Mn hc:

CHNH SCH MI TRNG

1
TS. Le Van Kboa
2011
Chng 2: C s ly thuyet
chnh sach moi trng
o Khai niem phat trien ben vng
2
o Khai niem phat trien ben vng
o Hien ai hoa sinh thai
Mot so yeu to co ban ve
pbat trIen ben vung
3
Mot so yeu to co ban ve
pbat trIen ben vung
4/1968: Sng lp The Club of Rome -> nghin cu
"Nhng vn d ca th gii" -> bo co The Limits to
Growth (1972) d cp ti hu qu ca vic tng dn s
qu nhanh, s hu han ca cc ngun ti nguyn...
LCH S
4
6/1972: Hi nghj ca Lin Hp Quc v con ngi v
mi trng dc t chc tai Stockhom -> bn tuyn b
v nguyn tc v k hoach hnh dng chng nhim
mi trng. Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin Hp
Quc cng dc thnh lp.
1984: y ban Th gii v Mi trng v Pht
trin (World Commission on Environment and
Development - WCED) :y ban Brundtland.
1987: WCED -> bo co "Tng lai ca chng
5
1987: WCED -> bo co "Tng lai ca chng
ta" (Our Common Futur): Bo co Brundtland.
Bn bo co ny ln du tin cng b chnh
thc thut ng "pht trin bn vng", s djnh
ngha cng nh mt ci nhn mi v cch hoach
djnh cc chin lc pht trin lu di.
1989: S pht hnh v tm quan trng ca Our Common
Futur d dc da ra bn tai ai hi dng Lin Hip
quc v dn dn s ra di ca Nghj quyt 44/228 - tin
d cho vic t chc Hi nghj v Mi trng v Pht trin
ca Lin hip quc.
1992: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil -> Hi nghj v Mi trng v
Pht trin ca Lin hip quc (UNCED). Tai dy, cc dai
6
Pht trin ca Lin hip quc (UNCED). Tai dy, cc dai
biu tham gia d thng nht nhng nguyn tc c bn v
pht dng mt chng trnh hnh dng v s pht trin
bn vng c tn Chng trnh Nghj s 21 (Agenda 21).
2002: Hi nghj thng dnh Th gii v Pht trin bn
vng nhm hp tai Johannesburg, Nam Phi -> cam kt
pht trin chin lc v pht trin bn vng tai mi quc
gia trc nm 2005. -> Vietnam Agenda 21.
NH NGHA:
WCED (1987): Phat trien ben vng la s phat
trien ap ng nhng yeu cau cua hien tai, nhng
khong gay tr ngai cho viec ap ng nhu cau cua
the he mai sau.
-> khng ch l n lc nhm ho gii kinh t v mi
7
-> khng ch l n lc nhm ho gii kinh t v mi
trng, hay thm ch pht trin KT-XH v bo v mi
trng -> cn bao hm nhng kha cnh chnh tr x hi,
c bit l bnh ng x hi.
-> gy c s ch v thu ht s quan tm ca ton
nhn loi
Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam (2005),
lm r hn khi nim ny khi nh ngha:
Pht trin bn vng l pht trin p ng c
nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng lm tn hi
n kh nng p ng nhu cu ca cc th h
tng lai trn c s kt hp cht ch, hi ho gia
8
n kh nng p ng nhu cu ca cc th h
tng lai trn c s kt hp cht ch, hi ho gia
tng trng kinh t, bo m tin b x hi v bo
v mi trng.
PHAT TRIEN BEN VNG = TANG TRNG KINH
TE + CONG BANG XA HOI + BAO VE MOI TRNG.
Kha canh nao can c u tien: kinh te, xa hoi
hay moi trng?
=> thay i theo tng nc, x hi, th ch,
vn ho, hon cnh, thi gian.
