CNG NGH v KHOA HC VT LiU I CNG

Nguyn Mnh Tun Chng V Khuch tn

Khuch tn

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Khuch tn
Cc c ch ca qu trnh khuch tn
Khuch tn qua cc nt khuyt (vacancy) o Khuch tn qua k h o Tp cht
o

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn

o o o o

Cc thnh phn khuch tn Cht rn ch Nhit Vi cu trc

Ton hc ca s khuch tn
S khuch tn dng (nh lut Fick th nht) o S khuch tn khng dng (nh lut Fick th hai)
o

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Khuch tn
Khuch tn xut hin trong cc mi trng rn, lng, kh Phn b li cc phn t, nguyn t/phn t (khuch tn tp cht hoc khuch tn tng h) S chuyn ng hn lon ca cc nguyn t cng c th xut hin trong cc cht khng ng nht v mt ha hc (t khuch tn)
Khuch tn tng h

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Khuch tn
Khuch tn tng h (interdiffusion), khuch tn tp cht (impurity diffusion): trong cht rn c nhiu hn mt thnh phn (hp kim), cc nguyn t c xu hng di chuyn t vng c nng ln. Cc nguyn t Ni khuch tn vo Cu v cc ngt Cu khuch tn vo Ni

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Khuch tn
S khuch tn cng xy ra trong kim loi tinh khit: cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th trao i v tr cho nhau gi l t khuch tn T khuch tn: cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th t ng di chuyn T khuch tn thng t c quan tm nghin cu do khng quan st c nhng thay i v mt tnh cht

S t khuch tn

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C ch Khuch tn
Khuch tn l s di chuyn cc nguyn t t v tr ny ti v tr kia trong mng Cn c 2 iu kin:
1. Cn phi c mt v tr trng ngay k bn 2. Nguyn t phi c nng lng ln ph v lin kt vi cc ngt lin k v ng thi c kh nng to vi bin dng nh trong mng tinh th trong khi thay i v tr (d thc hin khi tng nhit )

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C ch Khuch tn
Khuch tn qua ch trng (vacancy diffusion)
C ch lin quan ti vic thay i v tr cc nguyn t trong mng t v tr bnh thng ti v tr cn trng k bn trong mng. Nguyn t v ch trng chuyn ng tri chiu o C t khtn v khtn tng h cng theo c ch ny
o

Khuch tn qua khe h (interstitial diffusion)

o

Nguyn t di chuyn t v tr xen k ti v tr xen k lin k cn trng. C ch ny c trong khtn tng h ca cc tp cht nh hydro, carbon c kch thc nguyn t Schematic representations of nh (a) vacancy diffusion and (b) interstitial diffusion
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C ch Khuch tn
Trong hu ht cc hp kim, c ch khuch tn qua khe h (interstitial diffusion) thng bao gi cng xy ra nhanh hn nhiu c ch khuch tn qua cc ch trng (vacancy diffusion) do kch thc cc ngt xen k thng nh hn v do vy c linh ng cao hn Hn na bao gi cc v tr xen k cn trng (interstitial positions) cng nhiu hn cc ch trng nguyn t (vacancy positions)
Schematic representations of (a) vacancy diffusion and (b) interstitial diffusion

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C ch Khuch tn

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Khuch tn

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Khuch tn

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Profile Khuch tn
Khuch tn l qu trnh ph thuc vo thi gian tc khuch tn hoc tc dch chuyn vt cht theo thi gian c nh ngha l dng khuch tn (J) (diffusion flux J) Dng khuch tn (J) xc nh lng M (hoc tng ng l s cc nguyn t) khuch tn vung gc qua mt n v din tch tit din ca cht rn trong mt n v thi gian
vi A l din tch dng khtn i qua
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Khuch tn trng thi dng

Khuch tn trng thi dng (Steady-State Diffusion) qua mt bn mng Nu dng khuch tn J khng thay i theo thi gian Khuch tn trng thi dng Nng (p sut) ca tp cht khuch tn 2 pha ca bn mng gi khng i th quan h ca nng C vi ta theo x c gi l profile tp cht, dc ca ng thng gi l gradient tp cht

Khuch tn trng thi dng qua mt bn mng. (b) Profile nng tuyn tnh cho qu trnh khuch tn (a) 1.

Gradient tp cht =
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Khuch tn trng thi dng

Khuch tn trng thi dng theo chiu x s c dng khuch tn J t l thun vi gradient khuch tn t l D gi l h s khuch tn, du m () cho thy chiu khuch tn theo gradient nng t ni nng cao ti ni nng thp nh lut Fick th nht
nh lut Fick HngI s

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Case Study in cu

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Case Study in cu
Tnh dng khuch tn Mt ming st t nhit 700C (1300F) trong mi trng c mt pha giu carbon v pha kia ngho carbon. Trong iu kin trng thi dng, hy tnh dng khuch tn carbon i qua ming st bit nng carbon v tr 5 mm v 10 mm bn di b mt c carbur ha ln lt l 1,2 v 1,8 kg/m3, h s khuch tn nhit ny l 310-11m2/s Li gii Theo nh lut Fick th nht, dng phng trnh xc nh dng khuch tn, thay cc gi tr tng ng vo ta thu c

