Tng quan v vt liu

Than bn l mt loi hu c cha di 50% thnh phn khong vt, to thnh do s hy dit v phn ha khng hon ton ca cy ci m ly iu kin m t v thiu khng kh. Than bn thng gp trong cc trm tch t tr nm cch mt t khng su, cng c khi l thin ngay trn mt t. Than bn to thnh t thc vt mc trn cc thung lng, ao h, m lynhng tn tch thc vt trong iu kin thiu khng kh do tc dng ca vi sinh vt, nn qu trnh phn hy xy ra rt chm chp v khng ti giai on v c ha. Qu trnh phn hy khng hon ton ca cc tn tch thc vt to thnh cc cht hu c mi gi l cht mn. Da vo t l phn trm ca mn trong than bn phn loi than bn theo mc phn hy ca chng: o Mc phn hy thp cha di 20% cht mn o Mc phn hy trung bnh cha t 20-40% cht mn o Mc phn hy cao cha trn 40% cht mn Theo iu kin to thnh than bn chia ra lm 3 loi: o Loi cao: To thnh nhng ni c a hnh cao, ngoi nc ma ra t c thm nc trn b mt chy ti. Do than bn t ln cc khong vt khc, ddootj tro ca than thp. o Loi thp: to thnh nhng vng m ly hoc thung lng c nhiu ngun nc chy ti. Ngoi cc nguyn t nhm v st trong than bn loi thp cn c cha mt lng vi ng k. tro ca than cao o Loi trung gian: do cc dng nc trn b mt nn than bn cha nhiu nguyn t nh nhm v st. Cn c vo cc thnh phn tro ca than bn chia ra cc loi: than bn ct, than bn st, than bn vi, than bn st, than bn lu hunh, thn bn phosphate. Ngoi ra cn ty theo ngun gc ca vt cht hu c to thnh than chia ra: than bn to thnh ti ch hoc ngoi lai. Than bn trong t nhin thng to thnh nhng lp ko di theo lng lch hoc theo phn b rng ri trn bbeef mt cc m ly.

B dy ca lp than bn thay i theo hnh dng ca mt a hnh kh to than bn, thng t vi phn n 5-6m. nhng ch trng ca lng lch hoc m ly lp than bn thng c b dy ln hn. Nhn chung cc lp t ca than bn c th nm ngang cha b nh hng ca lc kin to. Nc ta l vng nhit i ma nhiu kh hu m t, cy ci pht trin mnh l iu kin thun li cho s to thnh than bn. Thnh phn ca than bn nc ta c s b xc nh theo kt qu phn tch ca mt s mu ca Tng cc a cht v B nng nghip nh sau: Thnh phn m(Wpt) Tro (Ak) Cht bc(Vl) Nhit lng (Qk) Cc bon (C) Oxy (O) Hyr (H) Nit (N) Lu hunh (S) Phospho (P) P2O5 K2O pH Thp nht 7,5% 30,8% 38,68% 2841calo 4,6% 10,2% 7,4% 0,4% 0,42% 0.0064% 0,04% 0,1% 3,6 Cao nht 17,14% 50% 70% 5370 calo 43,29% 16,29% 3,34% 2,00% 3,75% 0,0196% 0,26% 1,18% 6,00 Trung bnh ( 12,80% 25,5% 45% 4360 calo 17,29% 12,30% 2,20% 1,20% 1,70% 0,001% 0,16% 0,30% 4,5

Tng tim nng than bn d bo c khong 7100 triu m3, trong :

o o o

Di ng bng nam b c khong : 5000 triu m3 Di ng bng bc b c khong: 1650 triu m3 Di ng bng bin min trung c khong: 450 triu m3

Cc nguyn t P v K c trong than bn cng vi cht mn gi vai tr quan trngvic s dng than bn lm phn bn. Trong nhng nm qua, Vit Nam than bn c s dng lm phn bn v cht t, ngoi ra than bn cn c s dng luyn than cc, sn xut axit numic v ch bin cc sn phm ha hc. Cc m than vng ng bng bc b thng dung lm phn bn.

