hn. 2.5.10. Thp loi C38/23 n C52/40 khi hn h quang tay na t ng nhit mi tr|ng xung quanh thp hn nhit ghi trong bng 2, cn phi t nng tr|c ti 1200C vi b rng 100mm mi bn |ng hn. Bng 2 - Nhit mi tr|ng xung quanh cho php khng cn t nng thp khi hn.
Nhit nh nht cho php 0C Thp cc bon B dy thp Dng l|i T 30 n 40 > 40 0 0 Dng tm ln v dy 0 0 Thp hp kim thp loi C52/40 v c|ng nh hn i vi cc kt cu Dng l|i 0 +5 Dng tm ln v dy +5 +10

Khi hn kt cu ln lm bng thp tm dy trn 20mm phi p dng cc ph|ng php hn bc thang, hn ph on 2 pha gim tc ngui cho mi hn, hn t gia |ng hn ra 2 pha (do hai th hn ng thi).

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2.5.11. 2.5.12.

2.5.13. 2.5.14.

2.5.15.

2.5.16.

2.5.17.

2.5.18.

Khi hn thp loi C60/45 c b dy trn 25mm, d nhit mi tr|ng l bao nhiu, u phi t nng tr|c khi hn. Khi hn t ng thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp, vi mi b dy, khng cn t nng tr|c nu nhit mi tr|ng ln hn 00C. Khi hn xong, mi hn phi |c lm sch x v kim loi bn te. B phn g lp vo kt cu bng hn dnh (nu c) phi |c ty b bng cc bin php khng lm hng thp kt cu. Cc mi hn chnh ny phi |c ty cho bng mt thp v ty ht khuyt tt. Cc ph|ng php kim tra cht l|ng mi hn kt cu thp |c ghi trong bng 3 Kim tra hnh dng bn ngoi mi hn cn tha mn cc yu cu sau: a) B mt nhn, u n (khng chy trn, chy chn, co hp, ngt qung), khng chuyn tip t ng t b mt mi hn sang b mt thp c bn. Trong kt cu chu ti trng ng, b mt mi hn gc cng phi m bo chuyn tip u n sang b mt thp c bn; b) Kim loi mi hn phi chc c, khng c vt nt v khng c khuyt tt v|t qu gii hn cho php ghi iu 2.5.16; c) Cho php khuyt chn mi hn vi su khng qu 0,5mm khi thp c b dy t 4 n 10mm v khng qu 1mm khi thp dy trn 10mm. d) Ming hn phi |c hn p y. Nhng ch c mi hn giao nhau v nhng ch c du hiu khuyt tt phi kim tra la chn theo mc 3 ca bng 3. Nu kim tra pht hin mi hn khng t yu cu, phi kim tra tip pht hin gii hn ca phm vi khuyt tt. Sau ty b khuyt tt, hn p v kim tra li. Kim tra kn mi hn bng du ha |c quy nh nh| sau: - Tm du mt mt mi hn, s ln tm khng t hn 2, khong thi gian gia hai ln tm l 10 pht; - Qut n|c phn hoc n|c cao lanh mt mi hn khng tm du v yn trong thi gian 4 gi. Nu mi hn kn th trn mt |c qut n|c phn hay n|c cao lanh khng xut hin vt du loang. Kim tra chc c mi hn bng n|c x phng. Nu sau khi bm kh nn (pha bn kia) hoc ht chn khng m khng thy xut hin bt kh x phng th mi hn c c chc tt. Cho php tn ti nhng khuyt tt trong mi hn nh| sau: a) Khng ngu theo tit din ngang ca mi hn hai mt. su khng qu 5% b dy thp, nh|ng khng ln hn 2mm, vi on di khng ngu khng qu 50mm, khong cch gia hai khuyt tt ny khng nh hn 250mm v tng chiu di ca chng khng ln hn 20mm trn 1m |ng hn; b) Khng ngu gc mi hn khng c m lt. su khng qu 15% b dy thp, nh|ng khng ln hn 3mm.; c) Dng x n hoc r kh n, |ng knh khng ln hn b dy thp, nh|ng khng ln hn 3mm; d) Dng x di hoc r kh di dc mi hn tng chiu di khng qu 200mm trn 1m |ng hn;

