NGHINCUTIMNNGXYDNG MHNHTHSINHKHIHUYNCCHI,TP.

HCM
V Dao Chi Khoa Mi Trng, i Hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM Nguyn Th Vn H* S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh TP.HCM Nguyn Tun Thnh S Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn TP.HCM Nguyn Phc Trung

Tm tt Bi bo co tp trung nghin cu vo hin trng pht sinh v s dng cc ngun sinh khi khc nhau ti Huyn C Chi; tim nng xy dng v trin khai thc hin m hnh th trn th sinh khi nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng sinh khi trong khu vc nghin cu. S liu c thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau v thng qua bng cu hi c phn tch v nh gi nhm c lng khi lng sinh khi tim nng v phn tch chu trnh vt cht. Kt qu cho thy, ngun sinh khi pht sinh ti huyn ch yu t cht thi sinh khi- chim 72% tng sinh khi, trong , cht thi t hot ng chn nui chim ti 86% tng lng sinh khi. Tuy nhin, khi lng sinh khi c thu gom, tn dng, x l cha cao, 60% cht thi t chn nui, 70% cht thi thc n v 2% cht thi sinh hot. Nghin cu xut p dng m hnh th trn sinh khi nhm tng t l v hiu qu s dng sinh khi hin ti. m hnh c th trin khai cn xy dng cc mi lin kt mi nh sn xut kh biogas v phn compost vi quy m ph hp hn, tp trung hn v hiu qu hn m hnh h gia nh.

1. t vn Ti nguyn sinh khi c xem l ngun nng lng mi, c kh nng ti sinh v thay th cho ngun nhin liu ha thch. y l ngun ti nguyn c nh gi l pht sinh lng kh thi nh knh mc thp, ng thi, l ngun ti nguyn c tr lng sinh khi di do. Vit Nam vi th mnh l mt t nc nng nghip, a dng cc loi sinh khi, iu kin kh hu thun li pht trin nhiu loi cy lm nguyn liu cho nhin liu sinh hc. Tuy nhin, hin nay
*Tin s

ngun ti nguyn quan trng ny vn cha c quan tm, s dng, phn phi hiu qu. Phn ln c em i thi b dn n cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng v gy lng ph ti nguyn. Theo Chin lc sinh khi Nippon ti Nht Bn ti nguyn sinh khi c th chia lm 3 loi: (1) Sinh khi cht thi rn (bao gm phn ng vt t hot ng chn nui, cht thi thc n, cht thi hu c phn hy t cc nh
500

cng trnh x l cht thi, bn thi, nc en..); (2) Sinh khi cha s dng hiu qu t cc hot ng trng trt, lm nghip cn li sau khi thu hoch cc sn phm chnh nh go, bp, u, g nh tro tru, rm r, cnh cy kh, l cy ct ta, mn ca; v (3) Thc vt sn xut nng lng (nh ma ng, ng, go, la mch...) (Solikhah, 2007). Nht Bn t nm 2003 a ra khi nim v tch cc thc hin D n pht trin cc th trn sinh khi (biomass town), ng thi hng ti nhn rng m hnh ny ti cc nc Ty , trong c Vit Nam. Mc tiu vo nm 2010, Nht Bn s c 300 m hnh th sinh thi (Shinogi, 2006). Khi nim "th trn sinh khi" c hiu l cng ng, thnh ph hay cc loi th t tr trong c h thng s dng ti nguyn sinh khi tch hp c xy dng bng mng li cc quy trnh, cng ngh ti s dng hiu qu sinh khi t khi pht sinh cho n khi s dng cui cng, di s lin kt cht ch gia tt c bn c lin quan trong cng ng v c khuyn khch pht trin trong tng lai vi mt h thng s dng sinh khi bn vng, ph hp vi a phng (Ngun: http://www.maff.go.jp/j/biomass). Chng trnh kh biogas do B NN&PTNT thc hin t c nhng kt qu kh quan trong vic s dng sinh khi, mang v gii thng v nng lng B nm 2006 (Thng, 2009), v ang ci thin cht lng mi trng nng thn v cung cp nng lng cho h gia nh.
501

