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Mc lc

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Gii thiu Mc tiu hc tp Phn 1 : Thc tp thc vt v nhn bit cy thuc Chng 1: C quan dinh dng ca thc vt bc cao 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Phng php lm tiu bn vi phu cc c quan dinh dng Phng php v tiu bn vi phu T bo v m thc vt R cy Thn cy L cy Hoa (bng) Qu (tri) Ht (ht) Phng php lm tiu bn v quan st phn hoa cy thuc Phng php phn tch hoa Phng php nhn thc cy thuc Nhn bit cc h v cy thuc thuc lp Ngc lan (Magnoliidae) Nhn bit cc h v cy thuc thuc lp Hnh (Liliidae) Phng php lm mu kh v mu ngm cy thuc Phng php m t cy thuc Phng php xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy thuc nhn bit cy thuc 1. Dng c v ho cht lm tiu bn vi phu

i ii 1 1 1 6 10 16 21 27 32 32 37 39 40 45 45 47 50 58 62 68 75 77 77

Chng 2: C quan sinh sn ca thc vt bc cao

Chng 3: Phn loi v nhn bit cy thuc

Phn 2 : Cc dng c, ho cht dng trong thc tp thc vt v

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ph lc

Dng c v ho cht lm mu kh v mu ngm cy thuc Dng c dng trong phn tch hnh thi thc vt Dng c v ho cht lm tiu bn phn hoa S dng my nh trong nghin cu hnh thi v gii phu thc vt Kho xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy

81 88 89 90 95 100 100 102

Danh mc 150 cy thuc cn nhn thc v nh tn khoa hc Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU
Nhn bit ng cy thuc l vic lm quan trng trong cng tc kim nghim dc liu, s dng thuc an ton v hp l. Xc nh ng tn khoa hc ca cy c ngha sng cn trong khi u nghin cu v pht trin thuc c ngun gc t cy c. Mun vy, nhng ngi lm cng tc lin quan n cy c lm thuc phi bit cc phng php nghin cu cng nh cc c im hnh thi, gii phu v phn loi cy c, c bit l thc vt c hoa - nhm c mc a dng cng c s dng nhiu nht trong thc vt bc cao. Cun ti liu ny c bin son ch yu dnh cho sinh vin Dc nm th hai, ang hc mn hc Thc vt. Do , cc phn trong ti liu ny ch gii hn trong chng trnh thc tp c ph duyt, t m thc vt, c quan dinh dng v sinh sn, n phn ng dng m t v xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy thuc. Cc ni dung ny c chia thnh hai phn chnh l (i) Thc tp thc vt v nhn bit cy thuc v (ii) Cc dng c v ho cht dng trong thc tp thc vt v nhn bit cy thuc. Cui cng l ph lc v mc lc tra cu. Phn Thc tp thc vt v nhn bit cy thuc gm 3 chng: (i) C quan dinh dng ca thc vt bc cao, l nhm thc vt thng c dng lm thuc nht; (ii) C quan sinh sn ca thc vt c hoa v (iii) Phn loi v nhn bit cy thuc. Mi chng gm cc phn nh, c son theo th t cc bi thc tp. Mi bi gm 4 phn: mc tiu hc tp; nguyn liu, dng c v ho cht; ni dung thc tp v nh gi. Phn Cc dng c v ho cht dng trong thc tp thc vt v nhn bit cy thuc gii thiu cc dng c v ho cht thng dng nht trong tp ti liu ny. Phn cc dng c gii thiu s lc cu to, mc tiu, cch s dng v bo qun. Cc ho cht c gii thiu cng thc, ngun gc, cch pha ch (nu cn), mc ch, cch dng v bo qun. Phn ph lc gii thiu Danh mc 150 thuc cn nhn thc v nh tn Latin. Phn ln trong s ny l cc loi cy thuc c qui nh trong Danh mc thuc thit yu Vit Nam ln th IV, bao gm cc loi cy thuc Nam thit yu, thuc Y hc c truyn c ngun gc Vit Nam. Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi cy thuc khng c ghi trong Danh mc thuc thit yu nhng l i din ca cc h cy c dng lm thuc Vit Nam m cc loi trong Danh mc khng c. Phn mc lc tra cu gm tn cc loi cy thuc (ting Vit v Latin), phng php nghin cu, thut ng, cc dng c, ho cht thng dng trong nghin cu m t v xc nh cy thuc.

Vi cc ni dung nh vy, ngoi i tng phc v chnh l sinh vin Dc nm th hai, cun ti liu ny cng c ch cho cc i tng khc nghin cu cy c lm thuc nh sinh vin ang hc mn Dc liu, Dc hc c truyn, hc vin cao hc, nghin cu sinh v dc s ang cng tc trong lnh vc s dng v nghin cu pht trin thuc t cy c. cun ti liu ny phc v sinh vin cng nh cc i tng nghin cu khc ngy mt tt hn, chng ti mong nhn c s gp ca cc bn dng tp ti liu ny, c th sa cha, b sung cho hon chnh hn trong ln in sau.