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e) Dng x chm v r kh chm, khng qu 5ci trn 1 |ng hn, |ng knh ca mt khuyt tt khng qu 1,5mm; g) Tng kch th|c ca cc khuyt tt (r kh, khng ngu, v dng x nm ring bit khng thnh di); - Trong tit din mi hn hai mt, khng qu 10% b dy thp nh|ng khng ln hn 2mm; - Trong tit din mi hn mt mt, khng qu 10% b dy thp nh|ng khng ln hn 3mm. 2.5.19. Trong mi hn gc v hn gip ni, cho php tn ti cc khuyt tt r kh v ng x sau: a) Khi kt cu chu ti trng ng v chu lc ko: khng qu 4 khuyt tt (vi |ng knh khng qu 1mm, vi thp mng d|i 25mm hoc khng qu 4% b dy, vi thp dy trn 25mm v khong cch gia cc khuyt tt khng nh hn 50mm) trn on di 400mm. b) Khi kt cu chu nn: khng qu 6 khuyt tt (|ng knh khng ln hn 2mm v khong cch gia chng khng nh hn 10mm trn on di 400mm. Bng 3 Cc ph|ng php kim tra cht l|ng mi hn kt cu thp
Ph|ng php kim tra 1 1. R sot c h thng vic thc hin qu trnh cng ngh t hp v hn. 2. Quan st b ngoi v o kch th|c 100% mi hn. 3. Kim tra xc xut cc mi hn bng siu m hoc bng tia pht x xuyn thu. 4. Th nghim chc c tt c mi hn bng ph|ng php tm du ha hoc ph n|c x phng (khi c p sut d| hoc chn khng). 5. Th nghim chc c v bn mi hn bng thu lc hoc kh nn. Dng kt cu 2 Tt c cc dng kt cu Tt c cc dng kt cu Tt c cc dng kt cu, tr nhng kt cu ghi mc 6 trong bng ny. Kt cu lm bng thp tm dy ti 16mm, trong c mi hn yu cu kn.

Cc b cha, bnh cha v ng dn cc dung mi dng th nghim v tr s p lc theo ch dn ca thit k. 6. Kim tra bng ph|ng php khng ph hng Dng kt cu, ph|ng php v mc kim tra do lin kt. thit k quy nh. 7. Th nghim c tnh trn cc mu kim tra. Dng kt cu ph|ng php kim tra do thit k quy nh. 8. Quan st kim t|ng i hn Dng kt cu, ph|ng php v mc kim tra do thit k quy nh.

2.5.20. Khi kim tra xc sut, nu pht hin khuyt tt khng cho php, phi xc nh gii hn ca n bng cch kim tre thm gn ni khuyt tt. Nu kim tra thm lao pht hin thy cc khuyt tt khc khng cho php th phi kim tra ton b mi hn.

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2.5.21. Khng cho php c vt nt trong mi hn. on mi hn c vt nt phi |c khoan chn cch cc u nt 15mm bng mi khoan c |ng knh t 5 n 8mm, sau gia cng vt mp v hn li theo iu 2.5.24. 2.5.22. Cc tm lm mu th nghim c tnh phi |c gia cng bng loi thp lm kt cu v |c hn trong iu kin nh| khi hn kt cu (cng v tr hn, th, ch , vt liu v thit b hn). 2.5.23. Kch th|c tm lm mu th nghim, hnh dng, kch th|c mu th v ph|ng php ct mu phi theo quy nh ca cc TCVN 197: 1985 (Kim loi, ph|ng php th ko). TCVN 198 : 1985 (Kim loi, ph|ng php th un) TCVN 256: 1983 (Kim loi, ph|ng php th cng Brinen). TCVN 257: 1985 (Kim loi ph|ng php th ng cng Roven. Thang A, B, C). TCVN 258: 1985 (Kim loi, ph|ng php th cng Vicke), v TYCVN 312 : 1984 (Kim loi, ph|ng php th un v p nhit th|ng). H s mu th nghim c l quy nh nh| sau: a) Ko tnh: mi hn gip mp 2 mu, kim loi mi hn gip mp mi hn gc v ch T - mi loi 3 mu; b) di va p kim loi mi hn gip mp v khu vc ln cn mi hn theo |ng nng chy - mi loi 3 mu; c) Un tnh mi hn gip mp 2 mu; d) cng: Tt c cc mi hn lm bng thp hp kim thp loi C60/45 v thp c c|ng nh hn vi s l|ng khng t hn 4 im kim loi mi hn cng nh| khu vc ln cn mi hn trong 1 mu. Cc ch s quy nh c tnh ca thp theo thit k. Loi b cc mi hn c kt qu kim tra khng t yu cu. Khi cht l|ng vt liu hn, ch v tay ngh th hn phi |c kim tra li. 2.5.24. Mi hn c khuyt tt phi |c x l bng cc bin php sau: hn p cc on mi hn b ngt qung, ming hn b lm, cc khuyt tt khc ca mi hn v|t qu quy nh phi |c ty b vi chiu di bng kch th|c khuyt tt cng thm v|t qu quy nh phi ty sch v hn p, sau |c ty li bo m chuyn tip u n t kim loi p sang thp c bn. Mi hn hoc on mi hn c khuyt tt sau khi x l cn phi |c kim tra li. 2.5.25. Kt cu hn c bin dng d| v|t qua tr s cho trong bng 8 phi |c sa cha bng cc bin php nhit, c hoc kt cu gia nhit v c cho ph hp vi iu t 2.2.2 n 2.2.5. 2.6. Gia cng l. 2.6.1. Tt c cc l lp rp phi |c gia cng ti nh my theo ng |ng knh thit k, tr nhng l |c bn v kt cu quy nh cho php gia cng l vi |ng knh nh hn, sau c th khoan m rng theo ng |ng knh thit k. Cho php dng ph|ng php t gia cng l c |ng knh danh nh t 10 n 25mm i vi thp loi C60/45 c b dy ti 10mm. 2.6.2. |ng knh bu long chnh xc thp, trung bnh, |ng knh bu lng c|ng cao v |ng knh l t|ng ng |c quy nh trong bng 4. |ng knh l bu lng chnh xc cao, |c quy nh bng |ng knh thn bu lng v cho php c sai lch ghi trong bng 5.

