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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH


VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

Bo co: Thc hnh nng sn

NECTA C RT
B SUNG TP CAM
GVHD: NGUYN TH HONG YN
SVTH:
1.

Trn Th Ngc nh

09231001

2.

L Thi Hng Cm

09209411

3.

V Th Hng Cc

09211291

4.

Nguyn Th Hng Duyn

09217321

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Tp HCM thng 5 nm 2012

M u
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng i sng con ngi
ngy cng c nng cao v vt cht cng nh tinh thn, chnh v vy sau nhng
ngy lm vic mt nhc mi ngi thng t chc cc bui hi hp, d ngoi,
giao lu gp g bn b. Trong nhng lc nh vy mt th khng th thiu c
l nc gii kht, n gp phn lm tinh thn thoi mi mi ngi tr nn thn
thin hn, ci m vi nhau hn.
p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng, trn th
trng hin nay c rt nhiu cc loi nc ung ng chai khc nhau, mi mt
loi ph hp vi th hiu ca mt nhm ngi no . Bn cnh , cc loi nc
gii kht cn c vai tr nht nh i vi sc kho con ngi. V d nc ung tri
cy cung cp cho c th ngun vitamin, gluxit, khong... Nc p c rt cha hm
lng cao ca cht potassium, magnesium v mt s lng calcium - khin n tr
thnh mt trong nhng loi nc p hu ch nht.
Bi v ngoi cht st, ba loi cht ny l nhng khong cht d b thiu
thn nht trong thc n ca ngi ph n. y l ngun beta-carotene v
carotenoid tuyt ho c th chuyn ha thnh vitamin A, gip tng cng th
lc v ban m v gim nguy c bnh c thy tinh th do tin trnh lo ha.
Nhng cht chng oxy ha trong caroteroid gip gim nguy c ung th phi, bao
t v bng quang. Loi nc p tng cng sc bt ca c th ny cn cha mt
enzyme chng oxy ha mnh m khc l alpha-lipoic acid, gip y mnh kh
nng ca vitamin A, C, E, nhm tng kh nhng gc ha hc t do c hi ra khi
c th. Vi mong mun to ra 1 loi nc ung giu cht dinh dng v tin li
cho ngi tiu dng. Nhm chng em bt tay vo lm sn phm nc ung
necta c rt ng chai.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

LI CM N
Qua hn 2 thng lm vic ti phng th nghim trng i Hc Cng Nghip
TP.HCM cho n nay chng em hon thnh xong ti Nghin cu sn xut
th nghim sn phm mi: nc ung necta c rt . Em xin chn thnh cm n
Ban Gim Hiu trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM , vin trng vin Cng
Ngh Sinh Hc Thc Phm, GVHD c Nguyn Th Hong Yn cng ton b thy
c trong b mn cng ngh thc phm, thy c ph trch phng th nghim cng
ngh thc phm tn tnh hng dn v gip chng em trong sut thi gian
thc hnh.
Do kin thc v thi gian nghin cu cn hn ch nn mc d c rt nhiu
c gng nhng vn khng trnh c thiu st. V vy chng em rt mong nhn
c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca c ti ny hon thin tt hn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

MC LC
I.Tng quan nguyn liu sn xut. .............................................8
1. Gii thiu............................................................................... 8
2. Nguyn liu sn xut............................................................8
2.1.C rt ..............................................................................8
2.1.1.Ngun gc..................................................................9
2.1.2.c tnh.....................................................................9
2.1.3. Phn loi.................................................................10
2.1.4.Thnh phn ha hc................................................10
2.1.5.Tiu ch la chn nguyn liu cho sn xut.............12
2.1.6.Bo qun v d tr c rt........................................12
2.2.Nc............................................................................... 13
2.3.ng............................................................................13
2.4.Ph gia...........................................................................15
2.4.1.Pectin.......................................................................15
2.4.2.Xythanhgum............................................................17
2.4.3.Agar ........................................................................20
2.4.5.Acid citric ................................................................22
2.4.6. Vitamin C................................................................25
II.Quy trnh sn xut...................................................................28
1.Quy trnh thc hin..............................................................28
2.Thuyt minh quy trnh..........................................................31
2.1.X l nguyn liu...........................................................31
2.2.Gia nhit s b...............................................................33
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


2.3.ng ho.......................................................................33
2.4.Rt chai ng chai........................................................33
2.5.Thanh trng...................................................................34
3.Ni dung th nghim.............................................................34
3.1.a im, thi gian nghin cu......................................34
3.1.1.a im..................................................................34
3.1.2.Thi gian nghin cu...............................................34
3.2. Cc th nghim kho st...............................................35
3.2.1.TN1: Kho st t l tht qu nh hng n cht
lng nguyn liu.............................................................35
3.2.2.TN2: Kho st t l nc b sung. ..........................35
3.2.3.TN3: Nng ng nh hng n cht lng sn
phm................................................................................. 35
3.2.4.TN4: Kho st lng ph gia cho vo nh hng
ng ha ca sn phm...................................................36
3.2.5.TN5: Kho st loi ph gia.......................................36
3.2.6.TN6: Kho st ch thanh trng...........................37
3.3. Dng c v thit b km theo........................................37
3.4. Tiu ch nh gi cm quan..........................................38
3.5. S bin i cht lng sn phm necta ca rt trong qu
trnh bo qun......................................................................40
II. Kt qu v bn lun................................................................ 41
1.Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho 1 lt sn phm..................41
2.Kt qu th nghim...............................................................42
2.1. Kho st t l tht qu...................................................42
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


2.2. Kho st t l nc b sung..........................................53
2.3. Nng ng.............................................................64
2.4. Kho st t l ph gia...................................................74
2.5. Kho st loi ph gia....................................................82
2.6. Kho st ch thanh trng.........................................90
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................100

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Mc ch th nghim
Sau khi hc xong th nghim, chng ta phi nm vng nhng kin thc sau:
-

Hiu r c tin trnh thc hin quy trnh sn xut nectar c rt.

C kh nng s dng v chun b dng c thc hin, tnh ton d tr

nguyn liu thc hin quy trnh.


-

Nu ln c cc yu t nh hng n cht lng v cc s c gp phi

trong qu trnh thc hin.


-

C kh nng kim sot cht lng nc c rt thc hin phng th

nghim lm c s ng dng vo thc t quy m sn xut cng nghip.

Yu cu th nghim

Khi tin hnh th nghim :


-

Yu cu phi d lp y , da ra mu chun, hon thnh cc kho st v

sp xp thi gian hon thnh cc th nghim.


-

S dng cc thit b v ha cht mt cch an ton trnh lm h hng v gi

gn v sinh phng hc.


-

Quan st y cc hin tng, a ra nguyn nhn v gii thch cc hin

tng.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

NI DUNG
I.Tng quan nguyn liu sn xut.
1. Gii thiu
Nc p c rt dng necta l mt dng thc ung c a chung cha nhiu
cht dinh dng, cung cp vitamin A (B- caroten), C.. v cung cp nhiu nng
lng cn thit cho c th. Vi mu sc t nhin p mt, to s bt mt v hp
dn cho ngi tiu dng.
Trn th gii, sn phm t c rt c bit n kh lu vi cc mn n thng
ngy trong gia nh v cng c bit l mt loi dc phm kh ph bin .Tuy
nhin, vic to ra sn phm ch bin t c rt vi vic b sung tp cam ch mi
pht trin trong nhng nm gn y.
V vy, vic nghin cu ch bin nc gii kht necta c rt s gp phn lm
phong ph cc sn phm nc ung trn th trng, cng nh tng cng kh
nng s dng sn phm nng nghip.
2. Nguyn liu sn xut.
2.1.C rt

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

C rt

2.1.1.Ngun gc
L mt loi cy c c, thng c mu
vng cam, , vng, trng hay ta. Phn n
c ca c rt l c, thc cht l r ci ca
n, cha nhiu tin t ca vitamin A tt cho
Gii (regnum):
B (ordo):
H (familia):
Phn

Plantae
Apiales
Apiaceae
Apioideae

H (subfamilia): Apiaceae
Chi (genus):
Daucus

mt.
C rt c ngun gc t khu vc Bc
Phi, Ty Nam v chu u, nhng hin nay
c gieo trng rng khp th gii, ch yu
l khu vc n i.
Vit Nam c rt pht trin tt cc vng
c khng kh lnh, mt m nh Lt v
cc vng Ty Bc B. Hin nay, cc vng

rau ca ta ang trng ph bin hai loi C rt: mt loi c c mu ti, mt


loi c c mu ng sang mu da cam.
Loi v (C rt ) c nhp trng t lu, nay nng dn ta t gi ging;
loi c rt ny c c to nh khng u, li to, nhiu x, hay phn nhnh, km ngt.
Loi v mu ng sang mu da cam l c rt nhp ca Php (C rt Tim
tm) sinh trng nhanh hn loi trn; t l c trn 80%, da nhn, li nh, t b
phn nhnh nhng c hi ngn, mp hn, n ngon, c th trng a chung.
C rt c s dng y l loi c rt thuc ging c rt c xut s t Trung
Quc, nguyn liu c mua ti ch G Vp
2.1.2.c tnh
Cc loi c rt l cc cy thn tho sng hai nm, t khi mt nm hay lu
nm. Thn n c mc thng ng, rng rut, kha dc, phn cnh, c lng mc
ngc. Cc l c cung, mc cch, phin l x lng chim 2-3 ln, cc cht l nh
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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


v hp. Cc tn hoa mc u cnh hay nch l, dng kp lng lo, nhiu l bc,
hnh lng chim, nhiu tia, tri rng hay cong vo sau khi n; nhiu l bc con,
kha rng ca hay nguyn mp, cc tn nhiu hoa. Gc tr hnh nn, vi nhy
ngn. Cung l non nguyn hay ch i nh. R c to, di hnh cc, mu vng,
cam, .

2.1.3. Phn loi


-

C rt vng

C rt Brotero

C rt di

C rt Durieu

C rt Gadeceau

C rt di M

Hai loi c rt c mt v ph bin Vit Nam l c rt Lt v C rt Trung


Quc
2.1.4.Thnh phn ha hc
Thnh phn
Nc
ng
Protid
Xenluloza
Canxi
Photpho
St

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Hm lng
88 (gam)
8 (gam)
1.5 (gam)
1.2 (gam)
43 (mg)
39 (mg)
0.8 (mg)

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin PP
Vitamin C
Caroten

0.06 (mg)
0.06 (mg)
0.4 (mg)
0.8 (mg)
12 (mg)

Da vo bng phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca c rt ta thy c rt l mt loi c


c gi tr dinh dng cao cha nhiu vitamin c ch cho sc khe con ngi. V
c bit l rt tt cho ph n ci thin ln da, chng lo ha hu hiu
C rt giu v lng ng v cc loi vitamin cng nh nng lng. Cc
dng ng tp trung lp v v tht nc ca c; phn li rt t. V vy c c rt
c lp v dy, li nh mi l c tt.

Bng: Thnh phn nguyn liu trong 100g c rt.