9
Mi trng
X hi
Kinh
t
Tnh bn
vng
Bo v mi
trng
VN HA
Vn vn ha
- Vt th
10
- Vt th
- Phi vt th
TH CH
Pht trin kinh t
bn vng
Pht trin x hi bn
vng
Pht trin mi trng
bn vng
- Tng trng kinh
t
- Thay i m hnh
tiu dng;
- Cng nghip ho
sch;
- Nng nghip v
- Kim sot dn s hp
l;
- Gii quyt vic lm;
- Xo i gim ngho;
-Tng cng bng XH;
- nh hng qu trnh
th ho v di dn;
- Chng thoi ho t v
bo v ti nguyn MT
t;
-S dng bn vng & BV
ti nguyn nc;
-BV ti nguyn bin, ven
bin v hi o;
11
- Nng nghip v
nng thn.
th ho v di dn;
-Nng cao cht lng
gio dc v o to;
-Ci thin dch v chm
sc sc kho v v sinh
mi trng.
bin v hi o;
-BV v pht trin rng;
-Gim nhim KK cc
khu CN v th;
-Qun l cht thi rn;
-BV a dng sinh hc;
- Pht trin ngun nng
lng mi
- Chnh sch 3R
Mt s ch th - ch s nh gi PTBV
Du chn sinh thi (Ecological Footprint - EF)
Ch s hnh phc hnh tinh (HPI)
Ch s thnh vng x hi (Social wellbeing Index)
thc o Barometer of Sustainability-BS
Ch s bn vng v mi trng (ESI)
Du chn sinh thi
c tnh bng tng din tch t v nc cn sn xut ra ngun ti nguyn m con ngi tiu th, ng thi hp th lng cht thi pht sinh trong cuc sng ; Biu din qua n v di
12
Ch s bn vng v mi trng (ESI)
Ch s thnh tch mi trng (EPI)
Ch th pht trin thc (GPI)
Tit kim rng c iu chnh (ANS)
Ch s phc li kinh t bn vng (ISEW)
Ch s hnh tinh sng (LPI)
Tng nhu cu vt cht (TMR)
Cc ch s hiu qu sinh thi (EEI)

Du chn sinh thi
c tnh bng tng din tch t v nc cn sn xut ra
ngun ti nguyn m con ngi tiu th, ng thi hp th lng
cht thi pht sinh trong cuc sng ;
Biu din qua n v din tch quy i gha, l din tch khu vc cho
nng sut sinh hc tng ng vi nng sut trung bnh th
gii.
Du chn sinh thi c tnh cho hn 150 quc gia trn Th gii,
bt u t 1961, trong tiu th ca mi quc gia c tnh bng bt u t 1961, trong tiu th ca mi quc gia c tnh bng
lng sn phm sn xut + lng sn phm nhp khu lng
sn phm xut khu.
Mt quc gia s c d tr sinh thi nu Du chn sinh thi nh
hn sc ti sinh hc, ngc li, n s trong tnh trng thm ht
sinh thi". Hin nay, hu ht cc quc gia (v tnh trung bnh cho
ton Th gii) u ang trong tnh trng thm ht sinh thi ny.
Nm 2003, Du chn sinh thi ca con ngi (2,2gha/ngi)
vt so vi sc ti sinh thi tri t (1,8gha/ngi) trn 25%.
(http://ipsard.gov.vn/dspr/news/newsdetail.asp?targetID=2497)
13
NHNG B CH TH PTBV CN QUAN TM
B 58 ch th ca UN/CSD: bao qut cc kha cnh KT,
XH, MT v th ch. c nhiu nc la chn xy
dng b tiu ch cho mnh.
B 46 ch th ca Nhm t vn v tiu ch PTBV
(CGSDI), kt hp vi phn mm gip tnh ton cc
im tng th t cc ch th ring bit.
14
im tng th t cc ch th ring bit.
B ch s thnh vng 88 ch th ca T chc Bo tn
Thin nhin TG (IUCN) (thc o BS): tp trung vo 2
lnh vc l cht lng cuc sng v mi trng, c
dng nh gi cho 180 quc gia.
