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XIN CHO C V CC BN

1.Phan Th Ngc Trm

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2.Trn Th Thu Sang


3.Trn Th Bch Thnh

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4.Nguyn Ch Cng
5.H Vn Hng

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6.L Anh T

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TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH HA HC V THC PHM

ti tiu lun:

Tng quan v vi khun VIBRIO CHOLERAE

NI DUNG
I. Gii thiu chung v Vibrio cholerae

II.c im, hnh thi cu to


III.Kh nng gy bnh ca Vibrio cholerae IV. Phng php chn on dch t V. Phng php kim nghim vi sinh trong CNTP VI. Kt lun

I.TNG QUAN V VI KHUN VIBRIO CHOLERAE

1.1 Lch s ra i: o V. cholerae c nh gii phu hc ngi Filippo Pacini xc nh gy ra bnh t vo nm 1854, nhng khng c cng nhn rng ri.
o Sau 30 nm, vi trng t c Robert Koch xc nh l tc nhn gy bnh t vo nm 1883 trong mt v dch Ai Cp. Sau vo nm 1905, Gotschlich phn lp c 6 dng. Vibrio cholerae c bit ti Eltor nhng mi n nm 1961, Vibrio cholerae loi sinh hc Eltor mi c nhn nhn l Robert Koch (1843-1910) c kh nng gy dch ln.

1.2 Phn loi vi khun Vibrio cholerae


o Vibrio cholerae (cn gi l Kommabacillus) l mt loi vi khun gram m

o V. cholerae v cc loi khc thuc chi Vibrio thuc v lp gamma ca ngnh Proteobacteria. C hai chng V. cholerae chnh, chng c in v chng El Tor, v mt s nhm huyt thanh khc.
Da

vo c tnh vi khun V. cholerae c th chia thnh 2 nhm chnh theo huyt thanh : l O1 v O139. Nhm O1 c hai tp sinh hc : El Tor v c in.

Mi tp sinh hc El Tor hay c in c th chia thnh 3 nhm nh theo huyt thanh: Ogawa, Inaba, v Hikojima. Mi nhm cn c th chia thnh nhm nh hn da vo khng nguyn A, B, hay C.

1.2 Phn loi vi khun Vibrio cholerae


Phn loi khoa hc
Gii(regnum): Ngnh(phylum): Lp(class): Bacteria Proteobactreia Gamma proteobacteria Vibrionales Vibrionaceae Vibrio

B(ordo): H(familia): Chi(genus):

Loi(species):

V.cholerae

o Trong an ton sinh hc ,phn loi tc nhn gy bnh cho


ngi da theo mc gy bnh cao hay thp v mc ca nguy c gy hi. o Cc tc nhn vi sinh vt c chia lm 2 nhm : tc nhn bnh thng v tc nhn khng bnh thng : Tc nhn khng bnh thng gm cc tc nhn gy mt s bnh thn kinh tin trin nhanh nh bnh: nhn no, b in, bnh Creutzfeld-Jakob,

Tc nhn bnh thng c chia lm 4 cp ri ro :


Vibro cholerae l tc nhn vi sinh vt thuc nhm cp ri ro th 2 ( theo lin minh chu u 1996).

2.2.1Tnh cht ha sinh:


Th nghim Oxidase (a) Th nghim indole(b) Ln men Glucose Ln men Frutose Ln men Mannose Ln men Lactose Ln men Arabinose H2S Th nghim Urease(c) Enzyme (Catalase, Lysine v Orithine decarboxylase) Enzyme dihydrolase) (Arginine + + + + + + -

(du + l c xy ra, du - l khng xy ra)

2.2.2. Kh nng khng:


o Rt bn vng vi nhit , s kh, cc tia x,cc phn ng acid v cc cht st trng. o Vibrio cholerae thng cht sau 15 pht 560C. trong d dy, Vibrio cholerae cht rt nhanh bi dch mt, HNO2 ca d dy. Thng trong mi trng m v lnh vi khun sng c lu hn. Trong nc thi tn ti c 14 ngy, nc bin l 6 ngy, nc h l 5 ngy o Vibrio cholerae nhy cm vi Streptomycin, cloromycetin, aureomycin v tetramycin.

2.2.3 Cch thc sinh trng:

Cholerae ln men khng sinh kh, c kh nng lm dch ha gelatin C kh nng kh nitrat thnh nitrit v phn gii trytophan thnh indol Vibrio cholerae pht trin c vng c nng mui cao 3% C kh nng ln men ng glucose, sucrose,mannose

Cch thc sinh trng ca Vibrio cholerae

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


1.Thuc loi vi khun Gram m (Gram negative) Vibrio cholerae (cn gi l Kommabacillus) thuc loi vi khun hiu kh gram m (khi nhum mu s cho ra mu cam hoc hng) gy bnh t ngi.

Viibrio cholerae c dng hnh que mng, hi cong ging du phy (cn c gi l phy khun), kch thc 0,3-0,6 1,5 m, c chng a mn v chng khng a mn.2

II. c im, hnh thi cu to

Hnh nh v Vibrio cholerae di knh hin vi sau khi c nhum mu:

S cu to t bo vi khun V.Cholerae:

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Thnh t bo Mng sinh cht T bo cht Th nhn Bao nhy
c im, hnh thi cu to ca Vibrio cholerae

Tin mao
Khun mao

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Thnh t bo

Cu to

Chim t 20-30% khi lng kh ca t bo. Thnh phn cu to: -Peptidoglycan: chim t 5-20% khi lng cht kh ca thnh t bo. -Polysaccharide -Lypopolysaccharid: 2 thnh phn chnh o Lipid o Protein -Cu to gm 2 lp: -Mng ngoi -Peptidoglycan

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


2. Thnh t bo:

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Chc nng ca Thnh t bo

Gip duy tr hnh thi ca t bo

H tr s chuyn ng ca tin mao (flagellu m)

Gip t bo khng vi p sut thm thu

H tr qu trnh phn ct t bo

Cn tr s xm nhp ca mt s cht c phn t ln,

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Mng sinh cht

Cu to:
Mng sinh cht c cu to bi 2 lp: Phospholipid chim 30-40% khi lng ca mng. u phosphat tch in, phn cc, a nc ui hydrocarbon khng tch in, khng phn cc, k nc. Protein (nm trong, ngoi hay xen gia mng), chim 60-70% khi lng ca mng

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Khng ch s qua li ca cc cht dinh dng, cc sn phm trao i cht Duy tr p sut thm thu bnh thng trong t bo.L ni sinh tng hp cc thnh phn ca thnh t bo v cc polyme ca bao nhy
- L ni tin hnh qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ho v qu trnh phosphoryl quang hp ( vi khun quang t dng)

Chc nng Ca Mng sinh cht

L ni tng hp nhiu enzym, cc protein ca chui h hp.


-Cung cp nng lng cho s hot ng - ca tin mao.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


T bo cht

Cu tao:
L phn vt cht dng keo nm bn trong mng sinh cht, cha ti 80% l nc. Trong t bo cht c protein, acid nucleic, hydrat carbon, lipid, cc ion v c v nhiu nhiu cht khc c khi lng phn t thp nn mng sinh cht dc chia thnh 2 phn: Phn 1: Cytosol lng Phn 2: Cc vt th l lng trong cytosol.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


T bo cht Bo quan ng lu trong t bo cht l ribosome (chim ch yu ca phn 2). Ribosom nm t do trong t bo cht v chim ti 70% trng lng kh ca t bo cht.
Tiu phn Ribosom l nhng ht c cu to t ARN v Protein, c 50S Tiu phn ng knh khong 25nm, gm 2 tiu phn (50S v 30S), 30S

hai tiu phn ny kt hp vi nhau to thnh ribosom 70S. Chc nng: Ribosome l ni tng hp nn Protein

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Th nhn

Th nhn ca Vibrio cholerae dng nhn nguyn thu, cha c mng nhn nn khng c hnh dng c nh, v v vy cn c gi l vng nhn. Khi nhum mu t bo bng thuc nhum Feulgen c th thy th nhn hin mu tm. l 1 nhim sc th (NST, chromosome) duy nht dng vng cha 1 si ADN xon kp. Chc nng: Ni lu tr thng tin di truyn v truyn t thng tin di truyn.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to

nh chp th nhn ca Vibrio cholerae di knh hin vi

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


T bo cht

Vibrio cholerae c mt lp mng nhy bao bc quanh t bo (khi nhum mu vi khun ta thy c mt lp mng trng trong sut bao quanh).Thnh phn c bn ca mng l nc (n 98%), 2% cht kh cn li l polysaccharide.
Hnh nh bao nhy ca Vibrio cholerae di knh hin vi sau khi nhum mu.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Chc nng ca Bao nhy
- Bo v vi khun trong iu kin kh hn (trnh mt nc), chng li s tn cng ca c t bo khc Cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi khun khi thiu thc n L ni tch lu mt s sn phm trao i cht (dextran, xantan...) Gip vi khun bm vo gi th Ni sn sinh ra c t choleraetoxin

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Tin mao Vibrio cholerae di chuyn c l nh tin mao. Tin mao ca Vibrio cholerae l mt si lng di c bao lng bao bc nn cn c gi l n mao, di knh hin vi quang hc ch c th thy r khi nhum theo phng php ring. xc nh xem vi khun c tin maohay khng Cy bng que cy nhn u vo mi trng thch cha 0.4% thch (agar-agar), cn gi l mi trng thch mm. Nu thy vt cy lan nhanh ra xung quanh th chng t l vi khun c tin mao, c kh nng di ng.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Tin mao

Tin mao c gc (basal body), gm 1 tr nh c gn vi 4 a trn c dng vng nhn, k hiu l cc vng L,P,S v M. Vng L nm ngoi cng, tng ng vi lp liposaccarid ca mng ngoi ; vng P tng ng vi lp peptidoglycan, vng S tng ng vi lp khng gian chu cht ; vng M nm trong cng.

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Tin mao Tin mao mc cc gip vi khun di ng theo kiu tin- li. Chng o ngc hng bng cch o ngc hng quay ca tin mao. Tc di chuyn ca Vibrio cholerae thng vo khong 2080m/giy, ngha l trong 1 giy chuyn ng c mt khong cch ln hn gp 20-80 ln so vi chiu di ca c th chng

II. c im, hnh thi cu to


Khun mao

Khun mao (hay Tim mao, Nhung mao , Fimbriae) l nhng si lng rt mnh, rt ngn mc quanh b mt Khun mao t bo vi khun. Chng c ng knh khong 7-9nm, rng rut (ng knh trong l 2-2,5nm), s lng khong 250-300 si/ vi khun. Kt cu ca khun mao gin n hn nhiu so vi tin mao. Chc nng: Gip Vibrio cholerae bm vo rut non (gi th)

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


a) Khi qut v bnh t: Bnh truyn nhim ng rut cp tnh. Do vi khun Vibrio cholerae. Thi gian bnh vi gi ti 5 ngy (thng t 2-3 ngy). Bnh ly khi cn mm bnh trong phn. Ly lang mnh nht thi k tiu chy. Nguy c mc bnh rt thay i.

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi b)Khi qut v lch s bnh i dch ton cu:

Bnh t c cho l xut hin cch y hng th k ti lc a n


Dng. 7 v i dch ln t nm 1817. i dch III (1844-1864): John Snow ngi tm ra mi lin h gia bnh t v ngun nc (1849). i dch V: Robert Koch phn lp vi khun (Ai Cp 1883). i dch VI (1900-1926): Phn lp c sinh El Tor (1905). i dch VII: o Sulawesi, Indonesia 1961- nay.

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


b) Khi qut v lch s bnh: Vit Nam: - Dch t xut hin t gia th k XIX. - Nm 1964 min Nam bng ln 1 v dch t ln trong vng 5 thng, lan ra 35/45 tnh, t l t vong 4,1%, vi khun gy bnh l Vibrio cholerae loi Eltor. - Hin nay vn cn tim n vi nhiu phc tp.