Hng ti mc tiu xy dng mt h thng s dng ti nguyn sinh khi mt cch hiu qu, bn vng, ci thin cht lng cuc sng, to cc iu kin pht trin vng nng thn, vng ven thnh ph cng nh ci thin tnh trng nhim mi trng do cht thi hu c gy ra, Nghin cu xy dng m hnh th trn sinh khi biomass town huyn C Chi, tp.HCM c thc hin nhm to c s khoa hc cho vic nghin cu nh gi tim nng v xut m hnh s dng sinh khi bn vng ti a phng. 2. Phng php nghiu cu (1) a im nghin cu Huyn C Chi vi din tch t t nhin l 43.450,2 ha, chim 20,74% din tch ton thnh ph, l khu vc ngoi thnh chim t trng sn xut nng nghip ln nht ca thnh ph. Tng din tch gieo trng t 21.283ha trong cy hoa lan- cy king c ch trng pht trin t 276ha, cy n qu 2.975ha. Ngnh chn nui c xem l ngnh trng im ca huyn vi s lng n b 56.846 con, n heo 130.952 con. y cng l nhm ngnh c nh gi c tim nng sinh khi quan trng ch yu ca huyn trong vic xy dng th trn sinh khi trong tng lai. (2) Phng php nghin cu Nghin cu c thc hin t thng 01/2010 n thng 12/2010, bao gm 6 bc theo quy trnh xy dng v nh gi m hnh th sinh thi hnh 1. Kho st thc a v phng vn trc tip cn b huyn, x, h gia nh (22 h
-

gia nh) c t chc thc hin nhm thu thp cc thng tin lin quan v s dng sinh khi cp h gia nh, cng nh xem xt cc yu t, vn x hi, th ch nh hng trc tip n vic hnh thnh th trn sinh khi (Bng 1). Phng php c lng sinh khi da trn h s pht thi, phng php
-

nh gi nhanh, phng php chuyn gia v cc cng c t duy h thng nh: s khi, s cnh cy, phn tch dng vt cht, phng php nh gi u vo v u ra, m hnh cn bng vt cht c s dng trong nghin cu xy dng m hnh th sinh khi.

Bng 1. Cc thng tin chnh cn thu thp Ni dung - V tr a l Thng tin chung - c im v li th kinh t - c im x hi - Khi lng sinh khi hin ti Khi lng sinh khi hin tai - V tr sinh khi pht sinh - Sn phm sinh khi ti s dng V tr s dng sinh khi - D liu cung v cu ca sinh khi - Thit b ti ch - Cng ngh chuyn i Cng ngh/ phng thc - Quy m chuyn i sinh khi - Phng thc s dng cc sn phm sinh khi v cc sn phm ph Cc d n s dng sinh khi - Cc d n s dng sinh khi hin ti - Cc d n lin quan v pht trin kinh t Chin lc pht trin kinh t - H thng h tr cng cng v sinh khi H thng h tr ca chnh ph - Cc ngun vn Loi

T chc hi tho chuyn gia a phng nhn c s gp , nh gi v hon thin m hnh vo ngy 26/02/2010 (thnh phn tham gia hi tho bao gm i din cc x thuc huyn C Chi, Phng ti nguyn mi
-

trng, Phng Nng Nghip v pht trin nng thn, cc S Ban Ngnh, Chi Cc, Trung tm khuyn nng TPHCM, trng i hc Bch Khoa v t chc JICA Nht Bn)..

502

Ngun: Hi tho th trn sinh khi Ty , thng 2/2009, EX coporation, 2009) Hnh 1: Quy trnh xy dng v nh gi m hnh th sinh khi

3. Kt qu v Bin lun (1) Hin trng tim nng pht sinh v s dng sinh khi ca huyn C Chi Ngun sinh khi pht sinh huyn C Chi c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: sinh khi cht thi, sinh khi nng nghip, v sinh khi cy trng nng lng. Nhm sinh khi c cht thi chim t trng cao nht (72%), sinh khi nng nghip (26%) nhng ch c 2% sinh khi c ngun gc t cy trng nng lng. Nhm sinh khi cht thi c xem l ngun sinh khi quan trng, ch

yu ti khu vc nghin cu hnh thnh th trn sinh khi trong tng lai. a. Nhm sinh khi cht thi Ngnh chn nui huyn C Chi l nhm ngnh trng im ca huyn C Chi, chim t l sinh khi pht sinh ln nht (86%) so vi cc loi sinh khi khc (cht thi sinh hot chim 10,53%, bn thi chim 3,3%, d lng thc n ch chim 0,05%). Trong , cht thi chn nui b chim ti 68.77%, xp x tng khi lng cht thi ton huyn, tip theo l cht thi chn nui heo chim 17.24% (Hnh 2).