H Ni, thng 4 nm 2012 Cc tc gi

MC TIU HC TP
Sau khi thc tp xong phn ny, sinh vin s c th: 1. Lm c cc loi tiu bn nghin cu gii phu v kim nghim cc dc liu t cy c, bao gm ct, ty, nhum kp v ln tiu bn theo phng php thng thng. 2. M t c c im gii phu ca cc b phn thng dng lm thuc nh r, thn v l bng 3 phng php m t: bng vn vit, hnh v v nh chp. 3. M t c mt cy thuc, bao gm c im hnh thi v gii phu ca c quan dinh dng (r, thn, l), c im hnh thi c quan sinh sn (hoa, phn hoa, qu, ht) bng 3 phng php m t: bng vn vit, hnh v v nh chp. 4. Nu c tn thng dng (ting Vit) v tn Latin ca 150 cy thuc thng dng c trng cho 80 h c nhiu cy dng lm thuc Vit Nam, da trn cc mu khng c nhn. 5. Lm c tiu bn mu kh v mu ngm ca cy thuc.
6. Xc nh s b c tn khoa hc ca mt cy thuc n bc h v chi

khi c kho phn loi thch hp.

PHN I - THC TP THC VT V NHN BIT CY THUC


CHNG 1. C QUAN DINH DNG CA THC VT BC CAO
1. PHNG PHP LM TIU BN VI PHU CC C QUAN DINH DNG 1.1. 1.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Lm c tiu bn vi hc thc vt theo phng php bc, ct v nhum kp. MU VT, DNG C V HA CHT Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu vt ti Thn Tru khng Thn Kinh gii Dng c c nhn Knh hin vi Knh lp a petri Mt knh ng h Kim mi mc Phin knh L knh Pipet My ct cm tay Dao ct vi phu Dao lam Chi lng Ha cht Nc javen Cloralhydrat Acid acetic Xanh methylen 0.5% carmin bo ha Nc ct Glycerin C Khng

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STT 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

1.3.

NI DUNG THC TP lm c mt tiu bn vi hc thc vt, cn tin hnh theo cc bc

1.3.1. Phng php lm tiu bn vi hc thc vt sau: 1.3.1.1. Chn mu Thng l mu ti hoc mu ngm trong cn 70o. i vi mu vt l l th hnh dng l phi cn nguyn vn, chn nhng l khng gi qu nhng cng khng non qu (l bnh t). i vi mu vt l cnh, thn hoc r cy th nn chn nhng on tng i thng, c ng knh t 0,1 - 0,5cm. Cc mu kh nn c luc hay ngm nc si trc khi ct, thi gian ngm hay luc tu thuc vo mc rn chc ca mu vt. 1.3.1.2. Phng php bc hoc ct mu Phng php bc: Dng kim mi mc rch t mt ng nng trn b mt cn bc, sau bc ly 1 lp t bo biu b ca l cy; t tiu bn ln gia phin knh nh sn 1 git dung dch ln tiu bn (nc ct hoc glycerin) ri y l knh li (theo phng php git p) v quan st di knh hin vi. Phng php ct: Ct trc tip : Mu c t ln mt tht (lm bng vt liu c cng nh hn li dao co nh g hoc khoai lang, v.v.), dng li dao co ct thnh nhng lt mng. Cc lt ct sau c ngm ngay vo a petri c sn nc ct.

Ct bng my ct cm tay (microtom), theo qui trnh sau: Cc bc Cch thc hin Dng dao bi gt mt li khoai lang hnh tr, di 2 3cm, sao cho va kht ng my ct. Ch i li khoai ny theo chiu dc thnh 2 na u nhau. Minh ha

Chun b ct khoai

C nh mu tiu bn vo ct khoai

Khot c hai mt phng mi ch i ny, theo chiu dc, mt khe nh theo hnh ca mu tiu bn cn ct, sao cho khi ghp hai mnh khoai ny li th mu cn ct c gi cht.
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Cc bc

Cch thc hin Kp mu cn ct vo gia 2 ming khoai ri cho vo ng ca my ct.

Minh ha

mt phng ca li dao p st vi mt phng ca my ct, nghing mt gc 450 ko cho t tri sang phi , ct qua ct khoai. Sau mi ln ct, vn c ca my ct theo chiu kim ng h y ct khoai ln mt cht. Mc vn t hay nhiu s cho lt ct tiu bn mng hay dy. Dng kim chi lng gt vi phu ct ngay vo a petri c sn nc ct. Sau dng chi lng chn ly cc lt ct chuyn sang mt knh ng h c sn cloramin bo ho (Cloramin B) hoc dung dch Javen. 1.3.1.3. Ty v nhum tiu bn Cc bc Cch thc hin - Ty mu bng dung dch Cloramin B trong thi gian t nht l 30 pht. - Ra sch Cloramin 3 ln bng nc ct. - Nu mu cha nhiu tinh bt c th ngm trong dung dch cloran Ty hydrat trong 30 pht, sau ra sch. - Ngm mu trong acid acetic trong 15 pht. - Ra sch mu 3 ln bng nc ct. Minh ha