Thnh phn
Nc
Protid
Glucid
Cellulose
Cht tro

T l (%)
85.5
1.5
8.8
1.2
0.8

Mui khong c trong C rt nh kalium, calcium, st, phosphor, ng, bor,


brom, mangan, magnesium, molipden... ng trong C rt ch yu l ng n
chim ti 50% tng lng ng c trong c, l loi ng d b oxy ho di tc
dng ca cc enzym trong c th; cc loi ng nh levulose v dextrose c
hp th trc tip.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Trong C rt c rt nhiu vitamin C, D, E v cc vitamin nhm B; ngoi ra,
n cn cha nhiu cht caroten , sau khi vo c th, cht ny s chuyn ho dn
thnh vitamin A, vitamin ca s sinh trng v tui tr.
2.1.5.Tiu ch la chn nguyn liu cho sn xut
Nguyn liu phi c la chn, phn loi theo mt s ch tiu cht lng nh:
mu sc, mc nguyn vn, kch thc v ln
-

Ch tiu mu sc v ti ca c rt: C rt la chn, v c mu ti,


khng c hin tng i mu do lu trong qu trnh bo qun. Chn mua
nhng c c rt c mu ti sng, cng chc, thng v trn lng. Nu c c
rt cn cnh l th chn loi c cnh l cn ti xanh v m t. Nhng c c
rt va, non thng mm v v du nhng c rt chn li thng ngt, chc v
y hng v hn.

Chn theo kch thc v ln: nguyn liu cn t kch thc tng ng
nhau v va khng qu to hay qu nh.

Mc nguyn vn: v qu bng lng, khng b xc v hay b h hng v


l con ng m vi sinh vt d dng xm nhp nn chng ta cn loi b
m bo cho cht lng sn phm l tt nht. Trc khi ch bin phi loi b
nhng qu thi ra ton phn v vi sinh vt d b xm nhim v pht trin
trn qu gy kh khn trong qu trnh thanh trng.

2.1.6.Bo qun v d tr c rt
Khi mua c rt v bn cn ct b cnh l cng sm cng tt v chng s rt i
vitamin, mui khong v nc t phn c. Ngoi ra khi ch bin, cn phi ct b
lun u kia v gt v. Lu tr c rt cn nguyn c (khng ra nc v cha ct
nh) trong bao nylon bt kn v trong ngn ct rau qu ca t lnh. Hy nh, ch
nn ra c rt trc khi s dng.
Thng c th lu tr c c rt ti hn 1-2 tun. Trnh gn cc loi
tri cy khc, c bit l to v o v chng s pht ra hi ethylene khi chn, lm
c rt c v hi ng, gim thi gian bo qun ca c rt v cc loi rau qu khc.
C rt s b mm khi ngoi khng kh.
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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


2.2.Nc
Nc l nguyn liu khng th thiu c, n gi vai tr quan trng trong
vic hnh thnh v ca sn phm, v th cht lng nc i hi phi cao, tha
mn cc tiu chun cn thit v:
Ch tiu cm quan: trong sut , khng mu , khng mi v.
Ch tiu ha l:
-

cng tng < 2mg ng lng/l

Cht kh< 850mg/l

St, mangan, nhm < o.1mg/l

Clo: m tnh

Ch tiu vi sinh
-

Tng v khun hiu kh< 75cfu/ml

Khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh.

2.3.ng

2.3.1.Ngun gc
ng s dng l ng saccharose, thuc loi ng rt ph bin trong t
nhin. N c nhiu trong c ci ng, trong ma v l, thn, r, qu ca nhiu
loi thc vt. trong cng nghip sn xut ng, ngi ta dng nguyn liu l c
ci ng hoc ma v chng c th cha t 20-25% ng saccharose.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Saccharose l loi ng d ha tan, n c ngha rt quan trng i vi dinh
dng ca con ngi.
Saccharose l loi disaccharit cu to t glucose v fructose. Hai
monosaccharit ny lin kt vi nhau nh hai nhm OH glucosit ca chng, v vy
saccharose khng c tnh kh. Khi thy phn bng axit hoc enzym invertase, s
gii phng glucose v fructose.
2.3.2.Tnh cht ha hc

Sucroza tinh khit thng thng nht hay c sn xut di dng bt kt


tinh mn mu trng, khng mi vi v ngt d chu, di tn gi ph bin l ng
hay ng n. Cc tinh th ln i khi lng xung t dung dch nc cha sucroza
thnh mt chui to ra ko cng, mt dng bnh ko.
Ging nh cc cacbohydrat khc, sucroza c t l hir trn oxy l 2:1. N
bao gm 2 monosacarit l -glucoza v fructoza, c kt ni bng lin kt
glicozit gia nguyn t cacbon 1 ca khi glucoza vi nguyn t cacbon 2 ca
khi fructoza. Cn phi ch v sucroza khng ging cc polisaccarit khc, lin
kt glicozit c to gia ui kh ca c glucoz v fructoz, khng phi l ui
kh ca monosaccarit ny v ui khng kh ca monosaccarit kia. Do khng c
nguyn t C t do c nhm epime, n c coi l ng khng kh.
Sucroza nng chy v phn hy 186 C to ra caramen v khi chy to
ra cacbon, ixt cacbon, nc. Nc c th ph v cu trc ca sucroza nh thy
phn, tuy nhin qu trnh ny l rt chm v v th sucroza c th tn ti trong
dung dch trong nhiu nm m gn nh khng thay i. Tuy nhin,
nu enzym sucraz c thm vo th phn ng s din ra nhanh chng.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Sucroza phn ng vi axt sulfuric m c to ra cacbon nguyn t do b
ht mt nc theo nh phn ng sau:
C12H22O11 + H2SO4 xc tc 12 C + 11 H2O

Tiu chun Vit Nam ( TCVN 6958-2001)

Ch tiu cm quan
Ch tiu ha l
Tn tiu chun
pol (o Z)
S gim khi lng khi sy 105oC trong 3 gi % khi lng (m/m)
Hm lng ng kh % khi lng (m/m)
Tro dn in % khi lng
mu (IU)

Mc
>99,8
<0.05
<0.03
<0.05
<30

2.4.Ph gia
2.4.1.Pectin

Cu to

Polysaccaride d th, mch thng, l dn xut methyl ca acid pectic.Acid


pectic l mt polymer ca acid D-galacturonic, lin kt vi nhau bnglin kt 1-4
glucoside. Mi chui gm khong 10000 phn t Galacturonicto thnh mt phn
t pectin M = 10000 -100000.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Tnh cht ca pectin


Dng bt mu trng hoc hi vng, hi xm, hi nu. C kh nng to

gel bn. Trong cn v dung dch mui th pectin b kt t.


- B ph hy khi un nng nhit cao trong thi gian di lm gim tnh

ng ca sn phm khi c c.Pectin tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c


tnh keo cao.
- Keo pectin c nht v bn rt ln nn gy kh khn trong qu trnh
lm trong khi c c nc qu.
- Trong qu trnh chn, di tc dng ca enzim pectinaza hoc vi stham

gia ca acid hu c, protopectin b thy phn thnh pectin ha tan cng lc


lin kt gia cc t bo gim. Khi qu chn pectin ha tan thnh acid pectic.

Tnh cht ca pectin, kh nng ng dng


Phn t pectin di v d vng vo nhau dung dch c nht pectin

c kh nng to c . Pectin c th ci thin cu trc nc ung c hm


lng ng thp.
-

Nu hm lng ng ln c b sung vo gim hydrate ha

ca cc phn t pectin, cc phn t s li hnh thnh mng li gel . Mt tri


cy c ng cao ph thuc vo pectin to hnh.
-

V nhm acid kh yu, s thay i pH s thay i kh nng tch in ca

chui pectin. Pectin c th lin kt vi nhau iu kin acid . Cn c c


ng v acid trong sn xut mt ng

Kh nng to gel

Ph thuc rt ln vo s c mt ca cc cation.
Mui K+ ca -carrageenan c kh nng to gel tt nht nhng gel gin v d
b phn r. Chng ta c th gim gin ca gel bng cch thm vo locust bean
gum. -carrageenan c t lin kt ion hn nhng khi tng lc lin kt c th to gel
n hi. -carrageenan khng c kh nng to gel. Mui K+ ca n tan trong nc.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hm lng pectin c s dng trong mu chun nng l 0.2 %. Pectin


l cht to gel quan trng nht c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho thc phm.
Kh nng to gel ca n c s dng trong nhng thc phm cn c s n nh
ca nhiu pha. Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch yu trong cc sn
phm mt tri cy, mt ng v to ng ha cho nc gii kht (necta).
2.4.2.Xythanhgum

Ngun gc v tnh cht


Xanthan gum l mt loi polysaccharide ngoi bo c tng hp bi chng
Xanthomonas campestris. Trong nc lnh, Xanthan gum c th ho tan c d
dng hnh thnh nn mt dung dch c nht cao nng rt thp.V vy, n
c tnh cht nh l mt cht to nht cho hu ht cc thc phm dng lng v
c gi l cht lng gi do .

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Khc vi cc loi gum khc, dung dch Xanthan gum c nht rt bn trong
mt gii hn nhit v pH rng. Bn cnh , dung dch ny c kh nng chng
li mt s tc dng phn ct ca enzym. Mt c im na ca Xanthan gum l
khi phi hp vi cc loi gum khc nng nh n c th gia tng kh nng to
nht v nng cao n hnh thnh nn mng li gel c cu trc mm , do
v c kh nng thun nghch v mt nhit ng.
Xanthan gum v ang c ng dng nghin cu trn nhiu lnh vc c
bit l trong cng nghip thc phm nhm m rng khai thc cc tim nng vn
c ca n.Chng c xp vo nhm ph gia thc phm an ton M v EU v
c m ho vi s hiu l E415.
Cu trc ho hc
Xanthan gum c th coi l mt dn xut ca cellulose. Trng lng phn t
ca xanthan gum > 106Da. Mch xanthan gum cha cc lin kt 1,4 ca glucopyranose. C cch mt gc ng, ti v tr C3 ca ng glucose tip theo
li gn mt on mch nhnh trisaccharide c cu trc -D-GlcpA(1-2)--DManp. Gc ng mannose ni vi mch chnh b acetyl ho C6, cn khong
50% ng mannose u cui ca on mch nhnh ny lin kt vi pyruvate
thnh 4,6-O-(1-carboxy-ethylidene)-D-mannopyranose.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hnh : Phn t xanthan gum

Tnh cht c trng

Xanthan gum tan kh tt trong nc. Dung dch c nht cao th hin tnh
cht ca mt cht lng gi do v gi tr nht ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit
. Cc dung dch, h nh tng
hay gel khi c mt xanthan gum u
rt bn khi chuyn gia 2 trng thi
lnh ng v tan gi. So vi cc
gum khc Xanthan gum c kh
nng to nht cao hn nng