503

Hnh 2. T trng (%) cc loi sinh khi cht thi ti huyn C Chi, tp.HCM Cht thi t hot ng chn nui C Chi vi s lng u heo 130.952 con, pht sinh 73.233 tn cht thi, 70% lng cht thi pht sinh c x l bng hm biogas, lm thc n cho c theo m hnh VAC, lm phn compost, hoc phi kh. Phn heo khi c x l bng hm biogas to ra kh sinh hc dng cho vic nu nng cp h gia nh nhng hiu qu s dng thp, lng phn d tha sau khi x l khng c tn dng. S lng b ti huyn C Chi ln n 59.069 con, ni bt l x Tn Thnh ng vi 12.310 con. Lng phn hng nm thi ra t hot ng chn nui chim gn 70% lng cht thi chn nui. Tuy nhin, ch 60% lng phn ny c x l v ti s dng li thng qua cc phng php nh nui trn qu, hm biogas, lm phn compost, bn thng trc tip t khu vc nui ra ngoi ng c. Cc h chn nui ch yu thng phi kh phn, ng bao v bn li cho cc nh vn vi gi rt thp (2.000 VND/kg phn b kh). 40% lng phn b c x thi thng ra ngoi knh rch gy mi hi thi, nhim mi trng nc, t. Bn thi: vi lng bn thi c tnh pht sinh l 14.000 tn/nm, khong 50% bn thi c thu gom v lm phn compost. Cht thi sinh hot: Hng nm, vi dn s khong 350.000 ngi, huyn C Chi pht sinh khong 44.713 tn cht thi t cc h gia nh, ch v trung tm thng mi. Tuy nhin, ch khong 2% lng cht thi pht sinh c s dng lm phn compost. Trn a bn huyn ch c bi rc Tn Hip vi cng sut hot ng 2.000-3.000 tn/ngy, tip nhn v x l cho c thnh ph H Ch Minh. D lng thc n hu ht c s dng lm thc n cho gia sc, phn cn li c cc h x l bng cch em t hoc chn lp ti vn nh.

504

Bng 2. Hin trng tim nng pht sinh v s dng sinh khi ca huyn C Chi
Nhm Khi lng (tn/nm) Phng thc s dng - Biogas - Thc n cho c - Phn compost - Phn kh - Biogas - Nui trn qu - Phn compost - Phn b kh - Bn trc tip ng c - Biogas - Phn compost Phn compost - t - Thc n cho gia sc Chn lp, t - Thc n cho gia sc - Chn lp - t - t - Thc n cho gia sc Thc n cho gia sc Chn lp t chn lp Khi lng s dng (tn/nm) 51.263,6 c tnh t l s dng (%) 70%

Heo Chn nui

73.233,72

Sinh khi cht thi

292.084,68

175.250,81

60%

Khc Bn Thi Cht thi sinh hot D lng thc n Rm r Tru C chn nui Cht thi rau qu Cht thi hoa king Cy n tri G (tre) Cy cao su Bp

474,765 14.000 44.713 197 18.550,14 14.072,52 105.600 11.740 504,75 310 1.801,8 7.581,6 237,25

142,43 7.000 894 138 16.695,13 7.036,26 95.040 9.392 454,28 1.261,26 5.307,12 166,075

30% 50% 2% 70% 90% 50% 90% 80% 80% 90% 70% 70% 70%

Sinh khi nng nghip

Cht thi nng nghip

- t - Ci t - Ci t - Gi th trng nm Thc n cho gia sc Chn lp Thc n cho gia sc Chn lp Gi th trng lan Chn lp Thc n cho gia sc

