CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TRNG NG NG NG

Cao hc QLMT
CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TR CHNH SCH MI TRNG NG NG NG
TS. L Vn Khoa
2011

Chng 1: Tong quan

A. Phat trien Kinh te & bao ve moi trng
B. Lch s phat trien cac moi quan tam ve
moi trng
C. Cac van e moi trng hien nay - Phan
tch theo mo hnh PSR ap lc tnh trang
ap ng & Mo hnh DPSIR
o GEO4 -Tam nhn moi trng toan cau 4
A. KINH T A. KINH T A. KINH T A. KINH T & MI TR & MI TR & MI TR & MI TRNG NG NG NG
.
Theo UN, n nm 2030
c hn 60 % dn s th
gii sng trong th
Cc xu th ton cu: Phn b dn s
Cc xu th Cc xu th Cc xu th Cc xu th ton c ton c ton c ton cu: u: u: u:
T TT Tng tr ng tr ng tr ng trng v ng v ng v ng v kinh t kinh t kinh t kinh t, n , n , n , nng l ng l ng l ng lng v pht th ng v pht th ng v pht th ng v pht thi ii i
KINH T KINH T KINH T KINH T & MI TR & MI TR & MI TR & MI TRNG NG NG NG
4
GDP vi Tiu th nng lng
KINH T KINH T KINH T KINH T & MI TR & MI TR & MI TR & MI TRNG NG NG NG
Ngun: World development indicators, 2003
5
IIA1 1II1 III 11 X C II1M MCI 1ItCC
Cht lng
mi trng
suy gim
Thu nhp trn u ngi
Mc chuyn
Hnh: ng cong mi trng Kuznets (EKC)
.
Ch Ch Ch Cht nhi t nhi t nhi t nhim mm m USD, n USD, n USD, n USD, nm 1985 m 1985 m 1985 m 1985
Sulphur dioxide (SO
2
) 5.700 - 6.900
Sulphur dioxide (giao thng) 9.400 9.800
Bng: Cc cht nhimv thu nhp ti mc chuyn
Bi 7.300 8.100
Bi (giao thng) 15.000 18.000
Carbon monoxide (CO) 9.900 10.100
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) (cng nghip) 14.700 15.100
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) (giao thng) 15.100 17.600
Cht thi rn cng cng Tng mt chiu
B. Lch s phat trien cac moi quan tam
ve moi trng
Lan song quan tam ve moi trng 1
Thi gian: Cuoi TK 19/au TK 20
Van e: - Tp trung vo s xung cp ca cnh quan t nhin
do s gia tng cng nghip ha v th ha. Quan tm n
cc khu t nhin c gi tr v cc loi ng thc vt qu him cc khu t nhin c gi tr v cc loi ng thc vt qu him
c th c bo v nh th no trc s tn ph ca vic hin
i ha.
Lc lng: Tang lp tinh hoa o th
Tranh luan: Khong chong cong nghiep hoa hay o th hoa
Chnh sach: Luat bao ve t nhien, chim choc, ong vat quy
a iem: Tay Au, Hoa Ky, Nga
Lan song quan tam ve moi trng 2
Thi gian: Cuoi 1960s va au 1970s
Van e: Moi trng xam. Hoa chat, thuoc tr sau.
Hnh thnh cc c quan chu trch nhim v mi trng. Nhng
khng gn kt vn mi trng vi cc c quan khc ca chnh
ph.
Lut l v k hoch mi trng, kim sot nhim c m rng.
ng dng k thut b sung (add-on techniques).
Gia tng nhanh chng s lng v thnh vin ca cc NGO.
Tha hip gia pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng.
nh hng mnh trong phm vi quc gia nh hng mnh trong phm vi quc gia
Lc lng: Tang lp trung lu mi, NGOs moi trng
Tranh luan: Chong lai the che hien tai ->Ti cu trc x hi
Chnh sach: Luat & quy nh nha nc
a iem: Cac nc cong nghiep hoa
S kin in hnh:
- Limits to Growth report (1972);
- United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
(Stockholm 1972).
Lan song quan tam ve moi trng 3
Thi gian: T gia 1980s va au 1990s
Van e: Cac van e moi trng toan cau
Kim sot nhim tng hp ni ln trong cc CSMT
Da vo cng ngh, ngn nga nhim ti ngun .
Cc tip cn da vo kinh t c khuyn khch v pht trin, bn
cnh cng c x hi v thng tin.
Vai tr ca cng ng c tng cng.
