Không Gian Vector (Full)

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Linear Algebra
Chng 3
KHNG GIAN VECTOR
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1. nh ngha khng gian vector. Khng gian
vector con
2. c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh
3. H sinh, c s, s chiu ca khng gian vector
4. Hng ca h cc vector
5. Ma trn chuyn c s
Ni dung
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V l mt tp khc rng, trong xc nh 2 php
ton:
1. Php cng: u, v V, u + v V
2. Php nhn v hng: u V, r R, ru V.
1. nh ngha khng gian vector
(vector space)
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nh ngha: V c gi l khng gian vector trn trng s
thc R nu i vi 2 php ton tha mn cc tin :
(a) u,v V: u + v = v + u
(b) u,v, w V: (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
(c) 0 V: u + 0 = 0 + u = u, u V
(d) u V, tn ti vector i -u V: u + ( - u) = 0
(e) r R, u,v V: r(u + v) = ru + rv
(f) r, s R, u V: (r + s)u = ru + su
(g) r, s R, u V: r(su) = rs(u)
(h) 1 R, 1u = u , u V
1. nh ngha khng gian vector (tt)
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nh l: V l khng gian vector, u V, r R:
(a) 0u = 0
(b) r0 = 0
(c) (-1)u = - u
(d) Nu ru = 0 th hoc r = 0 hoc u = 0
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V d:
1. Tp cc s thc R vi 2 php ton cng v
nhn l khng gian vector.
2. Tp R
2
= {(x,y): x, y R} vi 2 php ton
cng v nhn v hng
(x,y) + (x,y) = (x + x,y + y)
r(x,y) = (rx,ry)
l khng gian vector
Chng minh:
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Tp cc ma trn cp m.n, k hiu M
mn
l mt
khng gian vector.
Chng minh:
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nh ngha: Ta gi khng gian vector con ca
mt khng gian vector V (trn trng s thc
R) l mt tp con W ca V tha mn cc tnh
cht:
(a) Nu u W v v W th u + v W
(b) Nu u W v r R th ru W
1. Khng gian vector con (subspace)
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V d:
1. Chng minh tp W = {(x,0) R
2
} l khng
gian vector con ca R
2
.
2. Kim tra xem cc tp sau c phi l khng
gian vector con ca cc khng gian tng
ng?
1. Khng gian vector con (tt)
{ }
2
2
( ) [ ] / 0 M x t at bt c P t a b c = = + + e + =
{ }
2
( , ) / 2 1 W x y R x y = e =
{ }
3
( , , ) / 2 3 0 U x y z R x y z = e + =
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nh ngha: V l khng gian vector trn R. Cho
cc vector v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
l n vector trong V.
Vector bt k v trong V c dng
v =
1
v
1
+
2
v
2
+ +
n
v
n
trong
i
R, c gi l t hp tuyn tnh
(linear combination) ca cc vector v
1
, v
2
,
,v
n
2. Ph thuc tuyn tnh c lp
tuyn tnh
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tuyn tnh (tt)