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Bng 4 Quy nh v |ng knh bu lng v |ng knh l t|ng ng

Sn phm kim loi l 1 - Thn bulng chnh xc trung bnh. - L bu lng c|ng th|ng - L bu lng c|ng cao 2 3 12 (13) 15 |ng knh l theo thit k (mm) 4 (14) (15) 5 6 16 (17) 19 7 8 9 10 11 (27) 30 20 (21) (25) (25) (31 ) 28 23 33 25 21 31 28 23 33 30 25 35 12 36 39 -

Ch thch: Cc s nm trong ngoc n () quy nh cho tr |ng dy ti in.

Bng 5 Sai lc cho php v |g knh l bu lng c chnh xc.

|ng knh danh nh l, mm Ln hn 12 n 18 Ln hn 18 n 30 Ln hn 30 n 39 Sai lch cho php, mm + 0,24; 0 + 0,28; 0 + 0,34; 0

2.6.3.

2.6.4. 2.6.5.

2.6.6.

Khoan hoc khot rng cc l lp rp ch |c tin hnh sau khi kp cht hoc hn cc phn t kt cu. Cho php khoan l lp rp cc chi tit t hp v cc nhnh khi cc phn t kt cu |c t hp trn b. Ch tin hnh khot rng l sau khi t hp xong v kim tra xong kch th|c. Cht l|ng v sai lch kch th|c l bu lng chnh xc thp, trung bnh v l bu lng c|ng cao phi tha mn cc yu cu ghi trong bng 6. Cc l gia cng ti nh my dng cho bu lng chnh xc thp, trung bnh v l bu lng c|ng cao phi m bo cc yu cu t hp kt cu sau y: a) Ca lp |ng knh phi nh hn |ng knh danh nh ca l 1,5mm v phi t lt 75% s l. Nu t hn 75% th phi t hp v kim tra li; b) Sau khi t hp li, nu s l t lt vn t hn 75% th cho php khot l rng vi |ng knh ln hn, sau kim tra li bn ca lin kt bng tnh ton. Cht l|ng v v tr cc l lp rp phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: - Phi c trn 85% ca lp |ng knh x qua |c cc l lp rp. Nu d|i 85% hoc khng tha mn cc yu cu ghi trong bng 6 th phi kim tra li vic t hp cc phn t kt cu. Sau kim tra m cht l|ng vn khng p ng |c yu

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2.6.7.

cu phi |c t hp tng th li sa ch sai hng. Nhng kt cu c l lp rp |c sa cha phi c k hiu ring. - Tin hnh kim tra song song khong cch cc l ca mt s mt lp rp bng gi t hp, bng thit b g lp hoc bng b c mu c bit. Vic nghin cu cc l khoan khot rng phi tin hnh tr|c khi tho d kt cu t hp tng th. Phi ty sch cc ba via cc mp l.

Bng 6 - Cht l|ng v sai lch cho php v l bu lng chnh xc thp, trung bnh v l bu lng c|ng cao
Tn gi cc sai lch |ng knh l (mm) Sai lch cho php (mm) S l|ng sai lch cho php mi nhm Thp cc bon T thp loi C60/45 thp hp kim thp c c|ng nh hn Khng hn ch Khng hn ch n 50% n 10% Khng hn ch

1. Sai lch |ng knh v van ca l bu lng 2. St m l vi kch th|c ln hn 1mm v nt mp l 3. khng trng kht cc l khi lp cc chi tit thnh cm nh hn 1mm. T 1 n 1,5mm 4. Sai lch khot su