Ti cc nc ang pht trin, b Mi trng, cc th ch quc gia,
lut v quy nh v cc NGO v mi trng c hnh thnh. lut v quy nh v cc NGO v mi trng c hnh thnh.
Lc lng: Cac thanh phan cong ong ln
Tranh luan: Phat trien ben vng, toan cau hoa
Chnh sach: Chnh sach moi trng quoc te, cho oi tng phi
chnh phu
a iem: Tat ca cac nc
S kin ni bt:
- Brundtland report (WECD, 1987);
- UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro
1992).
C. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC C. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC C. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC C. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC
QUY MO
KHONG GIAN
a phng Khu vc Chau luc Toan cau
QUA TRNH
SINH THAI
-S hnh thanh
at
-S cau truc
lai canh
-Kh hau khu
vc
-Thuy van lu
vc
-Kh hau tang
oi lu
-S tien hoa
ly sinh
-Dong nang
lng bc
xa
-Hoan lu lai canh
quan
-Cac phng
phap s
dung at
thng
dung
vc
-Quan the
thc vat
ly sinh
-S di chuyen
cua ong
vat hoang
da
-Hoan lu
khong kh
mc cao
-Cac chu trnh
thuy van
cua sinh
quyen
QUY MO
KHONG GIAN
a phng Khu vc Chau luc Toan cau
VAN E
MOI TRNG
- Xoi mon
- o th hoa
- O nhiem
- Ma axt
- Chay tran
co cuon
- Van chuyen
i xa cac
chat oc
- S thay oi
kh hau
toan cau - O nhiem
nc
- Tch tu rac
co cuon
theo thuoc
tr sau
- S mat at
ngap nc
chat oc
- a dang
sinh hoc
toan cau
- S suy thoai
tang ozon
- S mat rng
- S hoang
mac hoa
QUY MO
KHONG GIAN
a phng Khu vc Chau luc Toan cau
CH TH
MOI TRNG
- Mat at
- So lng
khoang
khong
gian xanh
- Phat thai
NO
x
/SO
x
- Khu sinh
song cua
ca c
-Cac mc tch
luy sinh
hoc
-Ni c tru
c bao
-Cac mc thai
CO
2
-S tieu thu
CFC
-Thay oi s gian xanh
-Cac bai tam
c bao
ve
-So lng rac
c a
vao bai
thai
ca c
bao ve
- at ngap
nc c
bao ve
c bao
ve
-Tr lng
ong vat
hoang da
-Thay oi s
dung at
Ti nguyn
p lc
Tnh trng
Hot ng
ca con ngi
Thng mi Tiu th
Nng lng
Giao thng vn ti
Cng nghip
Nng nghip
Lm nghip
Cc ngnh khc
Hin trng
mi trng
Khng kh
Nc
t
Ti nguyn thin nhin
Cc khu dn c
p lc
M M M M hnh hnh hnh hnh PSR PSR PSR PSR - -- - Pressures Pressures Pressures Pressures- -- -State State State State- -- -Responses Responses Responses Responses
Phn ng
Cc ngnh khc
Cc phn ng
tp th v c nhn
Lut php
Cng ngh mi
Cng c kinh t
Chi ph cho mi trng
Thay i u tin ngi tiu th
Cc cng c quc t
Ni dung khc
Hnh. M hnh p lc Tnh trng v p ng
(Ngun: Bo co k thut v thng tin v nh gi mi trng, Cc MT, 1996)
IIA 1CI 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC IIA 1CI 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC IIA 1CI 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC IIA 1CI 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC
1I1C MC II ISI 1I1C MC II ISI 1I1C MC II ISI 1I1C MC II ISI
VAN E
MOI TRNG
CAC CH TH
AP LC TNH TRANG AP NG
THAY OI KH
HAU
- Phat thai CO2
- Phat thai kh nha
knh
Nhiet o trung bnh
toan cau
Nong o xung quanh
cua kh CO
2
hoac kh
nha knh
