Vatlieu 4

CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG
Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng IV S bt hon ho trong Cht rn
Ni dung
1. Sai hng im (point defects) 0D
Nt khuyt (vacancies) Cc nguyn t xen k (interstitials) Tp cht
2. Sai hng ng, lch mng (line defects) 1D

Lch mang bin (edge dislocations) Lch mng xon (screw dislocations)
3. Sai hng mt, bin ht (planar defects) 2D

Xp nghing (tilt) Xon (twist)
4. Sai hng th tch, sai hng khi ( bulk, volume defects) 3D

L hng khi
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Ni dung
Solids are like People. It is their deffects that make them interesting
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Phn loi sai hng
a: nguyn t tp cht xen k, b: lch mng bin, c: nguyn t t xen k, d: nt khuyt, e: s ngng t cc nguyn t tp cht, f: vng lch mng dng nt khuyt, g: vng lch mng dng xen k, h: nguyn t tp cht thay th
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Phn loi sai hng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Phn loi sai hng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng trong cht rn (defects)

Cc tinh th thc thng lun c sai hng (defects). Cc sai hng thng c nh hng ln n cc tnh cht ca vt liu
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi sai hng

Sai hng im (0D):
Cc nguyn t b thiu hoc khng nm cc nt mng - (nt khuyt, nguyn t xen k, tp cht)
Sai hng khi (3D)

Cc l hng, vt nt
Sai hng ng (1D)

Nhm cc nguyn t nm cc v tr khng u (lch mng bin v lch mng xon)
Sai hng mt (2D)

Cc mt nm gia 2 min ng nht ca vt liu (bin ht, mt ngoi)
ng lch mng trn tinh th Silic (chp TEM)
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng im (point defects)

Cc sai hng trung ha
Nt khuyt T xen k Sai hng ni ti
Sai hng do tp cht

Thay th Xen k Sai hng ngoi
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Nt khuyt (vacancy)
V tr trong mng khng c nguyn t chim ch
o
S lng nt khuyt
L s nt khuyt cn bng c to thnh do cc dao ng nhit theo phng trnh nhit ng hc NV=NSexp(-QV/kBT) vi NS l s nt mng, kB l hng s Boltzmann, QV l nng lng cn thit to mt nt mng trng trong tinh th hon ho, T l nhit Kelvin
Dng cng thc ny c th tnh s nt khuyt trong vt rn cho nhng nhit khc nhau

T xen k (Self-interstitials) ni ti: c nhng nguyn t xen k nhng ch cha nhng nguyn t cng mt loi nh trong mng thng tm thy trong thc nghim cc kim loi v bn dn Xen k (Impurity interstitials) t bn ngoi: Nhng nguyn t xen k l nhng tp cht m nguyn t c kch thc nh thng nm ngoi nt mng, xen gia nhng nguyn t trong mng
Cu trc t xen k trong mt vi kim loi
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
V d v tnh s nt khuyt
Tnh s nt khuyt c trong ng (Cu) nhit phng, bit nng lng to nt khuyt QV=0,9 eV/atom
o
kBT=300Kx8,62x10-5 eV/K =0,026eV
S nt mng NS=NA /Acu NA = 6,023x1023 atom/mol = 8,4 g/cm3 ACu = 63,5 g/mol NS = NA /Acu = 8x1022 atom/mol NV = 8x1022 x exp(-0,9/0,026) = 7,4x107 ntkhuyt/cm3
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

Sai hng Schottky trn NaCl Sai hng Frenkel trn NaCl
Nt khuyt Cation Nt khuyt Anion

Cp Frenkel
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng Frenkel c th xut hin trn phn mng anion () hoc cation (+) Thc t cho thy sai hng Frenkel cation ph bin hn sai hng Frenkel anion
o
Cation c kch thc nh hn Anion do d dung hp hn cc v tr khong trng gia cc nt mng
Cc cu trc Flourites (CaF2, SrF2, ZnO2, UO2) c cc anion sai hng Frenkel nh x