Ct tiu bn

Cc bc Cch thc hin - Nhum mu xanh bng dung dch xanh Methylen. Thi gian t 5-30 giy. - Ra sch mu 3 ln bng nc ct. Nhum - Nhum mu bng cch ngm mu vo dung dch Carmin khong 30 pht. - Ra sch mu 3 ln bng nc ct. 1.3.1.4. Ln tiu bn

Minh ha

Vi phu sau khi c nhum, c ln knh theo phng php git p. Cch thc hin nh sau:

F Nh vo gia phin knh 1 git cht lng c dng lm mi trng quan st (nc, glycerin, vv.), dng kim mi mc hoc bt lng t vi phu cn quan st vo git cht lng. y l knh li (ch khng ln bt kh di l knh). C 2 cch t l knh:
Cch 1: t mt cnh l knh t vo b mt ca phin knh, bn cnh git cht lng. Dng kim mi mc ly cnh i din ri h t t xung (Hnh 1. A). Cch 2: Nh 1 git cht lng (cng loi vi cht lng trn phin knh) vo gia l knh. Lt ngc l knh li ri h t t y ln git cht lng trn phin knh. Khi 2 git cht lng chm nhau th b tay ra (Hnh 1. B).

Sau khi y l knh, cht lng di l knh phi va chim ton b din tch ca l knh, khng tha chy ra ngoi v cng khng thiu. Nu thiu, dng mt ng ht nh thm cht lng dng ln knh vo (Hnh 1.C). Nu tha, dng mt mnh giy lc ht i (Hnh 1. D). Trong mt s trng hp cn phi thay i cht lng m khng mun b l knh ra th lm nh sau: mt cnh ca l knh, t mt ming giy lc ht cht lng ang di l knh. cnh i din, dng ng ht cho git cht lng mi vo thay th (hnh 1.E). Khi cho cht lng mi vo th ng thi ht cht lng c ra. Cht lng mi s thay th cho cht lng c di l knh.

Hnh 1. Phng php ln tiu bn git p A, B : Hai cch y l knh ; C : Cch cho thm cht lng D : Cch loi bt cht lng tha ; E : Cch i cht lng di knh. Tiu bn t tiu chun phi mng, sng, sch, mu xanh v r rng, cht lng di l knh phi va , chim ton b din tch l knh, khng cha bt kh, c th quan st d dng. 1.4. J NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: STT Ni dung nh gi 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Tiu bn biu b l Nng mng tiu bn Ln tiu bn ng yu cu Tiu bn thn ch mu mng tiu bn t, c th quan st r rng cc t bo v m Tin hnh theo ng qui trnh ct, ty, nhum Hai mu xanh v trn tiu bn r rng 2. PHNG PHP V TIU BN VI PHU 2.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: V c s cu to tng qut v cu to chi tit mt phn tiu bn thn cy ch mu. t Khng t

MU VT V DNG C

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STT 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3.

Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c Tiu bn mu Tiu bn thn ch mu (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) Dng c Knh hin vi n bn chiu sng giy v V v kh A4, giy trng nhn, khng dng k Bt ch en, loi c cng trung bnh (HB) hoc tng i mm (2B). Tt nht l bt ch kim Ty mm NI DUNG THC TP C Khng

Trong nghin cu thc vt, v l mt phng php m t khoa hc c gi tr, khng th thay th bng nh chp hoc bn m t, d l bn m t chi tit, t m nht.

V s tng qut v cu to chi tit mt phn ca thn cy ch mu.

2.3.1. Mt s yu cu ca hnh v Ch v nhng ci nhn thy trn tiu bn, nhng c im in hnh, cn thit hiu c tiu bn. Khng v nhng nt khng quan trng, ngu nhin v nht l khng c v theo sch hoc tranh. Hnh v phi to, ph hp vi kch thc ca nhng chi tit v. hnh v c gi tr khoa hc cao, phi v tht chnh xc vi t l phng to c quy nh. Nt v phi gn, sc, m v r rng, khng lm xm v khng nh bng. Bn v phi sch s, cng p cng tt, ging nh hoc gn ging nh mt bn v k thut. Mi hnh v cn c li ch thch chung v ring cho tng phn, tng chi tit. Ch ch thch vit bng bt ch en. Cc ng ch dn nn k ngang v song song vi nhau, khng c ct cho qua nhau. 2.3.2. Cc cch v C hai loi bn v m t cu to gii phu ca mt c quan thc vt: s tng qut v chi tit mt phn. Hai cch v ny b sung cho nhau. 2.3.2.1. V s tng qut Mun trnh by ton b cu to ca mt c quan thc vt, ngi ta khng cn v tng t bo ca n, m ch dng k hiu v v tr cc m c sp xp trong c quan . Tt nhin l cn v ng t l kch thc v hnh dng tng
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qut cu cc m , lm sao ch khi nhn vo s ny, ngi ta c th hnh dung c tht ng cu to ca i tng quan st.