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


c) Tc nhn gy bnh

V.cholerae

O1

O139

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi

O1
C in Eltor

Ogawa: gm A, B Inaba: gm A, C Hikojima: gm A, B, C (t gp)

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi

O139
Eltor
Vit Nam hin cha ghi nhn c V. cholerae O139

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


d) C ch gy bnh

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


Tm tt c ch
c t ca phy khun tip xc vi b mt mng t bo Cc thnh phn lin kt (B) gn vi oligosaccharide ca GM1 ganglioside

Thay i dng ca th quan, cu phn A tip xc vi mng t bo;


Cu phn A xm nhp vo t bo Lin kt dissulfide ca cu phn A chu tc ng ca glutathione trong t bo dn n gii phng tiu phn A1 v A2

A1 thu phn NAD gii phng ADP-Ribose v nicotinamide


Mt trong cc protein G ca adenylate cyclase chu tc ng ca ADPR s c ch hot ng ca GTPase v gi adenylate cyclase trng thi hot ng adenylate cyclase xc tc qu trnh hnh thnh cAMP.

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


e) Dch t hc

Vibrio cholerae xm nhp vo c th qua ng phn ming Bnh thay i theo ma. Vit Nam bnh thng vo ma nng thng (2, 3, 4) 75% nhim vi khun t khng triu chng nhng vn thi vi khun ra mi trng 7-14 gy Nhng ngi c triu chng th hin nh v va 80%

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


f) Sinh bnh hc

Vi khun sau khi nhim qua ng ming phn ln b tiu dit bi acid trong dch v, cn li s tip tc n rut non. Ti y, Vi khun s tit c t Cholerae Toxin (CTx) lm xut tit nhiu cht in gii (K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-) v nc trong lng rut.

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


Mt nc
Mt HCO3Gy sc gim th tch, suy thn cp C th a n toan huyt gy nn i

Mt K+
Mt nc v nhiu cht in gii

Lit rut, chng bng

Gy vp b

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae

III.1 Kh nng gy bnh ngi


g) Nguyn nhn gy bnh

III. Kh nng gy bnh t ca Vibrio cholerae f) Cch phng

IV. Phng php chn on dch t

IV.1 Lm sng
a) bnh b) Khi pht c) Ton pht Bnh nhn tiu chy t, xi x, r r lin tc, c th n 30 ml/kg trng lng. Nn: bnh nhn nn d dng, lc u ra thc n, sau ra nc, thng xut hin sau tiu chy. Thng khng st, t au bng. Mt l cht rt

IV. Phng php chn on dch t

IV.2 Cn lm sng
Soi phn: gip chn on nhanh. Cy phn: dng tnh vi Vibrio cholerae 01 hoc 0139 +Phi ly phn sm, truc khi iu tr khng sinh. +Cy phn vo mi trung chuyn bit. Phy khun t mc rt nhanh v c th xc nh sau 24 gi.

IV. Phng php chn on dch t

IV.2 Cn lm sng
Tnh trng c c mu: t trng nc tiu tng. Tnh trng ri lon in gii: gim kali, gim bicarbonat, pH

thp.
Suy thn: ur v creatinin mu tng

H ng huyt do nn i khng n c, xc nh chnh


xc hn khi b dch .

IV. Phng php chn on dch t

IV.2 Chn on phn bit


Cc loi bnh c tiu chy v sc nhng khng c du hiu mt nc nng. - Sc nhim trng - St rt c tnh th gi lnh - Thai ngoi t cung Nhim trng, nhim c thc n Tiu chy nhim trng do cc tc nhn khc.

V. Phng php kim nghim Vi sinh trong CNTP

VI. Kt lun

Vibrio cholerae l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn bnh t. N ly lan nhanh chng v tr thnh i dch ton cu. Qua , chng ta hiu hn v vi khun Vibrio cholerae v bnh t => bit c triu chng lm sng, nguyn nhn v cch iu tr bnh, cng nh cc phng php kim nghim vi sinh trong CNTP

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