Nhng a phng thiu nhin liu c th dng than bn c nhit lng cao lm cht t( than L Kh, Ba Sao, U Minh). Than U Minh hm lng tro thp(trung bnh 0,4%) c th ch than cc. Than U Minh cn l ngun ti nguyn ln sn xut axit numic v cc sn phm ha hc qu khc nh ru, cn, fenol.

Tng quan qu trnh sy I, Khi nim chung

1.Khi nim Sy l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu nh s dng nhit nng Qu trnh sy l qu trnh khng n nh, trong cc tnh cht cng ngh ca vt liu lun lun thay i theo thi gian: tnh cht ha l, tnh cht c kt cu, tnh cht sinh ha. 2.Mc ch ca qu trnh sy Qu trnh sy nhm mc ch bo qun tt vt liu hoc gim nng lng tiu tn trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu, hoc m bo cc thong s k thut cho cc qu trnh gia cng vt liu tip theo. V d khi sy sn phm gm th nhm mc ch lm bn ca n tng ln tip tc gia cng, sy ht ging th phi lm t l v kh nng ny mm cao ln., sy nng sn thc phm th gi c hng v mu sc, nguyn t vi lng m tng c thi gian bo qun 3.Cc phng php sy. Sy c th c chia ra lm 2 loi: sy t nhin v sy nhn to Sy t nhin l qu trnh s dng trc tip nng lng mt tri v nng lng gi, khng s dng thit b. Vi phng php ny th s tn nhit nng, nhng khng iu chnh c tc sy theo yu cu k thut, nng sut thp, ph thuc vo thi tit Nn phng php ny thng c p dung cho quy m nh l, h gia nh. Bi vy trong cc ngnh cng nghip thng tin hnh qu trnh sy nhn to (s dng ngung nng lng do con ngi to ra). Vi phng php sy ny cho nng sut cao, qu trnh sy n nh, v cht lng hn. Ty vo cch truyn nhit, trong k thut sy ngi ta chia lm cc phng php sy:

o Sy i lu l phng php cho tip xc trc tip vt liu sy v tc nhn sy nh khng kh nng, khi l.. o Sy tip xc l phng php sy khng cho tc nhn sy tip xc trc tip vi vt liu sy, m tc nhn sy truyn nhit cho vt liu sy qua thnh thit b. o Sy bng tia hng ngoi: phng php sy dng nng lng ca tia hng ngoi do ngun pht nhit truyn cho vt liu sy. o Sy bng dng in cao tn: l phng php sy dng nng lng in trng c tn s cao t nng ton b chiu dy ca lp vt liu o Sy thng hoa l phng php sy trong mi trng chn khng cao, nhit rt thp nn m t do trong vt liu ng bng v bay hi t trng thi rn sang hi khng qua lng. Ba phng php cui l cc phng php c bit, chi ph tn km, ch s dng khi cn cht lng sn phm cao

II. Cc thit b sy
1.My sy thng quay - Cu to: Gm thng hnh tr 1 t dc khong 6 8 so vi mt phng nm ngang. C 2 vnh ai trt trn cc con ln ta 4 khi thng quay. Khong cch gia cc con ln c th iu chnh c, thay i gc nghing ca thng. Thng quay c nh lp cht trn thn thng, bnh rng 2 n khp vi bnh rng 3 ni vi mt thng qua hp gim tc. Thng quay vi vn tc khong t 1 8 vng/pht. Bnh rng t ti trng tm ca thng. My sy thng quay lm vic p sut kh quyn. Tc nhn sy c th l khng kh hay khi l. Thng th vt liu sy hay tc nhn sy chuyn ng cng chiu trnh sy qu kh v tc nhn sy khi mang theo vt liu sy nhiu nh sy ngc chiu. Vn tc ca khng kh hay khi l i trong thng khong 2 3 m/s.