Ca
u tru
c -Helix

Cuo
n nga
u nhie
n
(random coil)

rt thp.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Tnh cht ca h gi do c to nn do s lin kt ni phn t bn trong cc
si xanthan gum ring r to thnh cc cun ngu nhin random coil. Dung
dch c nht cao khi khng chu tc dng ca lc ct v gim nht rt nhanh
thnh dng chy lng khi chu tc dng ca lc (khi bm, khuy trn, nhai).
iu ny gii thch v sao n c ng dng nhiu trong thc phm. V khi n
thc phm vo, chng ta khng th n nu nh thc phm qu c, chc
trong ming. Nh c tnh gi do ny m chng tr nn mm v chy ra trong
Hnh S to thnh cc cun ngu nhin ca
ming to cm gic thch th v d chu
phn t xanthan gum
2.4.3.Agar
Aga l mt sulfat polisacarit c tch ra bng cch gia nhit m t cc loi
to . Thnh phn cu to ca mch chnh l D-galactose; 3,6 anhydroLgalactose xen k nhau.
Agar l nhng phc polysacchant mch thng cha <1000 gc ng trong
mi phn t. Cc gc ng c bn l .D-galactopyranose v 3.6-arhydro--L
galactopyranose. Agar c dng trong phm vi pH rt rng (pH=5-8) bn vng
trong x l nhit, thm ch trn 100oC v th cc sn phm cha agar cho php
c thanh trng. Cng c ti liu cho rng kh nng gel ha ca agar gim khi
un nu lu trong mi trng acid. Dung dch nc/agar 15% ng thch nhit
32-43oC v khng ha lng di 80oC. Agar ha tan d dng trong nc nhit
95-100oC, cho dung dch trong, hi nht.
Agar c cc c tnh tr nhit, do nhit gel ha ca agar xy ra im
bnh thng thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca gel. Agar c cu trc
gel thun nghch xp x 32oC, v s nng chy tr li trn 85oC. Thch agar rt
bn, khng c mi v, n ng ha v c v ca sn phm hn hp vi n.
Mt ng dng quan trng nht ca agar l to ng cho nc qu nu ng
cng vi liu lng 0.75-1% theo khi lng. Trong sn xut bnh ko, agar c
a vo nh mt tc nhn chng lo ha cu trc. mt s nc, agar c xem
nh mt tc nhn to tnh n nh hay l cht nh ha cho kem, gel pht bnh ko.
Tn ch tiu
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Loi
Page 20

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

c bit
1. Mu sc

2. Hm
cht

lng

Trng ng Vng nht

Vng

n vng

trng

3
n Vng

tp Khng cho Khng cho Khng cho C5


php

php

lng khng ln
3. m (tnh theo 22.0

22.0

22.0

22.0

4.0

4.0

5.0

220

150

100

khi

nu

n trng

khi php

theo

lng)

khng ln hn
4. Hm lng tro 4.0
(tnh theo % khi
lng) khng ln
hn
5. Hm lng cht 1
khng tan trong
nc nng (tnh
theo % khi lng)
khng ln hn
6. Sc ng tnh theo 380
g/cm3 khng nh
hn
2.4.4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

CMC l dn xut ca cellulose vi acid chloroacetic. Tnh cht ca CMC tu


thuc vo mc thay th DS, thng thng t 0,3 n 0,9 v mc polymer
ho DP t 200 n 2000.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 21

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hnh 2.17 Cu trc phn t cellulose


Thng thng, CMC c th tan trong c nc nng cng nh nc lnh to
nn mt dung dch trong sut, khng mu v khng c mi r rt. Cng nh cc
dn xut cellulose khc, nht ca dung dch CMC cng ph thuc vo ch s
DP. Tuy nhin, n c th to nn trong dung dch 1% nht cao n 5000 mPas
trong khong nhit rng.
Nh bit, tnh cht ca CMC cng nh cc loi cellulosics khc u ph
thuc vo mc thay th v polymer ho. CMC cmc thay th thp
(DS<0,3) th khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong kim, trong khi CMC c mc
thay th cao (DS>0,4) li tan c trong nc. ho tan v nht ca CMC
ph thuc rt nhiu vo pH.
2.4.5.Acid citric
Axt citric hay axt xitric l mt axt hu c yu. N l mt cht bo qun t
nhin v cng c s dng b sung v chua cho thc phm hay cc loi nc
ngt. Trong ha sinh hc, n l tc nhn trung gian quan trng trong chu trnh axt
citric v v th xut hin trong trao i cht ca gn nh mi sinh vt. N cng
c coi l tc nhn lm sch tt v mt mi trng v ng vai tr ca cht
chng xi ha.
Tnh cht vt l

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 22

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hnh : Hnh th hin cng thc ha hc v hnh dng ca acid citric


Acid citric c cng thc phn t l C6H8O7 v c tn khoa hc l 2hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. nhit phng, th acid citric tn ti
dng tinh th mu trng dng bt hoc dng khan hay l dng monohydrat c
cha mt phn t nc trong mi phn t ca acid citric. Dng khan thu c khi
acid citric kt tinh trong nc nng, tri li dng monohydrat li kt tinh trong
nc lnh. nhit trn 74C dng monohydrat s chuyn sang dng khan.
Tnh cht ha hc
V mt ha hc th acid citric cng c tnh cht tng t nh cc acid
carboxylic khc. Khi nhit trn 175oC th n phn hy to thnh CO2 v nc.
Tnh acid ca n l do nh hng ca nhm carboxyl -COOH, m mi nhm
carboxyl c th cho i mt proton to thnh ion citrat. Cc mui citrat dng lm
dung dch m rt tt hn ch s thay i pH ca cc dung dch acid.
Cc ion citrat kt hp vi cc ion kim loi to thnh mui, ph bin nht l
mui canxi citrat dng lm cht bo qun v gi v cho thc phm. Bn cnh
ion citrat c th kt hp vi cc ion kim loi to thnh cc phc dng lm cht bo
qun v lm mm nc.
ng dng

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 23

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Trong ngnh ha hc, tnh cht m ca cc phc citrat c dng hiu
chnh pH ca cht ty ra v dc phm Citric acid c kh nng to phc vi
nhiu kim loi c tc dng tch cc trong x phng v cht ty ra. Bng cch
phc ha cc kim loi trong nc cng, cc phc ny cho php cc cht ty ra
to nhiu bt hn v ty sch hn m khng cn lm mm nc trc. Bn cnh
acid citric cn dng sn xut cc cht trao i ion dng lm mm nc
bng cch tch ion kim loi ra khi phc citrat.
Trong ngnh cng nghip dc phm, n c s dng trong xi-r, cht lm
se, loi vin si v loi thuc bt. N cng c s dng trong truyn mu. Trong
cng nghip ha cht, n c ng dng iu ha nc, ty g kim loi... Acid
citric c th c s dng iu chnh mc pH ln trung tnh hoc cao hn , do
cho php ng dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip trong cc lnh vc nh m
in, thuc da, v kch hot li cc ging du ni b mt b tc gia ct vi st.
Trong thc phm vi vai tr l mt cht ph gia thc phm, acid citric c
dng lm gia v, cht bo qun thc phm v ung, to ra hng v chua trong
nc gii kht. Trong n s ngn chn s suy gim v mu sc v hng v, c
ch qu trnh oxy ha, bo v Vitamin C khng b oxy ha, bt hot enzyme gy
oxy ha , hot ng nh mt cht chng oxy ha, v l mt cht nh ha trong cc
sn phm sa, c bit l nc gii kht, n mang m s E330. Ngoi ra Acid
citric cng c cho vo thnh phn ca kem gi cc git cht bo tch bit.
Acid citric cn c s dng trong cc loi mn trng ming, mt, thch, ko,
ru, v tri cy ng lnh. Mui citrat ca nhiu kim loi c dng vn
chuyn cc khong cht trong cc thnh phn ca cht n king vo c th.
Citric acid c coi l an ton s dng cho thc phm cc quc gia trn th
gii. N l mt thnh phn t nhin c mt hu ht cc vt th sng, lng d
acid citric s b chuyn ha v o thi khi c th. iu th v l mc d acid
citric c mt khp ni trong c th nhng vn c mt vi trng hp mn cm vi
acid citric. Tuy nhin nhng trng hp ny rt him v ngi ta thng gi l

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 24

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


phn ng gi v ca c th. Acid citric kh c th lm kch thch da v mt do
nn mc o bo h khi tip xc vi acid ny.
2.4.6. Vitamin C

Ngun gc

Vitamin C, hay acid ascorbic l mt cht dinh dng thit yu , y l mt


cht c mi ngi bit n rng ri l mtvitamin m thiu n th s gy ra
bnh scorbut cho con ngi.
Ngun gc Vitamin C c nhiu trong cc loi rau qu ti nh nc cam,
chanh, qut, v c hm lng cao trong rau xanh, c bit l bng ci xanh,
tiu, khoai ty, ci brussel,rau ci, c chua, xoong cam, qut, chanh, bi
Hu ht cc dng Vitamin C thng mi u c ngun gc t ng cc. i vi
nhng ngi nhy cm vi ng cc nn s dng Vitamin C c ngun gc khc,
nh t cy c sau. Vitamin C c thm vo trong nc gii kht nh l mt cht
chng oxy ha v tng thi gian bao qun.

Tnh cht ha hc
Acid ascorbic dng trong thc phm phi dng kt tinh mu trng, 1 gram

tan trong 3,5ml nc, hay trong 30ml ethanol, khng tan trong du m. Sau khi
ht m bi acid sunfuric trong 24 gi, khng c cha t hn 99% C6H8O6.
Trong qu trnh ch bin, tanin trong qu thng b oxy ho to thnh
flobafen c mu en. trnh hin tng ny, ngi ta thng pha thm cht
chng oxy ho m thng dng nht l acid ascorbic (vitamin C). Vitamin C va

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 25

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


c tc dng n nh mu sc, va tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. Khi s
dng vitamin C, ngi ta gi l vitamin ho sn phm.
Lng vitamin C cho vo khi phi ch cn c ch cc men xc tc
phn ng bin mu v cn d khong 100 mg/l nc qu. Nu d qu, sn phm
c v chua gt v hc. Qu cha t vitamin C d b bin mu hn qu c nhiu
vitamin C. Trong 100 ml nc qu nu cha khong 1 mg acid ascorbic th nc
qu c th ngoi khng kh trong 30 pht m khng b bin mu.

C ch tc dng

Acid ascorbic b oxy ha cho acid dehydroascorbic; y l phn ng oxy ha


kh thun nghch, qua Vitamin C tc dng nh mt ng yu t (cofactor),
tham gia vo nhiu phn ng ha sinh trong c th, nh:

Hydroxyl ha.

Amid ha.

Lm d dng s chuyn prolin, lysin sang hydroxyprolin v hydroxylysin


(trong tng hp collagen).
-

Gip chuyn acid folic thnh acid folinic trong tng hp carnitin;

Tham gia xc tc oxy ha thuc qua microsom (cytochrom P450) gan.

Gip dopamin hydroxyl ho thnh nor-adrenalin.

Gip d hp thu st do kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+ d dy, ri d hp th

rut.
-

m, Vitamin C gip tng hp collagen, proteoglycan v cc thnh phn

hu c khc rng, xng, ni m mao mch.


-

Trong thin nhin, Vitamin C c mt cng vitamin P (vitamin C2). Vitamin

P li c tnh chng oxy ha, nn bo v c Vitamin C; hn na Vitamin P


cn hip ng vi Vitamin C lm bn vng thnh mch, tng to collagen,
c ch hyaluronidase v cng Vitamin C, Vitamin E, -caroten v selen, tham
gia thanh thi gc t do c hi trong c th.