Cc ch th PTBV Chu u
16 ch th PTBV:
1. Ch th kh hu ton cu- GLOBAL CLIMATE INDICATOR -
GCI
2. Ch th cht lng khng kh -AIR QUALITY INDICATOR -
AQI
3. Ch th v s Acid ha -ACIDIFICATION INDICATOR (AI)
4. Ch th v c hi sinh thi -ECOSYSTEM TOXIFICATION
15
4. Ch th v c hi sinh thi -ECOSYSTEM TOXIFICATION
INDICATOR (ETI)
5. Ch th phng tin vn chuyn trong th - URBAN
MOBILITY INDICATOR (UMI) OR CLEAN TRANSPORTATION
INDICATOR
6. Ch th qun l cht thi - WASTE MANAGEMENT
INDICATOR (WMI)
7. Ch th v tiu th nng lng - ENERGY CONSUMPTION
INDICATOR (ECI)
8. Ch th v tiu th nc - WATER CONSUMPTION
INDICATOR (WCI)
Cc tiu ch PTBV Chu u (tt)
9. Ch th v ting n, mi v, nh sng
- NUISANCE INDICATOR (DI)
10. Ch thj v cng bng x hi
- SOCIAL JUSTICE INDICATOR (SJI)
11. Ch thj v cht lng nh
- HOUSING QUALITY INDICATOR (HQI)
12. Ch thj v an ninh d thj
- URBAN SAFETY INDICATOR (USI)
16
12. Ch thj v an ninh d thj
- URBAN SAFETY INDICATOR (USI)
13. Ch thj bn vng kinh t d thj
- ECONOMIC URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATOR (ESI)
14. Ch thj v mng xanh, khng gian chung v di sn -
GREEN, PUBLIC SPACE AND HERITAGE INDICATOR (GPI)
15. Ch thj v s tham gia ca c dn d thj CITIZEN
PARTICIPATION INDICATOR (CPI)
16. Ch thj bn vng ring- UNIQUE SUSTAINABILITY
INDICATOR (USI)
NGHIN CU CH S PTBV VIT NAM
1. Vin Mi trng & PTBV kin ngh b 34 ch s
PTBV cho VN (4 KT, 12 XH, 14 MT, 4 TH CH)
gm b 29 ch s PTBV cho cp phng, x
17
2. D n VIE/01/21: 2005, do Vin Chin lc pht
trin (B KHT), gm 32 ch s (7 KT, 14 XH, 5 MT,
6 TH CH).
NGHIN CU CH S PTBV VIT NAM
D tho b ch th PTBV v Ch s nh gi tnh bn vng
v Ti nguyn v Mi trng Vit Nam (ESIVN).
Mc tiu phn u S lng ch s, ch
th
Kt qu nh gi d
kin
I. Ch s nh gi tnh BV v TN&MT (ESIVN) 01 ch s im tng hp theo
thang xp hng 0 100
II. Cc ch th tch hp t 10 ch chnh (EIVN) 10 ch th tng hp T l phn trm (%)
Trin khai Quyt nh s 153/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph
III. Ch (EIC) Cc ch th (EIs) Cc ch th MT d kin
(EVs)
18
(EVs)
I. Thoi ho t, SD
hiu qu v t
1. Nguy c thoi ho
t
1. T l DT t (gm c NN) chu tc ng rt
mnh do hot ng ca con ngi trn tng s
DT, (%)
2. DT t b nhim mn, phn/tng DT t trng
trt, (%)
3. Tc tng SD phn bn ho hc, thuc
BVTV/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
2. Hiu qu SD t 4. Tc tng nng sut SD t NN/5 nm gn
nht, (%/nm)
5. DT t cha SD, (%)
3. Nng lc t 6. Tc tng c cu SD t phi NN (II),
(%/nm)
7. Tc tng DS/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
2. BV MT nc v SD BV TN
nc
4. CL nc mt
8. Ch th CL nc mt theo
TCVN 5942-1995 , (%)
5. CL nc ngm
9. Ch th CL nc ngm theo
TCVN 5944-1995 , (%)
6. Ci thin nc mt v
nc ngm
10. T l nc thi T, CN, DL
v bnh vin c x l t tiu
chun, (%)
11. Tc tng t l h dn c
h x v chung tri hp v
sinh/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
7. Nng lc nc 12. Tc tng khai thc nc
ngm/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
13. Tc tng khai thc nc
mt/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
14. Tc tng t l h dn
19
14. Tc tng t l h dn
c hng ngun nc sch/5
nm gn nht (%/nm)
3. Khai thc hp l v SD tit
kim, BV TN khong sn
8. Nng lc khai thc khong
sn
