NHN BIT

Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+

Dng ngn la kh khng mu t dy Pt c mt mui Na+, K+, Li+.

HIN TNG QUAN ST C PHN NG

Ba2+

Al3+

Cr3+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu2+

- Ngn la nhum mu - Ngn la nhum mu vng rt m - Ngn la nhum mu tm. - Dng dd (NH4)2C2O4 (amoni oxalat) - To kt ta trng: Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 + 2NH4+ - Dng dd Na2CO3 - To kt ta trng: Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+ - Dng dung dch K2CrO4 - To kt ta vng ti: Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4 - Dng dung dch Na2SO4 - To kt ta trng hng: Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH - To kt ta trng keo ri tan: Al3+ + 2OH- Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 + 2OH- AlO2- + 2H2O - Dng dung dch NH3 n d. - To kt ta trng keo khng tan: Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH - To kt ta ri tan: Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 + OH- CrO2- + 2H2O - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH (d) -To kt ta mu vng: c mt H2O2 Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O2 + 4OH- 2CrO42- + 8 H2O - Dng dung dch KMnO4 trong mi - Fe2+ lm mt mu dd KMnO4: trng axit MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH ly d - To kt ta trng xanh, ngoi khng kh thnh kt hoc dung dch NH3 ly d ta nu : Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)3 Fe2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH ly d - To kt ta nu: hoc dung dch NH3 ly d Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4+ - Dng dung dch thioxianat (SCN-) - To phc cht mu mu: Fe3+ + nSCN- Fe(SCN)n3-n ( n: 1 4) FeCl3 + 3KSCN Fe(SCN)3 + 3KCl - Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH - To kt ta xanh lc: Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2

- Dng dung dch NH3 n d.

- To kt ta xanh lc tan trong dung dch NH3 to phc xanh lam m: Cu2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4(OH)2

Mg2+

Zn2+

Pb+ Ag+

- Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH ly d - To kt ta Mg(OH)2 tan trong dung dch mui hoc dung dch NH3 . amoni: Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O - Dng dung dch Na2HPO4 c mt - To kt ta tinh th mu trng: NH3 Mg2+ + NH3 + HPO42- MgNH4PO4 - Dng dung dch NaOH hoc NH3 - Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 to kt ta ri tan. Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- ZnO22- + 2H2O - Zn2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 Zn(NH3)4(OH)2 - Dng dung dch Na2S - To kt ta PbS mu en - Dng dung dch NaCl - Dng H2O c H2S - To kt ta AgCl mu trng tan trong NH3 - To kt ta en: 2Ag+ + S2- Ag2S (en) - C kh mi khai NH3 bay ra: NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O - Bt Cu tan trong dung dch xanh lam; kh khng mu NO bay ra ngoi khng kh ha nu: 3Cu +8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu+ + 2NO + 4H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nu) - To BaSO4 khng tan trong axit: Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 - Mui SO32- lm mt mu: SO32- + I2 + H2O SO42- + 2H+ + 2I- C kh SO2 mi hc bay ra: SO32- + 2H+ H2O + SO2 - To kt ta AgCl mu trng tan trong NH3 : Ag+ + Cl- AgCl AgCl + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2Cl - To AgBr vng nht; AgI vng m khng tan trong dung dch NH3 - C kh CO2 bay ra: CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O

NH4+ NO3-

- Dng dung dch NaOH, KOH - Dng bt Cu v dung dch H2SO4

SO42SO32-

- Dng dung dch BaCl2 - Dng dung dch nc I2 mu nu - Dng dung dch HCl

Cl-

- Dng dung dch AgNO3/HNO3

- Dng dung dch AgNO3/HNO3 BrI CO32- - Dng dung dch HCl

- Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2

- C CaCO3 trng: CO32- + Ca2+ CaCO3 - To ra Ag3PO4 mu vng - To PbS mu en

PO43- - Dng dung dch AgNO3 S2- Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2

CHT KH
Cl2

CCH NHN BIT

- Dng dung dch KI + h tinh bt - Dung dch Br2 mu nu

HIN TNG QUAN ST C PHN NG

- Dd khng mu chuyn thnh mu xanh: Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 +I Tinh bt mu xanh - Dd b nht mu: 5Cl2 + Br2 +6H2O 10HCl + 2HBrO3
2

I2 (hi) HCl

- H tinh bt - Dng dung dch AgNO3 - Dng giy qu tm m - Dng NH3

- T khng mu chuyn thnh mu xanh. - To AgCl (trng) - Qu tm ha - To khi trng (NH4Cl) - Hi nc ng li - To CuSO4.5H2O - Bng chy - Ha en (to CuO) - Dd b nht mu: SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 - Dd b nht mu: 5SO2 + KMnO4 + 2H2O 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 - To PbS (en) - Ha xanh - Khi trng bay ra - T khng mu mu nu (NO2) - Ha : 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO - T mu nu khng mu 2NO2 N2O4 ( khng mu) - Tt - Vn c v to CaCO3 - Cho bt Cu mu - To Pd (vng):

H2 H2O (hi) O2 SO2

- t, lm lnh - Dng CuSO4 khan, khng mu - Que m tn - Bt Cu () nung nng - Dung dch Br2 mu nu - Dng dch KMnO4 (tm)

H2S NH3 NO NO2

- Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 - Dng giy qu tm m - Dng HCl c - khng kh - Qu tm - Lm lnh

N2 CO2 CO

- Que m ang chy - Nc vi trong - Bt Cu (en) un nng - Dung dch PbCl2

CO + PdCl2 + H2O Pd + CO2 + 2HCl

NHN BIT V TCH KIM LOI

nhn bit v tch kim loi, cn lu tnh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi :
1. Ch c kim loi kim (Na, K,); Ca, Ba l tan trong nc nhit thng. 2. Ch c Be, Zn, Al l tan trong dd baz kim nhit thng. 3. Ch c kim loi ng trc Hidro trong dy hot ng ha hc l tan trong dd HCl,

H2SO4 long. 4. Al, Fe, Cr khng tan trong H2SO4 c ngui, HNO3 c ngui (un nng th tan) 5. Hu ht kim loi (tr Pt, Au) u tan trong H2SO4 c v HNO3 . 6. Ch c cc kim loi t Mg tr i mi y c kim loi yu hn ra khi dd mui.

BNG TNH TAN

1. Tt c cc mui cha Na+; K+; NH4+; NO3- ; CH3COO- u tan. 2. a s cc mui cha Cl- u tan (tr AgCl ; PbCl t tan; CuCl) 3. a s cc mui cha SO42- u tan (tr BaSO4; PbSO4; SrSO4; CaSO4 t tan; Ag2SO4

t tan). 4. a s cc mui cha CO32- (SO32-) u khng tan ( tr Li+; Na+; K+; NH4+ tan) 5. a s cc mui cha S2- u khng tan (tr Na+; K+; Ba2+; Ca2+; NH4+). 6. C 4 baz tan: KOH; NaOH; Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2

PHNG TRNH PHN NG

Axit Axit Mui Mui A + B C + D (tan) ( hoc hoc axit yu, nc ( H2O, CH3COOH)) + Baz Mui + H2O + Mui Mui mi + Axit mi + Baz Mui mi + Baz mi + Mui 2 Mui mi.

Nu cht tham gia l axit th khng cn iu kim 2 cht tham gia phi tan.