Hnh 2. Mt s quy c khi v tiu bn vi phu 1. Biu b, tr b ; 2. Ni b ; 3. Bn ; 4. M dy ; 5. M cng ; 6. Libe cp I ; 7. Libe cp II ; 8. G cp I ; 9. G cp II ; 10. M giu ; 11. Si ; 12. ng tit, ti tit Cc quy c k hiu cc m khi v s tng qut: Biu b, tr b, tng pht sinh : V 2 nt song song vi nhau (Hnh 2.1). Ni b : V 2 nt song song, gia c cc vch ngang (Hnh 2.2). Bn : V cc hnh ch nht xp chng ln nhau mt cch u n, thnh nhng vng ng tm v dy xuyn tm (Hnh 2.3). M dy : K cho trong phm vi gii hn ca n (Hnh 2.4). M cng : K cho hai chiu, thnh nhng hnh qu trm trong phm vi gii hn ca n (Hnh 2.5).

Libe cp I : Chm khng u trong phm vi gii hn ca b libe (Hnh 2.6). - Libe cp II : Chm u thnh dy theo hng xuyn tm trong khu vc ca libe cp II (Hnh 2.7). G cp I : V mt hnh tam gic bi en (Hnh 2.8) G cp II : Trong phm vi gii hn, v cc vng trn nh sp xp khng u gia cc ng thng theo hng xuyn tm (Hnh 2.9). M giu : V cc ng thng ng, song song trong phm vi gii hn ca m (Hnh 2.10). Si : V cc vng trn nh, gia c mt chm en (Hnh 2.11). ng tit, ti tit : Tu theo kch thc ca chng m v nhng vng trn to hoc nh, gia trng (Hnh 2.12).
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V d v cch v s tng qut t mt tiu bn vi phu c th c trnh by trong hnh 3 v 4.


Biu b M dy

M mm v Si Libe cp II G cp II M mm rut

Hnh 3. Cch v tng qut cu to gii phu cy ch mu t cu to chi tit

Bn Libe cp I

Si

Libe cp II

Hnh 4. Cch v tng qut cu to gii phu cy Dm bt t cu to chi tit

2.3.2.2. V chi tit mt phn Sau khi v s tng qut, ta chn mt khu vc in hnh, c th i din cho c vi phu hoc mt phm vi hp no trn vi phu (tu theo mc ch nghin cu) v chi tit mt phn. Cch chn khu vc v chi tit nh sau: - - - - Nu c quan thc vt c cu to i xng vi mt mt phng (vi phu l cy hai l mm), th ch cn v na l t gn gia ra mt t phin l (Hnh 5.A). Nu c quan c cu to u nhau theo mt hng (v cy, l cy mt l mm), th chn mt on no in hnh nht v (Hnh 5.B). Nu c quan c cu to i xng qua mt tm im (thn, r, thn r, vv.), th chn mt gc no c cu to in hnh nht (Hnh 5.C). Nu c quan c thit din vung m 4 gc c cu to ging nhau (thn ca nhiu cy thuc h Bc h), th ch cn v 1/4 ca thit din (Hnh 5.D).

Mc ch ca bn v chi tit l thy r c cu to ca tng loi m, tng nhm t bo, do phi v tng t bo ng nh khi nhn thy trn vi phu. trnh hin tng v mt cn i, ta nn theo cc bc sau y: V phc trn giy khu vc cn phi v v s phn chia gia cc m vi nhau. V cc m c cu to phc tp trc (b libe g) ri n cc m n gin sau. M mm nn v sau cng. Hnh 5. Cch chn khu vc v chi tit
A B

A. i vi cy hai l mm ; B. i vi cy mt l mm ; C. i vi thn cy ; D. i vi thn hoc cnh cy c tit din vung.

Nhng t bo c mng mng th v mt nt thnh mt vng kn (khng v theo kiu lp ngi). Nhng t bo c mng dy (m cng, m dy, g), th v hai nt song song v khi cn tun theo quy c nh sng. Qui c nh sng: Ngi ta quy nh nh sng t gc trn, bn tri ca trang giy chiu xung, to vi cnh ca trang giy mt gc 450. Pha c nh sng chiu trc tip th v nt mnh, pha khut sng th v nt m.

2.4. J

NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: t Khng t

STT Ni dung nh gi 1 V s tng qut thn cy ch mu V ng t l kch thc Hnh v r rng, ng quy c 2 V chi tit mt phn thn cy ch mu V ng t l kch thc V ng cc loi m nh quan st trn knh 3. T BO V M THC VT 3.1. 3.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Lm c tiu bn biu b, quan st v v ng

Lm c tiu bn quan st 6 loi m thc vt (m phn sinh, m mm, m che ch, m dn, m nng , m tit). Ch c 6 loi m thc vt trn tiu bn mu. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt v dng c Mu vt ti L nng, hnh kh Cnh v l Hng nhu (Ocimum gratissimum L.) Qu l (Pirus communis L.) Thn Tru rng (Piper sp.) Tiu bn mu Tiu bn vi phu l Bi (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Tiu bn vi phu thn Thin tho (Anisomeles indica (L.) O.Ktze) Tiu bn vi phu thn cy Mp ct dc (Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem.) Tiu bn vi phu thn Tru khng (Piper betle L.) Tiu bn vi phu cung l Trang (Limnanthemum indicum Thw.) Dng c Knh hin vi Mt knh ng h Kim mi mc Phin knh
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STT 1 1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Khng

STT 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.3.

Mu vt v dng c L knh Pipet Dao lam Khoai lang NI DUNG THC TP

Khng

3.3.1. Lm tiu bn t bo v m thc vt

F Lm tiu bn biu b l Nng v biu b Hnh kh bng phng php bc, ln tiu bn theo phng php git p vi dung dch ln tiu bn l Kali iodua. F Lm tiu bn vi phu ca 3 mu thn Hng nhu, thn Tru rng v qu L bng cch ct trc tip v ln tiu bn theo phng php git p, khng ty v nhum.
3.3.2. Quan st cc m thc vt Quan st cc tiu bn mu thn Mp ct dc, thn Mp ct ngang, thn c Thin tho, l Bi, thn Tru khng, cung l Trang. M t v v chi tit mt phn cc loi m quan st c.

3.3.2.1. M phn sinh Cu to bi nhng t bo non, nh, c vch t bo mng, nhn to v hu nh khng c khng bo. Chng phn chia lin tc to thnh cc th m khc.

F Quan st m phn sinh cp II trn tiu bn r B ng (tiu bn mu) vt knh 40X: Gm nhiu lp t bo nh hnh ch nht, c vch mng, xp thnh dy tng i u n (Hnh 6).

M phn sinh cp hai

Hnh 6. M phn sinh cp hai (tng pht sinh libe-g) r cy B ng 3.3.2.2. M mm

Cu to bi nhng t bo sng, thng c mng mng bng cenluloza. Tu theo v tr, hnh dng v nhim v ca m mm m chia ra cc loi nh m mm ng ho (cha lp lc); m mm d tr (cha cc cht d tr nh tinh bt,
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protein v du m); m mm cha nc (m nc); m mm cha kh (m thng kh); m mm hnh giu (m giu); m mm xp (m khuyt); m mm v; m mm libe v g; m mm hp th: lng ht ca r.

F Quan st m mm v thn cy Thin tho ct ngang v m giu l cy Trc o (Hnh 7).

Hnh 7. M mm (A. M mm v thn Thin tho ct ngang; B. M giu l cy Trc o; C. M khuyt l a bp ) 3.3.2.3. M che ch C nhim v bo v, che ch cho cy, chng li mi tc nhn c hi ca mi trng sng. Tu theo ngun gc pht trin, ngi ta chia: m che ch cp I : biu b; m che ch cp II : bn, th b.

Hnh 8. M che ch (A. Biu b Thn Thin tho (lp t bo trn cng); B. Bn v cy Du tm)

F Quan st biu b tiu bn thn cy Thin tho (tiu bn mu) v bn tiu bn v cy Du tm (tiu bn mu) (Hnh 8).
3.3.2.4. M nng C trong tt c cc c quan ca thc vt c cu to bi nhng t bo c mng dy v cng lm nhim v nng cho cy. Tu theo th cht ca mng dy m ngi ta chia ra 2 loi m nng : M dy : cu to bi nhng t bo sng thng ko di, c mng dy bng celluloza. Tu theo cu to v v tr dy ln ca mng t bo m phn bit cc loi : m dy gc, m dy phin v m dy xp

F Quan st m dy gc v m dy phin trn tiu bn thn cy Thin tho (tiu bn mu): vt knh 4X thy tiu bn thn cy Thin tho c thit din vung, trong m dy gc nm 4 gc v m dy phin nm cnh, bt mu
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, xp thnh nhiu lp nm ngay sau lp t bo biu b. Chuyn sang vt knh 40, thy cc t bo ny c thnh dy ln cc gc (i vi m dy gc) v cc mng tip tuyn (i vi m dy phin), bt mu sm (Hnh 9).

Hnh 9. M nng thn cy Thin tho 1. M dy gc, 2. M dy phin M cng: Cu to bi nhng t bo cht, c mng dy ho g t nhiu, kh cng rn, lm nhim v nng cho cy. Theo hnh dng ca t bo, m cng c chia thnh cc loi: t bo m cng, th cng, t bo , t bo si.

