Vatlieu 2

CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG
Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng II Cu trc v Lin kt cc Nguyn t
Cu trc Nguyn t v Lin kt

Tng tc gia cc nguyn t trong cht rn trong nhiu trng hp, bn cht ca mi tng tc ny quyt nh nhng tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
3 dng hnh thi ca carbon: kim cng, graphite, lonsdaleite

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Nhiu tnh cht ca cht rn ph thuc vo cu trc, s sp t cc nguyn t thnh phn trong mng tinh th cng nh vo tng tc gia cc nguyn t, phn t Nguyn t gm c cc nucleus proton v neutron. Cc in t quay xung quanh (Z: nguyn t s=s proton= s electron) Atomic mass (A=Z+N) v Atomic weight
Cu trc nguyn t Heli
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Nu coi ng knh m my in t ca nguyn t Heli l 1 km th ng knh ht nhn nguyn t Heli l khong 2,5 cm Nhiu tnh cht ca cht rn ph thuc (1cm/1km) vo cu trc, s sp t cc nguyn t
thnh phn trong mng tinh th cng nh vo tng tc gia cc nguyn t, phn t Nguyn t gm c cc nucleus proton v neutron. Cc in t quay xung quanh (Z: nguyn t s = s proton = s electron) Atomic mass (A=Z+N) v Atomic Cu trc nguyn t Heli vi ht nhn v weight
m my in t bao quanh (fm=femtomt=110-15 mt)
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Cc electron chuyn ng quanh ht nhn tun theo cc quy lut ca c hc lng t Nng lng ca in t l khng lin tc tn ti cc mc nng lng. Cc in t c th chuyn nng lng t mc ny sang mc khc M hnh ha theo Bohr atomic Model v/hoc Wavemechanical Model
Trng thi lng t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Cu hnh in t trong nguyn t c c trng cho tng nguyn t vi cc mc nng lng in t Cc trng thi qu o khc nhau ca in t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Cu hnh in t trong nguyn t c c trng cho tng nguyn t vi cc mc nng lng in t Quy tc Madelung 1936 (cn gi l quy tc Klechkowski) v quy lut in y qu o nguyn t c biu din theo chiu mi tn
Aufbauprinzip hoc Building-up principle nguyn l to lp
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Quy tc Madelung Cc qu o c in y theo trt t tng Khi c 2 qu o c cng gi tr , chng s c in y theo trt t tng ca
S lng electron cc i trn qu o tun theo quy lut tng ca nng lng qu o: cc qu o c mc nng lng thp nht s c electron in y trc ri ti cc qu o c mc nng lng cao hn Aufbauprinzip hoc Building-up principle nguyn l to lp
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Hnh ct mt xc sut tm thy in t ca nhng qu o in t nguyn t Hydro. Cc qu o ny to nn c s trc giao cho hm sng in t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
Cc qu o ca in t theo m hnh c in Bohr cc qu o hon ton khc nhau ng vi cc gi tr n khc nhau Khi lng nguyn t A gm khi lng cc proton v neutron trong ht nhn
Cu trc Nguyn t
Mi in t trong nguyn t c c trng bi 4 thng s n, l, ml, ms - gi l cc s lng t Cc trng thi ca in t phn ng ha hc v cc lin kt
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cu trc Nguyn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Lin kt trong cht rn

Lc lin kt nguyn t kt ni cc nguyn t vi nhau bng lc ht FA v lc y FR FN=FA+FR Nng lng lin kt
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn

Lin kt s cp: c s hon chuyn hoc gp chung cc electron cn gi l lin kt ha hc gm 3 loi: lin kt ion, lin kt ha tr v lin kt kim loi
Lin kt ion Lin kt ng ha tr Lin kt kim loi
Lin kt th cp: khng c s hon chuyn hoc l gp chung cc electron cn gi lin kt vt l yu hn nhng nh hng r rt ln cc tnh cht vt l ca vt liu
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