15. Tc tng sn lng khai
thc khong sn/5 nm gn nht,
(%/nm)
16. Ch th cht lng KK trong
khai thc v vn chuyn khong
sn, (%)
9. Hiu qu SD TN khong
sn
17. T l thu hi mt s khong
sn chnh/tng tr lng mt s
khong sn chnh, (%)
18. Tc tng t sut sn
lng khong sn/ 1.000 t VN
GDP/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
9. Hot ng lm
gim nh BKH, v
hn ch nh hng
c hi ca BKH,
phng, gim nh hu
qu thin tai
23. Gim nh bin i kh hu 42. T l pht thi kh cacbon/Tng ti
lng N kh thi d bo, (%)
43. T l pht thi bi l lng v kh
axt/Tng ti lng N kh thi d bo,
(%)
24. Hn ch nh hng c
hi ca bin i kh hu
44. T l SD nng lng than, ci/tng
sn lng nng lng SD, (%)
45. Ch th trn din rng AEQM, (%)
25. Nng lc phng chng v
gim nh hu qu do thin tai,
s c
46. Ch th ri ro MT d bo, (%)
47. T l tn tht v ngi v ti sn do
thin tai, ri ro, s c MT gy ra c
quy i ra tin/GDP trong 5 nm gn
20
quy i ra tin/GDP trong 5 nm gn
nht, (%/nm)
10. Khai thc hp l
v SD tit kim, nng
lng
26. Nng lc khai thc nng
lng
48. Tc tng tng s lng nng
lng SX thng mi/5 nm gn nht,
(%/nm)
49. T l h dn c SD in, (%)
27. Hiu qu SD tit kim v
BV nng lng
50. T l SX nng lng thy in v
cc ngun nng lng c th ti
sinh/tng lng nng lng tiu th,
(%)
51. Tc tng t sut tiu th nng
lng/1.000 t VN GDP/5 nm gn
nht, (%/nm)
B. AGENDA 21 & PHAT TRIEN BEN VNG
Nam 1992, Hoi ngh thng nh toan cau ve moi trng va
phat trien c to chc Rio de Janeiro (Braxin). 179 nc
tham gia hoi ngh a thong qua Tuyen bo ve moi trng va
phat trien gom 27 nguyen tac c ban va chng trnh ngh
s 21 (Agenda 21) ve cac hanh ong phat trien ben vng
21
s 21 (Agenda 21) ve cac hanh ong phat trien ben vng
chung cua toan the gii.
Agenda 21 la mot khung ke hoach e thiet ke cac chng
trnh hanh ong, bao gom nhng muc tieu, hoat ong va
phng tien nham at c s phat trien ben vng the gii
trong the ky 21.
Agenda 21 a ra nhng nh hng cho phat
trien ben vng va oi hoi cac chnh phu phai co
trach nhiem xay dng chien lc, ke hoach quoc
gia, nhng chnh sach va giai phap c ban e am
22
gia, nhng chnh sach va giai phap c ban e am
bao s can bang va ket hp hai hoa gia phat
trien kinh te, phat trien xa hoi va bao ve moi
trng.
Phan 1. Nhng kha canh xa hoi va kinh te cua
s phat trien:
- Hp tac quoc te;
- Chien au chong oi ngheo;
Agenda 21 gom 4 phan va 40 chuong, de cap Ioi
nhung chu de sau:
23
- Chien au chong oi ngheo;
- Thay oi cach thc tieu dung;
- Dan so;
- Sc khoe;
- nh c con ngi;
- Long ghep moi trng vi phat trien trong cac
quyet nh ve chnh sach.
Phan 2. Bao ton va quan ly cac nguon tai nguyen:
- Bao ve kh quyen;
- Quan ly at ai;
- Chong nan pha rng;
- Chong sa mac hoa;
- Phat trien ben vng vung mien nui;
24
- Phat trien ben vng vung mien nui;
- Nong nghiep ben vng;
- Bao ton a dang sinh hoc;
- Quan ly cac ai dng;
- Quan ly va s dung nguon nc ngot;
- Quan ly hoa chat oc hai; quan ly chat thai ran;
quan ly chat thai phong xa oc hai.
Phan 3. Tang cng vai tro cua cac nhom xa
hoi chnh:
- Ngi dan ban a;
- Phu n; thanh thieu nien;
- Cac to chc phi chnh phu;
- Cac c quan chnh quyen a phng;
25
- Cac c quan chnh quyen a phng;
- Cong nhan va cong oan;
- Doanh nghiep;
- Nong dan;
- Cac nha khoa hoc va cong nghe.