Vt liu ut qua phu 10 ri vo thng u cao v c chuyn ng trong thng nh nhng m chn 11. m chn va phn b u vt liu theo tit din thng, va xo trn vt liu, va lm cho vt liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy tt hn. Vt liu sy sau khi sy kh c a ra ca 6 nh vt ti 7 a ra ngoi. Cn khi l hay khng kh thi ra c cho qua xyclon 8 gi li nhng ht vt liu b ko theo ri thi ra ngoi tri qua ng khi. trnh cc kh thi chui qua cc khe h ca my sy, lm nh hng n sc kho cng nhn, ngi ta t qut ht 5 b sung cho sc ht ca ng khi v to p sut m trong my sy. My sy thng quay c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho cht, thc phm sy mt s ho cht, qung Pi-rt, phn m, ng cc ng - u im: + Qa trnh sy u n v mnh lit, tip xc gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy tt. + Cng lm vic tnh theo lng m kh cao, c th ti 100 (kg/m 3 h) + Thit b cu to gn, chim mt bng nh. - Nhc im: Vt liu d b v vn. - Ch : + Nu sy bng khi l th dn khi l vo my bng ca 9. + ng knh thng quay thng c qui chun ( D = 1,2; 1,4; 1,6m t l gia chiu di v ng knh thng khong : 3,5 7)

e cha m n

Hnh 1.2 : My sy thng quay 2. Thit b sy kiu phun bi (sy phun) a. Loi thp: - Cu to: Gm c thp cao 5, nh thp c vi phun 3 c nh hoc quay. Dung dch cha b 1 c nhit thch hp nh bm 2 bm ln nh thp v phun qua vi thnh sng m. - Sn phm ly ra y thp gin on hay lin tc. - Thp c th cao n 60m.

Hnh 1.3: Thit b sy phun kiu thp. b. Loi thng: - Cu to: Gm mt thng hnh tr 1 c y nn. Np trn c t mt 2 ni vi u vi phun 3 c tc quay rt ln 2000 6000 vng/pht. Caloriphe si 4 t nng khng kh. Sn phm thu hi xyclon 5, cn khng kh thi ra ngoi nh qut 6.

Hnh 1.4: Thit b sy phun kiu thng. c. C ch ca qu trnh, cc phng php phun bi v ng dng: - C ch: Vic phun cht lng thnh bi m trong phng sy v qu trnh tin hnh rt nhanh n mc cha kp t nng vt liu ln qu thi hn cho php th vt liu kh. Sn phm thu c dng bt mn nn sau khng cn nghin tn na. Cng sy tng t l thun vi s tng ca b mt tip xc gia VLS v TNS; tc l ph thuc vo phn tn ca cht lng thnh bi. Cc phng php phun bi: + Ly tm: Cho cht lng i vo mt da quay nhanh khong 2000 6000 v/pht, c th phun huyn ph v cht lng nht thnh bi. + C kh: Nh vi phun, trong cht lng c y bng bm vi p lc 200 at. - phun u v to tia nh, cc vi phun c c nhiu l nh vi ng knh 0,5 mm. - Loi ny khng thun tin i vi dung dch huyn ph v cc dung dch nht. + Dng kh nn: Nh cc vi phun trong cht lng c y bng khng kh nn vi p sut 2,5 6 at.

- Ch : Trong 3 loi trn, thng dng loi ly tm v n c hiu qu cao nht nhng c nhc im l tiu hao nng lng nhiu nht. - ng dng: My sy phun c dng sy cc dung dch nh : bt c ph, ca cao, sa b, 3. Thit b sy tng si - Cu to:

Hnh 1.5: Thit b sy tng si. - Nguyn tc lm vic: Qut 1 a khng kh vo trn vi khi l (hay khng kh + khi l) phng 2 ri vo bn di phng sy 3, qua li phn phi 4 ri tin hnh sy vt liu. Vt liu cho vo phu v nh vt ti 5 a vo pha trn bung sy. y chng gp hn hp kh nng i t di ln v to thnh tng si. Vt liu kh c

thi qua tm chn 6 sang thng cha 7 ri ra ngoi. Cn nhng ht nh b dng kh cun theo s c thu hi bi xyclon 8. Tc nhn sy c th l khng kh, khi l hoc khng kh + khi l. - u nhc im: + u im: Cng sy mnh lit, cho php sy nhit cao hn nhit cho php v thi gian tip xc ngn. Hiu qu s dng nhit cao, c kh nng iu khin t ng. Loi ny ang c s dng rng ri. + Nhc im: Khng sy c vt liu c m qu ln, cc to, d v. + Tr lc thu lc ln, thit b mau hao mn. 4.Thit b sy bng bng ti: Gm mt phng hnh ch nht, trong c mt vi bng ti chuyn ng chm nh cc tay quay. Cc bng ny ta trn cc con ln khi b vng xung, bng ny lm bng si bng tm cao su, bng kim loi hay li kim loi v chuyn ng vi tc khong 0,3 0.6 m/pht. Loi thit b ny c th dng sy rau qu, ng cc, than - Cu to:

Hnh 1.6: Thit b sy bng bng ti.

5.Thit b sy bng kh thi.

Hnh 1.7: Thit b sy bng kh thi. Dng sy vt liu dng ht nh hay tinh th. Vt liu vo my v c dng kh c tc 10 20 (m/s) cun theo ln ng thng ng di t 10 20 (m/s). sau vo phng gim tc ri vo xyclon thu hi sn phm. Thi gian sy rt ngn t 5 7 (s). u im: B mt tip xc kh ln, nn qu trnh sy rt mnh lit, thi gian sy nhanh nn cho php sy nhit cao. Thit b cu to gn, n gin. Nhc im: Kh iu chnh qu trnh, tn nhiu nng lng.

6.Sy bng tia bc x.

Hnh 1.8: Thit b sy bng tia bc x. - Nng lng bc x tia hng ngoi pht ra c th truyn cho vt liu mt lng nhit ln v t c tc bay hi m cao hn so vi sy i lu v tip xc. - Sy bc x thng dng sy b mt sn trong cng nghip ch to my, sy hng dt, giy cht do, cc sn phm g, thc phm 7.My sy chn khng. My sy lm vic chn khng c u im so vi my sy lm vic p sut kh quyn l: sy c vt liu khng chu c nhit cao hay d b oxy ho, vt liu d b bi hay vt liu thot ra dung mi qu cn thu hi v vt liu d n. 8.My sy thng hoa: Ngi ta sy vt liu trng thi ng bng trong mi trng chn khng cao 0,1 1 (mmHg). Mc ch l to s chnh lch nhit gia vt liu sy v ngun nhit bn ngoi.

Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht hi m v to chn khng. u im ca loi my sy ny l sn phm thu c c cht lng cao. Vt liu sy khng b bin cht, bo v vitamin nh lc ti. 9.Thit b sy kiu thng ng:

Hnh 1.9: Thit b sy kiu thng ng. - Gm mt thng hnh tr t c nh, bn trong c mt trc gn nhiu da quay v khong cch gia cc da bng nhau. S lng da v tc quay ca da ph thuc vo vo tnh cht ca vt liu v yu cu k thut. Trn thnh thng c gn nhng phu hng vt liu. Qu trnh sy ngc chiu. - Khng kh c qut chnh a qua caloriphe si ri vo thng sy t di ln. Vt liu sy vo ca trn, ri xung da. Do da quay, vt liu vng ra thnh thng ri li xung da di nh phu hng liu. C nh th, vt liu sy v tc nhn sy s tip xc vi nhau khi ra khi my sy, vt liu kh t yu cu. Tc nhn sy c qut ht ph a sang xyclon thu hi sn phm dng bi nh.

 thu hi trit sn phm, ngi ta cho dng kh nng i vo thit b thu hi t trc khi ra ngoi. - Vic b tr hai qut l cn thit m bo cho tc nhn sy thng c tr lc v lu thng trong ton h thng. - Thit b sy kiu thng ng tn t nng lng hn my sy thng quay v t chim mt bng hn. - Nhc im l vt liu d b v vn nhiu.