17 -

T 0 n + 0,6 T 0 n 1,5 +0,4

Khng hn ch -ntn 50% n 10% Khng hn ch

2.7. Sn lt, sn ph, nh du, nghim thu v giao hng. 2.7.1. Ton b kt cu thp phi |c sn lt v sn ph ti x nghip giao cng theo ch dn ca thit k. 2.7.2. Khi sn lt v sn ph phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: a) Tr|c khi sn lt phi lm sch cc vt bn v du m trn kt cu; b) Ch tin hnh sn lt sau khi kim tra sch ca kt cu. Ch |c sn ph sau khi kim tra cht l|ng sn lt. Khi sn phi tun theo ch dn k thut v sn; c) Khng |c sn lt v sn ph vi b rng 180mm v hai pha |ng hn nhng v tr c mi hn lp rp, nhng v tr c ghi trong bn v v nhng b mt lp rp bu lng c|ng cao; d) Sn lt v sn ph phi tin hnh khi nhit khng kh khng thp hn +50C; e) Nhng phn kt cu thp c b tng th khng sn m |c qut mt lp va xi mng mng;

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g) Nhng kt cu cun |c phi sn lt ngay ti ni gia cng bng loi sn chng kh; a) Phi sn lt v sn ph cc lp mng, phng, khng b chy v khng st. B dy cc lp sn |c xc nh theo ch dn k thut v sn; i) Khi sn bng my th kh nn phi |c lm sch du, bi v hi m.
Ch thch: 1) Nu ni gia cng kt cu c nhit thp d|i +50C th cho php sn lt v sn ph ti ni lp rp c nhit cao hn.

2.7.3. 2.7.4. 2.7.5. 2.7.6. 2.7.7. 2.7.8.

2.7.9.

2) Ti nhng ct khng b tng c th sn lt v sn ph. Cc kt cu gia cng xong phi ghi s hiu cho ph hp bn v kt cu chi tit. Cc kt cu gia cng xong phi |c x nghip gia cng kim tra tr|c khi sn lt, sau khi sn lt v sn ph, phi |c kim tra nghim thu cht l|ng sn. Sai lch kch th|c cc phn t kt cu v ton kt cu so vi thit k khng |c v|t qu cc tr s cho bng 7 v bng 8 ca tiu chun ny. X nghip gia cng phi cp chng ch cho kt cu khi hon thnh ton b hay mt b phn ring bit ca hp ng gia cng. Khi vn chuyn, phn kt cu nh ra phi |c kp cht, cn nhng v tr s hn lp rp th phi |c bo v khng b g. Cc mp u mt chi tit |c gia cng bng phay v cc b mt lm vic ca khp v gi xoay phi |c bi du m. Ngoi ra cc l dng cho khp xoay cng phi |c bo v khng b han g bng cc nt g. Treo buc, vn chuyn trong nh my v bc d cc phn t kt cu thnh phm phi thc hin sao cho kt cu hoc chi tit khng b bin dng d| v xy x|c. Khng |c treo buc bng xch trc tip ln b mt cc chi tit. Cc chi tit nh cng loi (ging, chng) phi |c xp buc thnh b khi bc d chng. Bng 7 Sai lch cho php v kch th|c di cc chi tit kt cu.

Cc kch th|c v cng ngh thc hin cc cng on

Sai lch kch th|c cho php so vi thit k (mm) Cc khong kch th|c, (m) < 1,5 1,5 n 2,5 3 2,5 n 4,5 4 4,5 n 9 5 9 n 15 6 15 n 21 7 21 n 27 8 > 27 9

1 I. Cc chi tit lp rp 1. Chiu di v chiu rng chi tit a) ct th cng xy theo |ng k b) Ct na t ng v t ng xy theo khun mu hoc bng my ct theo |ng k

2,5 1,5

3 2

3,5 2,5

4 3

4,5 3,5

5 4

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c) Ct bng my trn b hoc trong dy chuyn sn xut d) Ct bng bo hoc phay 2. Hiu s chiu di cc |ng cho ca tm thp hn a) Hn gip mp b) Hn chng 3. Khong cch gia tim cc l; a) Theo vch du - Cc l bin - Cc l k nhau b) Theo trc |ng hoc gia cng trong sn xut dy chuyn - Cc l bin - Cc l k nhau II. Kch th|c cc phn t kt cu xut x|ng 1. |c t hp trn b theo kch th|c 2. |c t hp trn b g, trn cng c g c cht nh v v trn gi sao chp c cht nh v 3. Kch th|c (di rng) gia cc b mt phay 4. B rng cc tm y gia cng bng ph|ng php cun v |c hn khi lp rp. a) Gip mp b) Ci chng III. Khong cch gia cc nhm l 1. Khi gia cng n chic v |c t hp theo |ng k vch 2. Khi gia cng n chic v t hp theo cc cht nh v 3. Khi khoan theo d|ng khoan 1 0,5 1,5 1 2 1,5 2,5 2 3 2,5