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Khuch tn trng thi khng dng (Nonsteady-State Diffusion) l trng hp ca a s cc trong thc t Dng khuch tn J v gradient nng nhng im khc nhau trong cht rn thay i theo thi gian, do cc tp cht khuch tn tng ln (giu ln) hoc gim i (ngho i) trong qu trnh khuch tn (theo hnh v) nh lut Fick th 2
Profiles nng ca khuch tn trng thi khng dng 3 mc thi gian t1, t2, v t3

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Cho cht rn bn v hn vi nng trn b mt gi khng i, ngun khuch tn thng l pha hi vi p sut ring phn gi khng i
1. Trc khi khuch tn, tt c cc nguyn t khtn phn b u trong cht rn vi nng l C0 2. Gi tr x ti b mt l zero (0) v tng theo chiu i vo cht rn 3. Thi gian ly gi tr zero (0) ngay trc khi qu trnh khuch tn bt u
nh lut Fick II
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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

nh lut Fick II

Nghim ca phng trnh theo nh lut Fick 2 c xc nh theo gi tr ca hm sai s Erro Function vi cc iu kin bin Cc iu kin bin ca bi ton c xc nh cho

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Vi hm sai s Gauss c xc nh bi

vi bin s z =

Profile khuch tn cho khuch tn trng thi khng dng

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Case Study - in cu

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Case Study - in cu

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

Case Study - in cu

Ngi ta lm cng b mt v c bn trong ca thp bng cch to hp kim st-carbon trn b mt v thc hin qu trnh ti (carbon ha). Ming thp khi c nung nng trong mi trng giu kh hydrocarbon nh l metal (CH4). Gi thit l ban u ming thp ny cha 0,25 wt% carbon phn b u v c nung ti 950C (1750F). Nng carbon trn b mt c nng ln v duy tr mc 1,20 wt%. Vy cn bao lu t c nng carbon 0,80 wt% su 0,5 mm tnh t b mt. Bit h s khtn ca carbon vo st nhit ny l 1,610-11 m2/s v ming thp l bn v hn

Do

Ta phi xc nh gi tr ca z t bng 5.1 ca hm sai s v xc nh c erf(z) = 0,4210, t php ni suy tnh c z = 0,392 nh sau

Li gii y l bi ton v khtn trng thi khng dng vi b mt khng i nn ta p dng phng trnh 5.5 vi cc thng s bi ton cho l

do v gii ra tnh c thi gian t

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Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

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Cc yu t nh hng
Tp cht khuch tn
o

Cc cht khuch tn cng nh cht ch nh hng n h s khuch tn D. V d s khc nhau trong qu trnh t khtn v khtn xen k ca carbon vo pha st 500C. L s t khtn theo c ch khtn l trng, trong khi khtn carbon vo st l theo c ch xen k Nhit c xem l yu t nh hng mnh nht ti h s khtn v tc khtn. S ph thuc nhit ca h s khtn l

Nhit khuch tn T
o

D0 l h s khng ph thuc vo nhit (m2/s) Qd nng lng hot ha ca khuch tn (J/mol hoc eV/atom) R l hng s kh T l nhit tuyt i (K)
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Cc yu t nh hng
nh hng ca cu trc ln khuch tn
Khuch tn nhanh hn khi Khuch tn chm hn khi

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Cc yu t nh hng

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Cc yu t nh hng

th logarithm ca h s khuch tn D vi thang nghch o ca nhit tuyt i 1/T ca mt vi kim loi ch ra mi quan h tuyn tnh

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Con ng khuch tn khc

Cc nguyn t cng c th i dc theo cc ng lch mng, cc bin ht v b mt bn ngoi ca vt liu gi l c ch khuch tn theo ng tt (short circuit diffusion paths) C ch ny c tc khuch tn nhanh hn khuch tn trong khi Tuy nhin vai tr ca c ch ny ng gp li khng ng k do tit din ca con ng khuch tn ny trong vt liu l v cng nh

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Tm li
C ch khuch tn
o

Khuch tn trong cht rn l s dch chuyn tun t ca cc nguyn t vi s lng ln trong vt liu. T khuch tn self-diffusion l khi nim v s dch chuyn ca cc nguyn t cht ch; i vi cc nguyn t tp cht ngi ta dng khi nim khuch tn tng h interdiffusion. C hai c ch khuch tn: khuch tn qua ch trng vacancy v khuch tn qua khe h interstitial. i vi vt liu ch l kim loi, cc nguyn t tp cht xen k thng khuch tn nhanh hn
i vi khuch tn trng thi dng, profile nng ca tp cht khuch tn l khng ph thuc vo thi gian, v dng khuch tn J t l vi gradient nng mang du m theo nh lut Fick th nht. Khuch tn trng thi khng dng c miu t v mt ton hc bi nh lut Fick th hai l phng trnh o hm ring. Nghim cho trng hp iu kin bin b mt khng i l hm sai s Gauss

Khuch tn trng thi dng, Khuch tn trng thi khng dng

o

Cc thng s nh hng n khuch tn

o

ln ca h s khuch tn D cho thy tc di chuyn ca cc nguyn t, n ph thuc mnh vo vic tng nhit theo hm m

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Bng cc gi tr hm sai s Gauss

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