Dng hin c

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 26

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Vitamin C hin c rt nhiu dng tinh th, bt, vin nhng, vin nn, vin
nn phng thch hn gi, Thc t Vitamin C trong cc dng ny khc nhau. Acid
ascorbic l dng r tin v c s dng rng ri nht. Cc dng m cho Vitamin
C nh mui Natri, magnesium, Calcium, Kali ascorbate

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 27

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


II.Quy trnh sn xut
1.Quy trnh thc hin

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 28

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 29

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


C rt

Gt v

Ra sch, ct nh

Chn (1 pht)

Xay nhuyn
B (gi li)
Syrup

Lc k

(sn
phm

Pectin (0.1%)
Xan (0.1%)

Phi ch

15oBx)

B xung tht qu

Gia nhit (80o)

ng ha

Rt chai, ng np

Thanh trng

Lm ngui

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Necta
c rt

Page 30

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


2.Thuyt minh quy trnh
2.1.X l nguyn liu
C rt gt v ct nh chn xay nhuyn lc p ly dch

Ra

Mc ch: loi b cc tp cht nh t, ct bm xung quanh nguyn liu, lm


gim ng k lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt nguyn liu.
Yu cu: c rt sau qu trnh ra phi loi b c ht t, ct, khng b dp
nt v nh vy s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin sau ny,
nguyn liu phi t b tn tht cht dinh dng nh cc thnh phn d ha tan
trong nc nh vitamin C
Cch tin hnh: qu trnh ra tri qua hai giai on ngm cho b v ra xi.
Ngm l qu trnh lm cho nc thm t nguyn liu, cc cht bn ht nc
trng ln lm gim lc bm ca n vo nguyn liu, qu trnh ny c h tr
bng tc dng c hc l s dng thit b c cnh khuy.
Ra xi l dng tia nc xi ln nguyn liu qua ngm ko cc cht bn
cn li trn b mt nguyn liu ra. Cc tia nc phun thng c p sut khong 2
3 at. Nc c cp ngc chiu vi ng i ca nguyn liu cn ra. Cho
nc chy lin tc vo cng on ra xi trng nguyn liu sau tn dng
nc ny trong qu trnh ngm cho nguyn liu sau.

La chn phn loi

Mc ch: La chn nhm loi b nhng c c rt b h, thi khng p ng


c yu cu ch bin.

Phn loi l phn chia c rt thnh tng nhm c tnh

cht ng nht v phm cht v kch thc. Nhng c b h mt phn th ct b


phn h v phn loi vo nhm ring.Qu trnh la chn v phn loi tt s to s
thun li cho cc qu trnh ch bin sau ny.
Yu cu :Sn phm sau qu trnh ny phi t c s ng nht v kch
thc v phm cht, khng cn c h, thi.

Gt v, ct nh

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 31

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Mc ch: ct lm cho nguyn liu c rt thnh dng lt, ng u v t
kch thc nht nh gip cho qu trnh chn v xay d dng hn, nng cao hiu
sut xay.
Cch tin hnh: S dng thit b ct li dao phng ct c rt thnh tng
lt mng, c rt c np vo phiu np liu ri sau i qua a quay, li dao
c gn trong a s ct c rt thnh tng lt mng . Trong sn xut hp,
ngi ta thng dng tc dng c hc lm nh nguyn liu theo kch thc yu
cu ca sn xut. Lm nh nguyn liu bng my m bo c tnh cht ng
u, nng sut cao v hn ch lng ph liu.
Yu cu: Bn thnh phm ra khi thit b phi t c ng u nht
nh, chiu dy lt c rt 0.5-1 cm.

Chn

Mc ch:Lm mm nguyn liu gip cho qu trnh ch c d dng hn.


Tng tnh bn thm cho nguyn liu
- Tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt trn b mt nguyn liu phn ln vi sinh vt
nhim vo trong qu trnh ch bin.
- Thi gian v nhit chn cn kho st cho ph hp trnh lm tn tht cht
dinh dng. Nhit chn 950C- 1050C, thi gian 1-2 pht.
- Yu cu bn thnh phm sau chn phi dit c trit men.

Xay

Mc ch: ct nh nguyn liu lm tng hiu sut qu trnh lc p ly dch


qu.
Yu cu: nhuyn ca tht qu cng mn cng tt. Qu trnh c thc hin
trn my tng hiu sut, to mc ng iu v hn ch ph liu
3.2.1.Phi trn
Mc ch: to c sn phm nc p m bo gi tr dinh dng, hng
v, mu sc v c tt.
Sau khi thu c dch qu t qu trnh xay v lc ngi ta thng pha thm syrup
nng 65 Brix. Sn phm nc p thu c khi phi ch phi c hng
thm r rt ca nguyn liu, v ngt chua thch hp. Sn phm c phi n
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 32

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Brix 15. Phi trn tp cam vo trong nc carot vi t l cam chim 5% tng khi
lng.
to c c, ng ha cho necta ta b sung thm ph gia nh
pectin nng 0.2%, v xythangum nng 0.1%. Bn cnh trnh hin
tng tanin trong qu b oxi ha to thnh flobafen c mu en , ngi ta thng
pha thm cht chng oxi ha m thng dng nht l axit ascorbic (vitamin C)
0.015%-0.02% acid citric nng 0.1% to v chua n nh cho sn phm. C
tc dng gip cho sn phm n nh mu, tng gi tr dinh dng.
2.2.Gia nhit s b
Qu trnh gia nhit s b gip ha tan ph gia, gip tng mc ng ha cho
sn phm. To nn hng v c trng v gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
2.3.ng ho.
Mc ch: sn phm to thnh c c thch hp, mn v t phn lp,
vn cc.Bn thnh phm sau khi thu c t cng on phi ch ngi ta chuyn
sang cng on ng ha. ng ha l phng php c p dng lm cho sn
phm lng hoc hi lng c ng nht v nguyn liu bng cch tch tp cam
sao cho chng c ng ha theo yu cu.
Yu cu: Sn phm sau ng ha c mn cao, tng tiu ha khi vo c
th v t b phn lp, phn tng khi bo qun sau ny
2.4.Rt chai ng chai
Sn phm c th c rt vo loi bao b khc nhau: hp giy, chai l thy
tinh hoc ng vo hp st, chai nha trc khi chit rt bao b cn c ra
sch v rt ngay trnh nhim bn. Phi trn xong, ta tin hnh lc v rt nng
ngay ui ht bt kh c trong chai, m bo t l ci, nc. Sau tin hnh ghp
np.
Nu ng chai trong bao b nh ri thanh trng th nhit khi rt vo bao b
khng qu cao khong 60-700C. Nu ng vo bao b ln v khng thanh trng th
nhit nc qu khi ng vo bao b cn t 90-950C.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 33

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


2.5.Thanh trng.
Mc ch: tiu dit vi sinh vt, nng cao cht lng sn phm, thi gian ch
bin gim xung, tng ng k hiu sut thit b thanh trng.
Thanh trng thc hin trong cc thit b thanh trng bng ti lin tc hay trong cc
outoclav lm vic gin on. Mi loi sn phm, mi loi chai c thanh trng
theo mt cng thc ring.

Sn phm sau khi c bi kh c a qua h thng ng hp v trng.


Bn thnh phm c ng vo nhng bao b hp st nh. Qa trnh ng hp bao
gm bn cng on ring r nhng phi hp lin tc v nh nhng. Tit trng sn
phm bng cch gia nhit tc thi sau lm lnh nhanh trong thit b trao i
nhit dng ng, tit trng bao b bng hi qu nhit, rt thc phm v trng
ngui vo bao b v trng iu kin v trng, ng np v ghp hp cng trong
iu kin v trng to ra bng cch s dng hi qu bo ha v hi qu nhit.
3.Ni dung th nghim.
3.1.a im, thi gian nghin cu.
3.1.1.a im
Qu trnh tin hnh th nghim, thu thp v x l s liu ti phng th nghim
F5.6 B mn thc hnh nng sn. Vin Cng ngh sinh hc - thc phm, Trng
i Hc Cng Nghip TP. HCM.
3.1.2.Thi gian nghin cu
Thi gian thc hin th nghim t ngy 26/4/2012 n ngy 5/7/2012
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 34

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


3.2. Cc th nghim kho st.
3.2.1.TN1: Kho st t l tht qu nh hng n cht lng nguyn liu
B tr th nghim trn 5 mu.
Th nghim tin hnh da trn mu chun vi nng ng 15 Brix, t l nc
b sung l 1:5 hm lng ph gia l 0.1% pectin, 0.1% xanthangym, acid citric
0.1% v 0.05% vitamin C.
T l tht qu thay i trn tng mu.
Mu
T l tht qu (%)
1
3
2
5
3
7
4
9
5
11
Sau qu trnh phi ch v thanh trng tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm.
3.2.2.TN2: Kho st t l nc b sung.
Th nghim tin hnh trn 5 mu.
Th nghim tin hnh da trn mu chun vi nng ng 15 Brix, hm
lng ph gia l 0.1% pectin, 0.1% xanthangym, acid citric 0.1% v 0.05%
vitamin C. T l tht qu l 5%.
Mu
1
2
3
4
5

T l nc BS
1:1
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5

Sau qu trnh phi ch v thanh trng tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm.


3.2.3.TN3: Nng ng nh hng n cht lng sn phm
Th nghim c b tr trn 5 mu
Lng ng s dng: hm lng ng c kho st xung quanh Brix ca
mu chun.
Mu

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Nng ng

Page 35

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

1
2
3
4
5

(Brix)
9
11
13
15
17

Th nghim c thc hin vi t l nc b sung l 1:5 hm lng ph gia l


0.1% pectin, 0.1% xanthangym, acid citric 0.1% v 0.05% vitamin C. T l tht
qu l 5%.
Sau qu trnh phi ch v thanh trng tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm.
3.2.4.TN4: Kho st lng ph gia cho vo nh hng ng ha ca sn
phm
Qu trnh kho st nh gi trn nhiu ph gia c s dng v t l phi ch gia
cc loi ph gia sn phm t c s n nh v mc ng ha v
nht . Vi t l nc b sung l 1:5 acid citric 0.1% v 0.05% vitamin C. T l tht
qu l 5%.
Th nghim c thc hin trn 5 mu. Vi gi tr ca mu chun c th ta s
kho st cc bc nhy xung quanh mu chun c thc hin.
Ph gia
Pectin (%)
Xanthangum (%)
Mu 1
0.1
0
Mu 2
0.1
0.1
Mu 3
0.2
0.1
Mu 4
0.3
0.1
Mu 5
0
0.1
Sau qu trnh phi ch v thanh trng tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm
3.2.5.TN5: Kho st loi ph gia.
Th nghim c b tr trn 5 mu
Th nghim tin hnh da trn mu chun vi nng ng 15 Brix, hm
lng ph gia l 0.1% pectin, acid citric 0.1% v 0.05% vitamin C. t l nc phi
ch l 1:5. T l tht qu l 5%.
Tin hnh th nghim c nh hm lng pectin nng 0.1%. v thay i cc
loi ph gia ln lc nng 0.1%.
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 36

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Ph gia
Pectin
Xanthangum CMC
Agar
Gum E
Pectin
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Sau qu trnh phi ch v thanh trng tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm
3.2.6.TN6: Kho st ch thanh trng.
B tr th nghim trn 5 mu.
Th nghim tin hnh da trn mu chun vi nng ng 15 Brix, t l nc
b sung l 1:5 hm lng ph gia l 0.1% pectin, 0.1% xanthangym, acid citric
0.1% v 0.05% vitamin C. t l tht qu b sung l 5%
Sau qu trnh phi ch tin hnh thanh trung cng thc khc nhau vi bc nhy
cho tng mu l 5pht.
Thi gian thanh trng:
Mu
1
2
3
4
5

Thi gian (p)


5
10
15
20
25

Tin hnh nh gi cm quan nh gi mc yu thch ca sn phm..


3.3. Dng c v thit b km theo.

1.