tcxd 170 : 1989

3,5 3 -

4 6

5 8

6 10

2 1,5

2,5 -

2,5 -

3 -

3,5 -

4 -

1 0,7

1 -

1,5 -

2 -

2,5 -

4 -

3 2

4 2

5 3

7 5

10 7

12 8

14 9

17 10

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

7 11

10 16

12 19

3 2 0,5

4 2 1

5 3 1,5

7 5 2

10 7 2,5

12 8 3

14 9 3,5

15 10 4

Ch thch: 1) Kch th|c mc I.1.c, d; I.2.a; II.4.a; III phi o bng th|c cun c chnh xc cp 2. Kch th|c mc khc phi o bng th|c cun c chnh xc cp 3. 2) i vi mp trng mc I.1.a-, cho php sai lch kch th|c +5mm.

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10. vng ca cc phn t kt cu (l l chiu di ca phn t kt cu)

1/750l, nh|ng khng ln hn 15mm

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V. Cc sai lch khc

tcxd 170 : 1989

3mm 1. lch trc nh v ct thp trong cc phn t kt cu dng l|i 2. sai lch gc tang ca b mt phay

1/1500

Ch thch: 1) Cc tr s c du (*) t|ng ng vi khe h cho php theo TCVN 75 (mi hn h quang in bng tay. Kiu kch th|c c bn) nh|ng khng ln hn tr s ghi trong bng 8 ca tiu chun ny. 2) Khe h gia b mt phay v cnh ca th|c thp khng |c ln hn 0,3mm.

3. Lp rp kt cu thp. 3.1. Ch dn chung. 3.1.1. Lp rp kt cu thp cn phi theo ng thit k. 3.1.2. Cng vic thi cng lp rp tip theo ch |c php tin hnh sau khi lm xong mi cng vic t hp, hn v lp bu lng. 3.1.3. Qu trnh lp rp kt cu thp nn |c c gii ha, nh| vn chuyn, t hp khuych i v lp t. 3.1.4. H|ng dn lp rp phi do ng|i |c php thi cng lp rp m nhim. 3.1.5. Ph|ng php lp rp ch yu nn lp rp theo blc ln (k c ph|ng php lp rp dy chuyn), ph|ng php ny khng ch dnh ring cho kt cu thp v p dng cho c lp rp cc phn khc ca nh v cng trnh. 3.1.6. Trong lp rp, tt c cc cng vic ct, nn, un, t hp khuych i, hn, to l phi tun theo cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny. 3.1.7. Trong qu trnh thi cng, phi ghi nht k cng vic lp rp, hn v lp bu lng c|ng cao. 3.2. Cng tc chun b v cc yu cu v mng. 3.2.1. Chun b cn thit cho cng tc lp rp (dng nh tm, cng trnh ph, lp t |ng ray, |ng t, |ng cho cu, |ng in, mt bng lp rp) phi |c tin hnh tr|c khi lp rp v theo ng cc yu cu v t chc thi cng. Cc thit b lp rp phi |c tp kt v vn hnh th tr|c khi lp rp. 3.2.2. Ch cho php bt u thi cng lp rp sau khi chun b xong mt bng v v tr cc gi ta kt cu thp ca ton b cng trnh hay tng phn kt cu ring bit theo bin php thi cng |c duyt. 3.2.3. S hiu trc nh v lp rp |c ghi pha ngoi |ng bin ca trc gi kt cu. S phn b cc trc nh v v cc mc chun b phi |c tin hnh theo ng yu cu trc c trong xy dng. 3.2.4. Sai lch v tr cc trc nh v ca mng v v tr ca cc tr khc so vi kch th|c thit k |c quy nh trong bng 9. 3.2.5. Cc chi tit t sn v cc bu lng neo dng kp cht v lp rp kt cu phi |c t v b tng ng thi vi vic lm mng. 3.2.6. Vic dng ct trn mng thc hin nh| sau:

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3.2.7.

a) Tr|c khi dng loi ct phay mt gi ta, cn chnh v trm va xi mng cho tm gi. b) i vi cc loi ct phay mt gi ta, c th dng ngay ct trn mt mng m khng cn trm va xi mng nu t n cao trnh thit kt chn ct; c) i vi cc loi ct khc, tr|c khi dng, phi lp t, cn chnh, chi tit gi (t sn trong mng) v trm va xi mng. Sai lch mt mng, tm gi, tr kt cu v v tr bu lng neo khng |c v|t qu gi tr trong bng 10. Bng 9 Sai lch cho php trc nh v mng v tr
Sai lch cho php i vi kt cu mm

Kch th|c gia cc trc m

T hp trn b theo kch th|c bu lng hoc trn b g c cht nh v 3 4 5 6 7 5,5 n

|c phay mt gi ta 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 4n

<9 T 9 n 15 T 15 n 21 T 21 n 27 T 27 n 33 > 33

Ch thch: n - s ln o bng th|c dy di 20m, n 1/20 l - khong cch gia cc trc.