- Cng o nang lng
S PHA HUY
TANG OZON
Tieu thu cac hoa
chat pha huy tang
ozon
Nong o toan cau
cua CFC 11 va 12
Nong o cua cac
chat pha huy tang
ozon trong kh quyen
Ty le thu hoi CFC
Cac ong gop cho
Ngh nh th
Montreal
AXIT HOA
- Phat thai NOx va
SOx
- Ch so cua cac chat
gay o axt
Nong o trong ma
axt
- S vt ngng chu
tai trong nc va at
%tau thuyen co bo
chuyen oi xuc tac
Cong suat cua cac
thiet b x ly NOx va
SOx cho cac nguon
tnh
Chi ph cho giam o
nhiem khong kh
VAN E
MOI TRNG
CAC CH TH
AP LC TNH TRANG AP NG
CHAT LNG
NC/
PHU DNG
HOA
Phat thai N &P
S xa nc thai
Mat o chan nuoi
Nong o BOD, DO, N
&P trong nc
Dan c c cung cap
nc a x ly
Le ph ve x ly nc
thai
O NHIEM DO
Tieu thu thuoc tr sau Nong o kim loai
trong moi trng ly
% xang khong ch
tren th trng
O NHIEM DO
CHAT OC
HAI
Tieu thu thuoc tr sau
S san sinh chat thai
oc hai
Nong o kim loai
trong moi trng ly
sinh
Dien tch vung at
b o nhiem
% xang khong ch
tren th trng
% cac vung c
lamsach
CHAT THAI
S san sinh chat thai
theo nganh
So lng dien tch
cac bai thai
Chat lng at /
nc ngam
Giam chat thai bang
tai tuan hoan
Chi ph cho quan ly
chat thai
Ph thai bo chat thai
VAN E
MOI TRNG
CAC CH TH
AP LC TNH TRANG AP NG
CHAT LNG
MOI TRNG
O TH
S phat thai vao
khong kh
Mat o giao thong
Di dan nong thon -
thanh th
Chat lng khong kh
o th
Nong o ozon mat
at
Chi ph cho giam o
nhiem
So lng khong gian
phu cay xanh
BAO VE BIEN
San lng anh bat Mc o nhiemsinh hoc Ch tieu tr lng
BAO VE BIEN
San lng anh bat
hai san
Xa thai vung ven
bien
Tran dau tren bien
Mc o nhiemsinh hoc
Tr lng hai san
Ch tieu tr lng
Chi ph cho giam sat
tr lng
Vung cam anh bat
hai san
GIAM A DANG
SINH HOC
S thay oi ni c
tru hay s chuyen oi
s dung at
% loai b e doa hay
tieu diet/tong so
Ty so loai ngoai
lai/ac hu
Tr lng cac loai
chu yeu
% dien tch c
bao ve/ tong so
VAN E
MOI TRNG
CAC CH TH
AP LC TNH TRANG AP NG
MAT RNG
Khai thac lien quan
en san lng ben vung
S chuyen oi at
rng
Dien tch hay the
tch rng
% dien tch khai thac
c trong lai
% dien tch rng
c bao ve
SUY THOAI AT
at canh tac/au Dien tch b anh Dien tch c phuc
SUY THOAI AT
at canh tac/au
ngi
Mat o chan nuoi
S dung phan
bon/thuoc tr sau
Dien tch b anh
hng do xoi mon at,
hoang mac hoa, man
hoa, ung ngap
Dien tch at ngap
nc
Dien tch c phuc
hoi
Chi ph cai tao at
NGUON NC
Tieu thu nc / au
ngi
Cng o s dung
S thieu nc
Tr lng nc
ngam
Ga nc va ph s
dung
M hnh DPSIR: M hnh DPSIR: M hnh DPSIR: M hnh DPSIR:
Drivers Drivers Drivers Drivers- -- -Pressures Pressures Pressures Pressures- -- -State State State State- -- -Impacts Impacts Impacts Impacts- -- -Responses Responses Responses Responses
M hnh DPSIR do C quan mi trng Chu u (EEA) ci
tin vo nm 1999, t m hnh PSR c OECD xut
nm 1993.
L mt m hnh dng xc nh, phn tch v nh gi
19
L mt m hnh dng xc nh, phn tch v nh gi
cc chui quan h nhn qu: nguyn nhn gy ra cc vn
mi trng, hu qu ca chng v cc bin php ng
ph cn thit.