Lin kt ion: d m t v hnh dung nht. C th thy c cc hp cht kim loi v phi kim
o
Lc lin kt Coulomb Na+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClNa+
Lc ht l lc Coulomb. Nng lng ht EA xc nh bi EA=-(A/r), nng lng y ER c xc nh bi ER=-(B/rn). A, B, n l hng s ph thuc vo h ion
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

L s lin kt gia cc ion tri du (cc ion m - v cc ion dng +) C s chuyn di in t Cn c s khc bit ln v m in
Cho in t
Nhn in t
Tng tc Coulomb

L loi lin kt chim u th trong vt liu gm s (ceramics)
Mc cho in t Mc nhn in t

XA, XB l m in ca cc nguyn t A v B
Lin kt ng ha tr: do s ng gp in t ca cc nguyn t lin k. Nhng in t gp chung c coi l thuc v c hai nguyn t % thnh Lin kt kim loi: xc nh trong cc kim loi v hp kim. Cc kim loi thng c 1, 2 hoc nhiu nht l 3 in t ha tr. Cc in t ha tr khng bao quanh cc nguyn t m chuyn ng t do trong kim loi. Chng c xem l thuc v c khi kim loi xem nh l mi trng in t sea of e- hay l m my in t
CH4
H
in t gp chung t Hyr
H
in t gp chung t Carbon
phn ion={1-exp[-(0,25)(XA-XB)2]} 100
Li ion
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Mi trng cc electron ha tr

lin kt kim loi: nhng in t khng ha tr cn li v ht nhn nguyn t hp thnh cc li ion cc li ion tch in dng mt lng in tch bng tng in tch cc in t ha tr trong nguyn t
o
CH4
H in t gp chung t Hyr
H in t gp chung t Carbon
Cc in t t do l mi trng ngn cch cc li ion tch in dng khi lc y tnh in gia chng. Cc in t t do c vai tr nh cht kt dnh gi cc li ion vi nhau. c trng ca lin kt kim loi l bt nh hng
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lin kt ng ha tr
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

Lin kt th cp lin kt van der Waals: cn gi l lin kt vt l l lin kt yu so vi lin kt s cp hay lin kt ha hc. Nng lng lin kt bc 10kJ/mol (0,1 eV/atom) L lin kt Coulomb gia u dng ca lng cc ny vi u m ca lng cc k bn Lin kt th cp tn ti ph bin gia cc nguyn t hoc phn t - nhng n s b b qua nu nh c bt k mt lin kt s cp no. Lin kt th cp thy trong cc kh tr
Lng cc cc phn t hoc nguyn t

To nn do tng tc gia cc lng cc (dipole)
Cc lng cc dao ng
Cc lng cc nh x khng dao ng gm c cc phn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lin kt lng cc do dao ng: Lng cc c to thnh trong nguyn t + hoc phn t i xng v mt in tch. Cc nguyn t dao ng c th sinh ra cc nhiu lon ngn ca i xng in t Ngt i xng v to ra lng cc in nh in t Lin kt lng cc do phn t c cc: cc m men lng cc tn ti trong mt H s phn t c s sp xp bt i xng cc vng tch in m v dng Lin kt lng cc khng i: Lc van + der Waals tn ti gia cc phn t c cc
Cl

Ngun gc ca lc van der Waals: + + electron chuyn ng, thi im no chng mt u ca phn t lm Ngt i cho u mang in - cn u kia xng v + tm thi thiu s mang in + in t Mt phn t c lng cc in tc thi H Cl khi gn mt phn t khng phn cc thi im s to ra lng cc in cm ng cho phn t ny + Lc van der Waals c th lin kt cc +++phn t to nn cht rn. thi im -+ -+ sau s c s ti sp xp phn b cc - + +++electron do chng chuyn ng nhng vn s lun ng b

nh hng ca kch thc phn t:
o
Phn t ln c nhiu electron v khong cch lng cc s ln hn phn t s dnh nhau hn nhit nng chy cao Ngt i xng v hn
in t
H
nh hng ca dng phn t:

Cc phn t di c th pht trin cc moment lng cc in tc thi ln hn do chuyn ng ca cc electron so vi cc phn t mp cha cng mt s electron nh nhau o Cc phn t di, mnh c th gn nhau hn, s ht c hiu qu nht khi cc phn t gn nhau
o
+
Cl
+ ++-
+-
-+
+-
-+
+-
-+
+-

M men lng cc vnh cu tn ti trong mt s phn t (c gi l phn t phn cc) do s sp xp khng i xng ca cc min in tch dng v in tch m (HCl, H2O) Cc lin kt gia cc phn t ny l lin kt lng cc lu di mnh nht trong cc lin kt th cp
_ O + H _ H Lng cc
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Tm lc

Tm lc v Lin kt
Loi lin kt Nng lng lin kt Ch gii
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Mt s tnh cht
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
m in (Electronegativity)
Linus Pauling nh ngha mt i lng lin quan n s lin kt l m in m in:
o o
_ O + H _ H Lng cc
L s o kh nng tip nhn electron ca nguyn t L s o xu hng i lc ca nguyn t vi electron trong lin kt
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc lp con c 1 electron c m in thp Cc lp con thiu 1 electron c m in cao m in tng t tri sang phi v t di ln trn trong bng tun hon Cc kim loi c dng in chng c th d dng cho i mt s electron ha tr tr thnh ion mang in dng
m in tng
m in tng
C 2 thang o m in dng ph bin: Thang o Pauling (1932) v thang o Mulliken (1934) Thang o Pauling: Nguyn t c m in ln nht l F ( m in = 4)
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Vi gi tr m in ln: C khuynh hng nhn in t
m in nh dn
m in ln dn
Vi gi tr m in ln: C khuynh hng nhn in t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
C cng ha tr khi cng mt ct
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Phn t

Rt nhiu phn t c nhng nhm nguyn t gn kt vi nhau bi lin kt ha tr (lin kt mnh): gm cc phn t c hai nguyn t thnh phn nh F2, O2, H2 hoc l cc hp cht H2O, CO2, C6H6 Trong cc cht rn v cht lng c (condensed liquid), lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt th cp, yu. Ni chung cc vt liu phn t c nhit si v nhit nng chy kh thp Phn ln cc vt liu ny c phn t nh ch gm vi nguyn t v dng kh Nhiu cht polymer c xem l cc vt liu phn t c cc phn t cc ln, tn ti dng rn. Nhiu tnh cht ca chng li ph thuc mnh do lin kt van TP. H Ch Minh 2008v lin der Waals i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu kt th cp hyr
Lin kt hyr
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t
TP. H Ch Minh 2008
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc nguyn t trong cng mt ct c tnh cht ging nhau. S ca nhm cho bit s electron c th tham gia vo lin kt Nhm 8A: Kh tr, c cc lp con y electron tr v mt ha hc Nhm 1A: Kim loi kim, c 1 electron lp ngoi cng chim lp con s d nhng electron hot ng v mt ha hc Nhm 7A: Halogen, thiu mt electron lp ngoi lp y lp con p c xu hng nhn thm electron hot ng v mt ha hc

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CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG

Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng II Cu trc v Lin kt cc Nguyn t

Cu trc Nguyn t v Lin kt

3 dng hnh thi ca carbon: kim cng, graphite, lonsdaleite

Cu trc nguyn t Heli

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Trng thi lng t

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Lin kt trong cht rn

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

phn ion={1-exp[-(0,25)(XA-XB)2]} 100

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt s cp

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

Lng cc cc phn t hoc nguyn t

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

Cc lng cc nh x khng dao ng gm c cc phn t

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp

nh hng ca dng phn t:

Cc loi lin kt trong cht rn Lin kt th cp