Phan 4: Nhng phng tien e thc hien:
- Tai chnh;
- Chuyen giao cong nghe;
- Khoa hoc;
- Giao duc;
26
- Giao duc;
- C che quoc gia ve hp tac quoc te;
- Cac to chc quoc te;
- The che phap ly quoc te;
- Thong tin phuc vu qua trnh ra quyet nh.
Toc o o th hoa va gia tang dan so nhanh so vi
phat trien c s ha tang
Van e moi trng cha c coi la u tien trong
cac c quan, ban nganh (ap lc cua phat trien kinh te),
thieu cam ket ve phat trien ben vng
Thieu nhan-vat lc, kien thc chuyen mon
D. Thc te
Rao can phat trien ben vng TP.HCM
27
Thieu nhan-vat lc, kien thc chuyen mon
Nhan thc thap ve bao ve moi trng
Cong nghe san xuat lac hau
Cong ong cha ong vai tro trong viec tao lap
chnh sach cua chnh phu.
Thc thi cac quy nh va tieu chuan moi trng yeu
Mc o phat vi pham moi trng cha u sc ran e
Cong cu kinh te cha c s dung pho bien.
Cam kt cng
Vin chc Chnh ph chu
trch nhim thc hin chnh
sch PTBV cha c hun
luyn hoc trang b y
thc hin cc chnh sch mi
Do hu ht cc ti tr pht
trin n t khu vc t
nhn, khng c cam kt
Lut l quc gia cha thay
i nhanh theo nhng
g cc chnh ph chu
Ti sao vic phat trin chau A khong bn vng ??
28
Cam kt cng
ng i vi s
PTBV chu ,
hu ht cc pht
trin mi
trong vng th
vn cha bn
vng.
nhn, khng c cam kt
i vi PTBV nh khu
vc cng hay cng ng
ni chung
Pht trin kinh t c
xem u tin hn BVMT
v gim i ngho
g cc chnh ph chu
cam kt ti cc hi ngh
ton cu v khu vc.
Cc ngun ti chnh bn
ngoi khng sn lng ti
tr cho vic pht trin m
khng qua sng lc k v
kinh t v ti chnh
Quy hoch PTBV khng
sc chuyn chnh sch
cng cng thnh hin
thc. C khong cch gia
l thuyt v thc t .
HIen daI boa sInb tbaI
29
(EcologIcal ModernIsatIon)
(1) Khi u ca l thuyt, Huber (1982) c bit nhn
mnh vai tr i mi cng ngh m phn ln din tin
trong khng gian (sphere) sn xut cng nghip, ch trch
nh nc quan liu v ca ngi ng lc th trng.
Lch s pht trin ca EM tm gn trong 03 giai on:.
(2) Cui nhng nm 1980 tr i, cho thy nhng ng
lc v th ch v vn ha chim v tr trng tm trong
30
(3) T gia nhng nm 1990, l thuyt EM c m rng
v thc nghim trong cc quc gia khc. Vic nghin
cu chuyn t khng gian sn xut sang khng gian tiu
th. Hin nay ch n ng lc quc t v ton cu
ca hin i ha sinh thi.
lc v th ch v vn ha chim v tr trng tm trong
hin i ha sinh thi. Trong c hai giai on, bi cnh
thc t din ra tp trung ti Bc v Ty u.
Theo Huber, hin i ha l mt qu trnh x hi m
a phn da trn nhng th ch hin i ca
- khoa hc- hoc khoa hc v cng ngh,
- kinh t th trng,
- kinh t tn dng,
C IM CHNH CA L THUYT
ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION.
31
- kinh t tn dng,
- xy dng nh nc hin i hoc qun l nh nc
hin i,
- lut php hin i (cng cng hoc t nhn),
- v trn nguyn tc o c hot ng v theo ui
hnh phc lin quan n hot ng v trch nhim
mi c nhn.
Hin i ha sinh thi
-> vic ti t chc theo hng thn thin mi
trng cc qu trnh sn xut v tiu th trong
nhng iu kin ca/s dng nhng th ch hin
i;
C IM CHNH CA L THUYT
ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION.