Bng 10 Sai lch cho php mt mng, tm gi, tr kt cu v v tr bu lng neo

Sai lch Mt phng trn ca gi (theo iu 3.2.6.a) a) Theo chiu cao b) Theo nghing B mt mng (theo iu 2.6.b v cao cc chi tit gi theo iu 3.2.6.c) a) Theo chiu cao b) Theo nghing X dch v tr bu lng neo khi: a) Bu lng trong |ng bin ca gi kt cu b) Bu lng neo ngoi |ng bin ca gi kt cu Sai lch cao tnh ti u mt ca bu lng neo Sai lch chiu di on ren ca bu lng neo Tr s sai lch cho php 1,5mm 1/1500

5 1/1000 5mm 10mm + 20; - 0mm + 30; - 0mm

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3.2.8. 3.2.9. 3.3. 3.3.1.

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3.3.2. 3.3.3.

3.3.4. 3.3.5.

3.4. 3.4.1.

3.4.2.

3.4.3.

Trong qu trnh lp rp phi bo v cc b|c ren ca bu lng neo khng b g v h| hng. Vic gn cht mng vi phn gi ca kt cu bng va xi mng ch cn tin hnh sau khi |c n v lp rp cho php. Bo qun v chuyn giao kt cu. Ton b kt cu kho phi |c: a) Phn loi theo hng mc cng trnh, theo chng loi mc thp v theo th t lp rp; b) Kim tra li (nu c h| hng th phi sa cha); c) Chun b sn sng lp rp lm sch g, hi m, bi m vo nhng phn gi , vch cc |ng trc trn cc phn t kt cu nh du trng tm v v tr treo buc. Bc d, bo qun v vn chuyn kt cu phi trnh gy h| hng kt cu v lp sn. Khng |c qung nm kt cu khi bc d. Xp t kt cu vo kho hoc ln ph|ng tin vn chuyn. a) Phi m bo chc chn trn cc tm k lt. Khong cch gia cc tm k lt phi m bo khng gy bin dng d| cho kt cu. Trong cc ng xp nhiu tng, gia cc phn t kt cu phi dng cc tm ngn v k theo tng v theo ph|ng ng; b) Cc dn, dm v thp |c un phi |c bo qun v tr thng ng; c) Khng |c t kt cu st mt t; d) Khng ng n|c trn kt cu; Nu kt cu c ch h| hng cn |c gia c|ng hoc thay th bng chi tit mi phi |c s tha thun vi thit k. Kt cu khi lp rp phi sch g, hi m, m, sn v cc tp cht phi kim loi khc. Nu kt cu lm sch bng cch phun ct th phi ty sch ht lp b xy ha v cc b mt tip ni khi lp rp, phi kim tra sch tr|c khi lp rp kt cu. Lp t kt cu v t hp cc lin kt lp rp. Khi lp rp kt cu m bo: a) Tnh n nh v bt bin ca cc phn lp rp trong cc giai on lp rp; b) Tnh n nh v bn ca kt cu d|i tc dng ca ti trng lp rp; c) An ton trong qu trnh lp rp; Khi lp rp cc phn ca nh hoc cng rnh phi bt u t tm panen ging hoc t cc thnh ging n nh. Trong qu trnh lp rp phi m bo s n nh cho kt cu bng cch thc hin ng trnh t lp rp cc phn t ng v ngang, lp ging c nh hoc tm thi theo yu cu trong bn v hoc theo ph|ng n thi cng. Khi lp rp kt cu tng trn ca cng trnh phi tin hnh c nh cc phn t kt cu tng d|i theo ph|ng n thi cng. Cc phn t kt cu tr|c khi nng mang i lp rp phi lm sch cht bn, hi m v sn li nhng ch h| hng.

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3.4.4.