Cht Thi lm nghip Cy trng nng lng

Ma u phng

(Ngun: tng hp theo s liu thng k ca Phng Nng Nghip Pht Trin Nng Thn huyn C Chi tnh n ngy 1/10/2009)

b. Nhm sinh khi nng nghip Cht thi nng nghip chim khi lng kh ln, ni bt nht l rm r (18.550 tn/ nm), tuy nhin vn khng cung cp thc n cho chn nui b
505

sa ti vng. Ngai ra, din tch la c xu hng gim dn, chuyn sang trng c phc v chn nui, trng rau, trng hoa king, trng cy n tri nn khi lng rm r s gim dn, thay vo ,

khi lng c chn nui, cht thi t rau qu, hoa king, cy n tri s tng ln. Rm r: din tch trng la xp x 15.000 ha, khi lng rm r pht sinh c tnh hn 16.000 tn /nm. Mc d, 90% lng sinh khi ny c x l, ti s dng lm thc n cho gia sc, hoc lm cht t, nhng thc s hiu qu s dng cha cao. Do khng thun li cho giao thng, ph chuyn ch v lng rm r ny khi s dng lm thc n cho b khng cung cp cht dinh dng, nn hu ht lng rm r tht thot do hot ng chn lp hoc t sinh khi ti khu vc pht sinh. Tru: 50% tru pht sinh ti huyn C Chi c s dng lm cht t (c bit l cc h gia nh c nu v sn xut ru) v lm gi th cho nui trng nm Cht thi rau qu, hoa king, cy n tri bao gm l cy, thn cy, r c h gia nh, c s sn xut thu gom li lm thc n cho gia sc, hoc chn lp ti ch (80-90%). c. Nhm sinh khi cy trng nng lng Nhm sinh khi cy trng nng lng pht sinh khng ng k so vi tng sinh khi ton vng, hu ht cc loi cy trng nng lng c trng ch yu phc v cho: mc ch lm thc n cho gia sc, thc phm, cha s dng sn xut nng lng. 70% bp v ma c s dng lm thc n b sung cho gia sc, hoc chn lp ti ch. V u

phng c dng lm gi th trng lan do kh nng gi nc cao. (2) Cc vn pht sinh lin quan n ngun sinh khi huyn C Chi Ngun sinh khi ch yu pht sinh t 4 nhm hot ng: Chn nui, trng trt, lm nghip v hot ng ca con ngi, trong c bit l nhm hot ng chn nui c khi lng sinh khi ln. Cc vn pht sinh c phn tch da trn 4 nhm hot ng ny nh sau: i vi hot ng chn nui: ngnh chn nui pht trin nhanh chng v vt bc so vi cc qun huyn khc ti tpHCM v ang gy ra nhng vn nghim trng v mt mi trng m in hnh l :
- Chn nui ti huyn C Chi hu

ht u theo hnh thc chn nui h gia nh nh l, v vy cht thi thng khng c thu gom, x l ng quy cch.
- Mi hi thi thi ra t cc tri

chn nui heo, b gy nhim khng kh, nh hng n i sng sinh hot v sc khe ca ngi dn;
- Hu nh cc h chn nui nh l

u khng c h thng x l nc thi, bn thi t cc hot ng chn nui. Cht thi chn nui c thi trc tip ra cc knh rch nh hng nghim trng n ngun nc, t nh hng n nng sut, hiu qu chn nui ca vng.
- Hiu qu s dng sn phm t

hm biogas h gia nh vn cha tht

506

s hiu qu, ch yu cc h ch s dng kh gas vo hot ng nu nng. Lng kh cn d s c thi trc tip ra ngoi mi trng, gp phn tng lng kh thi nh knh.
- Thiu th trng cho cc sn

- Th trng trng nm vn cn hn

ch, ngi dn thiu thng tin, kinh nghim. i vi hot ng ca con ngi
- Nhiu h gia inh vn cha c

phm phn compost, phn trn qu. i vi hot ng Nng nghip

- Nng sut la gim st, hiu qu

khng cao do nc b nhim mn, ngun nc mt b nhim.

- Thiu rm r phc v lm thc n

hng dch v cng ch thu gom cht thi sinh hot do xa ng ln, khng thun li cho vic i li, hu ht cc h u s dng phng php t x l cht thi. (3) xut mc tiu s dng sinh khi huyn C Chi Mc tiu xut ca huyn trong vic khuyn khch v gia tng t l % s dng ti nguyn sinh khi theo tng cp u tin sau: ti nguyn sinh khi cht thi, sinh khi nng nghip v cy trng nng lng.

chn nui b, c bit l b sa. Hin nay, huyn C Chi phi nhp rm r t cc tnh ln cn nh Long An p ng c nhu cu chn nui b sa. Tuy nhin, cht lng rm r s dng lm thc n cho b sa ti huyn khng cho nng sut sa cao.