Anions l nhng ion tch in m, to thnh khi nguyn t thu nhn thm electron trong phn ng. Anions tch in m do in t d so vi s proton trong ht nhn. Cations l nhng ion tch in dng, to thnh khi nguyn t b mt electron trong phn ng, to nn l trng v in t electron hole. Cations l i lp vi anions, do cations c s in t t hn so vi s protons. Radical ions (gc): gc ions l ions cha s l cc electrons v hu ht u c hot tnh rt cao v khng bn.
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Tm mu (Color Centers)
Tm mu: Sai hng gm mt nt khuyt ion m v mt electron lin kt vi nt khuyt Cc sai hng hp th nh sng lm cho mt s tinh th vn trong sut tr nn c mu cc tm thng gi l tm F (Farbe ting c l mu sc) Cc in t b by v tr cc nt khuyt to mu cho vt liu
o o o o
Cc tm mu Mu l do s chuyn mc ca cc in t b by
Chiu x mu Khi x l mt in t donor vi hi ca Na v K
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc in t b by khi
Tm mu (Color Centers) Tm F, H v V
Chiu x c th to ra sai hng khi mt electron b mt i hoc thm vo X l vi hi kim loi kim c th to ra cc electron d trong vt liu
Tm F: electron b bt nt khuyt anion

V d tm mu do electron b bt dn n s hp th trong vng nhn thy
Tm H: nguyn t Cl nm xen k gia cc nt lin kt vi Cl- ca mng Tm V: cc electron b ly i t nt anion ca mng, dn ti cp nguyn t Cl v Cl- ln cn
Tp cht
Tp cht: Cc nguyn t khc vi nguyn t vt liu tinh th
o o
Tt c cc cht rn u c ln tp cht Tp cht c th do sn c trong tinh th, hoc do ch ng a vo lm thay i tnh cht ca vt liu
V d st cha mt lng nh carbon a vo s tr nn cng hn. Khi pha tp B hoc P vo Silic s lm cho Silic tr thnh loi p hoc loi n Hp kim l hn hp c ch nh vi thnh phn gm nhiu kim loi lm thay i cc tnh cht ca kim loi
Dung dch rn
Dung dch rn: To thnh t cht ch (dung mi hay matrix) c ha tan thnh phn thiu s (cht tan) o ha tan (solubility): kh nng ha tan o Dung mi: hp kim, nguyn t hay hp cht tn ti dng a s o Cht tan: hp kim, nguyn t hay hp cht tn ti dng thiu s Dung dch rn:
ng nht Gi nguyn cu trc tinh th Cha cc tp cht phn tn ngu nhin (thay th hoc xen k)
Pha th hai: Khi cc nguyn t cht tan c thm vo cc hp cht 1 cu trc mi c to thnh hoc cht tan to nn cc cht kt ta a phng. Tp cht to nn dung dch rn hay pha th hai l ty thuc vo bn cht ca tp cht, nng , nhit , p sut
Dung dch rn thay th

1.Kch thc nguyn t: cc nguyn t phi hp nhau, sai khc v bn knh nguyn t ca cht dung mi v cht tan trong khong ~15% 2.Cu trc tinh th cht tan v dung mi phi ging nhau 3. m in ca cht tan v dung mi phi xp x nhau (nu khng cc pha kim loi trung gian intermetallic s c to thnh) 4.Ni chung lng cht tan trong dung mi s cao hn khi n c ha tr cao hn dung mi
Dung dch rn xen k

Dung dch rn xen k ca carbon trong -Fe: nguyn t nh nm xen k trong mng tuy c to nn ng sut nh trong mng LPI Cc yu t cho ha tan ln: Vi cu trc FCC, BCC, HCP, cc khong trng gia cc nguyn t ch tng i nh bn knh nguyn t ca cht tan li cng cn nh hn nhiu bn knh nguyn t ca dung mi (thng thngnng cht tan ln nht 10% - 2% vi C-Fe)
S khuch tn cc sai hng im
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lch mng (Dislocations)

Lch mng l cc sai hng ng Lch mng cng to bin dng n hi nh cho mng khong cch xa Lch mng c nh hng ln n cc tnh cht c ca vt liu dng gii thch tnh cht c ca vt liu
Lch mng xon Lch mng bin

Lch mng (Dislocations)

L cc sai hng khng cn bng
o
Ngun gc hnh thnh

o o
Nng khng c xc nh bi tha s Boltzmann Khi c cung cp thi gian v nng lng cc nguyn t ti xp xp loi b lch mng
ng sut c hc v bin dng Sai hng trong qu trnh nui tinh th ng lch mng ch v tr v s nh hng ca lch mng Vct Burgers biu th khong trt n v (xc nh ln v chiu)
c m t bi
o
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lch mng bin Edge Dislocations

Lch mng bin: xut hin cc mt nguyn t d trong mng tinh th Vct Burgers hng vung gc vi ng lch mng (trn hnh)
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lch mng bin xut hin s khng lin tc ca cc mt trong tinh th gii hn bi ng lch mng Trong thc t lch mng bin cng c cu trc phc tp
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