Dng c
Dao

2.

3.

Thau

4.

Cn

5.

Ni nh

6.

Ni ln

7.

Phu

8.

Gi

9.
Vi lc
Thit b
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

S lng
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S lng
Page 37

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


1. My xay sinh t

2. Birx k

1
1

3. pH k
4. nht k
5. Cn phn tch.

1
1

3.4. Tiu ch nh gi cm quan.


Bng ch tiu cm quan bng phng php cho im theo tiu chun
TCVN_3216_1994
NC C RT C B SUNG THT QU

Ch tiu im

Yu cu

Hnh

C ln tht qu l lng trong nc rt u. Nu lu tht qu

thi

c th lng xung bao b, nhng khi lc nh th phi phn tn


u khng vn cc, khng ln tp cht l
4

C ln tht qu l lng trong nc u, vn cc nh, lu tht


qu c th lng xung bao b khi lc nh th phi phn tn t
u, khng ln tp cht l

Tht qu t phn tn u trong nc c rt, vn cc nh, khuy t


tan, ln 1 t tp cht l

Tht qu khng phn tn u, ni ln trn hoc b chm xung


di y chai, vn cc nhiu, lc t tan, ln tp cht l

Tht qu khng phn tn, b ni ln trn v b lng xng di


y chai vn cc nhiu, lc khng tan, ln tp cht l

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 38

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


hi

ha

Th lng, rt ng nht, c , khng c s tch lp gia nc


v tht c rt, khng c cn bn hay cc ht li ti ni trong sn
phm

Th lng , t ng nht, c, c s tch lp nh gia nc v


tht c rt, khng c cn bn hay cc ht li ti ni trong sn
phm

Th lng khng ng nht, c s tch lp nh gia nc c rt


v tht c rt, khng c cn bn hay cc ht li ti ni trong sn
phm

Th lng, khng ng nht, c s tch lp r rt gia nc v


tht c rt, c mt t cn bn hay cc ht li ti ni trong sn phm

Th lng, khng ng nht, s tch lp mnh gia nc v tht


c rt, c cc cht l ni li ti trong sn phm

Mu sc 5

C mu sc t nhin, rt c trung ca c rt, snh hp dn,


nc pha phi sng ng v hp dn, khng ln mu l

C mu sc t nhin, c trung ca c rt, snh t hp dn

C mu sc c t t nhin,tng khng c trung ca c rt,


nc pha km sng ng v hp dn

Mu sc b bin mu, khng dc trng ca c rt

Mu sc b bin mu, khng t nhin, khng c trung ca c


rt

Mi v

C mi thm rt dc trng, v ngt du c trung ca c rt,


khng c ln v l

C mi thm, v ngt

Mi tng i c trng, c ln mt t v l nh chua, mn

Mi v khng c trng, c ln v l

Khng c mi c trng, v l rt nhiu

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 39

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Phiu nh gi cm quan.
H & tn:......................................................................................................
Bng chm im cm quan
NC C RT B SUNG THT QU
Mu th c m ha. Cc bn tin hnh nh gi cm quan bng phng php
cho im theo thang im t 1 n 5. Tin hnh thanh v sau khi th mu.
Mu

Hnh thi

hi ha

Mi v

Mu sc

Bn thch sn phm no nht.


Chn thnh cm n!

3.5. S bin i cht lng sn phm necta ca rt trong qu trnh bo qun.


Nc c rt l mt loi nc qu d b h bi cc vi sinh vt. Nu khng
c ch bin v sinh, l mi trng tt cho vi khun pht sinh, pht trin.
Yu cu k thut i vi n cng rt cao, i hi nc phi trong, khng c lng
ng xc tri cy, khng b vn c, khi chng ta cm ln lc th khng thy c
cn xut hinv phi m bo sao cho nc cho vo v nc qu phai c ng
nht, khng b phn lp.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 40

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


II. Kt qu v bn lun
1.Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho 1 lt sn phm
Nhm nghin cu t l phi ch nguyn liu to ra mt lt sn phm necta c
rt cam. Qu trnh c thc hin tnh ton da trn cng thc ca mu chun.
Theo cng thc mu chun th t l phi ch sn phm theo t l ci nc l 1:3
Trn 1 lt mu chun th t l:
C rt l m=250g.
Nc ng l m=750g
Vi Brix c rt l 6.5
Brix sn phm l 15
p dng cng thc

m ci x brix q + m nd x X
=
100

6.5 + 3X =4x 15

X=

X= 17.83 %

msp x Brixsp
100

60 6.5
3

Trong mt lt sn phm th lng nc ng cn dng l


mn =

1000x3
=750 g
4

Hm lng ng cn dng l
m =

750x17.83
= 133,72 g
100

Hm lng syrup cn dng l


msr =

133 .72 x100


= 205,72 g
65

Lng tht b sung 5% l 50g


Lng pectin 0.2% l 2g
Lng xythangum 0.1 % l 1g

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 41

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Lng acid citrd 0.1 % l 1g
Lng vitamin C l 0.05% l 0.5g
2.Kt qu th nghim
2.1. Kho st t l tht qu.
T l 3%
T l 5%
T l 7%
T l 11%
T l 13%

Mu q
Mu t
Mu v
Mu z
Mu g

hi ha
Tin hnh chy anova nhn bit s khc bit gia cc mu.
> AnovaModel.22 <- aov(dohaihoa ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.22)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 12.56 3.14000 4.6356 0.001838 **

Residuals 95 64.35 0.67737


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 0.001838 **<<0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha, ta
tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.22)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

q-g -0.50 -1.22375623 0.2237562 0.3133825


t-g 0.60 -0.12375623 1.3237562 0.1522297
v-g 0.05 -0.67375623 0.7737562 0.9996905
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 42

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


z-g 0.20 -0.52375623 0.9237562 0.9390207
t-q 1.10 0.37624377 1.8237562 0.0005137
v-q 0.55 -0.17375623 1.2737562 0.2230615
z-q 0.70 -0.02375623 1.4237562 0.0630089
v-t -0.55 -1.27375623 0.1737562 0.2230615
z-t -0.40 -1.12375623 0.3237562 0.5413468
z-v 0.15 -0.57375623 0.8737562 0.9782324
95% family-wise confidence level

q-g

)
(

t-g

v- g

)
(

z- g

)
(

t-q
(

v- q

)
(

z- q
v-t

z-t

)
)

)
(

z-v

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 43

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nhn xt: nhn vo biu ta thy c s khc bit gia mu cha 3% tht qu v
5% tht qu, mu 5% tht qu c ngi th a chung nhiu nht.
Hnh thi

Tin hnh chy anova nhn bit s khc bit gia cc mu.
> AnovaModel.24 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.24)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 21.30 5.3250 10.23 6.246e-07 ***

Residuals 95 49.45 0.5205


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.24)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 44

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


diff

lwr

upr

p adj

q-g -0.45 -1.08445553 0.18445553 0.2874232


t-g 0.90 0.26554447 1.53445553 0.0014109
v-g -0.20 -0.83445553 0.43445553 0.9048150
z-g 0.25 -0.38445553 0.88445553 0.8083111
t-q 1.35 0.71554447 1.98445553 0.0000005
v-q 0.25 -0.38445553 0.88445553 0.8083111
z-q 0.70 0.06554447 1.33445553 0.0229621
v-t -1.10 -1.73445553 -0.46554447 0.0000524
z-t -0.65 -1.28445553 -0.01554447 0.0418574
z-v 0.45 -0.18445553 1.08445553 0.2874232

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 45

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

q-g

)
(

t-g
(

v-g

)
(

z-g

)
(

t-q
(

v-q

z-t

)
)

z-q
v-t

)
(

)
(

z-v

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 46

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Kt lun: cc mu t-g , q-g, v-g, z-g,z-v khng c s khc bit v gi tr F value
>>0.05, cc mu cn li th c s khc bit, iu ny c th hin qua bng sau:

t-g

z-q

v-t

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.9 n v, vi tin


cy 0.27-1.53, gi tr F value l 0.0014109
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
5% hn mu 13%, mu 5% c yu thch hn mu 13%
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.7 n v, vi tin
cy 0.065-1.33, g tr f value 0.0229621. Kt hp vi biu
bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu 11% hn mu
3%
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.10 n v, vi tin
cy -1.73, gi tr F vulue l 0.0229621
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
5% hn mu 7%.

Trong mi sn phm u c tht qu l lng, ty vo lng tht qu cho vo m


c s khc nhau v mc nhiu hay t l lng trong mi sn phm cng nh s
yu thch theo yu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Mu sc
> AnovaModel.26 <- aov(mausac ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.26)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 16.24 4.0600 11.361 1.411e-07 ***

Residuals 95 33.95 0.3574


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.26)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 47

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Fit: aov(formula = mausac ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

q-g -1.0 -1.5256999 -0.4743001 0.0000077


t-g -0.3 -0.8256999 0.2256999 0.5093930
v-g 0.0 -0.5256999 0.5256999 1.0000000
z-g 0.1 -0.4256999 0.6256999 0.9841648
t-q 0.7 0.1743001 1.2256999 0.0032236
v-q 1.0 0.4743001 1.5256999 0.0000077
z-q 1.1 0.5743001 1.6256999 0.0000008
v-t 0.3 -0.2256999 0.8256999 0.5093930
z-t 0.4 -0.1256999 0.9256999 0.2219364
z-v 0.1 -0.4256999 0.6256999 0.9841648

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 48

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

q-g

)
(

t-g

)
(

v-g

)
(

z-g

)
(

t-q

)
(

v-q

)
(

z-q
(

v-t

)
(

z-t

z-v

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 49

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Kt lun: cc mu z-v , z-t, v-t, z-g,v-g, t-g >>0.05 nn khng c s khc bit,
cc mu cn li c s khc bit, s khc bit ny th hin trong bng sau
t-q

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.7 n v, vi tin cy


0.17-1.23, gi tr F value 0.0032236
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu 5%
hn mu 3%
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.0 n v, vi tin cy
0.47-1.53, gi tr F value 0.0000077
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu 7%
hn mu 3%.
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.1 n v, vi tin cy
0.57-1.63, gi tr f value l 0.0000008.
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
&7% hn mu 3%.

v-q

z-q

Mi v
Tin hnh chy anova nh gi s khc bit gia cc mu
> AnovaModel.28 <- aov(muivi ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.28)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 10.06 2.51500 5.424 0.0005615 ***

Residuals 95 44.05 0.46368


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.28)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = muivi ~ mau, data = Dataset)
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 50

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

q-g 0.35 -0.248812688 0.948812688 0.4851020


t-g 0.95 0.351187312 1.548812688 0.0002576
v-g 0.35 -0.248812688 0.948812688 0.4851020
z-g 0.20 -0.398812688 0.798812688 0.8850505
t-q 0.60 0.001187312 1.198812688 0.0492939
v-q 0.00 -0.598812688 0.598812688 1.0000000
z-q -0.15 -0.748812688 0.448812688 0.9567653
v-t -0.60 -1.198812688 -0.001187312 0.0492939
z-t -0.75 -1.348812688 -0.151187312 0.0065929
z-v -0.15 -0.748812688 0.448812688 0.9567653

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 51

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

q-g

)
(

t-g
(

v-g

z-g

)
(

t-q

v-q

z-q

v-t
z-t

)
(

z-v

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 52

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Kt lun: cc mu q-g, v-g, z-g, v-q, z-q, z-v khng c s khc bit v >>0.05, cc
mu cn li c s khc bit, iu ny th hin qua bng sau
t-g

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.95 n v, vi


tin cy 0.35-1.54, gi tr F value 0.0002576
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th
thch mu 5% hn mu 13%

t-q

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.6 n v, vi


tin cy 0.001-1.19, gi tr f value l 0.0492939
kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 5% hn mu 3%
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -0.6 n v, vi
tin cy -1.19, gi tr F value 0.0492939
Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th
thch mu 5% hn mu 7%
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -0.75 n v,
vi tin cy -1.34, gi tr f value 0.0065929
kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 5% hn mu 11%

v-t

z-t

Nhn xt chung: khi kho st t l tht qu nhm c mt vi nhn xt v gi thch


nh sau: vi lng tht qu vo theo t l l 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, t l 3%
tht qu rt t so vi nc v th ngon ca n khng cao, t nhn thy tht qu, v
da vo s liu cm quan thu c ngi th thch mu 5% hn l cc mu cn li
c ng iu v s l lng ca tht qua v n c cho l yu thch nht.
2.2. Kho st t l nc b sung.

Mu m
Mu h
Mu k
Mu f
Mu l
Hnh thi

T l nc b xung
T l nc b xung
T l nc b xung
T l nc b xung
T l nc b xung

1:1
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5

> AnovaModel.3 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)


> summary(AnovaModel.3)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 53

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


mau

4 19.94 4.985 8.5948 5.788e-06 ***

Residuals 95 55.10 0.580


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =7.425e-13 ***<<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c
ngha, ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu
c s khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.3)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

h-f -0.45 -1.1197209 0.2197209 0.3413588


k-f 0.50 -0.1697209 1.1697209 0.2389991
l-f 0.85 0.1802791 1.5197209 0.0056848
m-f 0.05 -0.6197209 0.7197209 0.9995791
k-h 0.95 0.2802791 1.6197209 0.0014114
l-h 1.30 0.6302791 1.9697209 0.0000049
m-h 0.50 -0.1697209 1.1697209 0.2389991
l-k 0.35 -0.3197209 1.0197209 0.5950768
m-k -0.45 -1.1197209 0.2197209 0.3413588
m-l -0.80 -1.4697209 -0.1302791 0.0108833

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 54

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

h-f

)
(

k-f

)
(

l-f
(

m-f

)
(

k-h

)
(

l-h

m-h

l-k

m-k
m-l

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 55

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Qua cc s liu trn ta thy, khng c s khc bit gia cc mu h-f, kf, m-f, m-h, l-k, m-k v gi tr F Value <<0.05 khng c ngha, cc mu l-f,
k-h, l-h, m-l c ngha tin cy c th nh sau
l- f

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.85 n v, gi tr F value


0.0056848 vi tin cy, 0.18-1.52,
Kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
t l 1:5 hn mu 1:4
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.95 n v, vi tin cy
0.28-1.62, gi tr F value 0.0014114
Kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
1:3 hn mu 1:2
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.30 n v, vi tin 0.631.97, gi tr F value 0.0000049
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu
1:5 hn mu 1:2

k-h

l-h

hi ha
Tin hnh chy anova nh gi s khc bit gi cc mu.
library(abind, pos=4)
> AnovaModel.1 <- aov(dohaihoa ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.1)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

3 11.2 3.7333 5.7905 0.001279 **

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 56

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Residuals 76 49.0 0.6447
--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =0.001279 **<<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.1)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

g-e -0.4 -1.06698752 0.2669875 0.3987146


l-e 0.6 -0.06698752 1.2669875 0.0931560
v-e -0.2 -0.86698752 0.4669875 0.8598394
l-g 1.0 0.33301248 1.6669875 0.0010185
v-g 0.2 -0.46698752 0.8669875 0.8598394
v-l -0.8 -1.46698752 -0.1330125 0.0122234

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 57

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

g-e

l-e

v-e

l-g

v-g

v-l

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Linear Function

Kt lun: cc mu g-e, v-e, v-g khng c s khc bit v gi tr F value >><0.05,


cc mu cn li c s khc bit, s khc bit c th hin qua bn sau
l-m

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1 n v, vi tin cy


0.33-1.67, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th
thch mu 1:5 hn 1:1
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.85 n v, vi tin
cy -1.46-1.47, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi
th thch 1:4 hn 1:2

f-h
Mu sc

> AnovaModel.5 <- aov(mausac ~ mau, data=Dataset)


> summary(AnovaModel.5)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 24.14 6.0350 11.724 8.825e-08 ***

Residuals 95 48.90 0.5147


--DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 58

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 8.825e-08 *** << 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.5)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = mausac ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

h-f -1.00 -1.63091735 -0.3690827 0.0002616


k-f 0.10 -0.53091735 0.7309173 0.9920498
l-f 0.45 -0.18091735 1.0809173 0.2819940
m-f -0.35 -0.98091735 0.2809173 0.5376476
k-h 1.10 0.46908265 1.7309173 0.0000470
l-h 1.45 0.81908265 2.0809173 0.0000001
m-h 0.65 0.01908265 1.2809173 0.0401234
l-k 0.35 -0.28091735 0.9809173 0.5376476
m-k -0.45 -1.08091735 0.1809173 0.2819940
m-l -0.80 -1.43091735 -0.1690827 0.0057455

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 59

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

h-f

)
(

k-f

)
(

l-f

m-f

)
(

k-h

l-h

m-h

l-k

m-k
m-l

)
)

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 60

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Kt lun: cc mu k-f, l-f, m-f, l-k, m-k khng c s khc bit v gi tr F
value >>0.05. cc mu cn li c su khc bit, s khc bit th hin trong
bng sau
h-f

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi tin cy


1.63-0.37, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 1:4 hn mu 1:2
k-h
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.10 n v, vi tin cy
0.49-1.73, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 1:3 hn mu 1: 2
l-h
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.45 n v, vi tin cy
0.82-2.08, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 1:5 hn mu 1:2
m-h
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.65 n v, vi tin cy
0.01-1.28, Kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 1:2 hn mu 1:1
m-l
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi tin cy
1.63-0.37, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 1:5 hn mu 1:1
T kt qu trn ta rt ra nhn xt sau: Nhn chung tt c cac mu u c s khc
bit, lng nc b xung nh hng rt ln n mu sc, mi v v hnh thi ca
sn phm. Vi t l 1:1 th mu ca sn phm s m hn s vi cc t l cn li,
tuy vy do s thch cng nh cm quan v tnh thm m ca nguoi tiu dng m
ngi tiu dng li c cm tnh vi mu c t l 1:5 hn l cc t l cn li.
Mi v
> AnovaModel.7 <- aov(muivi ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.7)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 23.66 5.9150 10.553 4.069e-07 ***

Residuals 95 53.25 0.5605


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 61

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Ta thy gi tr F value 4.069e-07 ***<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.7)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = muivi ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

h-f -0.70 -1.358381841 -0.04161816 0.0313336


k-f -0.05 -0.708381841 0.60838184 0.9995497
l-f 0.75 0.091618159 1.40838184 0.0172329
m-f -0.40 -1.058381841 0.25838184 0.4452973
k-h 0.65 -0.008381841 1.30838184 0.0547437
l-h 1.45 0.791618159 2.10838184 0.0000002
m-h 0.30 -0.358381841 0.95838184 0.7118409
l-k 0.80 0.141618159 1.45838184 0.0091304
m-k -0.35 -1.008381841 0.30838184 0.5789895
m-l -1.15 -1.808381841 -0.49161816 0.0000454

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 62

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

h-f

)
(

k-f

)
(

l-f
(

m-f

)
)

k-h

)
(

l-h
(

m-h

)
(

l-k
(

m-k
m-l

)
)

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 63

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Vy thng qua cc kho st trn nhm chn cho mnh t l nc b xung l
t l 1:5 lm sn phm chun cho nhm mnh
2.3. Nng ng
Mu a
Mu b
Mu c
Mu d
Mu e
> library(abind, pos=4)

Mu c Bx l 9
Mu c Bx l 11
Mu c Bx l 13
Mu c Bx l 15
Mu c Bx l 17

> AnovaModel.1 <- aov(dohaihoa ~ mau, data=Dataset)


> summary(AnovaModel.1)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 29.6 7.4000 20.436 3.582e-12 ***

Residuals 95 34.4 0.3621


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =3.582e-12 *** <<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c
ngha, ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu
c s khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.1)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 0.35 -0.17917249 0.87917249 0.3574544


c-a 0.55 0.02082751 1.07917249 0.0375012
d-a 1.55 1.02082751 2.07917249 0.0000000
e-a 1.05 0.52082751 1.57917249 0.0000029
c-b 0.20 -0.32917249 0.72917249 0.8307729
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 64

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


d-b 1.20 0.67082751 1.72917249 0.0000001
e-b 0.70 0.17082751 1.22917249 0.0034948
d-c 1.00 0.47082751 1.52917249 0.0000089
e-c 0.50 -0.02917249 1.02917249 0.0733923
e-d -0.50 -1.02917249 0.02917249 0.0733923

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 65

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

b-a

)
(

c-a

)
(

d-a
(

e-a

c-b

)
(

d-b

e-b

)
(

d-c

e-c
e-d

-1.0

)
)

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Linear Function

Kt qu trn cho thy a-b, c-b, e-c, e-d khng c s khc bit v

Fvalue >0.05 v d-a, e-a, d-b, e-b, d-c u c s khc bit c th nh sau.
Mu
d-a

e-a

d-b

e-b

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

S khc bit c ngha


S khc nhau khong 1.55 n v, vi tin cy 10%20%. Gi tr F value l 0.0000000
Kt hp vi biu tng im bn trn ta thy mu d c s
vt tri hn so vi mu a,ngi th vn thch mu d hn
l mu a
S khc nhau gi hai mu khong 1.05 n v, vi tin
cy 0.51- 1.58. Gi tr F value 0.0000029
kt hp vi biu tng im ta thy mu e c s vt tri
hn so vi mu a ngi th vn thch mu e hn mu a
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.20 n v, vi tin
cy 0.67- 1.73. Gi tr f value 0.0000001
kt hp vi biu tng im ta thy ngi th vn thch
mu 15 brix hn mu 11brix
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.70 n v, vi tin
cy 0.17-1.23, gi tr F value l 0.0034948
Page 66

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


kt hp vi biu tng im ta thy ngi th vn thch
mu 17 hn mu 11
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi tin
cy 0.47- 1.53, gi tr f value l 0.0000089
kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy mu 15 vt tri hn
so vi mu 13, ngi th vn thch mu d hn mu c

d-c

Hnh thi
> summary(AnovaModel.3)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 42.40 10.6000 27.703 2.996e-15 ***

Residuals 95 36.35 0.3826


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =2.996e-15 *** <<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c
ngha, ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu
c s khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.6)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 0.25 -0.2939641 0.7939641 0.7052414


c-a 1.25 0.7060359 1.7939641 0.0000001
d-a 1.65 1.1060359 2.1939641 0.0000000
e-a 1.35 0.8060359 1.8939641 0.0000000
c-b 1.00 0.4560359 1.5439641 0.0000161
d-b 1.40 0.8560359 1.9439641 0.0000000
e-b 1.10 0.5560359 1.6439641 0.0000019
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 67

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


d-c 0.40 -0.1439641 0.9439641 0.2529884
e-c 0.10 -0.4439641 0.6439641 0.9860651
e-d -0.30 -0.8439641 0.2439641 0.5434249
ta thy mu a-b, d-c, e-c, e-d gi tr F value rt nh>>0.05 v vy cc mu
ny khng c s khc bit, cc mu a-c, d-a, a-e, c-b, d-b, e-b c s khc bit
v s khc bit ny l ng tin cy
a-c

d-a

a-e

c-b

d-b
e-b

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.25 n v, vi tin cy


0.71-1.79, gi tr F value a 0.0000001
kt hp vi biu hnh thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch
mu 13 brix hn mu 9brix
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.65 n v, vi tin cy
khong 1.11-2.19, gi tr F value 0.0000000
kt hp vi biu hnh thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch
mu 15brix hn mu 9brix.
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.35 n v, vi tin cy
0.81-1.89, gi tr f value 0.0000000
kt hp vi biu hnh thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch
mu 17 hn mu 9
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi tin cy
0.46-1.54, gi tr F value 0.0000161
kt hp vi biu hnh thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch
mu 13 hn mu 11
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.40 n v, vi tin cy
0.87-1.94, gi tr F value 0.0000000 kt hp vi biu hnh
thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch mu 15 hn mu 13.
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.10n v, vi tin cy
0.57-1.64, gi tr F value l 0.0000019 kt hp vi biu
hnh thi bn di ta thy ngi th thch mu 17 hn mu 11

Nh vy yu t hnh thi c nh hng n hnh thi ca sn phm, nhn


chung ty vo mc yu thch ca mi ngi m s c nhng cm nhn v hnh
thi ring cho mi sn phm. y sn phm c hi ng cm quan cho im
cao nht l mu d tng ng vi sn phm c Bx 15, y cng l mu chun
m nhm chn phi ch cho cc th nghim sau
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 68

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

b-a

)
(

c-a

)
(

d-a
(

e-a

c-b

)
(

d-b

e-b

d-c

e-c
e-d

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 69

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Mu sc
> AnovaModel.4 <- aov(mausac ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.4)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 45.64 11.4100 27.511 3.565e-15 ***

Residuals 95 39.40 0.4147


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =3.565e-15 *** <<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c
ngha, ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu
c s khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.7)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = mausac ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 0.30 -0.26632554 0.86632554 0.5823437


c-a 0.60 0.03367446 1.16632554 0.0322401
d-a 1.85 1.28367446 2.41632554 0.0000000
e-a 1.30 0.73367446 1.86632554 0.0000001
c-b 0.30 -0.26632554 0.86632554 0.5823437
d-b 1.55 0.98367446 2.11632554 0.0000000
e-b 1.00 0.43367446 1.56632554 0.0000367
d-c 1.25 0.68367446 1.81632554 0.0000002

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 70

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


e-c 0.70 0.13367446 1.26632554 0.0076159
e-d -0.55 -1.11632554 0.01632554 0.0612858

95% family-wise confidence level

b-a

)
(

c-a

)
(

d-a
(

e-a
(

c-b

)
)
(

d-b

e-b

)
(

d-c

e-c
e-d

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Linear Function

Trong qu trnh lm th nghim, nhm rt ra cho mnh mt vi nhn xt sau


y.Nhn chung th t l syrup b xung c nh hng nhiu n mu sc ca sn
phm,, sau khi phi ch syrup vo sn phm nhm em thanh trng nhit
800C, trong qu trnh thanh trng ny nu nh nhm nu nhit si qu cao v
cho sn phm si qu lu. Dn n ng b chy lc ny mu sc ca sn
phm c s bin i, mu m hn so vi cc sn phm khc.
Mi v
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 71

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


> AnovaModel.8 <- aov(muivi ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.8)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 38.14 9.5350 21.959 7.425e-13 ***

Residuals 95 41.25 0.4342


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value =7.425e-13 ***<<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c
ngha, ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu
c s khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.8)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = muivi ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 0.65 0.07053126 1.2294687 0.0198361


c-a 0.75 0.17053126 1.3294687 0.0045363
d-a 1.80 1.22053126 2.3794687 0.0000000
e-a 1.35 0.77053126 1.9294687 0.0000000
c-b 0.10 -0.47946874 0.6794687 0.9890180
d-b 1.15 0.57053126 1.7294687 0.0000029
e-b 0.70 0.12053126 1.2794687 0.0097035
d-c 1.05 0.47053126 1.6294687 0.0000217
e-c 0.60 0.02053126 1.1794687 0.0386125

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 72

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


e-d -0.45 -1.02946874 0.1294687 0.2042095

T kt qu phn tch trn ta rt ra kt lun sau: mu c-b, e-d khng c s khc


bit c ngha bi v gi tr F value >> 0.05. Cc mu cn li c s khc bit c
ngha, c th nh sau
b-a

c-a

d-a

e-a

d-b

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.65 n v, vi tin


cy 0.07-1.23, gi tr F value 0.0198361
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 12 hn mu 9 brix
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.75 n v, vi tin
cy 0.17-1.33, gi tr F value 0.0045363
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 13brix hn mu 9 brix
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.80 n v, vi tin
cy 1.22-2.38, gi tr F value 0.0000000
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu c hn mu 9
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.35 n v, vi tin
cy 0.77-1.93, gi tr f vale l 0.0000000
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 17brix hn mu 9
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.15 n v, vi tin
cy 0.57-1.73, gi tr F value0.0000029
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
Page 73

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


mu 15 hn mu 11
e-b
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.70 n v, vi tin
cy 0.12-1.28, gi tr F value 0.0097035
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 17 hn mu 11
d-c
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.05 n v, vi tin
cy 0.47-1.63, gi tr F value 0.0000217
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 15 hn mu 13
e-c
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.60 n v, vi tin
cy 0.02-1.18, gi tr F value 0.0386125
kt hp vi biu mi v bn trn ta thy ngi th thch
mu 17 hn mu 13
Kt lun chung: Nhn chung lng syrup b xung vo sn phm c nh hng
n sn phm, nhiu nht l v mi v, v hi ha ca sn phm, lng syrup
cho vo sn phm cng nhiu th sn phm cng ngt v ngc li, trong qu trnh
nhm kho st nhm thy rng tuy cc sn phm u c s khc nhau nhng sn
phm c Bx 15 vn c a chung nht, v hnh thi, hi ha, mi v, mu
sc vn vt tri hn so vi cc mu cn li. V vy nhm quyt nh chn
Bx 15 phi ch cho cc th nghim tip theo.
2.4. Kho st t l ph gia.
Mu a
Mu b
Mu c
Mu d
Mu e
hi ha

0%p-0.1%X
0.1%P-0.1%X
0.2%P-0.1%X
0.%2-0.2%X
0.2%-0.2 %X

> AnovaModel.3 <- aov(dohaihoa ~ mau, data=Dataset)


> summary(AnovaModel.3)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 38.70 9.6750 13.916 5.688e-09 ***

Residuals 95 66.05 0.6953


---

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 74

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.3)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 1.80 1.066746 2.53325401 0.0000000


c-a 1.50 0.766746 2.23325401 0.0000014
d-a 0.85 0.116746 1.58325401 0.0146225
e-a 0.85 0.116746 1.58325401 0.0146225
c-b -0.30 -1.033254 0.43325401 0.7861042
d-b -0.95 -1.683254 -0.21674599 0.0044829
e-b -0.95 -1.683254 -0.21674599 0.0044829
d-c -0.65 -1.383254 0.08325401 0.1074566
e-c -0.65 -1.383254 0.08325401 0.1074566
e-d 0.00 -0.733254 0.73325401 1.0000000

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 75

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

b-a

c-a

d-a

e-a

c-b

d-b

e-b

d-c

e-c

)
(

e-d

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 76

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

b-a
c-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.8 n v, vi


tin cy 1.06-2.53, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu hn mu
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.50 n v, vi
tin cy 0.77-2.23, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu c hn mu a, hay mu
c vt tri hn so vi mu a

d-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.85 n v, vi


tin cy 0.12-1.58, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu d hn mu a, hay mu
d vt tri hn so vi mu a

d-b

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -.095 n v,


vi tin cy -1.69, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu c hn mu a, hay mu
c vt tri hn so vi mu a

e-b

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -0.95 n v,


vi tin cy , kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy
ngi th thch mu b hn mu e, hay mu b vt
tri hn so vi mu e

e-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.85 n v, vi


tin cy 0.12-1.587, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu e hn mu a, hay mu

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


e vt tri hn so vi mu a

Hin tng: S d hi ha ca sn phm c s khc bit nh vy v, nc c


rt c t trng tng i ln v th vi liu lng 0%P-0.1%X th tht qu s b
lng xung di, do khng ph gia ko n l lng ln trn
Hnh thi
> AnovaModel.5 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.5)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 25.34 6.3350 7.7856 1.802e-05 ***

Residuals 95 77.30 0.8137


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha, ta tin
hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s khc bit vi
nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.5)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 1.45 0.656754194 2.2432458 0.0000181


c-a 1.05 0.256754194 1.8432458 0.0034673
d-a 0.80 0.006754194 1.5932458 0.0470279

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 78

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


e-a 0.40 -0.393245806 1.1932458 0.6277355
c-b -0.40 -1.193245806 0.3932458 0.6277355
d-b -0.65 -1.443245806 0.1432458 0.1609138
e-b -1.05 -1.843245806 -0.2567542 0.0034673
d-c -0.25 -1.043245806 0.5432458 0.9048849
e-c -0.65 -1.443245806 0.1432458 0.1609138
e-d -0.40 -1.193245806 0.3932458 0.6277355
95% family-wise confidence level

b-a

c-a

d-a

e-a

c-b

d-b

e-b

)
(

d-c

e-c

)
(

e-d

-2

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 79

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

b-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.45 n v, vi


tin cy 0.66-2.24, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy
ngi th thch mu b hn mu a, hay mu b vt tri
hn so vi mu a

c-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.05 n v, vi tin


cy 0.27-1.84, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi
th thch mu c hn mu a, hay mu c vt tri hn so vi
mu a

d-a

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.8 n v, vi tin


cy 0.0068-1.59, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy
ngi th thch mu d hn mu a, hay mu d vt tri
hn so vi mu a
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -1.05 n v, vi tin
cy 2 , kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th
thch mu b hn mu e, hay mu b vt tri hn so vi
mu e

e-b

Mu sc
> AnovaModel.7 <- aov(mausac ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.7)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 28.24 7.0600 9.9881 8.634e-07 ***

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

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Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Residuals 95 67.15 0.7068
--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha, ta tin
hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s khc bit vi
nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.7)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = mausac ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 1.50 0.76066537 2.23933463 0.0000017


c-a 0.60 -0.13933463 1.33933463 0.1683185
d-a 0.80 0.06066537 1.53933463 0.0271122
e-a 0.15 -0.58933463 0.88933463 0.9798786
c-b -0.90 -1.63933463 -0.16066537 0.0089583
d-b -0.70 -1.43933463 0.03933463 0.0724429
e-b -1.35 -2.08933463 -0.61066537 0.0000185
d-c 0.20 -0.53933463 0.93933463 0.9433594
e-c -0.45 -1.18933463 0.28933463 0.4434170
e-d -0.65 -1.38933463 0.08933463 0.1124804