Bng 3. Mc tiu d kin s dng sinh khi ti huyn C Chi, tpHCM

507

(4) xut m hnh th sinh khi Mc tiu ca th trn sinh khi ca huyn C Chi bao gm: Xy dng mt h thng s dng sinh khi kt hp; Gia tng hiu qu s dng sinh khi ca h thng trong tng nhm loi sinh khi; Khuyn khch s dng nng lng sinh

khi di dng nhit v in; Xy dng, khuyn khch th trng sn phm xanh nh phn compost, phn trn qu; v Khuyn khch gim thiu, ti s dng sinh khi cht thi v sinh khi nng nghip.

Hnh 3. M hnh th trn sinh khi xut ti huyn C Chi Trong m hnh ny cc mi lin kt mi cn c xy dng v nghin cu trin khai thc hin th im quy m ph hp bao gm:S Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn ch o y Ban Nhn Dn huyn C Chi cng vi s h tr k thut ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa TpHCM c d n JICA trin khai m hnh th im sn xut ethanol t rm r quy m phng th nghim v trin khai ng dng; S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh phi hp vi y Ban Nhn Dn huyn C Chi trong vic sn xut in t kh biogas thu c quy m tp trung. (5) Li ch mi trng, kinh t, x hi ca m hnh th sinh khi Li ch mi trng
- Th trn sinh khi gia tng hiu

qu ti s dng cht thi sinh khi, c bit l cht thi chn nui ca huyn, khong 90% cht thi chn nui c ti
508

sinh, ti ch nh sn xut kh sinh hc v lm phn compost thay v thi ra mi trng, gii quyt c tnh trng nhim mi trng nghim trng hin nay do cht thi chn nui gy ra.
- Do ti s dng, ti ch sinh khi

kinh t a phng v khuyn khch qu trnh hp tc kinh t a phng, kinh t vng v quc t. Li ch x hi
- To thm cng n vic lm cho

cht thi thnh cc sn phm ph v nng lng nn th trn sinh khi gp phn gim ng k vic tiu th nng lng bng cch tn dng sn ngun nng lng hin c, gim lng kh nh knh pht thi pht sinh do cc hot ng x l cht thi truyn thng nh t, phi kh phn b, heo..v .v.. Li ch kinh t
- Xy dng th trng xanh cho sn

ngi lao ng
- Xy dng mt cng ng hng

ti mc tiu gim lng pht thi sinh khi ra ngoi mi trng, tn dng v ti s dng cc ngun sinh khi, hng ti mt mi trng xanh, gp phn lm gim s nng ln ca tri t. (6) Cc xut v chnh sch khuyn khch hnh thnh th sinh khi Hin nay khi nim th sinh khi cha c hnh thnh v pht trin Vit nam do rt cn cc chnh sch ca nh nc quy nh r yu cu thc hin v pht trin m hnh th sinh thi. Cc chnh sch xut bao gm nh sau:
- Chnh sch khuyn khch ti ch,

phm nng nghip sch, cc ch phm c ti s dng sinh khi ti a phng nh phn compost, phn trn qu, nm, v.v., an ton vi mi trng.
- To cc ngun thu nhp mi t

cc hot ng ti s dng v x l sinh khi.

- Thc y s pht trin cng

nghip nng lng, cng nghip sn xut cc thit b chuyn ha nng lng.v.v, gim s ph thuc vo du, than, a dng ha ngun cung cp nhin liu v to ra ngun nng lng thay th mi
- Nhn c s h tr, quan tm t

ti s dng cht thi/ph phm, khuyn khch s dng cc sn phm xanh, nhm to mt th trng n nh cho ngi nng dn.
- Xy dng cc tiu chun v cht

pha chnh ph v cc t chc phi chnh ph, tip cn c nhng ngun u t cn thit ci thin hiu qu sn xut.
- Th trn sinh khi to cc c hi

lng cc sn phm ti ch nh phn compost, phn trn qu nhm tng gi tr thng mi i vi loi sn phm ny.
- Xy dng cc tiu chun nc

thi sau khi c x l bng hm biogas, tiu chun nc thi ca ao c.