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Khi nng cc kt cu b cong cn phi c dng c g hoc gia c|ng nhm chng bin dng d| cho kt cu. 3.4.5. Tr|c khi tho khi mc cu, cc phn t kt cu phi |c c nh chc chn bng bu lng, bng cht, hn nh, ng thi phi dng cc thanh ging, thanh chng, thanh neo c nh hoc tm thi theo ph|ng n thi cng. 3.4.6. Khi lp t kt cu, cc l lin kt bu lng c chnh xc cao phi |c lp bng bu lng tm. S l|ng bu lng lp tm khng |c t hn 1/3 tng s l. Nu trong mt mt kt cu c s l t hn hoc bng 5 th s bu lng lp tm khng t hn 2. Cc l lin kt bng bu lng c chnh xc trung bnh v thp cng phi lp bng bu lng tm vi s l|ng nh| trn. 3.4.7. Trong lin kt hn lp rp c tnh n tc dng ca ti trng lp rp th s l|ng tit din v chiu di cc im hn nh phi xc nh bng tnh ton. Cn trong lin kt khng chu ti trng lp rp th quy nh chiu di hn nh khng nh hn 10% chiu di mi hn thit k, nh|ng khng ngn hn 50mm. 3.4.8. Lp t, iu chnh v c nh kt cu phi |c kim tra bng dng c v theo tin trnh lp rp tng phn khng gian cng ca cng trnh. 3.4.9. Hn v lp rp cc bu lng c nh trong ch |c thc hin sau khi kim tra chnh xc ca v tr lp t kt cu trong cng trnh. 3.4.10. Ch |c php g lp palng, h thng dy dn v cc thit b cu trc vo kt cu lp t khi bin php thi cng ny |c c quan thit k ng . 3.4.11. Vic lp rp cc chi tit ca thit b in, |ng ng cng ngh, h thng tn hiu vo kt cu phi |c s ng ca c quan thit k. 3.4.12. Lp rp nh v cng trnh kch th|c ln phi tin hnh ng b gia tng l v phn khng gian cng cng vi vic lp t tt c cc chi tit kt cu. ng thi cho php |c thc hin cc cng vic tip theo trn tng phn hoc blc lp xong. Kch th|c cc khi khng gian cng |c xc nh theo ph|ng n thit k thi cng. 3.5. Lin kt bng bu lng c chnh xc thp, trung bnh v cao. 3.5.1. u bu lng v cu ca bu lng th|ng v bu lng neo phi bt cht kht vi cc phn t kt cu v rng en (khng qu 2 ci u v 1 ci cu). Nu c tip xc vi mt phng nghing th phi t cc rng en xin. Cn ch rng, phn thn cu bu lng c nh nh ra khi l phi l phn |c ren v sau khi bt cht bu lng phi c t nht 1 vng ren nh ra khi cu. 3.5.2. Vic xit cht cu cc bu lng c nh v bu lng neo phi theo ng ch dn trong bn v thi cng bng cch t cc cu hm. xit cht bu lng c nh phi |c kim tra bng cch g ba, bu lng khng b rung hoc lch dch. xit cht |c kim tra theo quy nh iu 2.4.4. 3.6. Lin kt bng bu lng c|ng cao. 3.6.1. Tr|c khi lp bu lng c|ng cao phi lm sch v mt cc chi tit, hoc bng ngn la (khi b dy thp khng nh hn 5mm v ch khng lm thp b qu nhit(, hoc bng cht thp. Phi kim tra b mt gia cng tr|c khi lin kt bu lng c|ng cao. 3.6.2. so lch b dy gia cc chi tit gip mi |c kim tra bng th|c v que d. Vic kim tra ny |c tin hnh dy l u tin. Nu lch nm trong khong t 0,5 n 3mm th mp chi tit b li ln phi |c vt vi dc 1/10.