S chuyn ng ca lch mng khi chu ng sut ging s di chuyn ca mt con su S ti phn b ng sut v lch mng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lch mng bin Vct Burgers

m t kch thc v chiu ca s bin dng mng tinh th do lch mng ngi ta dng vct Burgers Xc nh vct Burgers bng cch v ng t nguyn t ny n nguyn t khc vi cng mt s khong cch nguyn t nh nhau theo cc chiu. Nu tinh th cha lch mng th ng ni s khng kn. Vct lm kn mch l vct Burgers b Vct Burgers vung gc vi ng lch mng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lch mng xon Screw Dislocations

Lch mng xon: S xoay ca hai phn ln cn trong tinh th theo ng lch mng Xut hin ng sut trn ng lch mng Khi c cung cp thi gian v nhit c s ti xp xp v kh lch mng
Lch mng xon Vct Burgers

Vct Burgers m t ng lch mng Lch mng xon l s xoay hai phn ln cn ca tinh th song song vi chiu tinh th b dch chuyn Vct Burgers b song song vi ng lch mng
ng lch mng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lch mng bin Lch mng xon

Lch mng bin: Vct Burgers vung gc vi ng lch mng Lch mng xon: Vct Burgers song song vi ng lch mng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Quan st cc lch mng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Quan st cc lch mng

Cc cu trc lch mng quan st c trn tinh th Silic bng knh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) Cc lch mng trn thc t c hnh dng phc tp
Quan st cc lch mng

Cc cu trc lch mng quan st c trn tinh th Silic bng knh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) Cc lch mng trn thc t c hnh dng phc tp
Sai hng mt
Mt ngoi
Cc nguyn t mt ngoi khng c lin kt y v c nng lng cao hn cc nguyn t bn trong th tch xut hin nng lng mt ngoi, (J/m2) o Cc mt ngoi do sc cng mt ngoi c xu hng thu nh li o Cc mt ngoi cht rn c th ti to tha mn cc lin kt gia cc nguyn t b mt
o
Bin ht
Vt liu a tinh th gm nhiu ht tinh th nh vi nh hng tinh th khc nhau xut hin cc bin ht l cc min c s xp xp lch nhau v tinh th o Cc mt ngoi v bin ht c hot tnh mnh cc tp cht c xu hng tp trung cc bin ht. Nng lng b mt cc ht c xu hng gim vi cc ht nh
o
Sai hng mt
nh hng ca hai ht I v II trong mi tng quan vi nh hng tinh th trong mi ht khi coi ht I lm chun
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng mt
Bin ht song tinh
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng mt
Nng lng bin ht ph thuc mnh vo tng quan nh hng gia 2 mt Nng lng bin ht ph thuc mnh vo ch s Miller bin ht tip xc
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng mt
Bin ht khi c mt nng lng thp (v d mt (111) bin ht song tinh) Bin ht khi c mt nng lng cao S ti u ha v nng lng bi facetting (to mt) mt (111), din tch tuy tng nhng nng lng gim
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng mt
Bin ht trong cc cht rn a tinh th Bin ht c coi l mt dy cc lch mng l gc sai lch v nh hng gia hai ht tinh th lin k
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng mt
Ty theo gc lch trong s xp xp cc mt tinh th k bn m phn bit Bin ht gc nh khi gc lch gia 2 ht l nh - c mt vi Bin ht gc ln
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Sai hng th tch

Cc l hng - nh hng nhiu n cc tnh cht nhit v c Cc vt nt - nh hng nhiu n cc tnh cht c Cc th ngoi nhp lm thay i nhiu tnh cht in, c, quang ca vt liu
Kch thc ht
Kch thc ht (grain size) l thng s quan trng ca vt liu a tinh th Xc nh kch thc ht bng phng php biu chn Phng php thng hay dng (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)) so snh vi cc biu chun kch thc ht xc nh thang bc t 1 n 10.
vi n l s kch thc ht, N l kch thc ht trung bnh n v l inch vung nhn vi h s 100
Biu mt s thang o nghin cu trong vt liu
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Kch thc cc sai hng

