CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG

Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng VI C tnh ca Kim loi

Mc ch
Nghin cu v lng ha cc tnh cht c (mechanical properties) ca kim loi l loi vt liu dng rt ph bin Nghin cu cc vt liu trong cc iu kin chu tc dng ca cc loi ng sut v ngoi lc
S hiu bit v s bin dng v bn ca cc vt liu ni chung ca vt liu Khi nim v bin dng n hi v bin dng khng n hi Cc thng s v mi quan h ca bn ko, bn do, bn chy Cc khi nim v bn, cng v cc thng s an ton

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Issues to Address
ng sut v bin dng

Bin dng n hi

Bin dng do

bn v bn chy

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Ni dung
ng sut v bin dng: khi nim v cc thng s s dng Bin dng n hi: khi ti trng nh, cho ti khi no th xut hin bin dng khng n hi, vt liu no t thay i Bin dng do: ti im no th bt u bin dng khng n hi vnh vin, vt liu no bn nht vi bin dng khng n hi bn v bn chy: khi nim v cch xc nh, o c
Cc trng thi ng sut thng gp

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Mu th bin dng ko
ng knh mu chun khong 12.8 mm (0.5 in.), chiu di t nht di hn 4 ln so vi ng knh nu trn, l khong 60 mm (2 in.) Chiu di gauge chun l 50 mm

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

ngstress strain v bin dng sut

Cc mu b bin dng khi chu ti nn, ko, trt v xon ng sut nn (ko) k thut v bin dng k thut (dng cho c ko v nn), vi A0 l din tch trc khi bin dng
tension compress

Ko ko di ra

Nn co ngn li

shear

torsion

Trng hp ko di ra n hi bin dng tuyn tnh dng (positive linear strain) Trng hp nn ngn li n hi bin dng tuyn tnh m (negative linear strain)
Trt Xon

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

ngstress strain v bin dng sut

Cc mu b bin dng khi chu ti nn, ko, trt v xon ng sut trt bin dng trt
o

tension

compress

=tg

(hnh c)

n v o ng sut v bin dng ca bin dng trt ging nh ca bin dng ko

Ko ko di ra

Nn co ngn li

Bin dng xon l mt bin th ca bin dng trt, vi gc xon , m men xon T (hnh d) ng sut trt l hm ca m men xon T

shear

torsion

Trt Xon
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

ng sut k thut
ng sut k thut bin dng k thut ng sut ko (nn),

bin dng ko (nn),

bin dng ko (nn) bin, L

ng sut trt, bin dng trt,

bin dng khng c th nguyn

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng xon

Bin dng xon xy ra khi vn mt vt th bng mt m men xon. T bin dng xon, ta c kt qu l ng sut trt t l vi bn knh Gc xon c xc nh bi: Vi ng tr mng ta c J = 2 R3t
Vi R l bn knh trung bnh trong v ngoi ca ng tr v t l dy ca thnh ng tr
R: bn knh ngoi ca trc : ng sut trt cc i mt ngoi : gc xon, n v l radian T: m men xon n v Nm l: chiu di ca vt chu xon G: sut trt, GPa J: hng s xon Tch JG c gi l bn xon

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng n hi
Cc lin kt b ko cng ra

Vi hu ht cc kim loi, gii hn i vi s bin dng n hi l bin dng = 0.005

Th hin tnh thun nghch

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng n hi
sut Young, E

nh lut Hooke t s Poisson,

sut trt n hi, G

sut n hi khi, K

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

th quan h l s bin dng n hi tuyn H thc cho vt liu ng hng tnh dc = sut n hi Young
TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng n hi
t mt ng sut ko theo trc z ln mu kim loi c s ko di n hi ng vi bin dng z, mu b co tht li theo chiu x v y vung gc vi chiu t ng sut. Vi vt liu ng hng: x = y T s Poisson l t s ca bin dng theo trc, du m cho thy bin dng theo 2 trc l lun tri chiu V l thuyt, t s Poisson cho vt liu ng hng bng , gi tr ln nht l 0.5 Gi tr ca t s Poisson thng trong khong 0.25-0.35 Vi vt liu ng hng ta c mi quan h
Vi hu ht cc kim loi, G bng khong 0.4E

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Sut Young ca mt s vt liu

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc h thc n hi tuyn tnh

ko

xon

lch Sut n hi cng ln, lch n hi cng nh

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng do
Cc lin kt b ko cng ra v cc mt trt ln nhau

Vi hu ht cc kim loi, ranh gii bin dng n hi ng vi bin dng l 0.005. Vt qua ngng ng sut v bin dng khng cn tuyn tnh, mt kh nng hi phc bin dng do
Bin dng do khng c tnh thun nghch bin dng vnh vin
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng do

ng sut ko (nn),

Khi cha chu ng sut

Khi cha chu ng sut

bin dng do
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

bin dng ko (nn),

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Bin dng do v bn do
bn do

bn do y l ng sut k thut ti c s bin dng do (quy c ti im khi c bin dng k thut do l P = 0.002)

ng sut ko (nn),

p = plastic bin dng do

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

bin dng ko (nn),

Bin dng do v bn do
th quan h ng sut v bin dng ca kim ng sut loi cho thy bin dng n hi v bin dng do c mt im gii hn do P bn do y c xc nh ng vi bin dng p=0.002 Hnh b cho bit cch xc nh im do vi mt vi loi thp
ng sut im do trn

im do di bn do y c xc nh l im do di

bin dng

bin dng

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

 bn do
So snh bn do,
y

So snh tng quan bn do ca cc vt liu khc nhau: Gm s, kim loi, polymer v composite n v tnh l MPa

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

 bn ko
bn ko, TS

bn ko TS l ng sut k thut ln nht m vt liu c th chu c Quan st thy ty theo vt liu:

Kim loi xut hin ch tht o Gm s cc vt nt lan rng o Polymer mch chnh b dui thng
o

Ch tht

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Case Study
Xc nh c tnh t th ng sut bin dng cho trc
T th quan h ng sut ko v bin dng nh hnh v 6.12 cho mu ng thau, xc nh:
1. Sut n hi 2. bn do ti mc bin dng 0.002 3. Mc chu ti ti a trn mu hnh tr ng knh ban u l 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) 4. Mc thay i chiu di mu bit chiu di ban u l 250 mm (10 in.) khi chu ti ko l 345 MPa (50,000 psi)

Gii
1. Sut n hi chnh l dc ca ng cong ng sut, gi tr ny gn vi 97GPa bng 6.1 bin dng 0.002 nh trn th b ct bi ng cong ng sut 250 Mpa xc nh bin dng do ca ng thau nh hnh v Mc chu ti ti a c tnh t phng trnh 6.1, vi ly gi tr 450 MPa, gii phng trnh theo F

1.

2.

1.

im chu ng sut l im A nh trn hnh, tm c gi tr tng ng bin dng trn trc honh l 0.06, ta c

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

 bn chy
bn chy, %EL

bn chy l ng sut k thut ko do ti bt u gy h hng vt liu Vt liu c coi l gin khi %EL<5% v l mm khi %EL>5%
khong trng ni ti
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

B ha chy

 hi phc chu lc
hi phc chu lc (resilience) l kh nng vt liu hp th nng lng khi bin dng n hi v sau khi b ti, nng lng ny c th thu hi li c Sut hi phc chu lc Ur, l nng lng cn thit to bin dng trn mt n v th tch gy nn ng sut trn vt liu t khng ti n im bn do
ng sut im bn do y

Sut hi phc chu lc Ur

bin dng

S ph thuc ca bin dng vo ng sut 3 mc nhit khc nhau -200C, -100C v 25C Vt liu hi phc chu lc c bn do cao v sut n hi thp ng dng dng lm l so
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

 bn do, bn ko, bn chy

So snh bn do
y,

bn ko TS v bn chy %EL

Vt liu kim cng v gm s c %EL=0 cho thy bn do v bn ko cao nhng li rt gin bn do v bn ko lun ng bin

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

C tnh mt vi kim loi v hp kim

bn do,
y

bn ko,TS bn chy, %EL

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

 bn
bn (chu lc) c xem l nng lng cn thit ph v mt n v th tch ca vt liu, c c trng bi phn din tch bn di ng cong ng sut v bin dng
bn

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

ng sut thc v bin dng thc

ng xut thc T c xc nh khi c ti F trn tit din tc thi Ai m trn c s bin dng bin dng thc Quan h gia ng sut thc v , Quan h gia bin dng thc T v bin dng
T

T
ng sut

So snh ng ng sut k thut v ng ng sut thc, s tht c chai bt u ti im M, tng ng trn ng thc l M. ng ng sut thc hiu chnh (corrected) l trng thi ng sut kt hp vng tht c chai
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008

bin dng

 cng
cng l mc chng li s bin dng lm vnh vin trn b mt vt liu cng ln l khi chng li s bin dng do, hoc lm chm li qu trnh nt khi nn vt liu n lm tng tnh bo v ca vt liu

cng

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Qu trnh lm cng Ti vt liu

Lm tng bn do y do bin dng do Lm cng nhiu v lm cng t
hi phc bin dng n hi v s lm cng bng ng sut. bn do ban u l y0, bn do sau khi b ti l yi, sau li cho ti chu ti

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

hi phc bin dng n hi

TP. H Ch Minh 2008

Cc thng s an ton

i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu

TP. H Ch Minh 2008