B C Hnh 10. M cng (A. Th cng hnh sao cung l Trang; B. T bo qu L; C. Si thn Dm bt) F Quan st: Th cng cung l Trang (tiu bn mu): Phn nhnh hoc hnh sao (Hnh 10A). T bo tiu bn qu L (t lm): L cc m mu sm xp chng ln nhau thnh ng (Hnh 10B). Si tiu bn v cy Du tm: Xp thnh tng m pha ngoi libe cp II (Hnh 10C). 3.3.2.5. M dn Gm cc mch g v mch ry, c nhim v dn nha nui cy. Cc mch ny c cu to bi nhng t bo di, xp ni tip nhau thnh cc ng. Nhng t bo ny c bao bc bi nhng t bo km v m mm g hoc m mm
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libe. Cc mch g, si g v m mm g hp thnh b g. Cc mch ry, si libe, t bo km v m mm libe hp thnh b libe.

F Quan st m dn trn tiu bn r b ng ct ngang (tiu bn mu): B g l m c cha cc mch g (l l thng ln) v m mm g (t bo nh, thnh dy, bt mu xanh). B libe l cc m t bo nh, vch mng, bt mu , xp thnh dy xuyn tm thng hng hay ngon ngo (Hnh 11).

Hnh 11. M dn thn mp ct ngang quan st vt knh 40X 1. Libe; 2. Mch g

F Quan st m dn trn tiu bn thn mp ct dc (tiu bn mu), bao gm cc mch g, bt mu xanh (mch xon, mch mng, mch im) v libe, bt mu (phin ry).

Hnh 12. M dn trn tiu bn thn Mp (A) Ct ngang: Phin ry; (B) Ct dc: 1. Mch xon; 2. Mch mng 3.3.2.6. M tit Cu to bi cc t bo lm nhim v bi tit cc sn phm ca qu trnh trao i cht trong cy. Tu theo s chuyn ho ca cc t bo ny m ta phn bit ra cc loi: t bo tit, lng tit, ng tit, ti tit v cc ng nha m.

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Hnh 12. Mt s loi m tit A. L hng nhu: 1. Lng tit; 1. Lng che ch (trnh nhm ln); B. Thn tru rng: 2. T bo tit; C. Thn Tru khng: 3. ng tit; D. L bi: 4. Ti tit

Quan st:

Ti tit kiu dung sinh: Tiu bn l bi (tiu bn mu): Cc ti tit tinh du nm ri rc trong phn m mm gn biu b, kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi cc t bo m mm (Hnh 12A). ng tit: Thn cy Tru khng ct ngang (tiu bn mu): L cc l thng ln nm pha ngoi cc b libe-g, c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi t bo m mm xung quanh (Hnh 12B). Lng tit: L ti Hng nhu (t lm) (Hnh 12C). T bo tit: Thn cy Tru rng ct ngang (t lm): l cc t bo c kch thc nh cc t bo m mm c cha cht tit mu nht. 3.4. J NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: t Khng t

STT Tiu chun 1 1.1. 2 2.1 2.2 M thc vt Ch c v tr v c nu c c im ca m dy, mch g, ti tit , m cng, m phn sinh trn cc tiu bn mu Lm tiu bn quan st m thc vt Tiu bn l non Hng nhu ct ngang mng, ln tiu bn sch Tiu bn thn Tru rng ct ngang mng, ln tiu bn sch
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4. R CY 4.1. 4. 2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Trnh by v v c cc c im hnh thi ca r cy v phn bit c cc loi r cy. Phn bit c cc c im cu to vi hc ca r cp mt v cp hai. V c s tng qut ca cc loi r cy. V c mt phn cu to chi tit ca r cy B ng. Lm c tiu bn vi hc r cy B ng. MU VT, DNG C V HA CHT Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: STT 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.3. Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu hnh thi r Tiu bn mu R Thin mn ng (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.) R Si (Ficus benjamina L.) R B ng (Cucurbita pepo L.) Mu ct tiu bn R b ng (Cucurbita pepo L.) Dng c, ho cht Knh lp cm tay Knh hin vi Knh hin vi truyn hnh B dng c ct tiu bn (xem bng kim bi 1) B ho cht ty nhum tiu bn (xem bng kim bi 1) NI DUNG THC TP C Khng

4.3.1. Hnh thi ca r 4.3.1.1.Cc phn ca r cy Nhn dng cc phn ca mt r: Quan st trn r u non. Nhn dng cc phn ca r bng mt thng hoc knh lp. Quan st t di ln trn thy cy u non c mt r ci l r chnh mc tip theo trc ca thn, pht trin ngc chiu vi thn. tn cng ca r c chp r (quan st trn knh lp). Trn chp r c mt on ngn, nhn l min sinh trng. Trn min sinh trng l min lng ht, c nhiu lng nh ht nc v cc mui v c ho tan trong nc nui cy. Trn min lng ht l min ho bn, ni c r con cp II mc ra.
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V li mu quan st v ghi ch tng phn ca r.