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V d:
1. Cho cc vector: v
1
= [1,1,0], v
2
= [1,2,1], v
3
=
[2,3,1] v v = [m,1,1]. Tm m v l t hp
tuyn tnh ca cc vector v
1
, v
2
, v
3
.
2. Cho h 4 vector v
1
= [1,2,3], v
2
= [4,5,6], v
3
= [7,8,9] v v = [a,b,c]. Tm a, b, c v l t
hp tuyn tnh ca cc vector v
1
, v
2
, v
3
.
tuyn tnh (tt)
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tuyn tnh (tt)
nh ngha: V l khng gian vector trn R.
H cc vector v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
c gi l c lp
tuyn tnh (linearly dependent) nu:
1
v
1
+
2
v
2
+ +
n
v
n
= 0 (*)
ch tha mn khi
1
=
2
= =
n
= 0
Ngc li, nu tn ti
i
0 sao cho (*) tha
mn th v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
c gi l ph thuc
tuyn tnh (linearly independent).
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nh l: iu kin cn v h cc vector v
1
, v
2
,
,v
n
ph thuc tuyn tnh l mt trong cc vector
l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vector khc.
H qu:
1. Trong cc vector v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
c 1 vector 0 th cc
vector ny ph thuc tuyn tnh
2. Nu mt phn ca cc vector v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
ph thuc
tuyn tnh th tt c cc vector thuc tuyn tnh
3. H bt k cc vector n thnh phn c s vector
ln hn n th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
tuyn tnh (tt)
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tuyn tnh (tt)
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Xt ng thc:
ax
1
+ bx
2
+ cx
3
= 0
a(1,1,1) + b(1,1,0) + c(1,0,0) = (0,0,0)
Hay (a + b + c,a + b,a) = (0,0,0)
Do , ta c a = b = c = 0
Vy h cc vector cho c lp tuyn tnh
(trong R
3
).
tuyn tnh (tt)
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tuyn tnh (tt)
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tuyn tnh (tt)
H ph thuc tuyn tnh
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Phng php xt s c lp tuyn tnh ca h cc
vector v
1
, v
2
, ,v
n
:
1. Xt ng thc:
1
v
1
+
2
v
2
+ +
n
v
n
= 0
2. a ng thc v dng h phng trnh tuyn tnh
3. Tm hng ca ma trn h s ca h (r(A))
- Nu r(A) = n th h cc vector c lp tuyn tnh
- Nu r(A) < n th h cc vector ph thuc tuyn tnh
tuyn tnh (tt)
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Lu :
1. Hng ca ma trn A, k hiu l r(A), l cp
ln nht ca nh thc con khc 0 ca A.
2. Cch tm:
- Tm nh thc con khc 0 c cp ln nht
- Dng php bin i s cp trn hng a
ma trn v dng hnh thang, s dng khc 0 l
hng ca ma trn.
tuyn tnh (tt)
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V d: Xt s c lp v ph thuc tuyn
tnh ca h vector (l cc ma trn) sau
1 2
3 4
1 0 1 2
;
0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2
;
3 0 3 4
X X
X X
( (
= =
( (