c p dng ti Vit Nam v c quy nh chnh
thc trong Thng t s 09/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 11/8/2009
ca B TN&MT quy nh v vic Xy dng v qun l cc
ch th mi trng quc gia
M hnh DPSIR
ng
lc
p
lc
Hin
trng
Tc
ng
20
p ng
-
Human development:
Demographics
Economic processes
(consumption, production,
markets and trade)
Scientific and
technological innovation
Distribution pattern
processes (inter- and
intra-generational)
Cultural, social, political
Human interventions
in the environment
Land use
Resource extraction
External inputs
(fertilizers, chemicals,
irrigation)
Emissions (pollutants
and waste)
Modification and
movement of organisms
Natural capital:
atmosphere, land, water
and biodiversity
Natural processes:
Solar radiation
PRESSURES
Environmental impacts
and change:
*Climate change and
depletion of the
stratospheric
ozone layer
*Biodiversity change
*Pollution, degradation
and/or depletion of air,
STATE &TRENDS
environmental factors
determining human well-being
*Ecological services such as
provisioning services
(consumptive use), cultural
services (non-
consumptive use), regulating
services and
supporting services (indirect use)
*Non-ecosystem natural
resources ie hydrocarbons,
minerals and renewable energy
*Stress, inter alia diseases, pests,
radiation
and hazards
IMPACTS
DRIVER
Material, human and
social capital
21
DPSIR MODEL
and institutional (including
production and service
sectors) processes
Solar radiation
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
and/or depletion of air,
water, minerals and land
(including desertification)
demographic, social
(institutional) and material
factors determining human
well-being
change in human well-being
broadly defined as human freedoms of choice
and actions, to achieve, inter alia:
*Security
*Basic material needs
*Good health
*Good social relations
which may result in human development or
poverty, inequity and human vulnerability.
RESPONSES
Formal and informal adaptation to, and mitigation of, environmental change
(including restoration) by altering human activity and development patterns
within and between the D, P and I boxes through inter alia: science and
technology, policy, law and institutions.
22
I. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC II1 A* I. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC II1 A* I. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC II1 A* I. CAC 3A t1 MCI 1ItCC II1 A*
Ngy 25/10/2007, UNEP cng b bo co Vin cnh
mi trng ton cu - 4 (Global Environment Outlook-
4, vit tt GEO-4)
-> tng quan bao qut nht v s bin i ca kh
quyn, t, nc v a dng sinh hc trn Tri t t quyn, t, nc v a dng sinh hc trn Tri t t
nm 1987 ti nay
-> Mi trng Tri t ang tin dn ti ngng gii
hn ! -> s tn vong ca nhn loi ph thuc vo vic
chng ta bt tay hnh ng ngay hm nay, ch khng
phi ngy mai!
(Ngun: Global Environment Outlook 4, GEO4)
CAC VAN E MOI TRNG TNG LAI
1- Ton th gii ang sng
vt qu sc chu ng
sinh hc ca Tri t.
p ng nhu cu ca p ng nhu cu ca
mt con ngi, Tri t
cn c 21,9 ha b mt,
trong khi cng sut sinh
hc ca bnh qun ca n
hin ch l 15,7 ha/ngi,
bng 2/3 nhu cu ca
chng ta.
2- Nhit trung bnh ton cu tng 0,74
o
C
trong 100 nm qua, v trong th k ny c th
tng thm 1,8 - 4
o
C. N lm tan bng hai cc
Tri t, khin nc bin dng ln.
-> Nhng nc ven
bin s chu hu qu
trc tin; th d 20
triu ngi Vit Nam
s mt nh ca v
ng rung v nc ng rung v nc
bin dng ngp.
Thi gian 1992-2001,
l lt gia tng khin
gn 100.000 ngi
thit mng v tc ng
ti 1,2 t ngi.
3- Ngun nc
ngt gim nhanh,
nm 2025 s c 1,8
t ngi cc k
thiu nc. Cht
lng nc tip tc lng nc tip tc
h thp, m ngun
nc b nhim l
mt trong cc
nguyn nhn chnh
lm cho con ngi
mc bnh v cht.
4- Din tch t bnh qun u ngi ang nhanh chng thu
hp, t 7,9 hecta (1900) xung cn 2,02 (2005) v d kin l
1,63 hecta (2050).
5- a dng sinh hc bin i nhanh nht trong lch s, vi
hn 30% ng vt lng c, 23% ng vt c v v 12%
loi chim c nguy c tuyt dit. Lng c bin b nh bt
ln gp 2,5 ln so vi sn lng khai thc bn vng ca
bin.
6- Hn 02 triu ngi
ton cu cht non mi
nm do nhim khng
kh trong v ngoi nh.
7. Vic s dng t khng bn vng v thay i kh hu
ang dn n thoi ha t, bao gm xi mn, mt dinh
dng, khan him nc, mn ha, sa mc ha, v ph v
chu trnh sinh hc. Ngi ngho chu tc ng bt hp l t
tc ng ca suy thoi t, c bit ti nhng vng kh hn,
ni tr ng ca hn 2 t ngi, 90% trong sng cc
nc ang pht trin.