4.3.1.2. Nhn dng cc loi r cy

F Quan st cc loi r b tr trong phng th nghim v phn loi cc loi: r cc, r chm, r ph, r bm, r kh sinh, r mt v r c.
c im nhn dng chnh nh sau: R cc: R ci pht trin hn r con. R chm: R ci v r con bng nhau. R bm: Mc ra cc mu ca thn, bm vo cc vt cy leo ln. R kh sinh: Mc ra t thn v nm trong khng kh. Mt ngoi c m xp d ht nc cung cp cho cy. R mt: R ca cc loi cy sng k sinh vo cc cy khc vi cc gic mt mc m vo cy ch ht cht dinh dng. R c: R ci, r con hoc r ph pht trin thnh c.

4.3.2. Cu to gii phu ca r cy Quan st cc tiu bn sau y trn knh hin vi. Trc ht, quan st vt knh nh thy ton b cu to ca vi phu. Sau chuyn sang vt knh ln hn xem chi tit. 4.3.2.1. Cu to ca r cy lp Ngc lan (Magnoliopsida) (i) Cu to cp mt: Yu cu: Quan st tiu bn r Si v ch ra c cc phn sau: ngoi b, m mm v, ni b, tr b, g cp mt, libe cp mt v m mm rut. Cch quan st: Vi vt knh nh, quan st thy trn vi phu c hai phn ln: phn v v tr gia. Trong tr gia c cc b libe-g xp xen k nhau. Ring b g c s phn ha hng tm. Chuyn ch no c cu to r nht vo gia knh trng quan st chi tit. Vi vt knh ln, quan st ln lt t ngoi vo trong thy (Hnh 13): Phn v: Ngoi b: Cu to bi mt lp t bo c mng ngoi dy ho bn. Khng c lng ht bn ngoi. M mm v: Gm cc t bo hnh a gic tng i u nhau, cc gc c khong gian bo. Pha trong, gn st ni b c cc ng nha m. Ni b: Cu to bi mt lp t bo, trn vch xuyn tm c khung ho bn (ai Caspari). Phn tr gia:
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Tr b: Nhiu lp t bo hnh ch nht u nhau nm st ni b, cc gc c nhng ch dy ho g. B libe: Hnh bu dc, nm st ngay di lp tr b, gm nhng t bo nh bt mu , xp lun phin vi cc b g bt mu xanh. B g: Hnh tam gic, nh nhn hng ra ngoi, tip gip vi tr b, y rng quay vo trong. B g cu to bi cc mch g, khng c si g v m mm g. M mm rut: L phn trong cng ca tr gia, gm nhng t bo hnh a gic, c kch thc tng i ln, xp st nhau nn khng c khong gian bo.

(ii)

Hnh 13. Cu to cp mt ca r non cy Si 1. Biu b; 2. M mm v; 3. Ni b; 4. Tr b; 5. Libe cp 1; 6. G cp 1; 7; M mm rut Cu to cp hai: Yu cu: Lm tiu bn r B ng theo quy trnh mc 1.3.1 (trang 2). Quan st cu to gii phu r B ng v ch ra cc phn sau: bn, m mm v, libe cp 2, g cp 2, tng pht sinh libe-g, tia rut, g cp 1 v m mm rut. V s tng qut v mt b libe-g ca r B ng.

F F

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Cch quan st: Trc ht quan st vt knh nh thy cu to tng qut, sau chuyn sang vt knh ln xem chi tit. T ngoi vo trong thy (Hnh 14): Lp bn: Gm vi lp t bo c mng ho bn bt mu xanh, xp u n thnh nhng vng trn ng tm v dy xuyn tm. M mm v: Gm mt vi lp t bo c mng mng, xp khng u, c cc khong gian bo nh. B libe g cp hai: Cc b mch ln, xp theo li chng cht, libe bt mu hng nm bn ngoi, g nm pha trong bt mu xanh. gia l tng pht sinh libe g. Mi b g c 3-5 mch g ln. Gia cc b libe g l cc tia rut kh rng. Tng pht sinh libe g: Nm gia libe cp hai v g cp hai gm nhiu lp t bo nh hnh ch nht, c mng mng, xp thnh dy u n.

Hnh 14. Cu to cp hai r cy B ng 1. Bn; 2. Libe cp 1; 3. Libe cp 2; 4. Tng pht sinh libe - g; 5. G cp 2; 6. Tia rut; 7 G cp )

4.3.2.2. Cu to ca r cy lp Hnh (Liliopsida) Yu cu:

Quan st tiu bn r Thin mn ng v ch ra c cc phn sau: tng lng ht, m mm v, ni b, tr b, g cp mt, libe cp mt v m mm rut. V s tng qut ca r Thin mn ng.