( (
= =
( (

tuyn tnh (tt)
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1 2
3 4
1 0 1 2
;
0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2
;
3 0 3 4
X X
X X
( (
= =
( (

( (
= =
( (

1 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 0 3 4 0 0
a b c d
( ( ( ( (
+ + + =
( ( ( ( (

1 2 3 4
0 aX bX cX dX + + + =
Xt ng thc:
tuyn tnh (tt)
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0
2 2 2 0
3 3 0
4 0
a b c d
b c d
c d
d
+ + + =
+ + =

+ =
Ta c r(A) = 4 = s vector h cc vector

cho c lp tuyn tnh
tuyn tnh (tt)
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Bi tp: Xt s c lp v ph thuc tuyn tnh
ca h vector sau
{ }
1 2 3
(1, 1, 0); (2, 3, 1); ( 1, 4, 5) X x x x = = = =
1 2 3
0 ax bx cx + + =
Xt ng thc:
tuyn tnh (tt)
(1, 1, 0) (2,3, 1) ( 1, 4,5) (0, 0, 0) a b c + + =
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2 0
3 4 0
5 0
a b c
a b c
b c
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 2 1
1 3 4
0 1 5
A
(
(
=
(
(

Bin i A tm hng .
tuyn tnh (tt)
Lm cc bi tp: 1, 2 trang 185; 13, 14, 17, 24,
25 trang 186
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nh ngha: H cc vector {v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
} gi l
h sinh ca khng gian vector V nu x V:
x =
1
v
1
+
2
v
2
+ +
n
v
n
trong
i
l cc v hng.
3. H sinh, c s v s chiu ca
khng gian vector
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khng gian vector (tt)
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nh ngha: H vector S = {e
1
, e
2
, , e
n
} trong
khng gian vector V c gi l mt c s ca
V nu S l h sinh v c lp tuyn tnh.
Trong khng gian R
n
, c s S
0
= {e
1
, e
2
, , e
n
} vi
e
1
= (1,0,0,,0)
e
2
= (0,1,0,,0)
e
n
= (0,0,0,,1)
th S
0
c gi l c s chnh tc.
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Chng minh mt h vector S = {e
1
, e
2
, , e
n
}
l c s ca khng gian vector V:
Dng nh ngha
Dng nh thc:
- Vi e
i
= (a
i1
, a
i2
, , a
in
), i = 1, 2,, n
- S l c s ca V
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
0
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
a a a
=
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V d:
1. H vector no cc h sau l c s ca R
3
:
a) S
1
= {(1,2,3),(0,2,3),(0,0,5)}
b) S
2
= {(1,1,2),(1,2,5),(0,1,3)}
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a) Ta c:
b)
1 2 3
0 2 3 10 0
0 0 5
= =
S
1
l c s ca R
3
1 1 2
1 2 5 0
0 1 3
=
S
2
khng l c s ca R
3
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V d:
Trong cho cc h vector:
S
1
= {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
}; S
2
= {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
}
vi e
1
=(1,1,1), e
2
= (1,1,2), e
3
= (1,2,3),
e
1
= (2,1,-1), e
2
= (3,2,5), e
1
= (1,-1,m).
a) Chng minh S
1
l c s ca R
3
b) Tm m S
2
l c s ca R
3
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a)
1 1 1
1 1 2 2 0
1 2 3
= =
S
1
l c s ca R
3
b) S
2
l c s ca R
3
khi v ch khi
2 1 1
3 2 5 0 20 0 20
1 1
m m
m
= + = =
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nh l: Cho V l khng gian vector n chiu.
Khi :
H sinh c n vector l c s.
H c n vector v c lp tuyn tnh l c s.
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nh ngha: s chiu ca khng gian vector V,
k hiu dimV, l s vector c trong 1 c s ca
V.
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V d: Chng minh rng h vector S = {e
1
, e
2
,
e
3
} vi e
1
= (1,1,1,), e
2
= (1,1,0), e
3
= (1,0,1)
l c s ca R
3
.
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Linear Algebra
nh ngha: V l khng gian vector n chiu v S
= {e
1
, e
2
, , e
n
} l mt c s ca V, x l mt
vector trong V. Nu
x = x
1
v
1
+ x
2
v
2
+ + x
n
v
n
vi
n
l nhng v hng th
(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
c gi l ta ca x trong c s S.
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Linear Algebra
K hiu:
[x]
S
= (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) hay
| |
1
2
S
n
x
x
x
x
(
(
(
=
(
(

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Linear Algebra
Ta c:
1 2
(5, 3) 5(1, 0) 3(0,1) 5 3 x e e = = + = +
Vy:
[ ] (5, 3)
E
x =
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Linear Algebra
Ta c:
1 2
(5, 3) 3(1,1) 2(1, 0) 3 2 x f f = = + = +
Vy:
[ ] (3, 2)
F
x =
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Linear Algebra
Ta c:
1 2 3
(9, 5,1) 1(1,1,1) 4(1,1, 0) 4(1, 0, 0)
1 4 4
x
f f f
= = + +
= + +
Vy:
[ ] (1, 4, 4)
F
x =
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Linear Algebra
1 2 3
(1, 2, 3), ( 1,1, 0), (2,1,1), (4, 6, 3) f f f x = = = =
CMR: h vector S = {f
1
, f
2
, f
3
} l c s ca R
3
.
Tm ta ca vector x i vi c s S.
Trong KGVT R
3
cho cc vector
V d:
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Linear Algebra
Ta c
1 2 3
1 1 0 6 0
2 1 1
= =
F l c s ca R
3
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Linear Algebra
Gi s x c ta l (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
). Khi :
(4,6,-3) = x
1
(1,2,3) + x
2
(-1,1,0) + x
3
(2,1,1)
Gii h ny ta s c nghim
Vy [x]
F
=(-29/3,-119/3,13)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2 4
2 6
3 2 3
x x x
x x x
x x
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1
2
3
29 / 3
119 / 3
13
x
x
x
=
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Linear Algebra
V d: Trong R
4
cho cc vector:
v
1
= (1,2,-1,2), v
2
= (2,3,0,-1), v
3
= (1,2,1,3), v
1
=
(1,3,-1,0)
a. Chng minh S = {v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, v
4
} l c s ca
R
4
.
b. Tm ta ca x = (7,14,-1,2) theo c s S.
Lm cc bi tp: 2, 3, 10, 12,16 trang 197; 27,
28, 29 trang 198
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nh ngha: Trong khng gian vector cho cc
vector: v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
. Tp hp con bt k ca
h cc vector cho c gi l c s ca h
ny nu:
- Cc vector trong tp con c lp tuyn tnh
- Vector bt k ca h l t hp tuyn tnh ca
cc vector thuc tp con
4. Hng ca h vector
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Linear Algebra
nh l: Hng (rank) ca h cc vecto bng
hng ca ma trn c to bi cc vector .
4. Hng ca h vector (tt)
V d: Tm hng ca h cc vector:
S = {v
1
= (2,3,0), v
2
= (0,0,-3), v
3
= (4,6,1)}
Ta lp ma trn A c cc dng ln lt l cc vector:
2 3 0
0 0 3
4 6 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Ta c: r(A) = 2 rank(S) = 2
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Linear Algebra
nh ngha: Cho S = {v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
} v S =
{v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
} l 2 c s ca khng gian
vector V (qui c: S l c s c, S l c s
mi). Gi s
v
1
= a
11
v
1
+ a
12
v
2
+ + a
1n
v
n
v
2
= a
21
v
1
+ a
22
v
2
+ + a
2n
v
n
v
n
= a
n1
v
1
+ a
n2
v
2
+ + a
nn
v
n
5. Ma trn chuyn c s
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Linear Algebra
Khi ma trn vung cp n:
c gi l ma trn chuyn c s (transition
marix) t S sang S, k hiu l P: S S.
5. Ma trn chuyn c s (tt)
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
a a a
a a a
a a a
n
n
n n nn
P
(
(
(
=
(
(

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Linear Algebra
nh l:
- P l ma trn kh nghch
- Vi v l vector bt k trong V: [v]
S
= P.[v]
S
v
[v]
S
= P
-1
.[v]
S
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V d: Trong R
3
cho cc c s:
S = {(1,1,1),(1,1,2),(1,2,3)}
S = {(2,1,-1),(3,2,5),(1,-1,1)}
Tm ma trn chuyn c s t S sang S.
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Ta lp ma trn sau:
1 1 1 2 3 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
1 2 3 1 5 1
(
(
(
(

Dng php bin i s cp a ma trn trn v
dng
1 0 0 4 0 1
0 1 0 1 4 4
0 0 1 1 1 2
(
(
(
(

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Linear Algebra
Khi
'
4 0 1
1 4 4
1 1 2
S S
P

(
(
=
(
(

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Linear Algebra
V d: Trong R
3
cho cc vector: x = (10,13,-5) v
v
1
= (1,1,1), v
2
= (0,1,1), v
3
= (0,0,1)
u
1
= (2,3,-1), u
2
= (2,1,2), u
3
= (4,3,1)
a. Kim tra xem B = (v
1
, v
2
,v
3
) v C = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
)
c phi l c s ca R
3
b. Tm ta ca x trong B ([x]
B
)
c. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t C sang B. T
hy tm ta ca x trong C ([x]
C
).
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Linear Algebra
Hng dn:
a. Tnh nh thc B, C l nhng c s
b. Gii h phng trnh x = av + bv + cv tm
ta ca x trong B.
c. Lp ma trn (C|B) ri bin i v dng (I|P)
tm ma trn chuyn c s P. Khi [x]
C
=
P[x]
B
.
Lm cc bi tp: 1, 5, 6, 11 trang 225; 17, 21,
23, 27 trang 226

Không Gian Vector (Full)

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Không Gian Vector (Full)

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Ta c r(A) = 4 = s vector h cc vector

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