TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA TAI NGUYN VA MI TRNG

CHUYN TT NGHIP
TN TI:
NH GI TNH HNH QUN L RC THI
SINH HOT V XUT MT S GII PHP
TI HUYN KIM SN TNH NINH BNH
Ngi thc hin

: ON TH HNG

Lp

: LT3MT

Kha

:3

Ngnh

: KHOA HC MI TRNG

Ngi hng dn : TS. NG TH N

CN. NGUYN TH HNG NGC
B mn

: QUN L MI TRNG

H Ni - 2012

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA TAI NGUYN VA MI TRNG

CHUYN TT NGHIP
TN TI:
NH GI TNH HNH QUN L RC THI
SINH HOT V XUT MT S GII PHP
TI HUYN KIM SN TNH NINH BNH
Ngi thc hin

: ON TH HNG

Lp

: LT3MT

Kha

:3

Ngnh

: KHOA HC MI TRNG

Ngi hng dn : TS. NG TH N

CN. NGUYN TH HNG NGC
B mn

: QUN L MI TRNG

H Ni - 2012

LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti, ngoi s n lc ca bn
thn, ti nhn c rt nhiu s gip ca cc thy c gio, cc c quan,
cc cn b v cc h dn trn a bn Huyn Kim Sn.
Trc tin ti xin by t lng bit n chn thnh ti cc cn b
Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng huyn Kim Sn, Trung tm mi trng th
huyn Kim Sn, cc c ch, anh ch cng tc ti y ban nhn dn x Thng
Kim v y ban nhn dn Th trn Bnh Minh cung cp cc s liu v to
iu kin cho ti thc hin ti trong thi gian qua.
Ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti Thy gio Ng Th n, c
gio Nguyn Th Hng Ngc v cc thy c trong B mn Qun l mi trng,
Khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni tn
tnh hng dn gip v cho nhiu kin trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti
v hon thnh bi kho lun ny.
Cui cng ti xin chn thnh cm n C gio ch nhim cng tp
th lp LT3MT, bn b v ngi thn nhit tnh gip , ng vin khch l
ti trong sut thi gian hc tp, rn luyn ti trng i hc Nng nghip H
Ni.

MC LC
MC LC.............................................................................................................2
DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................6
MT.........................................................................................................................6
Mi trng.............................................................................................................6
CTR.......................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn..........................................................................................................6
BVMT....................................................................................................................6
Bo v mi trng.................................................................................................6
QL..........................................................................................................................6
Quc l..................................................................................................................6
TP HCM................................................................................................................6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh........................................................................................6
HN.........................................................................................................................6
H Ni...................................................................................................................6
KH&CN.................................................................................................................6
Khoa hc v cng ngh.........................................................................................6
VSMT....................................................................................................................6
V sinh mi trng................................................................................................6
CTRSH..................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn sinh hot...........................................................................................6
VSV.......................................................................................................................6
Vi sinh vt..............................................................................................................6
Phn I.....................................................................................................................6
M U...............................................................................................................6
Phn II...................................................................................................................9
TNG QUAN TI LIU......................................................................................9
Phn III ...............................................................................................................40
I TNG NI DUNG...............................................................................40
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU.......................................................................40
3.3.1.Thu thp ti liu th cp.............................................................................41
2

3.3.2. Thu thp ti liu s cp..............................................................................41

3.3.3.Phng php chuyn gia............................................................................42
3.3.4.Phng php phn tch v s l s liu......................................................42
Phn IV ...............................................................................................................42
D KIN KT QU..........................................................................................42
4.1. iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi ca Tnh Ninh Bnh [13].......................43
4.1.1. iu kin t nhin...................................................................................43
4.1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi........................................................................45
4.1.3. nh gi chung.........................................................................................48
4.2.Thc trng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot ti X Thng Kim v Th trn Bnh
Minh - Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh..........................................................49
Theo kt qu quan trc cui nm 2005 ca B TN&MT cho kt qu DO t gi
tr rt thp, gi tr COD vt 7-8 ln, BOD5 vt 7 ln. Hin Sng y ang b
nhim cc b vi mc ngy cng gia tng, c bit nc sng cn chu nh
hng ca nhim sng Nhu............................................................................49
L mt trong 4 tnh nm trong lu vc sng Nhu - y (gm H Ni, H Nam,
Nam nh, Ninh Bnh). Nnh Bnh ang cng vi cc tnh ny gp phn bin
lu vc sng Nhu - y tr thnh mt trong ba lu vc sng ang b nhim
nghim trng nht nc ta. iu l do Ninh Bnh c 1 bi chn lp rc thi l
thin ang b nhim nghim trng. Bi chn lp Thung Qun Kh x ng
Sn cch th x Tam ip 5 km c din tch 6 ha ang phi tip nhn ton b rc
thi thu gom c ca c tnh bao gm rc thi sinh hot v c rc thi cng
nghip. Trong CTR cng nghip nm 2007 l 28.250 tn/nm, d on n
nm 2030 l 59.325 tn/nm. [14].......................................................................49
Cng vi lng cht thi rn cng nghip l lng cht thi sinh hot t hn
900 ngn ngi dn, mt p lc qu ln ln mi trng. Vy c cch no
gim p lc i vi mi trng. Cch duy nht gim lc ln mi trng
chnh l mt phng thc qun l hiu qu t cc ngun pht sinh, phn loi
c cc loi rc thi c th thc hin vic ti ch nhm gim p lc i vi
ti nguyn t. Vy ngun pht sinh CTR sinh hot ti Kim Sn l t nhng
ngun no v t l thnh phn mi loi ra sao, nu s dng bin php ti ch
chng ta c th gim c bao nhiu din t cho chn lp cht thi mi nm. 49
4.2.1. Ngun pht sinh........................................................................................50
4.2.2. Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot...................................................................51
4.2.3. Khi lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh....................................................52
C th thy rng khi lng rc thi sinh hot ti 2 x ca Kim Sn kh chnh
lnh. Ti Th trn Bnh Minh, lng rc li t hn mt x nh Thng Kim.
3

Mt iu m nhiu ngi cho rng khng th c chuyn nh th, khng th rc

th trn li t hn 1 x. Tuy nhin li tht d hiu nu nh bit c ngi
dn Thng Kim lm ngh g v Bnh Minh lm ngh g. Ti Thng Kim
v Bnh Minh u l 1 a im thuc vng ng bng ven bin ca Kim Sn
nn u sn xut la go l chnh. Nhng Thng Kim, mi ngy li c thm
mt lng rc thi khc ngoi nhng cht thi chung m mi vng sn xut
nng nghip u c. H an lt cc sn phm t ci, bo bng nn lng rc ca
h tng thm cng ch l cc ph phm t ci v bo bng, chng l nhng cht
thi hu c...........................................................................................................52
Khi lng rc thi ti 2 a im nghin cu trn so vi cc ni khc nh nm
2002 ti H Ni l 0,98kg/ngi/ngy, Nng l 0,76 kg/ngi/ngy, cho n
nay con s ny tng ln rt nhiu. C th nhn thy lng rc Kim Sn
khng ln nh cc th ln Vit Nam...........................................................52
Tuy nhin nu khng c bin php qun l cht ch th tnh trng nhim mi
trng do ngi dn x rc ba bi ch l vic mt sm mt chiu...................52
4.3.Thc trng qun l rc thi sinh hot ti th trn Bnh Minh v x Thng
Kim ca Huyn Kim Sn...................................................................................53
4.3.1. C cu v t chc qun l rc thi ti Ninh Bnh.....................................53
4.3.2. Thc trng qun l....................................................................................55
4.3.3. Thc trng cng tc thu gom (Ti Thng Kim) [15]............................55
4.4. Thi ca nh qun l, cng nhn thu gom, h gia nh i vi cng tc
qun l rc thi sinh hot.....................................................................................57
4.4.1. Thi ca nh qun l............................................................................57
4.4.2. Thi ca ngi thu gom.......................................................................58
4.4.3. Thi ca h gia nh............................................................................59
4.4.4. Cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc ngi dn v v sinh mi trng..........61
4.5. Nhng hn ch trong cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot trn a bn Huyn
Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh.................................................................................62
4.6. D bo lng rc thi ti huyn Kim Sn...................................................64
4.7. xut mt s bin php qun l, x l rc thi sinh hot trn a bn
Huyn Kim Sn...................................................................................................66
4.7.1. V c ch chnh sch................................................................................66
4.7.2. Bin php qun l rc thi sinh hot........................................................66
4.7.3. V thu ph BVMT.....................................................................................68
4.7.4. X hi ho cng tc thu gom rc thi.......................................................68
4.7.5. Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn..........................................................70
4

4.7.6. Bin php cng ngh................................................................................71

Phn V.................................................................................................................75
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................75
5.1. Kt lun.......................................................................................................75
5.2. Kin ngh.....................................................................................................76
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................77
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi......................................................................79
Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu ..............................................................................86
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s ..................................................................................88
Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................90
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng...................................................................................91

DANH MC CH VIT TT
MT
CTR
BVMT
QL
TP HCM
HN
KH&CN
VSMT
CTRSH
VSV

Mi trng
Cht thi rn
Bo v mi trng
Quc l
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
H Ni
Khoa hc v cng ngh
V sinh mi trng
Cht thi rn sinh hot
Vi sinh vt

Phn I
M U

1.1.

T VN
Cng vi s pht trin chung ca Th Gii, nn kinh t ca

Vit Nam cng ang c nhng bc chuyn mnh mnh m. Qu trnh cng
nghip ha, hin i ha ang din ra ht sc khn trng, b mt x hi c
nhiu chuyn bin tch cc. Tuy nhin gia tng dn s cng vi qu trnh cng
nghip ha v ang gy sc p ln cho mi trng, c bit l vn rc
thi.
L mt thnh ph tr c v tr quan trng ca vng ca ng min Bc v
vng kinh t trng im pha Bc. Trong nhng nm gn y kinh t Ninh Bnh
lin tc tng trng mc 2 con s, nm 2010 ch s nng lc cnh tranh cp
tnh xp th 11/63, lin tc nm trong nhm tnh ng u min Bc. C c
kt qu nh vy l do nhng nm gn y Ninh Bnh khng ngng y mnh
cng nghip ha hin i ha pht trin kinh t hn na. ng gp vo s
pht trin kinh t chung ca ton tnh nhng nm gn y Kim Sn cng c
bc chuyn mnh mnh m v kinh t. l do Kim Sn l huyn ven bin
thun khit ng bng, nn u t pht trin kinh t bin, to ra s ang dng
trong ngnh ngh sn xut, to ra nhiu ca ci vt cht. Tuy nhin, bn cnh
nhng li th to ln v mt kinh t, x hi li ko theo nhu cu tiu dng v
s dng sn phm tng ln mnh, lm lng cht thi sinh hat pht sinh nhiu,
gy nhim mi trng tng mnh. V cha c mt bin php qun l ng
cch nn tnh trng ngi dn x rc ba bi vn din ra ph bin qu sc chu
ti ca mi trng. Ti mt s tuyn sng cp 1 bt u c du hiu b nhim
bn. Rc thi khng ch nh hng n m quan th m cn nh hng ti
sc khe ngi dn, ti mt s ni trong huyn nh ti th trn Bnh Minh,
ngi dn ang t ra rt bc xc v vn v sinh mi trng. V vy lm th
no c mt bin php qun l, x l cht thi rn sinh hot tht tt l mt i
hi tt yu vo lc ny.
Xut pht t thc trng trn,
7

chng ti tin hnh thc hin ti : nh gi tnh hnh qun l rc thi

sinh hot v xut mt s gii php ti Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh
1.2.

MC CH YU CU

Mc ch

Tm hiu hin trng cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot ca

Huyn Kim Sn;

nh gi cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot ca Huyn Kim Sn

Tnh Ninh Bnh;

xut mt s bin php ci thin cng tc qun l, x l rc thi

sinh hot gp phn bo v mi trng Huyn Kim Sn.

Yu cu

S liu trung thc, khch quan nh gi hin trng pht sinh

cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot trn a bn Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh
Bnh;

Cc gii php xut ph hp vi iu kin ca a phng, c

tnh thc tin v kh nng p dng thc t.

Phn II
TNG QUAN TI LIU
2.1.
1.2.1.

Mt s khi nim lin quan

Khi nim cht thi

Cht thi l vt cht dng rn, lng, kh, mi hoc cc dng khc thi ra
t sinh hot, sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v hoc cc hot ng khc ca con
ngi.[1]
1.2.2.

Khi nim rc thi sinh hot

Rc thi sinh hot ( cht thi sinh hot ) l nhng cht thi c lin quan
n cc hot ng ca con ngi, ngun to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c,
cc c quan, trng hc, cc trung tm dch v, thng mi. RTSH c thnh
phn bao gm kim loi, snh s, thy tinh, gch ngi v, t, , cao su, thc
phm d tha, g, ln, vi, giy, rm, r, xc ng vt, v rau c qu v.v[5 ]
1.2.3.

Hot ng qun l cht thi rn

Hot ng qun l CTR: bao gm cc hot ng quy hoch qun l, u

t xy dng c s qun l CTR, cc hot ng phn loi, thu gom, lu gi, vn
chuyn, ti s dng, ti ch v x l CTR nhm ngn nga, gim thiu nhng
tc ng c hi i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi.[6]
1.2.4.

X l cht thi

X l cht thi l dng cc bin php k thut x l cc cht thi v

khng lm nh hng ti mi trng; ti to ra cc sn phm c li cho x hi
nhm pht huy hiu qu kinh t.
2.2.
2.2.1.

Ngun pht sinh, phn loi v thnh phn rc thi

Ngun gc rc thi
Cht thi rn ni chung (rc thi) pht sinh t cc ngun ch

yu: cc h gia nh (nh ring bit, khu tp th, chung c...); cc trung tm
thng mi (ch, vn phng, khch sn, trm xng du, gara...); c quan (trng
hc, bnh vin, cc c quan hnh chnh...), cc cng trng xy dng, dch v
9

cng cng (ra ng, tu sa cnh quan, cng vin, bi bin...) .

10

Nh dn, khu
dn c

C quan
trng hc

Ni vui chi,
gii tr

Ch, bn xe,
nh ga

Rc thi

Bnh vin,
c s y t

Chnh quyn
a phng

Khu cng
nghip, nh
my, x
nghip

Giao thng,
xy dng

S 2.1: Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

(Ngun: Hunh Tuyt Hng, TP Hu, 08/2005)
2.2.2.

Thnh phn rc thi [5]

Khc vi rc thi, ph thi cng nghip, rc thi sinh hot l mt tp hp

khng ng nht. Tnh khng ng nht biu hin ngay s khng kim sot
c cc nguyn liu ban u dng cho thng mi v sinh hot. S khng
ng nht ny to nn mt s c tnh rt khc bit trong cc thnh phn ca rc
thi sinh hot.
Thnh phn c hc: Thnh phn cht thi sinh hot c th bao gm:

11

- Cc cht d phn hy sinh hc: Thc phm tha, cung, l rau, l cy,
xc ng vt cht, v hoa qu
- Cc cht kh b phn hy sinh hc: G, cnh cy, cao su, ti nylon.
- Cc cht hon ton khng b phn hy sinh hc: Kim loi, thy tinh,
mnh snh, gch, ngi, vi, va kh, , si, ct, v c hn

Bng 2.1 Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ca mt s tnh, thnh ph

Thnh phn %
H Ni
L cy, v hoa qu, xc ng vt
50,27
Giy
2,72
Gi rch, ci, g
6,27
Nha, nylon, cao su
0,71
V c, xng
1,06
Thy tinh
0,31
Rc xy dng
7,42
Kim loi
1,02
Tp cht kh phn hy
30,21
Thnh phn ha hc: Trong cc cht hu c

Hi Phng TP HCM
50,07
62,24
2,82
0,59
2,72
4,25
2,02
0,46
3,69
0,50
0,72
0,02
0,45
10,04
0,14
0,27
23,9
15,27
ca rc thi sinh hot, thnh

phn ha hc ca chng ch yu l H,O,N,S v cc cht tro.

Bng 2.2: Thnh phn ca cc cu t hu c rc th
Cu t hu c
Thc phm
Giy
Carton
Cht do
Vi
Cao su
Da
G

C
48
43,5
44
60

Thnh phn %
H
O
N
S
6,4 37,6 2,6 0,4
6
44 0,3 0,2
5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2
7,2 22,
-

Tro
5
6
5
10

55

8
31,2 1,6

0,1

2,0
11,6 10
42,7 0,2

5
0,4
0,1

10
10
1,5

78
60
49,5

6,6
10
8
6
12

13

2.2.3.

Phn loi rc thi sinh hot [8]

Phn loi theo ngun pht sinh

- Cht thi sinh hot: pht sinh hng ngy cc th, lng mc, khu dn
c, cc trung tm dch v, cng vin.
- Cht thi cng nghip: pht sinh t trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip
v th cng nghip (gm nhiu thnh phn phc tp, a dng, trong ch yu
l cc dng rn, dng lng, dng kh)
- Cht thi xy dng: l cc ph thi nh t , gch ngi, b tng v,
vi va, g, nha, kim loi do cc hot ng xy dng to ra.
- Cht thi nng nghip: sinh ra do cc hot ng nng nghip nh trng
trt, chn nui, ch bin nng sn trc v sau thu hoch.
Phn loi theo mc nguy hi
- Cht thi nguy hi: l cht thi d gy phn ng, d chy n, n mn,
nhim khun c hi, cha cht phng x, cc kim loi nng. Cc cht thi ny
tim n nhiu kh nng gy s c ri ro, nhim c, e do sc kho con ngi
v s pht trin ca ng thc vt, ng thi l ngun lan truyn gy nhim
mi trng t, nc v khng kh
- Cht thi khng nguy hi: l cc cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc
hp cht c cc tnh cht nguy hi. Thng l cc cht thi pht sinh trong sinh
hot gia nh, th.
Phn loi theo thnh phn
- Cht thi v c: l cc cht thi c ngun gc v c nh tro, bi, x, vt
liu xy dng nh gch, va, thu tinh, gm s, mt s loi phn bn, dng
thi b gia nh.
- Cht thi hu c: l cc cht thi c ngun gc hu c nh thc phm
tha, cht thi t l git m, chn nui cho n cc dung mi, nha, du m v
cc loi thuc bo v thc vt.

14

 Phn loi theo trng thi cht thi: Phn loi theo cc trng thi rn,
lng, kh.
- Cht thi trng thi rn: bao gm cht thi sinh hot, cht thi t cc c
s ch to my, xy dng ( kim loi, da, ho cht sn , nha, thu tinh, vt liu
xy dng)
- Cht thi trng thi lng: phn bn t cng rnh, b pht, nc thi t
nh my lc du, ru bia, nc t nh my sn xut giy, dt nhum v v sinh
cng nghip.
- Cht thi trng thi kh: bao gm cc kh thi cc ng c t trong
cc my ng lc, giao thng, t, my ko, tu ho, nh my nhit in, sn
xut vt liu
2.3. nh hng ca rc thi sinh hot ti mi trng v con ngi
2.3.1. nh hng n sc khe con ngi
- Tc hi ca rc thi ln sc khe con ngi thng qua nh hng ca
chng ln cc thnh phn mi trng. Mi trng b nhim tt yu s tc ng
n sc khe con ngi thng qua chui thc n.
- Ti cc bi rc, nu khng p dng cc k thut chn lp v x l thch
hp, c dn ri san i, chn lp thng thng, khng c lp lt, lp ph th
bi rc tr thnh ni pht sinh rui, mui, l mm mng lan truyn dch bnh,
cha k n cht thi c hi ti cc bi rc c nguy c gy cc bnh him
ngho i vi c th ngi khi tip xc, e da n sc khe cng ng xung
quanh.
2.3.2. Rc thi sinh hot lm gim m quan th
- Rc thi sinh hot nu khng c thu gom, vn chuyn n ni x l,
thu gom khng ht, vn chuyn ri vi dc ng, tn ti cc bi rc nh l
thin u l nhng hnh nh gy mt v sinh mi trng v lm nh hng
n v m quan ng ph, thn xm.
- Mt nguyn nhn na lm gim m quan th l do thc ca ngi
dn cha cao. Tnh trng ngi dn rc ba bi ra lng l ng v mng
15

rnh vn cn rt ph bin, c bit l khu vc nng thn ni m cng tc qun

l v thu gom vn cha c tin hnh cht ch.

Hnh 2.1. Rc thi ti QL32 - HN

Hnh 2.2. Rc thi ti TP HCM
2.3.3. Tc hi ca rc thi sinh hot ti mi trng
nhim nc:
- Nc ngm xung t t cc cht thi c chn lp, cc h phn, nc
lm lnh tro x, nc lm sch kh ca cc l thiu lm nhim nc ngm.
- Nc chy trn khi ma to qua cc bi chn lp, cc h phn, nc lm
lnh tro x, nc lm lnh qua cc l thiu chy vo cc mng rnh, h, ao,
sng, sui lm nhim nc mt.
Nc ny cha cc vi trng gy bnh, cc kim loi nng, cc cht hu c,
cc mui v c ha tan vt qu tiu chun mi trng nhiu ln.
nhim khng kh:
- Kh thot ra t cc h hoc cc cht lm phn, cht thi chn lp rc
cha CH4, H2S, CO2, NH3, cc kh c hi hu c...
- Kh t cc l thiu cha bi, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, HCI, HF, dioxin, kim
loi, oxit kim loi thng hoa...
- Bi sinh ra trong qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn, chn lp rc cha cc
vi trng, cc cht c hi ln trong rc.
nhim t:

16

Cc cht thi rn vt ba bi ra t hoc chn lp vo t cha cc cht

hu c kh phn hy lm thay i thnh phn v pH ca t.
Rc cn l ni sinh sng ca cc loi cn trng, gm nhm, cc loi ny di
ng mang cc vi trng gy bnh truyn nhim cho cng ng.
2.4. Tnh hnh qun l v x l rc thi trn Th Gii [8]
2.4.1.

Pht sinh rc thi trn Th Gii

Nhn chung, lng RTSH mi nc trn th gii l khc nhau, ph

thuc vo s pht trin kinh t, dn s v thi quen tiu dng ca ngi dn
nc . T l pht sinh rc thi tng theo t l thun vi mc tng GDP tnh
theo u ngi. T l pht sinh rc thi theo u ngi mt s thnh ph trn
th gii: Bng Cc (Thi Lan) : 1,6kg/ngi/ngy, Singapo 2kg/ngi/ngy;
Hng Kng l 2,2kg/ngi/ngy; NewYork (M) l 2,65kg/ngi/ngy.
T l CTRSH trong dng CTR th rt khc nhau gia cc nc. Theo
c tnh, t l chim ti 60-70% Trung Quc (Gao et al.2002); chim 78%
Hng Kng; 48% Philipin v 37% Nht Bn, chim 80% nc ta. Theo
nh gi ca Ngn hng Th gii, nc c thu nhp cao ch c khong 25-35%
cht thi sinh hot trong ton b dng CTR th.[7]
+ Anh : S liu thng k tng lng cht thi Anh cho thy hng nm
Lin hip Anh to ra 307 triu tn cht thi, trong c tnh 46,6 triu tn cht
thi sinh hc v cht thi dng tng t pht sinh Anh, trong 60% chn lp,
34% c ti ch v 6% c thiu t. Ch tnh ring rc thi thc phm, theo
d n kho st c thc hin t thng 10/2006-3/2008, cht thi thc phm t
h gia nh nhiu hn ti hng tn so vi cht thi bao b chim 19% cht thi
th. Hng nm h gia nh Anh pht sinh 6,7 triu tn cht thi thc phm,
England l 5,5 triu tn, trong 4,1 triu tn l thc phm c th s dng
c. Trung bnh mi h gia nh thi ra 276 kg cht thi thc phm/nm hay
5,3 kg/tun, trong 3,2 kg vn c th s dng c.[8]

17

+ Nht Bn : Theo s liu thng k ca B TN & MT Nht Bn, hng

nm nc ny c khong 450 triu tn rc thi, trong phn ln l rc cng
nghip (397 triu tn). Trong tng s rc thi trn, c khong 5% rc thi phi
a ti bi chn lp, trn 36% c a n cc nh my ti ch. S cn li
c x l bng cch t hoc chn ti cc nh my x l rc. Vi rc thi sinh
hot ca cc gia nh, khong 70% c ti ch thnh phn bn hu c, gp
phn gim bt nhu cu sn xut v nhp khu phn bn. [8]
+ Singapore : mi ngy thi ra khong 16.000 tn rc. Rc Singapore
c phn loi ti ngun (ngha l nh dn, nh my, x nghip...). Nh vy 56%
s rc thi ra mi ngy (9.000 tn) quay li cc nh my ti ch. Khong 41%
(7.000 tn) c a vo bn nh my thiu rc t thnh tro. Mi ngy
chng 1.500 tn tro rc cng vi 500 tn rc khng th t c s ln s lan
trc ch Semakau Landfill. Nh vy khi lng t 16.000 tn rc mi ngy, sau
khi t rc Singapore ch cn bi rc cho hn 10% lng rc , xp x 2.000
tn. Trong khi , Vit Nam c bit l TP.HCM thi ra khong 8.000 tn rc
(bng 1/2 Singapore) nhng phi tm ch chn lp cho ngn y s rc (gp bn
ln Singapore).Cha ht, nhit nng sinh ra trong khi t rc c dng chy
my pht in cung cp 3% tng nhu cu in ca Singapore. [9]
+ Nga: mi ngi bnh qun thi ra mi trng 300 kg/ngi/nm rc
thi. Tng ng mt nm nc ny thi ra mi trng khong 50 triu tn
rc, ring th Matxcova l 5 triu tn/nm.[8]
Theo Ngn hng Th gii, cc th ca Chu mi ngy pht sinh
khong 760.000 tn cht thi rn th. n nm 2025, d tnh con s ny s
tng ti 1,8 triu tn/ngy.

18

Bng 2.3: Pht sinh CTR th mt s nc Chu . [8]

Quc gia

Nm Dn

GDP/

Lng

ngi

pht sinh sinh

RTSH

sinh

(triu

CTRT

MSW/

(nghn

RTSH

ngi)

(kiltn/

ngi/

tn/

(kg/ngi/

T l pht Lng

T l pht

nm)
ngy
nm)
ngy)
1
3
Trung Quc 2000 1267,4 856
130320
1,70
78193
1,023
Hng Kng 2003 6,8
23800 34404
1,39
27004
1,09
5
n
2002 1052,0 471
0,2-0,5
6
Indonesia
1995 194,8 1038
0,76
7
Hn Quc
2002 47,6
10013 18189
1,05
8
Malaysia
2002 24,5
3868
0,88-1,44 9
9
Philipin
2002 76,5
978
10670
0,5-0,7
10
i Loan
2002 22,6
12570 7970
0,97
11
Thi Lan
2002 62,8
5430
14317
0,62
12
Th Nh K 2001 68,5
2146
25100
1,00
0,57
(Ngun: Waste management and recycling in Asia, IGES, 2005)
Thnh phn rc cc nc trn th gii l khc nhau ty thuc vo thu
nhp v mc sng ca mi nc. Nc c nn cng nghip pht trin th thnh
phn cc cht v c trong rc thi pht sinh chim a s, lng rc ny l
nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip ti ch. Hng nm nc M pht sinh mt
khi lng rc ln ti 10 t tn. Trong , rc thi t qu trnh khai thc du m
chim 75%, hot ng nng nghip chim 13%; hot ng cng nghip chim
9,5%; rc thi t cn cng thot nc chim 1%; rc thi sinh hot chim 1,5% .

19

Bng 2.4: Thnh phn v t l rc thi M

Thnh phn

T l % cc loi rc theo cc ngun khc nhau

Ti bi rc Colombia Theo EPA
Trung bnh c nc
Giy
41
33
35 47
Hu c
21
17
18 29
Nha
16
12
11 21
Kim loi
6
6
48
Thy tinh
3
6
26
Cc loi khc
13
24
10 15
(Ngun: tp ch Waste Management Research. Volum 23 s 1, 2/2005)
(EPA: Environmetal Protection Ageney)
2.4.2.

Qun l, x l rc thi trn Th Gii

Hin nay vn qun l, x l rc thi cc nc trn th gii ngy cng

c quan tm. c bit cc nc pht trin, cng vic ny c tin hnh cht
ch, t thc thi b rc thi ca ngi dn, qu trnh phn loi ti ngun, thu
gom, tp kt rc thi ti cc trang thit b thu gom, vn chuyn theo tng loi.
Quy nh i vi vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc thi c quy nh cht
ch, r rng, y trang thit b ph hp hin i. Mt khc bit trong cng tc
qun l, x l rc thi cc nc pht trin c s tham gia ca cng ng.
+ Ti c : C th ni, ngnh ti ch rc c ang dn u trn th gii
hin nay. Vic phn loi rc c thc hin nghim tc c t nm 1991.
Rc bao b gm hp ng thc n, nc hoa qu, my mc bng nha, kim loi
hay carton c gom vo thng mu vng, thng xanh dng cho giy, thng
xanh l cy cho rc sinh hc, thng en cho thy tinh. Nhng l t rc hin i
ca nc c hu nh khng thi kh c ra mi trng. Das Duele System
Deutschland (DSD) H thng hai chiu ca nc c - c cc nh my
ti ch s dng x l cc loi rc thi nm va ri, cc nh my ny chi
khon ph gn 1,2 t USD s dng cng ngh trn. Ti cc dy chuyn phn
loi, cc camera hng ngoi hot ng vi tc 300.000km/s phn loi 10
tn vt liu mi gi. ng hi nn c iu khin bng my tnh t cc bng

20

chuyn c nhim v tch ring tng loi vt liu. Sau rc thi s c ra

sch, nghin nh v nu chy. Qu trnh trn s cho ra granulat, granulat l mt
nguyn liu thay th du th trong cng nghip hoc lm cht ph gia.
Gio dc thc BVMT cho tr nh bt u t vic phn loi rc l mt
trong nhng phng php m nhng nh qun l ti c p dng. Rc c
phn loi trit l iu kin ti ch, x l rc tr nn thun li v d dng.
T , khi nim v rc thi dn c thay th bng ngun ti sn tim nng,
mang li li nhun ng k vi nhng ai bit u t vo vic ci tin cng ngh.
C quan trng
hc cht thi khc
Ngi tiu
dng
Ngi tiu dng
rc thi bao b

Chnh quyn
a phng

t rc, chn
lp

H thng ti ch cht thi

u t a ra gi
thu gom v ti ch

Ti dng

Cc cng ty sn
xut v bn

S : 2.2 H thng hot ng ti ch rc thi c

+ Ti Nht Bn, chuyn t h thng qun l cht thi truyn thng vi
dng nguyn liu x l theo mt hng sang x hi c chu trnh x l nguyn
liu theo m hnh 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle). V thu gom CTRSH, cc h gia
nh c yu cu phn chia rc thnh 3 loi :
- Rc hu c d phn hy c thu gom hng ngy a n nh my
sn xut phn compost;
- Loi rc kh ti ch, hoc hiu qu ti ch khng cao, nhng chy c
s a n nh my t rc thu hi nng lng;
- Rc c th ti ch th c a cc nh my ti ch.
21

Cc loi rc ny c yu cu ng ring trong nhng ti c mu sc khc

nhau v cc h gia nh phi t mang ra im tp kt rc ca cm dn c vo
gi quy nh, di s gim st ca i din cm dn c. Cng ty v sinh thnh
ph s cho t n em cc ti rc i. Nu gia nh no khng phn loi rc,
ln ln vo mt ti th ban gim st s bo li vi Cng ty v ngay hm sau
gia nh s b cng ty v sinh gi giy bo n pht tin. Vi cc loi rc
cng knh nh tivi, t lnh, my git,... th quy nh vo ngy 15 hng thng
em t trc cng i t n ch i, khng c tu tin b nhng th
h ph. Sau khi thu gom rc vo ni quy nh, cng ty v sinh a loi rc chy
c vo l t tn dng ngun nng lng cho my pht in. Rc khng
chy c cho vo my p nh ri em chn su trong lng t. Cch x l rc
thi nh vy va tn dng c rc va chng c nhim mi trng. Ti
ng rc l do cc gia nh b tin mua ca hng. Vic thu gom rc Nht
Bn khng ging nh Vit Nam. Rc thi t h gia nh thuc trch nhim
qun l ca Nh nc, cn t cc cng ty, nh my... cho t nhn u thu hoc
cc cng ty do chnh quyn a phng ch nh. Cc doanh nghip, c s sn
xut phi t chu trch nhim v lng rc thi cng nghip ca h v iu ny
c quy nh bng cc iu lut v BVMT.[ 10]
+ Trung Quc: Mc pht sinh trung bnh lng CTR Trung Quc l
0,4 kg/ngi/ngy, cc thnh ph mc pht sinh cao hn l 0,9 kg/ngi/ngy,
so vi Nht Bn tng ng l 1,1 kg/ngi/ngy v 2,1 kg/ngi/ngy. Tuy
nhin, do mc sng tng, mc pht sinh CTR trung bnh vo nm 2030 s vt
1kg/ngi/ngy. S tng t l ny do dn s th tng nhanh, d bo s tng
gn gp i, t 456 triu nm 2000 ln 883 triu vo nm 2030. iu ny lm
cho tc pht sinh CTR ca Trung Quc s tng ln nhanh chng. Hin nay,
trong lnh vc qun l cht thi c nhiu ci tin ng k. Chng hn, hu ht
cc thnh ph ln ang chuyn dn sang p dng bin php chn lp hp v sinh
nh l bin php x l ch yu. Cc bin php chn lp ci tin v li ch ngy
cng tng ph hp vi nhu cu qun l cht thi cc k cp thit ca Trung
22

Quc. Mc d tc ci tin qun l CTR l ng k, song Trung Quc khng

c kh nng p ng nhu cu dch v cht thi ngy cng tng, yu cu i vi
cc h thng x l an ton cho mi trng v hp l v hiu qu - chi ph trong
cung cp dch v.
Cc phng thc qun l cht thi ca Trung Quc hin c tc ng ti
ton cu. V d, hin nay, nhu cu v nguyn liu ca Trung Quc gy nh
hng ti gi nguyn liu th cp Hoa K. Mc tiu tng t l thiu t cht
thi ln 30 % (hin nay hn 1 %) ca B Xy dng (MOC) Trung Quc s lm
tng t nht hai ln mc dioxin trong mi trng ton cu. Trong 25 nm ti, cc
thnh ph ca Trung Quc c th s cn thm 1400 bi chn lp cht thi.[11]
+Ti Singapore : Nhiu nm qua hnh thnh mt c ch thu gom rc rt hiu
qu. Vic thu gom rc c t chc u thu cng khai cho cc nh thu. Cng
ty trng thu s thc hin cng vic thu gom rc trn mt a bn c th trong
thi hn 7 nm. Singapore c 9 khu vc thu gom rc. RTSH c a v mt
khu vc bi cha ln. Cng ty thu gom rc s cung cp dch v t ca n
ca, rc thi ti ch c thu gom v x l theo chng trnh Ti ch Quc
Gia. C th ni Singapore c xem l mt quc gia c mi trng xanh - sch
p ca th gii, Chnh ph rt coi trng vic BVMT. C th l php lut v mi
trng c thc hin mt cch ton din l cng c hu hiu nht m bo
cho mi trng sch p ca Singapore. Thi gian u Chnh ph t chc gio
dc thc ngi dn quen dn sau pht nh nhc nh v hin nay cc
bin php c p dng mnh m l pht tin, pht t, bt bi thng vi
nhng vi phm nh th pht ci to lao ng bt buc. Singapore vt rc, ht
thuc khng ng ni quy nh bi pht tin t 500 la Sing tr ln.[9]

23

S 2.3 T chc qun l mi trng ti Singapo [12]

Ti cc nc ang pht trin th cng tc thu gom rc thi cn nhiu vn
bt cp. Vic b tr mng li thu gom, vn chuyn rc thi cha hp l,
trang thit b cn thiu v th s dn n chi ph thu gom tng m hiu qu x l
li thp. S tham gia ca cc n v t nhn cn t v hn ch. So vi cc nc
pht trin th t l thu gom rc cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam v khu
vc Nam M cn thp hn nhiu.
Bng 2.5 : Hot ng thu gom rc ti mt s thnh ph Chu
Thnh ph

Dn s

S trm trung

S chuyn vn chuyn

(triu ngi)

chuyn

trong ngy

Bombay
8,5
2
2
Bangkok
5,6
1,8
Manila
7,6
65
2
Jakarta
7,9
776
3
Scoul
10,3
630
3,4
(Ngun: Trung tm quc gia v pht trin khu vc ca Nht Bn, 2004)
i vi cc nc Chu chn lp cht thi vn l phng php ph
bin x l cht thi v chi ph r. Cc bi chn lp cht thi c chia thnh 3
loi: bi l thin, bi chn lp bn v sinh (ch t ph) v bi chn lp hp
24

sinh. Cht lng ca cc bi chn lp lin quan mt thit vi GDP. Cc bi chn

lp hp v sinh thng thy cc nc pht trin, trong khi cc bi rc l
thin thy ph bin cc nc ang pht trin. Tuy vy, cc nc ang pht
trin c n lc ci thin cht lng cc bi chn lp nh Th Nh K, n
hn ch chn lp cc loi cht thi kh phn hy sinh hc, cht thi tr, cc
loi cht thi c th ti ch.
Theo bo co Din bin mi trng Vit Nam 2004 cho bit. Hu ht
cc nc Nam v ng Nam rc thi c chuyn n cc bi chn lp
hoc cc bi l thin tiu hy. Cc nc nh Vit Nam, Bangladet,
Hongkong, Srilanka, n , Trung Quc v Hn Quc t l chn lp ln nht
trn 90%. i vi cht thi hu c, phn compost l phng php tiu hy ch
yu. Mt s nc nh n , Philippin, Thi Lanphng php ny kh ph
bin. Tuy nhin, cha c nc no tn dng ht tim nng sn xut phn
compost.
Bng 2.6: Cc phng php x l CTR mt s nc Chu n v %
Bi rc l

Thiu t

Ch bin phn

Phng php

compost

khc

Nc

thin, chn lp

Vit Nam

96

Bangladet

95

Hongkong

92

70

20

10

Indonexia

80

10

Nht Bn

22

74

0,1

3,9

Hn Quc

90

10

Malayxia

70

10

15

Philipin

85

10

Srilanka

90

10

Thi Lan

80

10

(Ngun: Vin khoa hc thy li, 2006)

2.5. Mt s cng ngh ti ch rc thi lm phn bn cc nc
25

2.5.1.

Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca M [8]

Nguyn l: X l rc thi sinh hot trong nhng thit b kn vi vi sinh

vt (VSV) k kh. Rc thi sinh hot c tin hnh phn loi thnh v c v
hu c. Rc thi hu c d phn hy c a vo kn. Phi hp vi cc loi
chng loi men VSV k kh. Cho ln men 1 thi gian, sau sy kh v nghin
nh ng thnh bao thnh phm
u im: 50% rc thi l cht hu c lm phn bn; Gim c 1 2 khi
lng v th tch rc thi, do tit kim chi ph vn chuyn rc thi ti bi
chn lp, tit kim c din tch bi chn lp rc thi v chi ph x l rc thi.
Hn ch: Chi ph u t ln; Chi ph duy tr bo dng thit b ln; cht
lng phn bn cha cao; cng ngh phc tp v phi c cng ngh sy; Khng
ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam v a s cha phn loi rc thi; sau khi sy,
nghin th trong cht thi vn cha cht v c nh gch ngi, kim loi, thy
tinhgy nh hng xu ti t, cy trng v c con ngi.

Rc t bi thi

H thng
phn loi:
- V c
- Hu c

Thu gom rc
sinh hot
thnh ph

Nghin

Rc hu c
chuyn v nh
my

trong cc
l theo quy
trnh c bit
(ln men)

Cy men
trong
xng
chun b

Sy

ng bao

26
Kho thnh phm

H thng vi
x l khng
ch qu
trnh ln
men ti u

Kh mui,
x l s b

Cc ph
gia ln
men c
bit

S 2.4 Cng ngh x l rc thi ca M

2.5.2.

Cng ngh x l rc lm phn bn ca c [8]

Cng ngh ph bin nht ca c l x l rc i i vi thu hi kh sinh

Ni tip
hc v phn bn hu c vi sinh.
Cnhn
th: rc
Rc thi cc gia nh c phn
thi sinh hot

loi, nhng ni cng cng phn loi cha trit , c tip nhn v tin hnh
phn loi tip. Rc hu c c a vo thit b kn di dng cc thng chu
Phn loi

p lc cng vi thit b thu hi kh sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men phn gii hu

c .
ln men
u im: X l trit , m bo VSMT; ThuRc
hihu
sncphm
l kh t c
Rc thi v c

(thu kh 64%)

gi tr cao, phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip khu ln cn nh my; Thu hi

phn bn c tc dng ci to t v cung cp nguyn liu ti ch cho cc ngnh
cng nghip.
Ti ch

Ht kh

Rc hu c

Hn ch: i hi kinh ph u t ln v kinh ph duy tr cao; cht lng

phn bn thu hi khng cao.
Chn lp cht tr

Lc

27
Np kh

Ch bin
phn bn

S 2.5. Dy chuyn cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca CHLB c

2.5.3.

Cng ngh x l rc thi lm phn bn ca Trung Quc [8]

Ni dung cng ngh: nhng thnh ph ln thng p dng cng ngh

trong cc thit b kn. Rc c tip nhn, a vo thit b kn ( hm ) sau 1012 ngy, hm lung cc kh H2S, CH4, SO2 ... gim c a ra ngoi chn.
Sau mi tin hnh phn loi, ch bin thnh phn bn hu c.
u im: Rc c t 10-12 ngy gim mi ca kh H2S, sau mi
a ra ngoi x l, gp phn gim nh mc c hi i vi ngi lao ng;
Thu hi c nc rc, khng gy nh hng ti tng nc ngm; Thu hi c
sn phm ti ch; Rc v c khi a i chn lp khng gy mi v nh hng
n tng nc ngm v c xy ho trong hm v thu hi c sn phm
lm phn bn.

28

Hn ch: Cht lng phn bn khng cao, cha x l trit cc vi khun

gy bnh; Thao tc vn hnh phc tp; Din tch hm rt ln khng c phn
loi, din tch nh my ln v kinh ph u t ban u ln.
Tip nhn rc thi

Thit b cha (hm kn) c b sung vi sinh vt, thi kh, thu nc rc
trong thi gian 10-12 ngy
chn, m 40%
15-20 ngy

Sng phn loi theo kch thc(bng bng ti,

sng quay)

Cht v c

Phn loi theo trng lng

Phn loi sn phm ti

ch

Phi trn N,P,K v cc

nguyn t khc

Chn lp cht tr
phn bn (nhit t 30-400C), thi
gian 5-10 ngy

ng bao tiu th

S 2.6. Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot Trung Quc

2.5.4.

Bi hc kinh nghim rt ra t quc t

Vic qun l lng cht thi ang l mt thch thc ln i vi nhiu

nc trn th gii khng ch v chi ph cho hot ng ny rt ln m cn v
nhng nh hng to ln i vi sc kho cng ng.
Theo hi tho quc t Nng sut xanh v Qun l cht thi rn
ngy 3/11/2004 th tc pht trin cng nghip v th ho nhanh chng
gy ra p lc khng nh ti mi trng c bit l cc nc ang pht trin.
29

Cng tc qun l rc thi trn th gii rt c quan tm. H

Lan, mi tnh phi lp ra k hoch qun l rc thi, trong nu r chng s
c lu cha, thu gom, x l hoc s dng li nh th no, do ai v u.
Philippin cho thy: Chnh ph Philippin ra mt o lut
qun l cht thi rn theo hng thn thin vi sinh thi. im ni bt ca o
lut ny l vic thnh lp mt c quan chc nng lin ngnh v qun l cht thi
rn cp quc gia, t ra cc mc tiu c th v chuyn i rc thi. Bt buc p
dng phn loi rc ti ngun, h tr hot ng ti ch, m rng th trng phn
compost v cc kh nng tiu chun v ng gi.
i Loan, hin nay tng cng cng tc gii quyt cc vn
thi b v x l cht thi. Chnh ph y mnh cng tc gim thiu v ti ch
cht thi. Kt qu thu c l t l ti ch cht thi tng mnh trong khi lng
cht thi pht sinh tng chm. c bit vi chnh sch tr tin cho nhng g
bn thi b thu c nhng thnh cng rt ln trong vic kim sot v qun
l cht thi.
n , chnh sch Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin v Chi ph
gim thiu c p dng.
Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin: ngha l cc t chc c nhn trong
i sng, trong sn xut v kinh doanh pht sinh ra cht thi vt qu tiu chun
cho php, gy nhim mi trng th phi chu ton b chi ph cho cc hot
ng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi mt cch ph hp v an ton vi
mi trng theo tiu chun ca n .
Chi ph gim thiu: Chnh ph khuyn khch cc nh my, x
nghip u t trang thit b, cng ngh, k thut gim thiu lng cht thi
pht sinh. ng thi u t cho cc chng trnh, d n phc v mc ch ti
ch, ti s dng cht thi gp phn gim thiu lng cht thi pht sinh ra mi
trng. Mt phn kinh ph u t cho cc chng trnh ny c thu t ph
nhim do ngi gy nhim phi tr.
2.6.

Tnh hnh qun l v x l rc thi ti Vit Nam

30

2.6.1. Tnh hnh qun l rc thi ti Vit Nam

nhiu nc trn th gii, vic bo v mi trng (BVMT) tr thnh 1
quc sch ln. H thng cc vn bn php lut v BVMT c ban hnh y ,
huy ng nhiu nhn lc, vt lc v ti lc BVMT. Nhng nm gn y t
chc qun l rc thi sinh hot ti cc a phng c ch hn trc,
nhng c bn v hnh thc v ni dung hot ng vn chm i mi. Mt cch
tng qut, cc hp phn chc nng ca h thng t chc qun l cht thi rn
c th hin s :

S 2.7 H thng t chc qun l v CTR mt s th ti Vit Nam [7]

Vic BVMT nc ta cng nh cng tc kim tra, chng nhim mi
trng (ONMT) c quan tm rt mun. Mi n nm 1980, Hin php sa
i mi c iu 36 quy nh v ngha v thc hin chnh sch bo v, ci to v
ti sinh cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin (TNTN), bo v v ci thin mi
trng sng i vi mi cng dn .
31

2.6.2. Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn ton quc [3]
Qu trnh pht sinh CTR gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot ca
con ngi, khi i sng ca nhn dn c nng ln cng l lc lng rc thi
tng ln rt nhiu. Tuy nhin vn thng k s liu v CTR cha c thc
hin mt cch nghim tc, s liu thng k cha y .
Theo thng k nm 2004, lng CTR th l 0,7 kg/ngi/ngy v nng
thn l 0,3 kg/ngi/ngy th n nm 2008 con s ny tng ln ng k,
lng CTR th thng k trong nm ny l 1,45 kg/ngi/ngy v vng nng
thn l 0,4 kg/ngi/ngy. Chng ta c th thy rng tc th ha Vit
Nam din ra nhanh chng, dn c ngy cng ng c v lng rc pht sinh
ngy mt din bin phc tp.
Bng 2.7 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn ton quc [3]
Loi CTR
CTR th
CTR Nng thn
CTR cng nghip
CTR y t
CTR lng ngh
Tng cng
Pht sinh CTR sinh hot trung

n v tnh
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Kg/ngi/ngy

Nm 2003
6.400.000
6.400.000
2.638.000
21.500
774.000
15.459.900
0,7

Nm 2008
12.802.000
9.078.000
4.786.000
179.000
1.023.000
27.868.000
1,45

bnh ti khu vc th
Pht sinh CTR sinh hot trung

Kg/ngi/ngy

0,3

0,4

bnh ti khu vc nng thn

Trn phm vi ton quc, t nm 2003 n nm 2008, lng CTR pht
sinh trung bnh t 150 200%, CTR snh hot th tng ln 200%, CTR cng
nghip tng ln 181% v cn tip tc gia tng trong thi gian ti. D bo ca B
ti nguyn & mi trng n nm 2015, khi lng CTR pht sinh c tnh
khong 44 triu tn/nm, c bit l CTR th v cng nghip.
Tng lng CTR sinh hot cc th pht sinh trn ton quc khong
35.000 tn/ngy, CTR sinh hot khu vc nng thn khong 24.900 tn/ngy.
Ti hu ht cc th, khi lng CTR sinh hot chim 60-70% tng lng
CTR th ( mt s th t l ny cn ln ti 90%). Cng theo kt qu nghin
32

cu ch ra trong bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia nm 2008 cho thy

tng lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot t th c xu hng tng u, trung
bnh 10-16% mi nm.

Biu 2.1 Thnh phn CTR ton quc nm 2008, xu hng nm 2015 [3]
Ch ring thnh ph H Ch Minh, vi dn s nm 2010 l gn 8 triu
ngi (khch vng lai khong 2 triu), mi ngy TP HCM thi ra khong 7.0007.500 tn CTR th, trong , thu gom c khong 5.900-6.200 tn/ngy , ti
ch, ti sinh khong 900-1.200 tn, khi lng cn li ch yu l cht hu c
c thi b vo ng rung, vn cy nng nghip lm phn bn. Lng CTR
thi b vo knh rch 350-400 tn/ngy u c thu gom vn chuyn n cc
bi chn lp. [3]
2.6.3. Hin trng thu gom, vn chuyn CTR [3]
Cng tc thu gom v vn chuyn CTR th vn cha p ng c yu
cu khi m lng CTR pht sinh khng ngng tng ln, t l thu gom trung bnh
khng tng tng ng, y l nguyn nhn quan trng gy nhim mi trng
nc mt, khng kh, t, cnh quan th v tc ng xu n sc khe cng
ng.
Mc d cng tc thu gom v vn chuyn CTR ngy cng c chnh qun
cc a phng quan tm nhng vn bc l nhiu hn ch. Nng lc thu gom v
vn chuyn CTR c v nhn lc v vt lc u cha p ng c nhu cu,
33

mng li thu gom cn yu v thiu. Bn cnh do nhn thc cha cao ca

ngi dn trong vic gi gn v sinh mi trng nn hin tng rc thi ba
bi vn cn din ra ph bin khng ch khu vc nng thn m cn ti cc khu
vc ni th. Hu ht rc thi khng c phn loi ti ngun, c thu gom ln
ln v chuyn n bi chn lp. Cng vic thu nht v phn loi ph thi c kh
nng ti ch, hon ton do nhng ngi ngho sinh sng bng ngh bi rc thc
hin.
T l thu gom trung bnh cc th trn a bn ton quc tng ln t
65% nm 2003 ln 72% nm 2004 v ln n 80-82 % nm 2008. i vi khu
vc nng thn, t l thu gom t trung bnh t 40-55% (nm 2003, con s ny
ch t 20%). Hin c khong 60% s thn, x t chc dn v sinh nh k, trn
40% thn, x hnh thnh cc t thu gom rc thi t qun. [3]
2.6.4. Hin trng x l v qun l CTR [3]
Cng ngh x l CTR cn nhiu vn bc xc, vic la chn cc bi
chn lp, khu trung chuyn, thu gom cha cn c khoa hc v thc tin c
tnh thuyt phc v cng ngh x l cht thi cha m bo k thut v sinh mi
trng nn cha thu c nhiu s ng h ca ngi dn a phng. Cc cng
trnh x l CTR cn manh mn, phn tn theo n v hnh chnh nn cng tc
qun l cha hiu qu, sut u t cao, hiu qu s dng thp, gy lng ph
t
Cng tc x l CTR th hin nay vn l chn lp vi s lng trung
bnh l 1 bi chn lp/1 th ( H Ni v TP HCM, mi th c t 4-5 bi
chn lp/khu x l). Trong 85% th (t th x tr ln) s dng phng
php chn lp cht thi khng hp v sinh. Thng k, hin ton quc c 98 bi
chn lp cht thi tp trung ang vn hnh nhng ch 16 bi thi c coi l
chn lp hp v sinh ( tp trung cc thnh ph ln). Cc bi cn li, CTR phn
ln c chn lp s si. [3]
Tnh hnh x l CTR sinh hot ti cc khu x l CTR ca Tp. HCM:

34

Khu x l rc G Ct ( Qun Bnh Tn): Din tch 25ha; cng sut 2.000
tn/ngy; khi lng rc tip nhn x l t nm 2005-2007 l 2,93 triu tn;
l bi chn lp CTR sinh hot hp v sinh, hin ang ngng tip nhn rc;
Khu x l rc Phc Hip (Huyn C Chi): Din tch 44,9ha; cng sut
3.000 tn/ngy; khi lng rc tip nhn x l t nm 2005-2007 l 2,61
triu tn; l bi rc chn lp CTR sinh hot hp v sinh;
Khu x l rc ng Thnh: Din tch 43,5ha; cng sut 1.000 tn/ngy;
ng ca thng 01/2003, hin ang s dng chn lp vt liu xy dng; t
01/2007 trin khai x l phn bn cu;
Khu x l rc a Phc (Huyn Bnh Chnh): Din tch 128ha; cng sut
hin ti 3.000 tn/ngy (Cng sut thit k l 6.000 tn/ngy); s dng my xt
ph lp rc Posi-Shell; h thng x l nc r rc vi cng sut thit k 1.000
m3/ngy. [3]
2.6.5. Mt s cng ngh x l cht thi c p dng Vit Nam
Vit Nam c cc cng ngh x l cht thi rn c p dng nh:
X l rc thi bng phng php t
t rc l giai on x l cui cng cho mt s loi rc nht nh khng
th x l bng cc phng php khc. y l mt giai on oxy ha nhit
cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh, trong cc rc c hi c
chuyn ha thnh kh v cc cht thi rn khc khng chy. Cc cht kh c
lm sch hoc khng c lm sch thot ra ngoi khng kh.
Vic x l rc bng phng php t c ngha quan trng l lm gim
ti mc nh nht cht thi cho khu x l cui cng, nu s dng cng ngh tin
tin cn c ngha cao bo v mi trng. y l phng php x l rc tn
km nht so vi phng php chn lp hp v sinh th chi ph t mt tn rc
cao hn khong 10 ln.
Cng ngh t rc thng p dng cc thnh ph pht trin v phi c
mt nn kinh t mnh bao cp cho vic thu t rc sinh hot nh l mt
dch v phc li x hi ca ton dn. Tuy nhin t rc sinh hot bao gm nhiu
35

cht khc nhau sinh khi c v d sinh ioxin nu vic x l khi khng tt
(phn x l khi l phn t nht trong cng ngh t rc).
X l cht thi rn bng cng ngh p kin
Phng php p kin c thc hin trn c s ton b rc thi tp trung
thu gom vo nh my. Rc c phn loi bng phng php th cng trn bng
ti, cc cht tr v cc cht c th tn dng c nh kim loi, nilon, giy, thu
tinh, nha... c thu hi ti ch. Nhng cht cn li s c bng ti chuyn
qua h thng p nn rc bng thu lc vi mc ch lm gim ti a th tch
khi rc v to thnh cc kin vi t s nn rt cao.
Cc kin rc nn p ny c s dng vo vic p cc b chn hoc
san lp nhng vng t trng sau khi c ph ln cc lp t ct. Trn din
tch ny c th s dng lm mt bng cc cng trnh nh: cng vin, vn hoa,
cc cng trnh xy dng nh v mc ch chnh l lm gim ti a mt bng khu
vc x l rc.
X l cht thi rn bng phng php sinh hc
sinh hc (compost) l qu trnh n nh sinh ho cc cht hu c
hnh thnh cc cht mn, vi thao tc sn xut v kim sot mt cch khoa
hc to mi trng ti u i vi qu trnh.
Qu trnh hu c t rc hu c l mt phng php truyn thng
c p dng ph bin cc quc gia ang pht trin nh Vit Nam. Qu
trnh c coi nh qu trnh ln men ym kh mn hoc hot cht mn. Sn
phm thu hi l hp cht mn khng mi, khng cha vi sinh vt gy bnh v
ht c. t mc n nh nh ln men, vic i hi nng lng tng
cao nhit ca ng . Trong qu trnh xy s c hp th hng trm ln v
hn na so vi b aeroten. Qu trnh p dng vi cht hu c khng c hi,
lc u l kh nc, sau l x l cho n khi n thnh xp v m. m v
nhit c kim tra v gi cho vt liu lun trng thi hiu kh trong sut
thi gian . Qu trnh t to ra nhit ring nh qu trnh xy ho cc cht thi