- Chnh sch khuyn khch u t

mi cho khu vc nng thn nh huyn C Chi, gp phn lm tng s pht trin
509

ng dng cng ngh hin i sn xut nng lng sinh hc t ti nguyn sinh

khi, c bit l sn xut kh Methane t cc hm biogas

- Chnh sch khuyn khch s dng

nng lng sinh hc th h th 2 (Schaub, 2010) t ti nguyn sinh khi.

- Chnh sch ban hnh c th v

nhim v, quyn hn, ngha v v quyn li ca cc thnh phn tham gia vo m hnh th trn sinh khi, c bit l dn c a phng. Chia s trch nhim v quyn li cho dn c a phng v h l thnh phn chnh duy tr m hnh th trn sinh khi hoat ng
- Xy dng cc knh thng tin gia

cc thnh phn nhm tip nhn cc phn hi, trao i thng tin sn phm gia nh sn xut, nh tiu dng v cc thnh phn lin quan. 4. Kt lun Huyn C Chi c tim nng sinh khi di do, ch yu pht sinh t cht Ti liu tham kho

thi sinh khi- chim 72% tng sinh khi. y l khu vc nng thn c truyn thng trng trt v c bit n l khu vc chn nui b sa pht trin nhanh chng TPHCM. Cng ngh x l cht thi sinh khi hin nay ca vng ch yu l phn hy k kh bng hm biogas, phn phi kh cp h gia nh, v vy, hiu qu thu gom, x l, ti s dng cha cao, khong 60% cht thi t chn nui, 70% cht thi thc n, 2% cht thi sinh hot. Chnh v vy, cn phi y mnh hiu qu s dng sinh khi tng hot ng, xy dng cc mi lin kt gia cc thnh phn trong h thng, trao i sn phm v kinh nghim nhm xy dng mt th trn sinh khi bn vng. Nghin cu cn tip tc a ra cc m hnh ng dng th sinh thi cc quy m c th ph hp vi iu kin a phng.

1. EX Corporation (2009), Methods to calculate Exisiting Biomass Volume in Japan, East Asia Biomass Town Workshop Feb. Japan. Feb 2009. 2. Yoshiyuki Shinogi (2006), Biomass town concept in East-Asian (online), viewed 25 November 2009, from < http://www.biomass-asiaworkshop.jp/biomassws/06workshop/presentation/34_Shinogi.pdf 3. Georg Schaub (2010), Liquid Fuels and Substitude Natural Gas (SNG) from Biomass, Workshop Bioenergy HCM. Ho Chi Minh city.2010 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Biomass Nippon Strategy, MAFF,2002 5. Maharani Dewi Solikhah (2007), Jica tropical biomass ultilization (online) viewed 11 December 2007, from <www.ikajica.or.id/download/ReportTBU.pdf> 6. Nguyn Trung Thng (2009), Nng lng sinh hc v cuc cch mng xanh ca th k 21. Hi tho v Nng lng sinh hc khu vc APEC, Seoul, Hn Quc, thng 9/2009. 7. MAFF, Biomass town, viewd 20 March 2010, from http://www.maff.go.jp/kinki/kikaku/baiomass/baiomasu-rennrakukaigifiles/pdf/H20P5.pdf
510

STUDYONPOTENTIALSOFBIOMASSTOWN ESTABLISHMENTINCUCHIDISTRICT,HOCHIMINHCITY
V Dao Chi HCMC University of Technology Nguyn Th Vn H1 HCMC Department of Science and Technology Nguyn Tun Thnh, Nguyn Phc Trung

Abstract The study aims to identify potential sources and current use of biomass in Cu Chi District, Ho Chi Minh City. It discovers the potential of establishment and implementation of the biomass town model in order to improve the efficiency of biomass utilization system in studied areas. Data is collected from different sources and interview to estimate existing or potential amounts of biomass and analyze biomass material flow. The results found that waste biomass is main biomass type, of which 86% is from husbandry and livestock manure, accounting for 72% of total biomass in Cu Chi. However, the rate of collected and reused biomass is low, e.g. 60% of livestock waste, 70% of food waste and 2% of domestic waste compared with their total emission rates. It is proposed that implementation of the biomass town model could increase the existing rates of the usage and efficiency of biomass, which are only achieved by creating the new material linkages such as biogas and compost production at proper scales and more centralization than the household- scale models.

Doctor

511