Nt Lch khuyt tp cht mng Bin ht v song tinh
L hng Tinh th Vt nt
Sai hng im in t
Sai hng im nguyn t
Sai hng gia cc mt Sai hng ng Sai hng th tch
10-14 10-10 10-6 10-2 102 Thang di (m) Kch thc cc loi sai hng
Tm li
Ch trng v xen k
o
c trng thnh phn

o
Cc vt liu dng rn u cha s lng ln cc bt hon ho hoc cc lch khi hon ho ca tinh th. Sai hng im lin quan n cc v tr cha 1 hoc 2 nguyn t bao gm cc ch trng (hay v tr cn trng trong mng), cc v tr t xen k (cc nguyn t cht ch chim v tr xen k) v cc nguyn t tp cht C th to dung dch rn khi thm cc nguyn t tp cht vo cht rn. Khi cu trc tinh th ban u vn c duy tr, khng to ra pha mi. Vi dung dch rn thay th, nguyn t tp thay th cc nguyn t cht ch v c coi l ha tan khi ng knh nguyn t v m in ca c hai loi nguyn t l tng ng, c cng cu trc tinh th v khi cc nguyn t tp cht c ha tr bng hoc nh hn ca cht ch. Dung dch rn xen k c lng nguyn t tp tng i nh chim gi v tr xen k gia cc nguyn t cht ch
Tp cht trong cht rn

o
Thnh phn ca hp kim c th c trng bng thnh phn trm v khi lng hoc nguyn t. C s ca cch tnh phn trm khi lng ca thnh phn hp thnh so vi khi lng tng cng ca hp kim. Phn trm nguyn t c tnh l s mol ca mi thnh phn hp thnh so vi s mol tng cng ca cc nguyn t trong hp kim Lch mng l dng sai hng tinh th mt chiu. C hai loi l lch mng bin v lch mng xon. Lch mng bin c xem l s sai lch cu trc mng dc theo bin ca na mt d ca nguyn t, cn lch mng xon l nghing mt xon c. Vi lch mng hn hp c th thy cc thnh phn ca c hai loi. ln v hng ca sai lch mng trong lch mng c trng bi vc t Bergers. Hng tng i ca vc t Bergers v ng lch mng l (1) vung gc khi lch mng bin, (2) song song khi lch mng xon v (3) khng vung gc v cng khng song song khi lch mng hn hp
Lch mng - Sai hng ng

o
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Tm li
Cc sai hng khi mt phn cch hoc sai hng th tch, s dao dng nguyn t
o
Nhng bt hon ho khc bao gm cc sai hng mt phn cch (cc mt ngoi, bin ht - c gc ln v gc nh, song tinh v.v..), cc sai hng th tch (vt nt, l hng v.v..) v dao ng nguyn t. Mi loi bt hon ho u nh hng ti tnh cht ca vt liu Rt nhiu cc thnh phn cu trc v sai hng quan trng ca vt liu l trong phm vi nghin cu ca k thut hin vi v ngi ta c th quan st c bng knh hin vi. C hai loi hin vi quang hc v hin vi in t u c s dng v thng kt hp vi cc thit b chp nh. Cc ch truyn qua v phn x u c s dng vi c hai loi hin vi. Bn cht ca mu, cu trc nguyn t v cc sai hng l c u tin quan tm.
K thut hin vi u d qut (SPM) gn y c pht trin mnh nghin cu cc c trng b mt ca mu theo k thut nghin cu b mt dng bn (topographical maps). K thut ny cng nghin cu cc cu trc phm vi nguyn t v phn t
Xc nh kch thc ht
o
K thut nghin cu hin vi

o
Kch thc ht ca cc vt liu a tinh th thng c xc nh bng k thut vi nh (photomicrographic techniques). C hai phng php thng dng ph bin l biu chun v biu chn
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Bi tp chng IV
HT CHNG IV
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

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CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG

Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng IV S bt hon ho trong Cht rn

2. Sai hng ng, lch mng (line defects) 1D

3. Sai hng mt, bin ht (planar defects) 2D

4. Sai hng th tch, sai hng khi ( bulk, volume defects) 3D

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Phn loi sai hng

Phn loi sai hng

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Phn loi sai hng

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng trong cht rn (defects)

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi sai hng

Sai hng khi (3D)

Sai hng ng (1D)

Sai hng mt (2D)

ng lch mng trn tinh th Silic (chp TEM)

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng im (point defects)

Sai hng do tp cht

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng im (point defects)

Sai hng im (point defects)

Cu trc t xen k trong mt vi kim loi

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

kBT=300Kx8,62x10-5 eV/K =0,026eV

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

Nt khuyt Cation Nt khuyt Anion

Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

Cation c kch thc nh hn Anion do d dung hp hn cc v tr khong trng gia cc nt mng

Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

Sai hng Schottky v Sai hng Frenkel

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

Tm F: electron b bt nt khuyt anion

Dung dch rn thay th

Dung dch rn xen k

S khuch tn cc sai hng im

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lch mng (Dislocations)

Lch mng xon Lch mng bin

Lch mng (Dislocations)

Ngun gc hnh thnh

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lch mng bin Edge Dislocations

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu