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Ht
Bin ht
Cu trc Tinh th
Tinh th l s sp xp tun hon trong khng gian ca cc nguyn t hoc phn t, cc nhm nguyn t hoc phn t S sp xp tun hon lp li theo c 3 chiu khng gian Trong iu kin l tng, c th to n tinh th, trong tt c cc nguyn t trong cht rn u trong cng mt cu trc
Cu trc Tinh th
Hoc
Gi Tinh th - Quasicrystals
Gi Tinh th - Quasicrystals
Gi tinh th l mt dng tn ti khc bit ca cht rn trong cc nguyn t sp xp dng nh l u n nhng khng c s lp li c cp ti v nghin cu ln u tin bi Dan Shechtman nm 1982 Hu ht cc gi tinh th thu c cho thy u l hp kim ca Nhm (Al-Ni-Co, AlPd-Mn, Al-Cu-Fe), mt s cc hp kim khc gm c (Ti-Zr-Ni, Zn-Mg-Ho)
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
T Gi tinh th c dng ch cc mu c trt t xa nhng khng tun hon Cc vt liu c cu trc tun hon c nghin cu nhiu. Cn t quan tm ti cc vt liu gi tun hon (quasiperiodic) hoc bt tun hon (aperiodic)
a hnh v th hnh
Mt s vt liu c th tn ti nhiu hn mt loi cu hnh tinh th - c gi l tnh a hnh (polymorphism) Nu vt liu l mt cht rn cng mt nguyn t c gi l c tnh th hnh, tnh khc hnh (allotropy) Mt v d cho allotropy l nguyn t carbon c th tn ti nhiu dng nh kim cng, than ch, carbon nanotubes, C60, C70 v carbon v nh hnh
Tnh d hng
Cc chiu khc nhau trong mt tinh th c s xp xp khc nhau dn n khc nhau v mt s tnh cht vt l v ha hc V d cc nguyn t dc theo cnh ca FCC cch xa nhau hn so vi hng cho D hng v i xng trong khng gian dn n d hng v nhiu tnh cht c bn Trong a tinh th, s nh hng cc ht l hon ton ngu nhin tnh cht ca vt liu l ng hng Mt s vt liu c cc ht vi chiu u tin
M t Mng Tinh th
M t mng tinh th Cc vct tnh tin c s: a1, a2, a3 c th chn ty Vct tnh tin ca mng tinh th: T=n1a1+n2a2+n3a3
Tn
M t Mng Tinh th
NNG LNG V S SP XP NGUYN T
M t Mng Tinh th
CC LOI VT LiU V S SP XP NGUYN T
C3
Bn phng
P - Primitive: Nguyn thy I - Body centered: Tm khi F - Face centered: Tm mt C - Side centered: Tm cnh
Trc phng
7 h tinh th
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
Mt nghing
Ba nghing
7 h tinh th
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
Tm y
Ba phng
Bn phng
Lp phng
S nguyn t trong mt c s
Lp phng n gin Lp phng tm khi Lp phng tm mt Lc gic xp cht Simple cubic SC Body-centered cubic BCC Face-centered cubic FCC Hexagonal closepacked HCP
1 nguyn t c s
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu
2 nguyn t c s
4 nguyn t c s
6 nguyn t c s
Ch s Miller l m t cc nt mng, cc mt, cc hng trong tinh th V tr ca mt nt mng no i vi gc ta chn c xc nh bi 3 ta x, y, z. Cc ta c vit: x = ha1, y = ka2, v z = a3 trong a1, a2 v a3 l cc thng s ca mng v h, k, l cc s nguyn Nu ly a1, a2 v a3 l n v o di dc theo cc trc ca mng th ta ca nt s l cc s h, k, . Cc s c gi l cc ch s ca nt v c k hiu l [hk,] hay hk,
Ch s Miller chiu ca mt ng trong mng tinh th c th xc nh bng cch v ng song song vi ng qua gc ta . Ch s Miller ca ng l ta ca im u tin m ng i qua. Nu ta ca im l u, v, w th ch s chiu ca ng s l [uvw]. Cc ch s cho s khong cch dc theo mi chiu (u x a, v x b, w x c) nn cc ch s nh nhau khng c ngha dch chuyn l nh nhau Theo quy c ngi ta dng tp cc s nguyn nh nht [1], [112], [224] ch cc chiu tng ng ngi ta dng [112] Cc ch s m c k hiu c gch ngang trn u [112]
Vi h tinh th lc gic, 1. Cc hng [0001], [1100], and [1120] (b) Cc mt (0001), (1011), and (1010)
Chuyn t h 3 ch s sang h 4 ch s u, v, w
u, v, t, w
a1 a2 z
a1 a2 a3 z
xyz
B
Cc hnh chiu 1 Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 2 1 t trong du ngoc [121]
xyz
C
Cc hnh chiu 0 - -1
Quy ng mu s, rt gn 0 -1 -2 t trong du ngoc [012]
xyz
Ch chiu directions
xyz
D
Cc hnh chiu -1 Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 -2 1 t trong du ngoc [121]
xyz
B
Cc hnh chiu -2/3 0 - Quy ng mu s, rt gn -4 0 -3 t trong du ngoc [403]
xyz
C
Cc hnh chiu - 1 1/6
Quy ng mu s, rt gn -3 6 1 t trong du ngoc [361]
xyz
Ch chiu directions
xyz
D
Cc hnh chiu - - Quy ng mu s, rt gn -1 1 -1 t trong du ngoc [111]
hx + k y + z = D, hA = k B = C = D
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008
a3
xyz
a3
(13) (81)
gc vi (hk )
c s cha 8 nguyn t H s lp y APF: 0,34 S phi v: k = 4 Kt tinh theo mng kim cng cn c C, Si, Ge, thic xm
4R = a
i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu TP. H Ch Minh 2008
Cc thng s c trng