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Khng cho php vt bng xy hoc bng h quang khng kh. Nu so lch ln hn 3mm th phi dng cc tm m thp c cng mc vi thp kt cu. 3.6.3. Lin kt bng bu lng c|ng cao phi |c t hp bng bu lng c nh. Khng |c php dng cc bu lng tm thi. 3.6.4. Th lp rp bu lng c|ng cao phi |c chuyn trch ho. 3.6.5. Bu lng c|ng cao, cu v rng en cn |c lm sch cc cht bn, du m tr|c khi lp rp. 3.6.6. Phi m bo xit ca bu lng theo thit k bng cl lc, cu |c xit ti m men xon tnh ton hoc ti mt gc quy nh. Cl lc gm 2 loi, cl thu lc v cl c hc. Phi hiu chun cl 2 ln trong ca lm vic ( u v gia ca). 3.6.7. Trnh t xit bu lng c|ng cao phi bo m cht kht ca ton cm. 3.6.8. Phi t cc rng en |c x l nhit cu v u bu lng c|ng cao nh| sau: Mt ci cu v mt ci u bu lng. 3.6.9. Khi cu |c xit cht ti mt gc quy nh th khng |c xit thm na. 3.6.10. Trong kt cu va c lin kt bu lng va c lin kt hn th ch |c php hn sau khi lp v xit cht ton b bu lng. 3.6.11. Sau khi xit cht bu lng, th lp rp phi ghi r s hoc k hiu ca mnh vo . 3.6.12. xit ca bu lng phi |c kim tra 100% i vi lin kt c s bu lng khng qu 5 ci, lin kt c t 6 n 20 bu lng kim tra khng t hn 5 ci, lin kt c nhiu hn 20 bu lng kim tra 25% s bu lng. Nu khi kim tra pht hin d ch mt bu lng c xit cht khng t yu cu th phi kim tra 100% s bu lng, ng thi phi xit cht thm bu lng ti tr s quy nh. Kim tra xong cc u bu lng phi |c sn li. Phi ghi vo nht k cng trnh vic chun b cc mp chi tit v lp rp bu lng c|ng cao. 3.7. To ng sut tr|c trong kt cu. 3.7.1. Tr|c khi to ng sut tr|c trong kt cu, cp thp phi |c ko cng vi mt lc bng 0,5 ln lc kp t. 3.7.2. i vi kt cu |c to ng sut tr|c bng cch ko cng th phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: a) Kp cng cc phn t lm bng cp thp trn b trn b vi lc ln hn 20% lc thit k v gi trng thi ny trong thi gian 1 gi. Vic ko cng cp trong khi lp rp cn |c ghi chp bng vn bn, cn ko cng ti x nghip gia cng cn c du ca b phn KCS. b) To ng sut cho kt cu theo trnh t ko cng cp ti 50% ng sut thit k v gi trng thi ny trong thi gian 10 pht quan st, o, sau ko cng thp ti ng sut thit k, sai lch cho php v ng sut cc b|c ko cng l 5%. Trong tr|ng hp c bit, khi |c thit k cho php c th ko cng cp theo nhiu b|c cho ti ng sut thit k; c) Kim tra trng thi ca kt cu |c tin hnh trong qu trnh lp rp mi thi im trung gian v thi im kt thc. 3.7.3. ng sut tr|c ca kt cu |c to bng ph|ng php un cong phi kim tra bng cch o thu chun v tr gi cc im quy nh, cng nh| thu chun kch th|c hnh hc kt cu. Cc sai lch cho php phi ph hp vi thit k.

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3.7.4.

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Trong kt cu ng sut tr|c, khng |c php hn v tr gn b thp si cng nh| cc v tr m thit k khng cho php. 3.7.5. Khng |c php s dng thit b ko cng nu khng c l lch ghi cc s liu hiu chun ca thit b . 3.7.6. Ng|i ph trch to ng sut tr|c cho kt cu phi |c o to k thut v chuyn mn ny. Qu trnh to ng sut tr|c v vic kim tra ng sut phi |c ghi vo nht k thi cng. 3.8. Sn ph kt cu thp. 3.8.1. Kt cu thp tr|c khi sn ph hoc sn li phi lm sch vt g, hi m, du m, cc cht bn v ch sn cn st li. Tuy nhin nhng ch sn lt cn tt (khng b rn nt, khng b han g b mt v d|i lp sn cn bm dnh tt vo mt thp.) th khng sn lt li. 3.8.2. Nhng ch sn lt hoc sn ph b h| hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn v trong lp rp phi |c lm sch v sn li. Cc nt v cc ch gip mi ca lin kt sau khi lp rp xong cng phi |c sn li. 4. Nghim thu kt cu thp. 4.1. Cng tc nghim thu kt cu thp. Cng tc nghim thu kt cu thp |c tin hnh ngay sau khi kim tra cc qu trnh gia cng t hp v lp rp kt cu cc giai on: a) Gia cng chi tit kt cu; b) T hp cc phn t v t hp kt cu; c) Hn v lp bu lng; d) T hp tng th hoc lp th; e) To ng sut trong kt cu; f) nh g b mt kt cu sn; g) Sn lt v sn ph; h) T hp khuych i v lp t; i) Th nghim kt cu. 4.2. H s nghim thu kt cu thp gm: a) Bn v kt cu v bn v kt cu chi tit; b) Vn bn thay i thit k khi gia cng v lp rp; c) Danh sch v s hiu th hn c chng ch hp cch hn kt cu; d) Danh sch v s hiu th lp rp c chng ch hp php lp rp bu lng c|ng cao; e) Vn bn nghim thu v mng, gi kt cu v chi tit t sn; f) Cc chng ch v vt liu thp, vt liu hn, sn; g) Vn bn v t hp v hn nh lp rp; h) Vn bn kt qu kim tra cht l|ng hn; i) Vn bn nh gi tr|c khi sn; j) Vn bn hon cng (sai lch kch th|c, cong vnh, vng ca kt cu);

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k) Vn bn th nghim kt cu (nu c); l) Vn bn to ng sut tr|c kt cu (nu c); m) Vn bn kim tra cht l|ng sn; n) Nht k thi cng (ghi r s thay i v thit k, din bin thi cng v cng tc hn, lp rp.).