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 81

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

b-a
(

c-a

)
(

d-a

e-a
(

c-b

)
)

d-b
e-b

)
(

d-c

e-c

e-d

-2

-1

Linear Function

2.5. Kho st loi ph gia.


Mu
Mu l
Mu g
Mu v
Mu e

Ph gia
Xanthagum
CMC
Gum E
Agar

hi ha
> AnovaModel.14 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.14)
DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 82

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

3 24.137 8.0458 13.193 5.08e-07 ***

Residuals 76 46.350 0.6099


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 5.08e-07 ***<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.14)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

g-e -0.65 -1.298701 -0.001299044 0.0493526


l-e 0.85 0.201299 1.498700956 0.0051098
v-e -0.25 -0.898701 0.398700956 0.7427339
l-g 1.50 0.851299 2.148700956 0.0000003
v-g 0.40 -0.248701 1.048700956 0.3738113
v-l -1.10 -1.748701 -0.451299044 0.0001648

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 83

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

g-e

l-e
(

v-e

l-g
(

v-g

v-l

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 84

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Kt lun: cc mu v-e, v-g khng c s khc bit v gi

tr F value >>0.05, cc mu cn li c s khc bit, iu ny th hin tring


bng sau
g-e

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -0.65 n v, vi tin


cy -1.29,gi tr F value 0.0493526
kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu c
hn mu a, hay mu c vt tri hn so vi mu

l-e

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.85 n v, vi tin cy


0.21-1.50, gi tr F value l 0.0051098

l-g

v-l

kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu l hn


mu e, hay mu l vt tri hn so vi mu e
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.50 n v, vi tin cy
0.85-2.15, gi tr F value l 0.0000003
kt hp vi biu bn trn ta thy ngi th thch mu l hn
mu g, hay mu l vt tri hn so vi mu g
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong -1.1 n v, vi tin cy
1.78, gi tr F value0.000164 kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu l hn mu v, hay mu l vt tri
hn so vi mu v
Hinh thi

> AnovaModel.12 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 85

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


> summary(AnovaModel.12)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

3 11.2 3.7333 5.7905 0.001279 **

Residuals 76 49.0 0.6447


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 0.001279 **<< 0.05 v vy gi tr ny c ngha, ta
tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.12)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

g-e -0.4 -1.06698752 0.2669875 0.3987146


l-e 0.6 -0.06698752 1.2669875 0.0931560
v-e -0.2 -0.86698752 0.4669875 0.8598394
l-g 1.0 0.33301248 1.6669875 0.0010185
v-g 0.2 -0.46698752 0.8669875 0.8598394
v-l -0.8 -1.46698752 -0.1330125 0.0122234

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 86

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 87

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

g-e

l-e
(

v-e

l-g

v-g

v-l

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 88

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Khi dng agar th sn phm b phn lp mnh, ton b tht qu b lng xung di,
c mt lp nc ni ln trn
i vi CMC tht qu ch hi b lng xung di, c s tch lp nh
i vi gum E th s tch lp khng biu hin r
Gii thch:
S d agar c s phn lp mnh nh vy l v: agar c c tnh tr nhit, do
nhit gel ha ca agar xy ra im bnh thng thp hn nhiu so vi nhit
nng chy ca gel. Agar c cu trc gel thun nghch xp x 32oC, v s nng
chy tr li trn 850C. Mt khc agar ng thch nhit 32-34oC va khng
ha lng di 800C, d ha tan trong nc nng cho dung dch trong v hi nht.
Nhm chn ph gia xanthagum v pectin l tt nht kho st
2.6. Kho st ch thanh trng.
Mu d
Mu e
Mu f
Mu g
Mu h

Khng thanh trng


Thi gian thanh trng 5 pht
Thi gian thanh trng 10 pht
Thi gian thanh trng 15 pht
Thi gian thanh trng 20 pht

hi ha.
> AnovaModel.11 <- aov(dohaihoa ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.11)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 48.50 12.1250 20.478 3.428e-12 ***

Residuals 95 56.25 0.5921


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 89

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.11)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = dohaihoa ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

e-d 1.00 0.32332629 1.6766737 0.0007859


f-d 1.25 0.57332629 1.9266737 0.0000145
g-d 2.00 1.32332629 2.6766737 0.0000000
h-d 1.75 1.07332629 2.4266737 0.0000000
f-e 0.25 -0.42667371 0.9266737 0.8420950
g-e 1.00 0.32332629 1.6766737 0.0007859
h-e 0.75 0.07332629 1.4266737 0.0220627
g-f 0.75 0.07332629 1.4266737 0.0220627
h-f 0.50 -0.17667371 1.1766737 0.2484929
h-g -0.25 -0.92667371 0.4266737 0.8420950

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 90

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

e-d

)
(

f-d

)
(

g-d

h-d
(

f-e

)
(

g-e

h-e

g-f

h-f
h-g

-1

Linear Function

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 91

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

e-d

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi


tin cy 0.33-1.68, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu e hn mu d, hay mu e
vt tri hn so vi mu d

f-d

S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi


tin cy 0.33-1.68, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu ko thanh trung hn mu
15p.
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 2.00 n v, vi
tin cy 1.32-2.68, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu 10 hn mu ko thanh trng
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.75 n v, vi
tin cy 1.03-2.43, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu h hn mu ko thanh trng
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 1.00 n v, vi
tin cy 0.32-1.68, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu 10p hn mu 15p
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.75 n v, vi
tin cy 0.0733-1.43, kt hp vi biu bn trn
ta thy ngi th thch mu 15 hn mu 20p
S khc nhau giu hai mu khong 0.75 n v, vi
tin cy 0.073-1.43, kt hp vi biu bn trn ta
thy ngi th thch mu 10p hn mu 15p

g-d
h-d
g-e
h-e
g-f

Hnh thi
> AnovaModel.13 <- aov(hinhthai ~ mau, data=Dataset)
> summary(AnovaModel.13)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
mau

4 59.74 14.9350 23.926 1.047e-13 ***

Residuals 95 59.30 0.6242


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 92

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.13)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = hinhthai ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

e-d 1.05 0.35522308 1.7447769 0.0005606


f-d 1.35 0.65522308 2.0447769 0.0000048
g-d 2.20 1.50522308 2.8947769 0.0000000
h-d 1.95 1.25522308 2.6447769 0.0000000
f-e 0.30 -0.39477692 0.9947769 0.7509308
g-e 1.15 0.45522308 1.8447769 0.0001239
h-e 0.90 0.20522308 1.5947769 0.0044916
g-f 0.85 0.15522308 1.5447769 0.0084986
h-f 0.60 -0.09477692 1.2947769 0.1238408
h-g -0.25 -0.94477692 0.4447769 0.8544572

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 93

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

e-d

)
(

f-d

)
(

g-d
(

h-d
(

f-e

)
(

g-e

h-e

g-f

h-f
h-g

-1

Linear Function

Mi v

> AnovaModel.15 <- aov(muivi ~ mau, data=Dataset)


> summary(AnovaModel.15)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 94

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


mau

4 57.24 14.3100 21.175 1.659e-12 ***

Residuals 95 64.20 0.6758


--Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Ta thy gi tr F value 6.246e-07 ***<<0.05v vy gi tr ny c ngha,
ta tin hnh phn tch s khc bit ca tng mu xem cc mu c s
khc bit vi nhau nh th no thng qua cu lnh TukeyHSD
> TukeyHSD(AnovaModel.15)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = muivi ~ mau, data = Dataset)
$mau
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

e-d 0.90 0.1770878 1.6229122 0.0070436


f-d 0.75 0.0270878 1.4729122 0.0380320
g-d 2.10 1.3770878 2.8229122 0.0000000
h-d 1.80 1.0770878 2.5229122 0.0000000
f-e -0.15 -0.8729122 0.5729122 0.9781386
g-e 1.20 0.4770878 1.9229122 0.0001177
h-e 0.90 0.1770878 1.6229122 0.0070436
g-f 1.35 0.6270878 2.0729122 0.0000115
h-f 1.05 0.3270878 1.7729122 0.0010116
h-g -0.30 -1.0229122 0.4229122 0.7772200

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 95

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

95% family-wise confidence level

e-d

f-d

)
(

g-d
(

h-d
(

f-e

)
(

g-e

h-e

)
(

g-f

h-f
h-g

-1

)
)

Linear Function

Kt lun: Qua qu trnh kho st ta rt ra c nhng kt lun sau s thay i v


mt nguyn liu s nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm v s thay i v mt

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 96

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn


cm quan, nh hng n mi v, mu sc, hnh thi v hi ha ca sn phm.
Xt v mt l thuyt
Khi b sung hm lng tht qu s nh hng n mu sc, mi v , hnh thi v
hi ha ca sn phm, do mi t l s nh hng n l lng ca tht qu do
s chnh lch v nng pha rn v gi thnh ca sn phm.
Khi thay i t l nc b sung yu t cm quan v mu sc nh hng nhiu n
cht lng sn phm, k tip l mi v cng c nhng bin i r rt cng vi mc
hi ha ca sn phm.
Khi thay i nng ng th mi v l yu t u tin c nh gi c s thay
i, th hai l mc hi ha ca sn phm v mu sc c th thay i trong qu
trnh gia nhit.
Khi thay i hm lng ph gia ta nh gi c mc ng iu ca sn phm
t quyt nh hm lng ph gia b sung l bao nhiu sn phm c mc
ng ha n nh. Xt v l thuyt th hm lng ph gia s nh hng n mi
v, hnh thi v hi ha ca sn phm.
Khi la chn loi ph gia ta xt xem ph gia no thch hp to cho sn phm n
nh v mt hnh thi khng b phn lp trong qu trnh bo qun, bn cnh
loi ph gia cn nh hng n mi v v hi ha ca sn phm.
Kho st qu trnh thanh trng gip ta bit c thi gian bo qun sn phm
trong thi gian bao lu v c nhng bin i g xy ra khng, ngoi ra qu trnh
thnh trng cn lm thay i v mu sc v hnh thi ca sn phm.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 97

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

KT LUN
C rt xa nay vn l mt loi thc phm c mt trong cc ba n hng
ngy cha nhiu cht dinh dng v cc khong cht cn thit cho c th. Vic
ch bin c rt thnh mt dng thc ung s va b dng li mang tnh tin dng
cao. Trong qu trnh nghin cu nhm a ra cc ch tiu nh gi cng nh nh
hon thin nhng sai st a ra sn phm tt nht.
Qua bi th nghim chng ta c th nh gi c cc yu t nh hng
n cht lng sn phm cng nh cc bin i ca sn phm trong qu trnh thc
hin c nhng khc phc nhanh chng lm n nh sn phm. T ta rt ra
kt lun c lm th no c mt sn phm hon thin ph hp vi yu cu ca
ngi tiu dng.

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 98

Necta c rt- GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. Cng ngh ung nh xut bn i hc Cng Nghip thnh ph H Ch
Minh
[2] K thut sn xut hp ca Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Ng M Vn nh
xut bn Thanh Nin.
http://thuviencongdong.com/moi-truong-thuc-pha-m/20490-tong-quan-ve-phu-gialuu-bien.html

http://thuviencongdong.com/moi-truong-thuc-pha-m/20490-tong-

quan-ve-phu-gia-luu-bien.html.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C
http://my.opera.com/chilinhkgcc/blog/pectin-v
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_r%E1%BB%91t
http://www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?
url=/thuocdongy/C/CaRot.htm&key=&char=C

DHTP5-Nhm 5.

Page 99

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