32
i;
Hin i ha sinh thi xut pht t vin cnh ko
di ca s tha hip cn thit gia pht trin
kinh t v bo v mi trng.
-> tt c nhng hot ng kinh t phi c xem
xt, x s v thit k khng ch t vin cnh kinh
t m cn vin cnh sinh thi.
(1) EM khng nh khoa hc v cng ngh hin i l
nhng th ch trung tm ca vic ci t sinh thi v
khng l nguyn nhn ph hoi mi trng.
-> s chuyn dch t cng ngh mi trng th h u
04 c trng ca l thuyt EM
33
-> s chuyn dch t cng ngh mi trng th h u
(x l cui ngun v cng ngh lm sch) n th h
cng ngh th hai (gn kt vo qu trnh, ngn nga,
sn xut sch hn, sinh thi cng nghip).
(2) EM nhn mnh vai tr ca cc tc nhn kinh t v
ng lc th trng trong vic ci to sinh thi.
EM xc nhn rng th trng v nhng tc nhn kinh
04 c trng ca l thuyt EM
34
EM xc nhn rng th trng v nhng tc nhn kinh
t (nh ngi sn xut (ngi gy nhim), c quan
tn dng, cng ty bo him, hip hi doanh nghip,
ngi tiu th, khch hng v cc cng ty dch v) ngy
cng chia s cng vic v trch nhim ci to mi
trng, bn cnh vai tr truyn thng ca nh nc.
(3) EM nhn mnh s chuyn dch vai tr ca nh
nc, nhng thay i v chnh sch mi trng:
- t i ph, cha tr sang ngn nga,
- t vic xy dng chnh sch kiu ng ca sang
kiu cng tham d,
- t qun l tp trung sang phn cp,
35
- t qun l tp trung sang phn cp,
- t phong cch cng nhc sang linh ng.
Xu hng pht trin ny thng c dn dt bi
political modernisation.
(4) EM nh ngha li v tr v vai tr ca cc phong
tro x hi trong qu trnh chuyn dch sinh thi.
Cc phong tro mi trng chuyn dch t vic ch
36
Cc phong tro mi trng chuyn dch t vic ch
trch bn ngoi n s tham gia tch cc hn trong cc
th ch a ra quyt nh lin quan n ci to mi
trng
Political Modernisation (PM)
PM m t mi lin h ang thay i gia nh nc, th
trng/doanh nghip v x hi dn s trong nhng giai
an khc nhau ca vic th ch ha chnh tr mi trng.
Political Modernisation i hi hai chuyn bin
(transformation):
(1) Nhim v v trch nhim ca nh nc v nhng
37
(2) Qun l nh nc thay i t vic xy dng chnh
sch theo kiu khp kn chuyn sang kiu m cng
tham gia xy dng; t cc th ch tp trung n phn
quyn (decentralized); v t qun l mang tnh ch huy,
mnh lnh chuyn sang phn thn (reflexive governance).
(1) Nhim v v trch nhim ca nh nc v nhng
khuyn khch cho ti thit v ci to mi trng c
chuyn dch mt phn cho th trng.
Nhng vin cnh v thc tin khc ca qun l nh
nc ang dn xut hin trong cc CSMT:
Political Modernisation trong thc t
-> Lin quan n vai tr ln hn ca cc nhn t t
nhn, hoc hng n thng thuyt, t vn, tip xc
v thm chi t iu chnh, hoc hng n gia tng cc
38
-> Mi quan h mi, hp tc v nh hng ng cm
gia nh nc v t nhn ang ni ln.
v thm chi t iu chnh, hoc hng n gia tng cc
chin lc v cng c nh hng th trng v kinh
t. Kt qu l vai tr nh nc, bn thn n thay i
theo nhng i mi ny
Trong thc t ca CSMT, nhng tip cn v pht
trin mi trong ni dung PM bao gm:
(i) Phn cp (decentralization);
Political Modernisation trong thc t
(ii) T nhn ha (privatisation);
39
(iv) Tm quan trng ca trch nhim thng tho (cc
giao ko (agreements) v hip c (covenants)).
(iii) S ni ln ca cc trch nhim v cng c da vo
th trng;
(ii) T nhn ha (privatisation);