36

ra. Sn phm cui cng l CO2, nc v cc hp cht hu c bn vng nh:

lignin, xenlulo, si.
X l cht thi rn bng bin php chn lp
Phng php chn lp rc c p dng nhiu nc pht trin. Ngi ta
chn cc vng i ni, thung lng b tr bi chon lp. y ca bi rc c
ngn cch vi t v nc ngm bng lp cht do khng thm nc. Rc s
c vo cc chia sn. Khi cc rc y th s c lp li bng t hoc
dng xe lu nn cht li sau tip ln cho n khi y h ri ph t- khong
60cm- v trng cy ln trn. Nc trong bi chn lp c thu gom v mt ch
v c x l trc khi cho vo sng h. y l phng php x l cht thi
hp v sinh nhng rt tn km.
Cng ngh Dano System
y l cng ngh c a vo s dng ti Hc Mn, Tp. H Ch Minh
nm 1981 do chnh ph Vng Quc an Mch vin tr. Cng sut x l 240
tn rc/ngy, sn xut c 25 000 tn phn hu c/nm.
u im: Qu trnh ln men phn rt u, qu trnh c o trn lin
tc trong ng sinh ho, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c cung cp kh v m nn
pht trin rt nhanh.
Nhc im: Thit b nng n, kh ch to trong nc, c bit l cc h
thng my nghin, xch bng ti v cc vng bi ln. Tiu th in nng cho h
thng rt Rc
lnti
(670 kWh) lm cho gi thnh sn phm cao. Cht lng sn phm
th khng
ph
hp
Phu tip
nhn
rcvi nn nng nghip Vit Nam, m ch ph hp v nn nng
nghip c gii ho.
Sng phn loi
Nam chm in
Ln men 16h bng ng sinh ho
Bng ti phn loi
Sng rung
My nghin
chn ( 28 ngy)

37
Kho thnh phm

S 2.8 : S cng ngh Dano System

Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot Nh my phn hu c, Cu

Din H Ni
y l cng ngh ng tnh c thi kh, qu trnh ln men c kim
sot bng h thng iu khin t ng nhit , vi cng sut theo thit k 210
tn/ngy. Sn phm phn hu c c ng k tiu chun cht lng v ang
c bn trn ton quc. Cc sn phm thu hi phc v ti ch l: st, nylon,
nha, giy, thy tinh.
u im: n gin, d vn hnh; my mc thit b d ch to, thay th
thun li; tiu th nng lng t; m bo hp v sinh; thu hi c nc rc
Rc c thu gom, vn chuyn

phc v qu trnh ln men, khng

nh
hng ti tng nc ngm, c iu
n Nh
my
kin m rng nh my nng cng sut.

Xc nh trng lng

Nhc im: Rc ln qu nhiu tp cht, cha c c gii ha trong

X lbn
s bcha
( vi sinh
khu phn loi, cht lng phn
caovt)
v cn ln tp cht, dy chuyn
c i
chn
ch bin, ng gi cn th cng, khng c quy trnh thu hi vtCht
liuvti
ch.
Tuyn chn

Mn loi II
8,5%

lp 50%

B sung vi sinh vt, ph

gia, ln men

Bay hi 15%

chn, b sung nc sch

35%

Bay hi 5%

Tinh ch 30%

Cht v c a i chn
lp 13%

Mn loi I, 8,5%

Lm phn bn
Ci to t

38
ng bao, hon thin sn
phm

Tiu th sn phm

S 2.9 : Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot, Nh my phn hu c Cu

Din, H Ni
2.6.6. Nhng hn ch trong cng tc qun l v x l rc thi ti Vit
Nam
Trong sut thi gian qua, Chnh ph v a phng t r cam kt i
vi vic ci thin cng tc qun l cht thi rn thng qua cc chnh sch u t
cho xy dng bi chn lp, tng cng nng lc qun l, cc vn bn php quy
cng nh cc chnh sch khuyn khch thc hin x hi ho cng tc qun l cht
thi rn v h thng cc tiu chun v qun l cht thi rn. Tuy nhin y l cng
tc mang tnh tng th v lu di, do vy vn cn nhng tn ti cn c xem xt
khc phc,nh:
- H thng cc vn bn php quy cha v thiu ng b, cn thiu cc
vn bn di lut, cc vn bn hng dn v c bit cn thiu 1 b tiu chun
quc gia (TCVN) v cht thi rn; Cc vn bn cn cha kn k, c qu nhiu s
h nh vic khng quy nh r mc pht i vi tng hnh vi cc mc khc
nhau.
- Thiu nng lc qun l cht thi rn cng nh thiu cc bin php gim
thiu cht thi rn ph hp, cc thit b v trch nhim ca c quan trong x l,

39

tiu hu cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi cn thiu.

- S phn cng phn nhim ca cc ngnh trong qun l cht thi rn
cha r rng. B phn qun l cht thi rn a phng cn thiu v yu; cn
thiu cc cng c qun l hiu qu, mi ch l hnh thc trn giy t m cha i
vo p dng trong thc t. Mc pht tin tuy tng nhng vn cn thp, khng
to c hiu qu qun l. Hot ng gim st nh nc v cht thi rn cha
y , cc hot ng nghin cu v trin khai thc hin cng tc qun l cht
thi rn ang c thc hin nhng vn cn hn ch. Quan trc cht thi rn
quc gia cha c thc hin mt cch h thng nhiu th.

a s cc th v khu cng nghip cha c quy hoch bi chn lp

cht thi. Tuy c mt s th, ch yu l th ln bt u c cc bi rc

hay cc khu lin hp x l cht thi rn, nhng cn trong giai on xy dng
nn cn thiu ng b v c nhiu ni xy ra s c mi trng nh trn nc
rc ra khu vc xung quanh gy nhim mi trng nc, lm cht cy ci, hoa
mu, c

thc chp hnh php lut ca nh sn xut cng nh dn c trong

vic gi gn v sinh mi trng ni chung v cht thi rn ni ring cn nhiu

yu km.

u t ti chnh cho qun l v x l cht thi rn ch yu da vo

ngn sch nh nc nn khng cn i, cha y mnh x hi ha lnh vc ny

nhm ng vin cc thnh phn kinh t, cc t chc x hi tham gia qun l v
u t vo thu gom, x l cht thi rn.

Phn III
I TNG NI DUNG
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1.

i tng, phm vi nghin cu

40

 i tng nghin cu: Rc thi sinh hot

Phm vi nghin cu : Do thi gian c hn nn chng ti tin hnh
nghin cu ti 2 x ca Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh, l x Thng
Kim v Th trn Bnh Minh.
3.2.

Ni dung nghin cu

p ng mc tiu ti nghin cu, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu

cc ni dung sau:
- iu tra v hin trng pht sinh, tnh hnh phn loi, thu gom, vn
chuyn v x l rc thi sinh hot trn a bn x Thng Kim v Th trn
Bnh Minh ca Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh.
- Nghin cu cc vn bn v qun l rc thi, rc thi sinh hot.
- Trn c s l lun v cc s liu phn tch v thc trng qun l a ra
c nhn xt v nhng u, nhc im v nhng vn cn tn ti trong cng
tc qun l rc thi sinh hot.
- D bo lng rc thi v xut mt s gii php qun l rc
thi sinh hot theo hng tt hn, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t x hi ca a
phng, c tnh ng dng cao trong thc t.
3.3.

Phng php nghin cu

3.3.1. Thu thp ti liu th cp

Cc ti liu cn thu thp gm: iu kin t nhin v tnh hnh pht

trin kinh t, x hi ca a phng, hin trng rc thi sinh hot, cng tc thu
gom vn chuyn c thu thp t cc ngun ng tin cy: Phng Ti nguyn v
mi trng huyn, phng Qun l mi trng th.

Cc vn bn php quy v quy c cng ng v mi trng.

Tham kho ti liu trn sch, bo, internet.... cng b.

3.3.2. Thu thp ti liu s cp

Phng php iu tra bng phiu iu tra, phng php phng vn:

41

iu tra h gia nh bng phiu hi in sn dng thu thp thng tin v

pht sinh rc thi sinh hot, hin trng nhim rc thi rn v bin php qun l,
x l ca a phng. S liu iu tra gm s lng, thnh phn rc thi sinh
hot, bin php qun l, thu gom cht thi rn. Ni dung c th c trnh by
trong bng hi km theo.
- Lp phiu iu tra gm c 3 loi: Phng vn cn b mi trng x, th
trn 2 phiu, mi a im ch c 1 cn b mi trng; Phng vn ngi dn: s
lng 60 phiu, mi x 30 phiu nhm thu thp thng tin s cp v s lng,
thnh phn rc thi pht sinh, hnh thc thu gom, nh gi ca ngi dn v mi
trng.
-Phng vn ngi thu gom: s lng 5 phiu ( ti x Thng Kim).
Phng php kho st thc a
- Kt hp kho st thc a vi qu trnh iu tra, phng vn h. Quan st,
chp nh, a ra nhng nhn nh v hin trng qun l rc thi ti a bn;
- Xc nh lng rc pht sinh, thnh phn ca rc thi sinh hot qua qu
trnh cn rc ti X Thng Kim v Th trn Bnh Minh trong thi gian 2 tun
ti mt s h gia nh c la chn ngu nhin so snh lng rc pht sinh
trong cc ngy khc nhau trong tun v so snh lng rc cng nh thnh phn
rc thi sinh hot ca 2 a bn nghin cu trn.
3.3.3. Phng php chuyn gia
Phng php ny c s dng trong ti vi mc ch tham kho
kin ca cc thy c trong ngnh mi trng, cc cn b lm cng tc mi
trng ti c s.
3.3.4. Phng php phn tch v s l s liu
S liu thu thp t cc ti liu th cp, phiu iu tra h c phn tch,
tnh ton bng phn mm Ms.exel, chuyn i cc d liu, s liu sang dng
biu .
Phn IV
D KIN KT QU
42

4.1.

iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi ca Tnh Ninh Bnh [13]

4.1.1.

iu kin t nhin

V tr a l
Ninh Bnh l mt tnh nm cc Nam ng bng Bc b. C dy ni
Tam ip chy theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam, lm ranh gii t nhin gia
hai tnh Ninh Bnh v Thanh Ho. Pha ng v ng Bc c sng y bao
quanh, gip vi hai tnh H Nam v Nam nh, pha Bc gip tnh Ho Bnh,
pha Nam l bin ng.

Hnh 4.1 S hnh chnh tnh Ninh Bnh

a hnh a mo
a hnh Ninh Bnh c hng nghing dn t Ty Bc xung ng Nam,
t vng ni Nho Quan, Tam ip ti min ng bng Hoa L, Yn Khnh ri
thp dn ra vng bin Kim Sn. ng bng chim phn ln din tch, vng ni
ch chim khong 20% din tch ton tnh.
a hnh thp, chia ct bi ni vi t pha Ty sng y, phn chia
thnh ba vng tng i r nt. Vng ni pha Ty bao gm nhng dy ni
43

chy theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam, bt ngun t vng rng ni Ho Bnh

chy ra bin ng, c nhiu hang ng p nh: Bch ng, Tam Cc, ch
Lng, Xuyn Thu ng, Bn Long, Hoa Sn Pha ng v ng Bc l
vng ng chim trng thuc cc huyn Nho Quan, Gia Vin, Hoa L, Yn M,
c ph sa bi p hng nm, ng bng tin ra bin t 80-100m, to nn
vng t mi ph nhiu, mu m. Pha Nam l vng ng bng ven bin Yn
Khnh, Yn M, Kim Sn.
Kh hu: Nm trong khu vc ng bng sng Hng nn Ninh Bnh nm
trong i kh hu gi ma ch tuyn i c ma ng lnh kh. Vng cng
chu nh hng gi ma v kh hu ven bin. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm
trn 1.800 mm nhng phn b khng u, tp trung 70% lng ma vo ma h
(t thng 5 n thng 9) ma kh ko di t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau. Ton
vng nhn c mt lng bc x mt tri ln vi tng x 110120kcal/cm2/nm. Nhit trung bnh nm khong 23oC, nhit trung bnh
thp nht (thng 1) khong 13oC 15oC v cao nht (thng 7) khong 28,5oC.
Tng nhit hot ng trong nm khong 85000C.
Kh khn ln nht v mt thi tit i vi sn xut ca Ninh Bnh l ma
ma bo thng xy ra ng lt, nh hng nghim trng ti sn xut nng
nghip. giao thng vn ti v sinh hot ca nhn dn. Ngoi ra, Ninh Bnh cng
thng xuyn chu nh hng ca mt s ngy nng nng, kh kiu gi Lo vo
ma h.
Thy vn : H thng sng ngi Ninh Bnh bao gm h thng sng y,
sng Hong Long, sng Bi, sng n, sng Vc, sng Lng, sng Vn Sng,
vi tng chiu di 496km, phn b rng khp trong ton tnh. Mt sng sui
bnh qun 0,5km/km2, cc sng thng chy theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam
ra bin ng.
Cc ngun ti nguyn :

44

- t : Ninh Bnh c gn 14.000 ha din tch t t nhin, bao gm cc

loi: t ph sa mi, t ph sa c, t chua, t mn. Trong , t nng nghip
(t ph sa) chim t trng ln nht vi 6.900 ha, chim 46,5% din tch t t
nhin.
- Rng: Din tch rng ca Ninh Bnh ch yu trong khu Vn Quc gia
Cc Phng vi din tch ln n 25.000 ha. y l mt khu rng nguyn sinh
c o, l c s nghin cu khoa hc v thc vt, ng vt v lm hc nhit
i. Rng y thuc loi rng ma nhit i in hnh vi cu trc thm thc
vt nhiu tng (5 tng) trong c 3 tng cy g. Tng tr lng g c khong
1,1 triu m3. Ngoi ra, Ninh Bnh cn c mt s t din tch rng trng, ch yu
thuc i tng rng phng h mi trin khai.
- Khong sn: Ninh Bnh c nhiu loi khong sn, nhng ng k nht
l vi. Tnh c nhiu ni vi vi din tch 1,2 vn ha, tr lng hng chc
t mt khi v hng chc triu tn lmt cht lng tt. y l ngun nguyn
liu ln cho sn xut vt liu xy dng, c bit l xi mng v mt s ha cht.
Ngoi ra, Ninh Bnh cn c t st, phn b ri rc cc vng ni thp thuc th
x Tam ip, cc huyn Gia Vin, Yn M, dng sn xut gch ngi v l
nguyn liu cho ngnh c. Than bn c tr lng 2 triu tn/nm, phn b
Gia Sn, Sn H (Nho Quan) dng sn xut phn vi sinh.
4.1.2.

iu kin kinh t - x hi

Pht trin kinh t

Ninh Bnh u tin cho vic pht trin cng nghip sn xut vt liu xy
dng, c bit l xi mng, , gch. Bn cnh , i phng cn pht trin a
dng ngnh kinh t thu sn, trong nui thu, hi sn l trng tm. Vi cc
khu du lch, danh lam thng cnh ni ting, c bit khu c Hoa L, Tam
Cc Bch ng l th mnh ca tnh trong pht trin du lch.
Kinh t Ninh Bnh ang trn pht trin kh thun li, cc ch s pht
trin nm sau u cao hn nm trc. Nm 2002 so vi nm 1992 (nm u ti
lp tnh), nhp tng trng GDP gp 2,4 ln, bnh qun tng 10,4%/nm; gi
45

tr sn xut nng nghip tng gp 2 ln; cng nghip tng gp 3 ln; thu ngn
sch tng gp 6 ln; vn u t xy dng c bn tng 40 ln...
V nng nghip, hin ton tnh ang s dng 66,3 nghn ha t nng
nghip, chim 47,14% t t nhin. Tuy nhin, qu t ny khng ng u
gia cc vng ng bng v min ni. Trong khu vc ng bng sng Hng,
qu t ca Ninh Bnh l cao nht. Th nhng trn thc t, hin nay bnh qun
t nng nghip s dng tnh trn u ngi thp hn kh nng rt nhiu.
Ngoi ra, tnh cng gp nhiu kh khn khi din tch t nhim mn v ni
vi chim din tch khng nh. Trong c cu sn xut nng nghip th tnh
tng bc thc hin chuyn dch c cu, to th cn i gia trng trt, chn
nui v dch v nng nghip.
V cng nghip, ton b cc ngnh cng nghip quan trng u do cng
nghip trung ng nm gi nh in, ha cht, phn bn, sn phm phi kim loi,
khai thc ... Cng nghip quc doanh a phng gm cc ngnh ch bin kim
loi, sn xut my mc thit b...
V dch v, dch v giao thng vn ti ngy cng pht trin do li th l
trung tm, u mi giao thng vi cc tnh trong Nam ngoi Bc. Mt khc,
hot ng thng mi ca tnh cng ngy cng pht trin v thu ht ngun lao
ng ng k. Du lch trong tnh pht trin vi ngun ti nguyn du lch phong
ph, in hnh l cc hang ng nh Tam Cc, Bch ng..., Vn Quc gia
Cc Phng, qun th di tch Hoa L, qun th kin trc nh th Pht Dim.
Ni chung, Ninh Bnh l tnh c xut pht im thp hn cc tnh trong
khu vc nhng trong nhng nm gn y, kinh t Ninh Bnh lin tc tng trng
mc cao. Nm 2005, ch s nng lc cnh tranh cp tnh xp th 41/42, nm
2006 vn ln xp 18/63 v nm 2007 xp th 24/63, ng th 5 ton min Bc.
Nm 2007, Ninh Bnh cng l mt trong nhng tnh c vn u t nc ngoi
ln ca Vit Nam, xp th 13/63.

46

Nm 2007, thu nhp ngn sch ton tnh t 1.140 t ng, ng th

26/63 tnh thnh trong khi din tch xp th 56/63 v dn s xp th 43/63 so
vi ton quc.
34%

40%
26%

Cng nghip - Xy dng

Nng, lm - Ng nghi p
Dch v

Biu 4.1 C cu kinh t trong GDP nm 2007 :

Dn s, lao ng, vic lm
- Vi quy m dn s nm 2009 l gn 900 nghn ngi. So vi dn s khu
vc ng bng Sng Hng, dn s tnh Ninh Bnh chim 5,6% v bng 1,2%
dn s c nc. Mt dn s ca tnh (khong 675 ngi/km 2) thp hn mt
trung bnh ca vng, d kin di 1 triu ngi n 2020 v ang nm trong
thi k dn s vng, l li th khng nh cung cp ngun lao ng, thun
li trong qun l v khng gy sc p ln i vi pht trin kinh t.
- Ngun lao ng kh v c s lng, cht lng v ang thi k u
vi tng lao ng nm 2008 chim 51,2% dn s (khong 480,3 nghn ngi).
Ninh Bnh c t l lao ng tht nghip th kh thp (3,7%), cht lng
ngun nhn lc c nh gi l kh so vng BSH cng nh c nc. Do vy,
y l mt nhn t rt thun li pht trin kinh t, nht l i vi cc ngnh,
lnh vc th cng m ngh v cng nghip nh s dng nhiu lao ng.
Thc trng pht trin c s h tng
- H thng cung cp in gm c 3 trm bin p 500 KV, 220 KV, 110
KV. Ninh Bnh c 3 h thng ng giao thng, gm ng b, ng thy v
ng st. H thng giao thng ng b gm c quc l 1A, 10, 45, 12B vi
tng chiu di trn 110 km; tnh l gm 19 tuyn v cc ng chnh ca TP

47

Ninh Bnh v th x Tam ip vi tng chiu di hn 293,6 km; huyn l di 79

km v ng giao thng nng thn 1.338 km. Cng vi, ng cao tc Bc Nam ang xy dng s to ra li th cnh tranh trong pht trin, c bit l du
lch. H thng ng thu gm 22 tuyn sng trong Trung ng qun l 4
tuyn (sng y, sng Hong Long, sng Vc v knh nh L) vi tng chiu
di gn 364,3 km. C 3 cng chnh do trung ng qun l l cng Ninh Bnh,
cng Ninh Phc v cng K3 (thuc nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh) cng c
nng cp. Hng lot cc bn xp d hng ho, tu, khu neo trnh tu thuyn
nm trn cc b sng v ca sng, phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi a
phng. Tuyn ng st Bc - Nam qua a bn tnh c chiu di 19 km vi 4
ga (ga Ninh Bnh, ga Cu Yn, ga Gnh v ng Giao), thun li trong vn
chuyn hnh khch v hng ho, nht l vn chuyn vt liu xy dng. H thng
ng st cao tc ang c quy hoch, thit k, khi i vo hot ng s to
thun li ln trong pht trin ca tnh.
- H thng thng tin lin lc, c bit l cp quang, Internet c nng
cp ton din trong thi gian qua, to bc t ph phc v pht trin. y l
cc hng mc h tng k thut rt quan trng cn c quan tm trong tng lai.
4.1.3.

nh gi chung

Thun li
Huyn Kim Sn c h thng giao thng tng i hon chnh, to iu
kin thun li giao lu thng thng hng ho vi cc a bn trong tnh v
trong c nc. Trong thi gian ti huyn c u t xy dng mi v nng cp
nhiu cng trnh h tng c s, m rng, pht trin th v tip nhn cc d n
pht trin cng nghip tiu th cng nghip, thng mi, du lch
+ L huyn c a hnh bng phng, kh hu thun li ph hp vi
ngh trng la nc. Bn cnh ngnh chn nui cng c iu kin pht trin.
+ Kim Sn c lc lng lao ng di do, cc lng ngh ci truyn
thng vn c duy tr v ngy cng m rng l ngun lc quan trng thc y

48

kinh t ca huyn pht trin, hn th na trnh dn tr ngy c nng cao,

thun li cho vic tip thu khoa hc k thut p dng vo sn xut.
Kh khn
+ Lc lng lao ng di do ch yu l lao ng nng
nghip nn tnh trng lao ng nng nhn vn cn ph bin, hin tng lao ng
nng nhn i lm thm thnh ph ln vn cn nhiu. iu lm nh hng
khng nh n vic qun l nhn khu v lao ng.
4.2. Thc trng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot ti X Thng Kim v
Th trn Bnh Minh - Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh
Theo kt qu quan trc cui nm 2005 ca B TN&MT cho kt qu DO t gi
tr rt thp, gi tr COD vt 7-8 ln, BOD5 vt 7 ln. Hin Sng y ang b
nhim cc b vi mc ngy cng gia tng, c bit nc sng cn chu nh
hng ca nhim sng Nhu.
L mt trong 4 tnh nm trong lu vc sng Nhu - y (gm H Ni, H Nam,
Nam nh, Ninh Bnh). Nnh Bnh ang cng vi cc tnh ny gp phn bin
lu vc sng Nhu - y tr thnh mt trong ba lu vc sng ang b nhim
nghim trng nht nc ta. iu l do Ninh Bnh c 1 bi chn lp rc thi l
thin ang b nhim nghim trng. Bi chn lp Thung Qun Kh x ng
Sn cch th x Tam ip 5 km c din tch 6 ha ang phi tip nhn ton b rc
thi thu gom c ca c tnh bao gm rc thi sinh hot v c rc thi cng
nghip. Trong CTR cng nghip nm 2007 l 28.250 tn/nm, d on n
nm 2030 l 59.325 tn/nm. [14]
Cng vi lng cht thi rn cng nghip l lng cht thi sinh hot t hn
900 ngn ngi dn, mt p lc qu ln ln mi trng. Vy c cch no
gim p lc i vi mi trng. Cch duy nht gim lc ln mi trng
chnh l mt phng thc qun l hiu qu t cc ngun pht sinh, phn loi
c cc loi rc thi c th thc hin vic ti ch nhm gim p lc i vi
ti nguyn t. Vy ngun pht sinh CTR sinh hot ti Kim Sn l t nhng

49

ngun no v t l thnh phn mi loi ra sao, nu s dng bin php ti ch

chng ta c th gim c bao nhiu din t cho chn lp cht thi mi nm.
4.2.1.

Ngun pht sinh

Qua iu tra thc a cho thy: Rc thi sinh hot ca x

Thng Kim v Th trn Bnh Minh c pht thi t cc ngun chnh sau:

S 4.1 Ngun pht sinh rc thi ti Bnh Minh v Thng Kim

Ti Thng Kim
L mt trong nhng x u huyn Kim Sn, thnh lp t rt lu. Ngi
dn t cc ni n khai hoang v nh c y t khi Doanh in Nguyn
Cng Tr khai hoang lp p v lp ra huyn Kim Sn. Chnh v th ni y
c b dy lch s v dn s ng c qua nhiu i. Dn s ti Thng Kim
tnh n nm 2011 l 6.653 nhn khu. Ton x c 3 trng hc, 1 trung tm
dy ngh & gii thiu vic lm, 1 ta nh hnh chnh l tr s lm vic ca cc
ban ngnh on th huyn Kim Sn, tr s Ngn hng nng nghip huyn, tr
s ng b huyn, 1 nh ht-rp chiu phim.
Ti Bnh Minh
Tri ngc vi Thng Kim, Bnh Minh li l vng t gn
cui ca huyn Kim Sn, ng ngha vi vic thnh lp sau rt nhiu nm .
Ngi dn y ch yu l dn di c t Qung Tr, hay t huyn Yn M ra. L
mt trong hai th trn ca Huyn Kim Sn nhng dn c Bnh Minh ch yu
lm nng nghip, ngoi ra cn lm m nui c nc ngt. Trn a bn c 13
50

khi dn c, vi 4024 nhn khu, ch bng hn na so vi Thng Kim; c 5

trng hc, 5 c quan n v ( n cng an khu vc, Bu in, ngn hng nng
nghip chi nhnh Bnh Minh, c 1 ch nh (ch tm).
4.2.2.

Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot

Cng vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca vng, dn s tng nhanh

th lng rc thi sinh hot ni chung v CTRSH ni ring trn a bn ngy
cng tng, a dng v thnh phn v chng loi. C Thng Kim v Bnh Minh
u mang c im ca vng sn xut nng nghip nn thnh phn rc thi sinh
hot c t l hu c cao. Ti Thng Kim, ngoi lm nng nghip th nhn dn
cn c ngh ph l an lt cc sn phm t ci, bo bng. Do lng rc thi
pht sinh ti Thng Kim c thm thnh phn ph phm ci, bo bng nn t
l cht hu c d phn hy Thng Kim cao hn. Trong khi t l cht thi
c kh nng ti ch ti Bnh Minh li cao hn l do ti Bnh Minh, lng v
hp v thy tinh cao hn.
100
79.7
80

68.5

Cht hu c d
phn hy
Cht thi c th ti
ch
t v hn hp
khc

60
40
20
0

8.7
Thng
Kim

11.6 16.8 14.7

Bnh
Minh

Biu 4.2 T l % rc hu c d phn hy v v c, hu c kh phn hy

(Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh nm 2012)

T thnh phn cc loi cht thi ta c th thy rng nu u t ti ch th

ta gim c cht thi hu c d phn hy nh bin php sn xut phn vi
sinh phc v sn xut nng nghip ti nh my x l CTR Tam ip ( Thung
Qun Kh, x ng Sn, Th x Tam ip) s dng cng ngh Hn Quc, sn
xut phn compost vi cng sut 200 tn/ngy. Cht thi c th ti ch c th
51

nhp cho cng ty sn xut giy Tin t v Tin Dng ti th x Ninh Bnh, kim
loi cng c th nhp li cho cng ty cn thp Tam ip....
Nh vy chng ta ch cn chn lp mt lng nh cc cht nh t v
cc vt liu khc... t c th gim p lc i vi mi trng t, nht l trong
tnh hnh din tch dnh cho chn lp c tnh mi ch l 6 ha.
4.2.3.

Khi lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh

Bng 4.1 Lng CTRSH pht sinh t khu dn c cc x

im iu tra
X Thng Kim TT Bnh Minh
Lng rc thi bnh qun (kg/h/ngy)
1,7
1,3
Lng rc thi bnh qun (kg/ngi/ngy)
0,5
0,38
S nhn khu
6.653
4.024
S h
1.946
1.177
Tng lng rc thi bnh qun (kg/ngy)
3.308,2
1.530,1
C th thy rng khi lng rc thi sinh hot ti 2 x ca Kim Sn kh
Ch tiu

chnh lnh. Ti Th trn Bnh Minh, lng rc li t hn mt x nh Thng

Kim. Mt iu m nhiu ngi cho rng khng th c chuyn nh th, khng
th rc th trn li t hn 1 x. Tuy nhin li tht d hiu nu nh bit c
ngi dn Thng Kim lm ngh g v Bnh Minh lm ngh g. Ti
Thng Kim v Bnh Minh u l 1 a im thuc vng ng bng ven bin
ca Kim Sn nn u sn xut la go l chnh. Nhng Thng Kim, mi
ngy li c thm mt lng rc thi khc ngoi nhng cht thi chung m mi
vng sn xut nng nghip u c. H an lt cc sn phm t ci, bo bng nn
lng rc ca h tng thm cng ch l cc ph phm t ci v bo bng, chng
l nhng cht thi hu c.
Khi lng rc thi ti 2 a im nghin cu trn so vi cc ni khc nh nm
2002 ti H Ni l 0,98kg/ngi/ngy, Nng l 0,76 kg/ngi/ngy, cho n
nay con s ny tng ln rt nhiu. C th nhn thy lng rc Kim Sn
khng ln nh cc th ln Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin nu khng c bin php qun l cht ch th tnh trng nhim mi
trng do ngi dn x rc ba bi ch l vic mt sm mt chiu.
52

4.3. Thc trng qun l rc thi sinh hot ti th trn Bnh Minh v
x Thng Kim ca Huyn Kim Sn
4.3.1.

C cu v t chc qun l rc thi ti Ninh Bnh

UBND Ninh Bnh

Cng ty Mi trng v
Cng trnh th

UBND phng, x

H gia nh, c quan, ni

cng cng...

i v sinh
cp x

S 4.2 T chc qun l rc thi ti Ninh Bnh

Cc Vn bn php lut ang c p dng
Hin nay, Vit Nam xy dng c 1 khung php l ph hp i vi
cc hot ng BVMT ni chung v qun l cht thi rn ni ring, c th k n
mt s vn bn nh:
- Lut BVMT c Quc hi thng qua ngy 27 thng 12 nm 1993 v c
hiu lc t ngy 10 thng 01 nm 1994. Nay c thay th bng Lut BVMT
nm 2005 c Quc hi thng qua chnh thc c hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 7
nm 2006.
- Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020
vi nhng mc tiu c th l t l thu gom CTR sinh hot t 90%, x l v tiu
hu 60% cht thi nguy hi v 100% cht thi y t c quan ch tr v trin khai
thc hin l B TN&MT.
Bn cnh c cc hng dn v qun l v x l cht thi rn. y l
53

cng c hu hiu trong qun l cht thi rn, cc vn bn quy phm php lut v
cht thi rn nh:
- Thng t Lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT - BKHCNMT - BXD ngy 18
thng 1 nm 2001 hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic
la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn;
- Ch th s 23/2005/CT - TTg ngy 21 thng 6 nm 2005 ca Th tng
chnh ph v y mnh cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng
nghip;
- Ngh nh s 65/2006/N - CP ngy 23 thng 6 nm 2006 ca Chnh
ph v t chc hot ng ca Thanh tra Ti nguyn v Mi trng;
- Quyt nh s 224/QB - BTNMT ngy 06 thng 10 nm 2006 ca B
trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ph duyt ni dung v d on D
n Xy dng m hnh v trin khai th im vic phn loi, thu gom v x l
rc thi sinh hot cho cc khu th mi;
- Ngh nh 59/2007/N - CP ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph
v Qun l cht thi rn;
- Thng t s 13/2007/TT - BXD ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2007 ca B Xy
Dng v vic Hng dn mt s iu ca N s 59/2007/N - CP ca Chnh
ph v Qun l cht thi rn;
- Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v x pht
vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc mi trng;
Trong nhng nm qua UBND tnh Ninh Bnh c rt nhiu c gng
trong cng tc qun l, gim st cht lng mi trng. Hin nay, cng vi vic
thc hin cc vn bn ca Nh nc v Chnh ph th tnh Ninh Bnh cng nh
Huyn Kim Sn c nhng vn bn v vic thc hin cng tc qun l rc thi
bao gm:
- Ngh quyt s 22/2011/NQ-HND tnh Ninh Bnh k hp th III kha
VIII, ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 v ban hnh quy nh danh mc v mc thu v
qun l, s dng cc khon ph, l ph trn a bn tnh Ninh Bnh;
54

- Ngh quyt s 04-NQ/HU ca Ban thng v Huyn y v tng cng

lnh o cng tc qun l v sinh mi trng v nc sch;
- K hoch s 24/KH-UBND Huyn Kim Sn v tng cng cng tc
qun l v sinh mi trng v nc sch;
- Quy ch qun l rc thi ti cc x, th trn.
4.3.2.

Thc trng qun l

Thc trng cng tc qun l ti Bnh Minh:

Cng tc qun l rc thi trn a bn th trn Bnh Minh ang mc rt
thp, cha c i v sinh thu gom rc thi, khng theo di c tnh hnh pht
sinh rc thi ca th trn. Tnh trng ngi dn x rc ba bi ni cng cng
ang din ra ngy cng ph bin. Cho ti by gi th trn mi ang tin hnh
xy dng phng n thu gom rc thi cu ly v p th.
Thc trng cng tc qun l ti x Thng Kim
Cng tc qun l rc thi ti X Thng Kim c s khc bit ng k.
Cch y 7 nm, x mnh dn u t tin ca v thnh lp t thu gom rc
thi, thu gom c 5 xm trn a bn. Nh theo di c tnh hnh pht sinh
cht thi m c k hoch thu gom hp l, cch 1 ngy li thu gom v a ln xe
ch n bi rc Tam ip. Nm u tin i thu gom ch gm 2 ngi tham
gia vo cng tc thu gom vi nhng iu khon tha thun gia ngi thu gom
v x, cho ti nay i thu gom c ti 10 thnh vin. Tuy nhin, vic qun l
tn xut thu gom rc y cha c cht ch. Theo phn nh ca ngi dn
x Thng Kim th ngi i thu gom rc thng xuyn khng i thu gom
ng lch nh x quy nh l 2 ngy/1 ln, c nhng khi 3 hay 4 ngy mi i
thu gom 1 ln. y l li do s qun l thiu cht ch ca nhng ngi c trch
nhim ti x mi xy ra hin tng nh trn.

4.3.3.

Thc trng cng tc thu gom (Ti Thng Kim) [15]

S lng lao ng:

55

Lc lng lao ng tham gia cng tc v sinh mi trng trong t thu

gom rc thi ca Thng Kim c bin ch 10 ngi, chnh l thnh vin ca
cc xm, mi xm 2 ngi. Nhng lao ng ny c UBND x tuyn theo
hnh thc t nguyn ng k tham gia theo n v xm, mi xm u tin 2
ngi, nu xm khng c ai th s ly ngi xm khc. Sau khi ng k s
k hp ng lao ng v c quyt nh cho tng thnh vin, t thu gom c c
cu gm 1 t trng, 1 t ph.
Thnh phn v tin cng thu gom
Trong x khng c ch v th rc xm no th thnh vin t thu gom ti
xm c trch nhim thu gom, tin cng thu gom c ly t vic thu ph ca
ngi dn trong tng xm, xm no ng dn th ngi thu gom c nhiu tin
hn v phi thu gom lng rc ln hn.
Tn sut thu gom l 2 ngy/1 ln, thu gom vo bui chiu. Ngi thu gom
sau khi thu gom rc s vn chuyn v chn cu ch X xe ca trung tm mi
trng th huyn n ch.
Tin cng c th ph thuc vo s h dn ca tng xm v cc n
v hnh chnh s nghip trn a bn xm.
H gia nh
10.000
Doanh nghip sn xut ci, bo bng
30.000/thng
Trng hc(cp I,II, mm non)
20.000/ thng
Trng bn cng+TTGDTX
30.000/thng
Trm in
20.000/thng
h git m ln
15.000/thng
My st
10.000/thng
Tin ph v sinh ny s c cc ng b xm trng thu, np v UBND
x tr lng cho cng nhn thu gom. Ngoi UBND x cn trch tin ng bo
him y t cho mi cng nhn thu gom.
Bng 4.2 Lng ngi, tn sut v tin cng ca ngi thu gom rc
Tn xm
Xm 3
Xm 4

S ngi thu

Tn sut thu gom

Tin cng (nghn

gom
2
2

(ngy/ln)
2
2

ng/ngi/thng)
635.000
770.000

56

Vinh Ngoi
2
2
Ph Vinh
2
2
An C
2
2
An C c 163 h dn + Trng cp 1
Vinh Ngoi c 203 h dn + Trng mm non
Xm 3 c 125 h dn + Trng cp 2
Thit b v phng tin thu gom

1.025.000
535.000
825.000
Ph Vinh c 107 h dn
Xm 4 c 154 h dn

Thit b v phng tin thu gom ca x rt n gin gm: 1 chi, 1 xng, 2

b qun o bo h lao ng, 1 i ng, 2 i gng tay, 5 khu trang, 1 xe y rc
400 lt. Nhng trang thit b ny do thn u t cho 1 ngi thu gom/nm. [15]
UBND x Thng Kim ang c k hoch trin khai thu gom rc trn a
bn ton x v s hp ng vi Trung tm mi trng huyn ch nt s rc
cc im dn c cn li.
4.4.

Thi ca nh qun l, cng nhn thu gom, h gia nh i

vi cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot

4.4.1.

Thi ca nh qun l
Nm 2012 UBND huyn Kim Sn quyt nh thnh lp trung

tm mi trng th huyn trc thuc qun l ca phng ti nguyn & mi

trng, c chc nng nhim v t chc thu gom rc thi ti cc x c t thu
gom rc thi v hng dn cc x, th trn cn li trong huyn t chc thnh lp
t v sinh mi trng v ng k xe ch rc ca huyn xung ch. iu cho
thy cc nh qun l c ci nhn ng v tnh bc thit ca mi trng hin
nay, cng ng ngha vi vic h cho mi ngi thy h c quan tm n mi
trng. Tuy nhin nhn nhn thc t vn ny th li thy tm nhn ca h qu
ngn. C th nhn nh iu ny khi nhn vo i ng cn b, nhn vin phng
ti nguyn & mi trng cng nh trung tm mi trng th huyn, 100%
nhn vin u l nhng ngi hc v qun l t ai hoc cc chuyn ngnh
khc khng lin quan n mi trng.
Theo iu tra thc t cho thy, nhng ngi c trch nhin trong vic
qun l, x l rc thi sinh hot ti huyn cng nh cc x, th trn cha c s

57

quan tm st xao n cng vic ca mnh dn n tnh trng qun l cha cht
ch vn thu gom, x l rc thi.
Mt khc nhng ngi chu trch nhim qun l ny thiu kin thc
chuyn mn cn thit cho cng vic ca mnh. Do vic tuyn truyn cho
ngi dn hiu trch nhim v ngha v ca mnh trong vic bo v mi trng
l rt km.
Khi c hi v gii php cho vn v sinh mi trng trn a bn th
trn Bnh Minh th cc nh qun l lc u. Bi cha thnh lp c t v sinh
mi trng, cha th thu gom c lng rc trong nhn dn. Hin tng ngi
dn x rc thi ba bi ra mi trng hin ti a phng cha tm c gii
php thch hp ngn chn. b tr lc lng cng an trc bt cc i tng
x rc, nhng li xut hin hin tng x rc trm khi lc lng cng an trong
gi lm vic ti tr s. Trc mt UBND ang xy dng phng n thu gom,
sau s tin hnh thu gom rc trn a bn cc khi dn c nm trn trc
ng 481 v cc khi dn c khu trung tm. Khi t v sinh i vo hot ng n
nh s tin hnh thu gom trn a bn ton th trn. C nh th mi c th ngn
chn hin tng x rc ba bi ni cng cng.
4.4.2.

Thi ca ngi thu gom

Theo kt qu phng vn ngi thu gom rc thi ca cc thn h u phn

nh l nhn c mc lng cha tha ng, c th: x Yn Lc ch l
350.000-450.000/ thng, mc lng thp nh vy l do chnh quyn x t chc
thu ph theo quyt nh ca hi ng nhn dn tnh Ninh Bnh, x Thng
Kim th c kh hn mi ngi nhn c khong 530.000-1.025.000/ thng,
c c mc lng cao nh vy l do chnh quyn a phng quyt nh thu
theo h, mi h 10.000, ton b s tin thu ph c dng tr lng cho
cng nhn thu gom rc, khng trch li bt c 1% no. Ngoi lng ra h cha
c ch i ng no ngoi 1 th bo him y t/ nm, 1 chi, 1 xng, 2 b qun
o bo h lao ng, 1 i ng, 2 i gng tay, 5 khu trang, 1 xe y rc 400 lt,
trong khi h phi tip xc vi mi hi thi t rc thi.
58

Khi c hi v thc ca ngi dn trn a bn x Thng Kim c ti

90% ngi dn trong x, ni c t thu gom dn chp hnh tt vic rc
ng ni quy nh, bn cch vn c hnh vi rc ra nhng ni cng cng
mt cch ba bi khng ng ni quy nh.
4.4.3.

Thi ca h gia nh
Ti Thng Kim

+ Mc ph v sinh hng thng: Cc thn trn a bn th trn u thu mc ph

chi tr cho cng tc thu gom v x l rc thi. Tuy nhin c thn thu theo nhn
khu (X Yn Lc 1.000 ng/ngi/thng; Nhiu x t chc thu theo h gia
nh, trong x Thng Kim t chc thu 10.000/h, ngoi ra thu trng hc
l 20.000, cc h sn xut, kinh doanh cng thu vi gi cao hn thu cc h gia
nh. Tuy nhin c mt vi h li khng ng ph v sinh v cho rng h khng
c my rc thi v h c th t x l c khng cn thu gom.

27%

9%

64%
Cao

Ph hp

Hi thp

Biu 4.3 nh gi ca ngi dn v mc thu ph ti Thng Kim

(Ngun: Kt qu phng vn ngi dn v mc thu ph)
+ a im thng xuyn rc: Kt qu iu tra v kho st thc t cho thy
a im thng xuyn rc ca cc h gia nh ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi
quen ca ngi dn, quy nh chung ca tng xm. Nhn chung cc h gia nh
thng rc khu vc xung quanh nh mnh nh trc ng, l ng ni xe
y rc i qua... sau c ngi n thu gom. Tuy nhin vn c cc trng hp
rc sai quy nh, tin u .
+ kin ca ngi dn v cht lng ca dch v thu gom rc thi:

59

13%

60%
27%
tt

trung bnh

cha tt

Biu 4.4 nh gi ca ngi dn v cht lng thu gom RTSH ti Thng

Kim
Mt phn nh s ngi c hi phn nh thi ca ngi thu gom cn
cha tt, ch thu gom rc ca cc h gia nh ti nylon, x hoc bao ti,
khng qut dn ng lng, ng xm v rc ri vi
Nh vy, cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn rc thi sinh hot vn cn tn ti
nhng hn ch nht nh cn phi khc phc.
Ti Bnh Minh
Ti Bnh Minh hin cha c t v sinh mi trng, rc thi cha c thu
gom, cn vt trn lan ra mi trng gy mt m quan mi trng th.
Tin hnh kho st trn a bn pht hin trn qung ng 2 km dc theo
con sng chnh i qua a bn th trn c ti 10 im rc thi t pht, lu lu
ngi dn mi t mt ln, mt im rc thi t pht cnh trng tiu hc
th khng bao gi c ai t, lu lu UBND li phi cho ngi x l.
Di y l mt trong s cc im rc thi t pht ti Bnh Minh

60

Hnh 4.2 im rc thi t pht ti Khi 10 th trn Bnh Minh

Khi c hi gia nh sn sng tr bao nhiu tin thu gom rc thi th
c ti 70% s h sn sng tr 10-15 ngn ng/ thng, 16,7% s h sn sng tr
8000/thng, 13,3% s h ni rng s t thu gom v t trong vn nh, khng
cn phi thu gom.
C ti 46% s h phn loi rc trc khi vt b, cn li l vt chung vi
nhau. Trong s 46% ny th hu ht l h t t nhng cht kh phn hy sau
khi thi b, nhng cht d phn hy nh cng rau, hoa qu th b vo gc cy
trong vn nh.
4.4.4.

Cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc ngi dn v v sinh mi

trng
+ Hot ng tuyn truyn vn rc thi ni ring v vn v sinh mi
trng ni chung mi ch mang tnh cht pht ng, cha c trin khai lin
tc. Cng tc tuyn truyn ch yu l nh cc cuc hp ca hi ph n, hi
trng hi ph n qun trit ti cc hi vin, thnh thong mi c bi vit tuyn
truyn c trn loa pht thanh.
Kt qu iu tra h gia nh cho thy ti Thng Kim khi c hi
thng xuyn nghe h thng pht thanh ca x tuyn truyn v vn v sinh
mi trng; 57% tr li thnh thong nghe; 29% khng v 14% cha tng

61

nghe. Ti Bnh Minh 63% tr li thnh thong nghe, 25% tr li khng ,

12% cha tng nghe.
63
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

57
Thnh thong

29

25

Khng

14

12

C ha nghe

Bnh
Minh

Thng
Kim

Biu 4.5 Hiu qu ca phng tin truyn thanh

T biu trn ta c th thy rng cng tc tuyn truyn Bnh Minh l
thng xuyn hn Thng Kim. Tuy nhin nhng hnh nh di y li cho
chng ta mt kt qu tri ngc vi kt qu tuyn truyn trn.
Mt s hnh nh khi qut tnh hnh rc thi ti 2 a bn nghin cu

Hnh 4.3 on sng n chy qua a

Hnh 4.4 on sng chy qua a bn

bn Thng Kim

th trn Bnh Minh

Phi chng cng tc gio dc, tuyn truyn cha pht huy c hiu qu
trn thc t, hay v cha c bin php thu gom nn d nghe tuyn truyn th
ngi dn cng khng th t x l khi m din tch t gia nh qu cht hp.
4.5.

Nhng hn ch trong cng tc qun l rc thi sinh hot trn

a bn Huyn Kim Sn Tnh Ninh Bnh.

62

+ Cha c h thng qun l cht thi chung ti tt c cc x, th trn. Thc

hin Ngh nh 92/2010/N-CP, mi x, th trn tng cng thm cn b a
chnh xy dng, tuy nhin ch th trn mi c cn b v mng mi trng nhng
li phi kim nhim qu nhiu cng vic nh xy dng, giao thng, mi trng,
th, cng vic qu nhiu nn khng th theo di ht v kp thi tt c cc
mng nn vn thu gom v phn nh ca ngi dn cha c ch gii
quyt.
+ Vic p dng cc vn bn php lut trong cng tc qun l v x l rc
thi cha pht huy c trong thc t, cha p dng cc hnh pht i vi ngi
rc khng ng ni quy nh. Trong ngy 24/3/2012 ngy u tin on cng
tc bo v mi trng ca Bnh Minh ra qun theo di v bt gi cc i tng
x rc thi ni cng cng. Tuy nhin sau khi bt gi li cha c bin php rn e
lm gng cho cc i tng khc.
+ Thiu s u t cho cng tc qun l cht thi. C th l trang thit b
thu gom, vn chuyn cn thiu, c, lc hu cha p ng c yu cu cn thit.
Mc ph v sinh mi trng cn cha hp l, cha cng bng, cha p ng y
v ng mc cho cng tc qun l rc thi.
+ Cng tc qun l cn thiu cht ch dn n khng theo di c tn
xut thu gom c ng nh quy nh hay khng i vi cc x thnh lp t thu
gom, v cng khng theo di c lng rc thi pht sinh trn ton x. i vi
th trn th iu ny cng khng th khi th trn Bnh Minh cha c bt k mt
phng thc thu gom tp trung no.
+ thc ca ngi dn cha cao, vn cn hin tng rc khng ng
quy nh lm mt m quan, tng thm s vt v ca cng nhn thu gom.
+ Vic thu gom rc thi mi ch dng li vic rc t cc dng c
cha rc ca cc h gia nh, cha ch n vic qut dn ng lng, ng xm
(tr khu Ph) i vi cc x thnh lp t thu gom rc.
+ Trn a bn huyn hon ton cha c ph bin v phn loi rc thi
nn nhn thc ca ngi nhn cn km. Nhiu ngi cn cho rng rc l th b
63

i khng cn mt cng phn loi. Mt s h nhn thc c tm quan trng ca

phn loi rc th cho rng kh c th thc hin trong iu kin hin nay khi m
c phn loi th lc thu gom cc loi rc vn c chung vi nhau.
+ Rc thi cha c em i x l ton b, mi ch c mt s x v khu
vc th trn Pht Dim l c trung tm mi trng th vn chuyn rc i x
l, cn li rc thi sau thu gom ti mt s xm trong cc x ch c ti bi
rc l thin ca xm. Mt s x cn cha c h thng thu gom nh th trn
Bnh Minh. Mt khc vic t rc ti nhng bi rc l thin gy nn tnh
trng nhim khng kh m i tng phi chu s nhim ny chnh l ngi
dn sng trong cc xm, khi dn c lm tn hi n sc khe ngi dn. Mt
iu ng lu l hin tng rc thi sinh hot cn b vt ti mt s khu vc
cm nh ti im trng tiu hc Bnh Minh, ngay ni m cc chu nh hc tp,
thi gian cc chu ti trng l 8 ting/ngy.
4.6.

D bo lng rc thi ti huyn Kim Sn

T l tng dn s t nhin ca Bnh Minh l khong 0,7%, ca huyn Kim

Sn l 0,96% do c th tnh ton c dn s cng nh lng rc ton huyn
n nm 2020.
Bng 4.2 D bo dn s n nm 2020
Nm
Dn s d bo (ngi)
2008
169.086
2009
173.583
2010
173.394
2011
174.369
2020
187.681
(Ngun: Trung tm dn s KHHG huyn Kim Sn)
Cng vi s pht trin ngy cng tng ca kinh t, mc sng tng cao v
s a dng v cc ngnh ngh dch v v ti y, sau nm 2020 tuyn du lch
Nh th o Cn M ca Kim Sn i vo hot ng s l mt lng ln
khch du lch cng vi cc lao ng ni khc tp trung v th thnh phn v
tnh cht ca rc thi sinh hot cng s thay i a dng phong ph hn nhiu.
Mi ch tnh ring huyn Kim Sn nm 2020 vi 187.681 ngi trn tng s
64

gn 47 ngn h, lng rc thi c cho l ch bng mc 1,3kg/h ca Bnh Minh

th lng rc l 61 tn/ngy, trong khi bi rc Tam ip phi cha lng
rc ton tnh, nh vy chc chn s gy p lc v din tch bi thi, p lc
n cnh quan v mi trng.
T cng thc tnh th tch bi chn lp : V =

P *W
* R Trong P: dn s
D

(ngi); W: lng cht thi rn tnh trn u ngi; D : t trng cht thi (0,520,95 tn/m3); R: T l th tch cht bao ph (1,25-1,35).
Theo nh mc pht sinh rc thi sinh hot ti cc th ti nm 2020, i
vi th loi IV,V th nh mc 0,7-0,8kg/ng.ng . Ta c c kt qu:
V =

187681 * 0,7
* 1,25 = 315809,38 m3.
0,52

Theo thit k bi chn lp th chiu cao mi chn lp l 12-15m. Nh

vy cn c din tch chn lp l 21053,96m2.
Tng din tch bi chn lp = 21053,96+20% din tch bi chn lp l
phn din tch qun l+10% din tch bi chn lp l ng ni b
=21053,96+4210,79+2105,39 = 27370,14m2.
Ch tnh ring huyn Kim Sn, con s rt khng l. th lm php tnh
vi dn s ton tnh Ninh Bnh thi im hin ti, cha tnh n lng khch
du lch tng i ln v Ninh Bnh.
Theo s liu ca Tng cc thng k nm 2010, dn s ton tnh Ninh
Bnh l 900,6 ngn ngi. Cng tnh tng t nh trn ta c c kt qu
71297,5m2 = 7,2 ha, trong khi Ninh Bnh ch c 1 bi chn lp rc c din
tch 6 ha. iu cho thy, nu khng c cc hng i khc, khng thu gom,
phn loi c hng x l thay v em chn lp th Ninh Bnh khng th p
ng c nhu cu thu gom v x l CTR ton tnh. Cng chnh v th nn cc
huyn cn c nhng bin php v qun l v x l thch hp c th kim sot
c lng rc thi pht sinh hng ngy v gi gn c mi trng sng trong
lnh.

65

Trong quy hoch nng thn mi, y ban nhn dn tnh Ninh Bnh, cng
nh y ban nhn dn huyn Kim Sn ch o tt c cc x, th trn trong quy
hoch nng thn mi phi quy hoch c 1 v tr tp kt rc thi c din tch
500-1000 m2.
4.7. xut mt s bin php qun l, x l rc thi sinh hot trn
a bn Huyn Kim Sn
4.7.1.

V c ch chnh sch
+ H thng qun l rc thi, c cu phi hp t chc v cc ban

ngnh phi tht ng b. Ban hnh cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc t chc
tham gia thu gom, x l rc thi sinh hot. Hng nm u phi xy dng cc k
hoch qun l rc thi trn ton huyn. Lp bo co nh k 6 thng 1 ln
UBND huyn ch o gii quyt thc hin.
+ Vic xy dng chnh sch qun l rc thi phi c xy dng
ng b vi cc cng c kinh t ph hp nhm thay i hnh vi t p buc sang
khuyn khch. Phi c bin php c th ngn cm cc c s sn xut kinh doanh,
dch v... rc thi khng ng ni quy nh, t chc kim tra c th x l
vi phm theo Lut bo v mi trng....
4.7.2.

Bin php qun l rc thi sinh hot

Trong giai on hin nay, thc hin nhim v qun l mi

trng ni chung v qun l rc thi sinh hot ni ring, ta c th p dng nhiu

cng c khc nhau nh: cng c php lut, cng c kinh t, gio dc cng
ngnhm nng cao thc, trch nhim ca ngi dn trong cng tc bo v
mi trng .
Vi d bo lng rc thi pht sinh trong thi gian ti s t ra nhng yu
cu cp bch trong cng tc qun l rc thi ti th trn Bnh Minh v ti x
Thng Kim ni ring cng nh huyn Kim Sn ni chung, chnh v vy cn
phi c nhng bin php qun l thch hp. Trong giai on hin nay, thc
hin nhim v qun l mi trng ni chung v qun l rc thi sinh hot ni
ring, ta c th p dng nhiu cng c khc nhau nh: cng c php lut, cng
66

c kinh t, gio dc cng ngnhm nng cao thc, trch nhim bo v mi

trng cho a bn nghin cu ton th trn Bnh Minh, x Thng Kim, sau
l thc hin trn ton huyn Kim Sn.
+ Thnh lp b my qun l mi trng, phi hp vi nhau nm vng
c tnh hnh mi trng chung ca a bn nghin cu, nng cao hiu qu
qun l. Mi x ri n mi xm, khi dn c c ngi ph trch qun l v
mi trng. o to h thng cn b, nhn vin gim st vi nhng k nng
chuyn mn cn thit, gip thc y tt hn qu trnh phn loi rc v nng cao
thc cng ng, c phong cch lm vic chuyn nghip. Cc nhm chuyn
trch s c cp kinh ph trong sut qu trnh hot ng.
Thc hin phn loi rc ti ngun t cc h dn, cc c quan theo 3 loi:
rc thi hu c, rc thi v c ti ch c, rc thi v c em chn lp.
Cung cp cc phng tin, trang thit b cng tc thu gom, vn
chuyn v x l rc thi t hiu qu cao. u tin u t kinh ph cho vic
nghin cu ci tin h thng thit b k thut cc phng tin chuyn dng nh
xe vn chuyn rc, xe p rc...., u t nhiu hn cho cng tc mi trng thay
v mi nm, mi x th trn ch c 15 triu ng, s tin t i khin cc x, th
trn kh lng mnh tay u t mt lot phng tin thu gom p ng c yu
cu.
Hp l cc tuyn thu gom v tuyn vn chuyn. Trong tuyn thu
gom phi c cc im tp trung rc tm thi, khng thi gian lu gi di s
nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. Tuyn vn chuyn khng nn i qua cc
khu vc dn c ng c, cc khu vc nhy cm.
u t ngn sch cho cc d n quy hoch khu x l rc thi. Vi
c im rc hu c chim ti 71,4%-79,7% th vic xy dng nh my ch bin
phn bn t rc l cn thit gim lng rc cn chn lp.
V lch trnh v cch thc thu gom, cn thng xuyn theo di v
nghin cu c th sao cho chi ph thu gom thp nhng t hiu qu cao.
Ngoi ra, c th s dng ch phm EM nhm lm tng qu trnh phn hu rc,
67

gim mi hi t khi rc v hn ch c cc cn trng gy bnh...cho cc im

trung chuyn v bi cha rc.
i vi cng nhn thu gom rc cn trang b y cc dng c lao
ng v bo h lao ng nhm to iu kin lm vic an ton, khng lm nh
hng n sc kho ca cng nhn.
4.7.3.

V thu ph BVMT
Nhm duy tr cng tc qun l rc thi trn a bn, cn thc hin

tt qu trnh vn ng cc h dn, cc h sn xut kinh doanh tch cc tham

gia. Mc thu ph hin nay phi c ngi dn thng nht cao v th hin trong
hp ng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi gia ch ngun thi v n v
qun l hot ng ny. Mc tnh thu ph nn da trn s nhn khu trong gia
nh. i vi nhng h ng nhn khu th mc thu ph phi cao ln. Do vy
mc thu ph ny tng ln s gip cho vic u t trang thit b trong vic thu
gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi.
4.7.4.

X hi ho cng tc thu gom rc thi

Vic x hi ho thu gom v x l rc thi cn c tin hnh nhn

rng trn ton huyn. Cc i v sinh mi trng ti cc thn, xm ngy cng

c nng cao v cht lng. Theo kin ngi dn trong thnh ph vic thu
gom v vn chuyn rc thi cn t hiu qu cao hn na trnh khi thay i
thi tit th khng b nhim mi trng. Khu qut dn v sinh trn ng ph
cn c ch trnh gy bi cho ngi i ng. i v sinh mi trng
cn lm thng xuyn, ng gi lch thu gom v hng dn nhn dn cch thu
gom rc thi m bo v sinh mi trng. Hn na i v sinh cn thu gom rc
vo ngoi gi hnh chnh cn b cng chc c th rc ngay ln xe m
khng phi tp trung vo cc im cng cng gy nhim cnh quan, mi
trng. Ngoi ra cn tp hun cho cn b v phng thc qun l rc theo 3R
nhanh chng p dng c trong thc t.
to iu kin thun li cho cng tc ny, cn sm ban hnh
chnh sch h tr cho cc t chc, c nhn thc hin thu gom rc thi n tng
68

thn, xm.
Trin khai cc chng trnh d n, cc cuc pht ng phong tro
v thu gom v x l rc thi ti a phng do cc t chc, c nhn u t,
hng dn v khoa hc v cng ngh khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng
ng vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng.
Huy ng lc lng ca cc t chc on th nh: thanh nin, hi
ph n, hi nng dn, hi cu chin binh...v nhn dn cc x, phng, th trn,
thn, lng, c quan ng trn a bn tch cc tham gia vo cng tc thu gom v
x l rc thi sinh hot t hiu qu cao nht.
Trn ton Huyn Kim Sn cn thc hin phn loi rc thi ti ngun theo
phng thc 3R. thc hin c iu ny chng ta cn ci tin phng tin
cha rc thi c, thay th ti nylon thu rc bng thng rc 3R W (Reduce:
gim thiu, Reuse: s dng li, Recycle: ti ch - Water: nc). Thng rc 3R W c v ngoi l hnh hp bng nha plastic c kch thc 0,4 x 0,6 x 0,5m v
c np y. Bn trong thng c 3 thng nh ng rc ri c th ly ra cho vo
c, c 3 mu khc nhau cha cc loi rc khc nhau kch thc 0,4 x 0,2 x
0,4m. Pha di y mi thng nh l khoang rng cha nc thi, dung dch
lng thot ra t 3 thng A, B, C c kch thc 0,6 x 0,4 x 0,1m.
- Thng mu xanh l cy dng cha rc hu c, c th phn hu nh:
thc phm tha, cnh cy, l cy....
- Thng mu nm gia cha rc v c c th ti ch c, rc
khng th phn hu c nh nilon, thu tinh v....
- Thng mu vng dng cha cc cht c hi, nguy him, cn thu
gom x l ring. Khi rc thi l cht c hi c dch lng th ly nt cao su
nt li l nh.
Ty theo mi h gia nh, c quan, trng hc, Cng ty c th thay i
kch thc, s thng nh cha rc. V d: h gia nh c th thay th thng
nh mu vng bng thng cha rc mu xanh hay mu .
Khi h gia nh i rc, rc thng no s c vo thng mu .
69

Cng nhn i thu rc lun km theo 3 thng khc nhau. Vi xe ch rc chuyn

dng khng phi ci tin phng tin ch thay i thi gian thu gom rc trong
ngy.

Hnh 4.5: Cu to thng cha rc 3R - W

4.7.5.

Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn

+ Nhn thc ca ngi dn v qun l rc thi, cc tc ng n

mi trng v sc kho do nhim rc cn mc thp, do cn xy dng

chng trnh nng cao nhn thc nhm mc ch ph bin kin thc v qun l
rc, bo v mi trng n mi t chc, c nhn trn a bn ton huyn Kim
Sn. nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn c th thng qua cc phng tin
thng tin i chng nh bo, i, pan, p phch, khu hiu hng ng... T
chc cc chin dch truyn thng, y mnh cc phong tro gi gn ng ph
xanh - sch - p....
+ i tng m cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc nn hng n l: Tr em
v thanh thiu nin; nhng ngi lm ch doanh nghip, ca hng, trung tm
thng mi..; hnh chnh cng cng v tt c cc tng lp nhn dn trong ton
x, th trn. i vi vn bo v mi trng ni chung v rc thi sinh hot

70

ni ring th nng cao nhn thc cng nh thc ca ngi dn vic lm rt

quan trng, n quyt nh hiu qu ca vn bo v mi trng sng bi c
c mi trng trong sch th khng ch l s c gng ca mt vi ngi m
cn c s quan tm ca ton x hi th mi c th thc hin c. Gio dc cho
hc sinh t trong nh trng, t nh, v cha m, ngi ln phi lm gng.
Trong chng trnh hc ti nh trng nn dnh ra gi ngoi kha thc hin
vn ny. Ngoi ra B GD&T nn thay i chng trnh hc ca hc sinh,
nn c thm 1 b mn v gio dc nhn thc ca con ngi i vi c mi
trng na ch khng n thun ch l mn o c cp 1 hay mn Gio
dc cng dn cp 2 nh hin nay.
+ a tiu ch bo v mi trng vo vic nh gi gia nh vn ha.
Nhng gia nh c thc trch nhim trong vic bo v mi trng s c
tuyn dng v nhng gia nh thiu thc cng s b nu tn trn loa pht
thanh hng ngy.
4.7.6.

Bin php cng ngh

Theo xu th pht trin kinh t nh hin nay th trong thi gian ti thnh

phn v tnh cht rc thi sinh hot s phc tp hn trc rt nhiu, l s gia
tng v khi lng cng nh thnh phn rc thi do cn c nhng bin php
x l thch hp va p ng c nhu cu gim p lc cht thi ln mi trng,
va p ng c kh nng kinh t ca a phng.
Hin nay phng php c u tin bt k quc gia no chnh l ti ch
cht thi.Tm hiu k cc li ch t vic ti ch cht thi c hng i ph hp
i vi a phng
Li ch kinh t t ti ch ti mt s a phng
Phn loi cht thi rn mang li nhiu li ch kinh t. Trc ht, n to
ngun nguyn liu sch cho sn xut phn compost. Cht thi rn th c 1416 thnh phn, trong phn ln c kh nng ti sinh, ti ch nh nylon, thy
tinh, nha, giy, kim loi, cao su... Khi lng cht thi rn c th phn hy (rc
thc phm) chim khong 71,4-79,7%, cn lng cht thi rn c kh nng ti
71

sinh ti ch chim khong 25%. Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot thi ra hng
ngy TP.HCM chim khong 6.000 tn. Vi t l va nu th hng ngy, khi
lng cht thi rn thc phm chim khong 4.500 tn. Nu bit tn thu rc thc
phm, x hi s thu c hng trm t ng t vic gim chi ph chn lp rc v
bn phn compost.
Chi ph x l 1 tn cht thi rn sinh hot l 250.000 ng. Nu mang
4.500 tn rc thc phm i chn lp, thnh ph mt hn 1,1 t ng cho vic x
l s rc ny. Gim khi lng rc mang i chn lp, din tch t phc v cho
vic chn lp rc cng s gim ng k. Bn cnh , thnh ph cng s gim
c gnh nng chi ph trong vic x l nc r rc cng nh x l mi.
Li ch mi trng
Ngoi li ch kinh t c th tnh ton c, vic phn loi cht thi rn ti
ngun cn mang li nhiu li ch i vi mi trng. Khi gim c khi lng
cht thi rn sinh hot phi chn lp, khi lng nc r rc s gim. Nh ,
cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng cng s gim ng k nh: gim ri ro
trong qu trnh x l nc r rc, gim nhim ngun nc ngm, nc mt...
Din tch bi chn lp thu hp s gp phn hn ch hiu ng nh knh do
kh ca bi chn lp. cc bi chn lp, cc kh chnh gy nn hiu ng nh
knh gm CH4, CO2, NH3. Theo bo co u t chng trnh khu x l cht thi
rn a Phc, tng ng vi mt tn cht thi rn sinh hot lu lng kh to ra
l 266 m3, trong ch yu l kh CH4. Kh CH4 c kh nng tc ng nh
hng n tng zn cao gp 21 ln so vi CO2. Vic gim chn lp cht thi
rn c th phn hy ko theo vic gim lng kh lm nh hng n tng zn.
Vic tn dng cc cht thi rn c th ti sinh ti ch gip bo tn ngun
ti nguyn thin nhin. Thay v khai thc ti nguyn s dng, chng ta c th
s dng cc sn phm ti sinh ti ch ny nh mt ngun nguyn liu th cp.
Chng hn, chng ta c th s dng lng nhm c trong cht thi rn sinh hot
thay v khai thc qung nhm. Nh , chng ta va bo tn c ngun ti

72

nguyn, va trnh c tnh trng nhim do vic khai thc qung nhm mang
li.

Li ch x hi
Phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun gp phn nng cao nhn thc ca cng
ng trong vic bo v mi trng. cng tc phn loi ny t c hiu qu
nh mong i, cc ngnh cc cp phi trit thc hin cng tc tuyn truyn
hng dn cho cng ng. Lu dn, mi ngi dn s hiu c tm quan trng
ca vic phn loi cht thi rn sinh hot cng nh tc ng ca n i vi mi
trng sng.
Li ch x hi ln nht do hot ng phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun
mang li chnh l vic hnh thnh mi c nhn nhn thc bo v mi trng
sng.
+ i vi rc thi hu c nh: thc phm tha, l cy, ph thi nng
nghip
T nhng li ch to ln trn ta c th thy rng ti ch lun lun
l u tin s 1. Trong ti ch c kh nng p dng cao nht chnh l bin
php ti ch cht thi hu c d phn hy nh sn xut phn compost, da vo
nng lc vn c ca Tnh l u t xy dng c khu x l rc thi lm
phn compost cng sut 200 tn/ngy.
S dng bin php lm phn : y l bin php c p dng ph
bin nhiu tnh thnh trong c nc mang li hiu qu rt cao trong x l rc
thi. C th tn dng ph thi ng rung, cht thi chn nui v mt phn cht
thi sinh hot lm nguyn liu . C th kt hp phng php ny vi vic
phn chung, bn thi biogas cng nh tn dng c ngun rc lm phn bn
rung hoc bn cho cy trng lu nm gip tit kim c chi ph trong sn
xut.

73

Khi cha u t xy dng c nh my sn xut ring ca tng huyn

th vn chuyn rc thi ln khu x l tp trung ca ton tnh. Tt nht nn u t
xy dng nh my x l rc lm phn vi sinh chung cho c huyn s dng vo
sn xut nng nghip phc v nhn dn trong huyn nh vy s tn dng c
trit ngun rc thi hu c.
C th sn xut kh sinh hc ti h gia nh: Khuyn khch cc h
chn nui nn p dng phng php ny, va gim c lng cht thi rn,
va em li ngun kh t cho gia nh. Trong thi gian ny, tn dng ngun
u t t chnh ph H Lan cho mi h ng k lm b Biogas 1.200.000, i
vi huyn Kim Sn c phn b 80 h, khuyn khch cc h ng k lm ngay
trong thi gian ny.
Bin php chn lp: i vi rc thi khng ti ch c nh: gch
ngi, t , thy tinhbin php x l thch hp l chn lp. Hin nay, bin
php m x Thng Kim p dng l thu trung tm mi trng th huyn
Kim Sn vn chuyn i, do ph vn chuyn i nh vy rt cao (1 triu 200 nghn
ng/chuyn ) nn kh c th p dng bin php ny lu di. Mt khc do ngun
kinh ph cho vic x l c hn nn khng th p dng cho ton x ( ch p dng
cho xm 3,4, Ph Vinh, An C v Vinh Ngoi), trong khi th trn Bnh Minh
vn cha bit cc cht thi trn u, vn t nhn dn x thi ra mi
trng. Trc tnh hnh th vic xy dng bi chn lp rc hp v sinh chung
cho ton huyn l rt cn thit. Vic ny s gip xa b nhng bi rc l thin
ang tn ti cc khi, xm dn c gip gim thiu nhim mi trng.

74

Phn V
KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1.

Kt lun

T kt qu nghin cu c th a ra mt s kt lun sau:

+ Thng Kim v Th trn Bnh Minh l x c tim nng pht trin kinh
t cao, tc th ha nhanh nn lng rc thi trong sinh hot hng ngy cao,
trung bnh mt ngy pht sinh ti Thng Kim l 3,3065 tn, ti Bnh Minh l
1,53tn rc. Lng rc thi bnh qun theo u ngi nm 2011 l 0,3
0,43kg/ngi/ngy. Vo cc ngy cui tun, cc ngy l tt lng rc thi pht
sinh li tng mnh. Hng ngy lng rc thi sinh hot h gia nh chim 6472% tng lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh trn a bn x, th trn.
+ Cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn rc thi c thc hin trong khu vc
nhng hiu qu thu gom mi ch t mc trung bnh. Trn ton huyn c 27
x, th trn nhng c ti 12 x, th trn l cha c bin php thu gom. Trong s
15 x, th trn cn li thnh lp cc t thu gom rc, tuy nhin vic thu gom
mi ch dng li cc khu trung tm ca xm. Ti Thng Kim c 11 cm dn
c, nhng mi ch thu gom c 5 xm, cn 6 xm th mi l thu gom li 1
im ri khng c x l sau . Mt khc cng tc x l rc thi trn a cha
c quan tm v nhn lc, u t cng ngh v qun l. Bi rc Tam
ip cng ch mang tnh cht tnh th nn lm ny sinh nhiu vn , nh hng
ti m quan, cc thnh phn mi trng v sc khe ca ngi dn. Nu thu

75

gom ton b rc thi sinh hot ca c tnh th s mt 7,1 ha t chn lp rc

thi trong 1 nm.
+ Ti khu vc nghin cu, cng tc qun l rc thi hu nh cha c
quan tm ng mc, cha trin khai n cc n v, cc c quan hnh chnh
cng nh cng ng dn c.
+ Rc thi cha c phn loi ti ngun, cha p dng phng php phn
loi v thu gom hp v sinh. Theo kt qu iu tra th ngi dn sn sng phn
loi rc thi nu c hng dn, y l iu kin thun li cho vic tin ti
thc hin phn loi rc ti ngun trn a bn x, th trn.
+ Hin nay, trn a bn x, th trn cha c khu x l rc tp trung, nht
l ti Bnh Minh rc thi vn c l thin gy nhim mi trng v bc
xc trong nhn dn.
+ Cng tc tuyn truyn v gio dc mi trng cho ngi dn c
thc hin nh hot ng ca hi ph n x, th trn nhng cha thng xuyn,
phng php tuyn truyn cha mang li hiu qu. C 63% ngi tr li thnh
thong nghe tuyn truyn ti Bnh Minh v ti Thng Kim l 57%. Tuy nhin
d nghe tuyn truyn nhng do cha hiu su sc v ngha ca vic bo v
mi trng, do dn n thc ngi dn trong vic bo v mi trng cn
thp gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l.
5.2.

Kin ngh

c th thc hin tt cng tc qun l, x l rc thi sinh hot trn a

bn x, th trn, ti xin a ra mt s ngh nh sau:
+ Tng cng hiu qu ca cng tc phn loi , thu gom v thi rc c
hiu qu.
+ Cn c cn b chuyn trch v v sinh mi trng cp c s, nng cao
nng lc qun l rc thi t cp huyn n cp x.
+ Thnh lp cc t hot ng bo v mi trng, pht huy vai trog ca cc
t chc qun chng nh hi ph n, hi ngi cao tui, on thanh nin

76

+ T chc ph bin kin thc v mi trng cho ngi dn ng thi cn

c ch ti x pht i vi cc n v, c nhn x rc ba bi khng ng ni quy
nh nhm nng cao thc ca ngi dn.
+ Xy dng k hoch x l tng hp rc thi cho ton khu vc nh xy
dng khu x l rc lm phn vi sinh, xy dng bi chn lp rc hp v sinh vn
hnh ng quy trnh k thut.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Quc hi, Lut Bo v mi trng, 2005;
[2] B TN&MT, Bo co din bin mi trng Vit Nam, 2004;
[3] B TN&MT, Bo co hin trng mi trng Quc gia, Chng 6
Cht thi rn, 2010;
[4] Trn Hiu Nhu v cc cng s, Qun l cht thi rn. Tp 1, cht
thi rn th, NXB Xy dng;
[5] PGS.TS Nguyn Xun Thnh v cc cng s, Gio trnh Cng ngh
sinh hc x l mi trng, 2010;
[6] Chnh ph, Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/04/2007 v Qun
l cht thi rn, 2007;
[7] Trn Th M Diu, Nguyn Trung Vit, Cng ty mi trng tm nhn
xanh. Qun l cht thi rn sinh hot, 2007;
[8] Ths Trn Quang Ninh, Tng lun v cng ngh x l cht thi rn ca
mt s nc v Vit Nam;
[9] Trn Nht Nguyn, Kinh nghim qun l cht thi rn ti Singapore.

http://app.mewr.gov.sg ;
[10] Qun l cht thi rn Nht Bn. http://www.env.go.jp ;
[11] Trung tm khoa hc & cng ngh Vit Nam. Qun l cht thi rn
Trung Quc, Warmer No 43, 11/2005;

[12] Vin nghin cu pht trin H Ch Minh,

77

http://kinhnghiemsingapo ;
[13] Cng thng tin in t Ninh Bnh http://ninhbinh.gov.vn ;
[14] TS. C Huy u, Trng H Kin trc H Ni, Qun l cht thi
rn lu vc sng Nhu - y;
[15] UBND x Thng Kim, Quy ch phn cp nhim v cng tc thu
gom v mc thu ph VSMT;
[16] Tng cc thng k http://www.gso.gov.vn;
[17] H Th Lam Tr, Lng c Anh, i hc Nng nghip I H Ni,
Bi ging Qun l mi trng, 2008;
[18] Ths. L Th Thu H, i hc Nng Nghip I H Ni, Qun l cht
thi rn;
[19] Tnh Ninh Bnh, Ngh quyt s 22/2011/NQ-HND tnh Ninh Bnh,
v mc thu v qun l, s dng cc khon ph, l ph trn a bn tnh Ninh
Bnh;
[20] Huyn y Kim Sn, Ngh quyt s 04-NQ/HU ca Ban thng v
huyn y v tng cng cng tc qun l v sinh mi trng v nc sch;
[21] UBND huyn Kim Sn, k hoch s 24/KH-UBND huyn Kim Sn
v tng cng cng tc qun l v sinh mi trng v nc sch;
[22] Quy ch qun l rc thi ti Thng Kim;

78

Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi
PHIU IU TRA T V SINH MI TRNG
V ph thi, rc thi sinh hot
Phiu s: ..
a im iu tra:
I. Thng tin v n v:
- Tn ngi c iu tra: .
- Tn n v: ...
- S ngi trong t v sinh:
- Trnh hc vn: .
II. Ni dung iu tra:
1- Lng rc thi thu gom trn a bn ton x / 1 ln thu gom l khong bao
nhiu
( tn/ngy)?.....................................................................................................
- Trong :
T l hu c d phn hy(%).Kh phn hy (%)...

2- S im tp kt rc trn ton x l bao nhiu im: .

3- Tn sut thu gom:
1 ngy/1 ln
4Mi
thng

C,

2 ngy/1 ln
Bc
nhn

3 ngy/ 1 ln
bao
nhiu

tin

hi

lng?..........................................
5

tr

cp

khng?..................................................................................
6-

Mi

nm

cp

phng

tin

bo

lao

ng

khng?...............................
S lng mi loi:
o
ma...

Gng
tay..
79

ng
phc..

ng

Khu

trang..
7- Khong bao lu th c cp mi 1 xe y rc, gu ht v chi qut mi?
Xe

Gu

ht

Chi

qut

y
rc.
rc...
8- Chng thi gian mi c cp mi 1 ln, iu c nh hng n cng
vic ca C, Bc khng?
Khng
C, C th..

9- a phng c khu x l rc thi khng?

Khng
Cu tr li l c, tr li tip cu 10

Nu cu tr li l khng, chuyn sang cu 12

10- Phng php x l c p dng l g?
Chn lp
t
Lm phn Compost
11- Khu x l cch khu dn c bao xa?......................................km
12- Sau khi C, Bc thu gom, rc s c x l nh th no khi a phng
khng c khu x l rc?
Khng bit

Xe ch rc n khu x l ni

khc
- C, Bc c bit rc c a i u khng?

13- Theo nh gi ca C, Bc v thc ca ngi dn trong vic thu gom rc

thi tt cha?
Tt
Trung bnh
Cha tt
14- C, Bc c hi lng vi mc lng+tr cp+bo h lao ng c hng
khng?.....................................................................................................................
.

80

15- C, Bc c kin g v vic thu gom v x lsy rc thi sinh hot khng?
.

.
Ngy.....thng....nm.....

Ngy.....thng 03 nm 2012

Ngi phng vn

Ngi c phng vn

PHIU IU TRA H GIA NH

V ph thi, rc thi sinh hot
Phiu s: ..
a im iu tra: ..................................................................................................
H v tn ngi c phng vn: ..........................................................................
Gii tnh: ...............................................Ngh nghip: ...........................................
.................................................................................................................................
S nhn khu: ........................................S lao ng chnh:...................................
.................................................................................................................................
1. Bc (anh, ch) cho bit ngun thu nhp chnh ca gia nh mnh t
u?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Khi lng rc thi sinh hot ca gia nh l : (kg/ ngy)
Loi rc
Ngy

Hu c d
phn hy

Ngy

(kg)

Loi rc
Kh phnNgy
hy
(kg)

Ngy

Kh phn hy

hy

(kg)

(kg)

81

Hu c d phn

10

11

12

13

14

3. Thnh phn chnh trong rc thi ca gia nh l:

Rc thi d phn hy (thc n tha, rau c qu...)
Rc thi kh phn hy (thy tinh, cao su, nha...)
Rc c hi (pin, c quy, linh kin in t, ha cht c hi...)
Thnh
phn
khc
.......................................................................................................................
4. c tnh % cc thnh phn trong lng rc thi ca gia nh ng (b)
l bao nhiu?
Rc
hu
c
d
phn
hy
.......................................................................................................................
Rc
thi
kh
phn
hy
.......................................................................................................................
Rc
thi
c
hi
.......................................................................................................................
Thnh
phn
khc
.......................................................................................................................
5. Gia nh bc (anh, ch) c phn loi rc trc khi khng?
C
Khng
6. a phng bc (anh, ch) c thu gom rc thi tp trung?
C

Khng

- C t v sinh mi trng khng?

C

Khng

Nu khng thu gom, bc (anh, ch) tr li cu hi 7)

Nu thu gom, bc (anh, ch tr li cu hi 8)
7. Hnh thc x l rc ca gia nh nh th no?

82

t ti vn

Thi t do ra mi trng

Chn lp

vo chung chn nui gia sc gia cm

8. Gia nh Bc, Anh Ch sn sang tr bao nhiu tin thu gom rc?
8.000
10.000
15.000
9. a phng bc (anh, ch) c im tp kt, thu gom rc thi khng?
C
Khng
10. Tn sut thu gom l......................................................................................
1 ngy/1 ln
2 ngy/1 ln
3 ngy/1 ln
11. Ph v sinh mi trng l bao nhiu ? .........................................................
- Nhn xt ca bc (anh, ch) v mc ph ny?
Hi thp
Cao
Chp nhn c
Qu cao
Nhn xt ca bc (anh, ch) v cng tc thu gom rc hin nay?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
12. Nhn xt ca bc (anh, ch) v mi trng sng hin nay a phng
mnh?
Sch s, d chu

Bn

Rt bn

Bnh

thng
13. Nhn xt ca bc (anh, ch) v thc bo v mi trng ca ngi dn
hin nay?
Tt

Cha tt

Trung bnh

14. Cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc cng ng a phng v qun l, x l

rc thi sinh hot nh th no?
Thng xuyn
Thnh thong
Cha bao gi ( sang cu 16)

83

15. Bc (anh ch ) c thng xuyn nghe i truyn thanh tuyn truyn v

bo v mi trng khng?
1. Thnh thong nghe
2. Thng xuyn nghe
3. Khng
4. Cha tng nghe
16. Nhn xt ca bc (anh, ch) v cng tc qun l, x l mi trng ca
chnh quyn a phng?
Tt
Bnh thng
Km
17. Bc (anh, ch) c kin ng gp g nhm ci thin cng tc qun l, thu
gom, x l cht thi a phng?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
Ngy.....thng 03 nm 2012

Ngi phng vn
PHIU IU TRA CN B MI TRNG X V TH TRN
V ph thi, rc thi sinh hot
Phiu s: ..
a im iu tra:
H v tn ngi phng vn:...,tui,nam(n)
Ngh nghip:, trnh ..
1./ Bc (anh, ch) cho bit ngi dn c phn loi rc thi hu c, v c trc
khi rc khng?
- C

Thnh thong, t

- Khng

2./ Khi lng rc thi sinh hot hng ngy ca a phng l?

84

-Tng s:kg/ngy. Thnh phn: Hu c = ..%, Phi hu c =.%

3./ Bc (anh, ch) cho bit a phng c thu gom rc thi tp trung
khng?
- C

- Khng

- C t v sinh mi trng: C:

Bao nhiu ngi: .

Khng:
4./ Bc (anh, ch) cho bit a phng c im tp kt, thu gom rc thi
khng?
- C

- Khng

5./ Tn sut thu gom nh th no?

- 1 ngy 1 ln

- 3 ngy 1 ln

- 2 ngy 1 ln

6./ Bc (anh, ch) cho bit ph v sinh mi trng (ng/thng) l bao nhiu?
..
7./ Theo bc (anh, ch) cng tc thu gom v x l rc thi hin nay tt hay cha?
- Tt

- Cha

tt

8./ Theo bc (anh, ch) hin trng mi trng hin nay a phng mnh hin
nay th no?
- Sch s, d chu

- nhim

- Bnh thng

- Rt nhim

- Cha nhim

9./ Theo bc (anh, ch) th nhim mi trng gy ra nhng nh hng g?

- nh hng n sc khe con ngi

- nh hng n sn xut, kinh doanh

- nh hng n cnh quan thn xm

85

 kin khc:
10./ Theo bc (anh, ch) th thc ca ngi dn v mi trng hin nay nh
th no?
- Tt

- Cha tt

Trung bnh

11./ Bc (anh, ch) c bit a phng mnh x l rc thi bng cch no khng?
- Chn lp ti bi rc

- Thiu hu

- lm phn

- Khng

12./ Bc (anh, ch) c nhn xt g v cng tc qun l, x l mi trng hin nay

i phng?
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
13./ Theo bc (anh, ch) qun l v x l rc thi sinh hot hin nay th cn c
bin php no?

14./ kin ng gp ca bc (anh, ch) i vi cng tc thu gom, qun l v x

l a phng

.........................................................
.................................................................................................................................
..
............................,ngy.........thng..............nm...............
Ngi iu tra

Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu

86

MC LC.............................................................................................................2
DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................6
MT.........................................................................................................................6
Mi trng.............................................................................................................6
CTR.......................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn..........................................................................................................6
BVMT....................................................................................................................6
Bo v mi trng.................................................................................................6
QL..........................................................................................................................6
Quc l..................................................................................................................6
TP HCM................................................................................................................6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh........................................................................................6
HN.........................................................................................................................6
H Ni...................................................................................................................6
KH&CN.................................................................................................................6
Khoa hc v cng ngh.........................................................................................6
VSMT....................................................................................................................6
V sinh mi trng................................................................................................6
CTRSH..................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn sinh hot...........................................................................................6
VSV.......................................................................................................................6
Vi sinh vt..............................................................................................................6
Phn I.....................................................................................................................6
M U...............................................................................................................6
Phn II...................................................................................................................9
TNG QUAN TI LIU......................................................................................9
Biu 2.1 Thnh phn CTR ton quc nm 2008, xu hng nm 2015 [3]. . .33
Phn III ...............................................................................................................40
Phn IV ...............................................................................................................42
Biu 4.1 C cu kinh t trong GDP nm 2007 :.............................................47
.............................................................................................................................51

87

Biu 4.2 T l % rc hu c d phn hy v v c, hu c kh phn hy...51

Biu 4.3 nh gi ca ngi dn v mc thu ph ti Thng Kim.............59
Biu 4.4 nh gi ca ngi dn v cht lng thu gom RTSH ti Thng
Kim....................................................................................................................60
Biu 4.5 Hiu qu ca phng tin truyn thanh..........................................62
Phn V.................................................................................................................75
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................75
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................77
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi......................................................................79
Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu ..............................................................................86
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s ..................................................................................88
Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................90
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng...................................................................................91
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s
MC LC.............................................................................................................2
DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................6
MT.........................................................................................................................6
Mi trng.............................................................................................................6
CTR.......................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn..........................................................................................................6
BVMT....................................................................................................................6
Bo v mi trng.................................................................................................6
QL..........................................................................................................................6
Quc l..................................................................................................................6
TP HCM................................................................................................................6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh........................................................................................6
HN.........................................................................................................................6
H Ni...................................................................................................................6
KH&CN.................................................................................................................6
Khoa hc v cng ngh.........................................................................................6
VSMT....................................................................................................................6
88

V sinh mi trng................................................................................................6
CTRSH..................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn sinh hot...........................................................................................6
VSV.......................................................................................................................6
Vi sinh vt..............................................................................................................6
Phn I.....................................................................................................................6
M U...............................................................................................................6
Phn II...................................................................................................................9
TNG QUAN TI LIU......................................................................................9
S 2.1: Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ti Vit Nam...............................11
S : 2.2 H thng hot ng ti ch rc thi c.......................................21
S 2.3 T chc qun l mi trng ti Singapo [12]....................................24
S 2.4 Cng ngh x l rc thi ca M........................................................27
S 2.5. Dy chuyn cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca CHLB c.......28
S 2.6. Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot Trung Quc................................29
S 2.7 H thng t chc qun l v CTR mt s th ti Vit Nam [7] 31
S 2.8 : S cng ngh Dano System.......................................................38
S 2.9 : Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot, Nh my phn hu c Cu Din,
H Ni.................................................................................................................39
Phn III ...............................................................................................................40
Phn IV ...............................................................................................................42
S 4.1 Ngun pht sinh rc thi ti Bnh Minh v Thng Kim.................50
S 4.2 T chc qun l rc thi ti Ninh Bnh..............................................53
Phn V.................................................................................................................75
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................75
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................77
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi......................................................................79
Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu ..............................................................................86
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s ..................................................................................88
Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................90
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng...................................................................................91
89

Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh
MC LC.............................................................................................................2
DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................6
MT.........................................................................................................................6
Mi trng.............................................................................................................6
CTR.......................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn..........................................................................................................6
BVMT....................................................................................................................6
Bo v mi trng.................................................................................................6
QL..........................................................................................................................6
Quc l..................................................................................................................6
TP HCM................................................................................................................6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh........................................................................................6
HN.........................................................................................................................6
H Ni...................................................................................................................6
KH&CN.................................................................................................................6
Khoa hc v cng ngh.........................................................................................6
VSMT....................................................................................................................6
V sinh mi trng................................................................................................6
CTRSH..................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn sinh hot...........................................................................................6
VSV.......................................................................................................................6
Vi sinh vt..............................................................................................................6
Phn I.....................................................................................................................6
M U...............................................................................................................6
Phn II...................................................................................................................9
TNG QUAN TI LIU......................................................................................9
Hnh 2.1. Rc thi ti QL32 - HN.......................................................................16
Hnh 2.2. Rc thi ti TP HCM...........................................................................16
Phn III ...............................................................................................................40
90

Phn IV ...............................................................................................................42
Hnh 4.1 S hnh chnh tnh Ninh Bnh........................................................43
Hnh 4.2 im rc thi t pht ti Khi 10 th trn Bnh Minh.....................61
Hnh 4.3 on sng n chy qua a bn Thng Kim..................................62
Hnh 4.4 on sng chy qua a bn th trn Bnh Minh..................................62
Hnh 4.5: Cu to thng cha rc 3R - W...........................................................70
Phn V.................................................................................................................75
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................75
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................77
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi......................................................................79
Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu ..............................................................................86
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s ..................................................................................88
Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................90
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng...................................................................................91
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng
MC LC.............................................................................................................2
DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................6
MT.........................................................................................................................6
Mi trng.............................................................................................................6
CTR.......................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn..........................................................................................................6
BVMT....................................................................................................................6
Bo v mi trng.................................................................................................6
QL..........................................................................................................................6
Quc l..................................................................................................................6
TP HCM................................................................................................................6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh........................................................................................6
HN.........................................................................................................................6
H Ni...................................................................................................................6
KH&CN.................................................................................................................6

91

Khoa hc v cng ngh.........................................................................................6

VSMT....................................................................................................................6
V sinh mi trng................................................................................................6
CTRSH..................................................................................................................6
Cht thi rn sinh hot...........................................................................................6
VSV.......................................................................................................................6
Vi sinh vt..............................................................................................................6
Phn I.....................................................................................................................6
M U...............................................................................................................6
Phn II...................................................................................................................9
TNG QUAN TI LIU......................................................................................9
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ca mt s tnh, thnh ph...................12
Bng 2.2: Thnh phn ca cc cu t hu c rc th......................................12
Bng 2.3: Pht sinh CTR th mt s nc Chu . [8]...............................19
Bng 2.4: Thnh phn v t l rc thi M.....................................................20
Bng 2.5 : Hot ng thu gom rc ti mt s thnh ph Chu ....................24
Bng 2.6: Cc phng php x l CTR mt s nc Chu n v %............25
Bng 2.7 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn ton quc [3]..................................32
Phn III ...............................................................................................................40
Phn IV ...............................................................................................................42
Bng 4.1 Lng CTRSH pht sinh t khu dn c cc x................................52
Bng 4.2 Lng ngi, tn sut v tin cng ca ngi thu gom rc...............56
Bng 4.2 D bo dn s n nm 2020...............................................................64
Phn V.................................................................................................................75
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................75
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................77
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc bng hi......................................................................79
Ph lc 2: Danh mc biu ..............................................................................86
Ph lc 3: Danh mc s ..................................................................................88
Ph lc 4: Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................90
Ph lc 5: Danh mc bng...................................................................................91

92