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Cch quan st Tin hnh quan st tng t nh tiu bn r Si. Lu cu to ca r Thin mn ng cng tng t nh cu to ca r Si v cng c cu to cp 1. Tuy nhin, c mt vi im chi tit khc nhau l: bn ngoi cng ca r Thin mn ng c tng lng ht (do ct qua tng lng ht) bao gm cc t bo ngoi b ko di ra, s b libe g trong r Thin mn ng nhiu hn (Hnh 15). Hnh 15. Cu to cp mt r cy Thin mn ng (1. Tng lng ht; 2. Ngoi b; 3. M mm v; 4. Ni b; 5. Tr b; 6. Libe cp 1; 7. G cp 1; 8. M mm rut) 4.4. J NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: t Khng t

STT Ni dung thc tp 1. Ch ra v v c cc phn ca r cy u non 2. Phn loi c cc mu r b tr trong bi thc tp 3. Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn r Thin mn ng 4. Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn r Si 5. Lm c tiu bn r B ng t tiu chun 6. Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn r B ng 7. V ng s tng qut ca r B ng 8. V ng mt b libe-g trong r B ng 9. V ng s tng qut ca r Thin mn ng

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5. THN CY 5. 1. 5.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Trnh by v v c cc c im hnh thi ca thn cy v phn bit c cc loi thn cy. Phn bit c cu to cp mt v cp hai ca cc loi thn cy lp Ngc lan v lp Hnh. V c s tng qut ca cc loi thn cy: Thu du non, Dm bt, Thin mn ng. V c mt phn cu to chi tit ca thn cy Dm bt. Lm c tiu bn vi hc thn cy Dm bt. MU VT, DNG C V HA CHT Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: STT 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 5.3. Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu hnh thi Mu hnh thi thn Tiu bn mu Thn Thin mn ng (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Thn non Thu du (Ricinus comunis L.) Thn Dm bt (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh hin vi B dng c ct tiu bn (xem mc 1.2- trang 1) B ho cht ty nhum tiu bn (xem mc 1.2- trang 1) NI DUNG THC TP C Khng

5.3.1. Hnh thi ca thn 5.3.1.1. Nhn dng cc phn ca mt thn Yu cu:

F F F

Quan st trn mt mu thn v ch ra cc phn ca thn: thn chnh, mu, ging, chi ngn, chi bn, cnh. V v ghi ch tng phn. Phn bit thn n trc v hp trc.

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Cch lm: Quan st bng mt thng hoc knh lp (nu cn) cc mu cy t, cy mo g, cy m , cy nho. Phn bit cc phn ca thn trn cc mu ny. 5.3.1.2. Nhn dng cc loi thn cy Yu cu:

Quan st cc loi thn b tr trong phng th nghim v phn bit cc loi: thn g, thn r, thn b, thn leo, thn c, thn r v thn hnh. Cc c im chnh: Thn g: cy g to. Thn r: Thn rng ging v c cc mu. Thn b: Thn mc b lan trn mt t v c cc r ph mc ra cc mu. Thn leo: Leo bng thn cun, tua cun hay r bm. Thn c: Thn phng ln thnh c cha cht d tr. Thn r: C hnh dng gn nh r, mang cc vy mng do cc l bin i thnh. Thn hnh: Thn rt ngn, mang r mt di, phn trn c nhiu l mng nc gi l vy hnh.

5.3.2. Cu to gii phu ca thn cy Quan st cc tiu bn sau y trn knh hin vi. Trc ht quan st vt knh nh thy ton b cu to ca vi phu. Sau chuyn sang vt knh ln hn xem chi tit. 5.3.2.1. Cu to thn cy lp Ngc lan (Magnoliopsida) (i) Cu to cp mt: Yu cu: Quan st tiu bn thn non cy Thu du v ch ra c cc phn sau: biu b, m mm v, ni b, tr b, b libe-g cp mt v m mm rut. Cch quan st: Dng vt knh nh quan st ton b vi phu, sau chn ch r nht chuyn sang vt knh ln quan st chi tit. T ngoi vo trong c cc phn sau (hnh 16):

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Phn v: Biu b: L mt lp t bo ngoi cng xp st vo nhau, u n, mng ngoi c mt lp cutin mng bao bc. i khi quan st thy c l kh. M mm v: Gm nhiu lp t bo hnh nhiu cnh, c gc trn, ti cc gc c nhng khong gian bo nh. Ni b: L mt hng t bo xp st nhau thnh vng khng trn u. Phn tr gia: - Tr b: L mt lp t bo nm ngay st di lp ni b v xp lun phin vi t bo ni b. - B libe g cp mt: Nm ngay st tr b, libe ngoi gm c m mm libe v mch ry, b g trong gm c mch g v m mm g.

3 4 5 7 8 6

M mm rut: Nhiu t bo hnh a Hnh 16. Cu to cp mt thn non cy Thu du gic, gn nh trn, cc gc c khong gian bo nh. 1. Biu b; 2. M mm v; 3. Ni b; 4. Tr b; 5. Libe cp mt; 6. Tng pht sinh libe g; 7. G cp mt; 8. M mm rut (ii) Cu to cp hai Yu cu: Lm tiu bn thn Dm bt theo quy trnh bi 1. Quan st cu to gii phu r B ng v ch ra cc phn sau: bn, m mm v, libe cp 2, g cp 2, tng pht sinh libe-g, si libe, tia rut v m mm rut. V s tng qut v mt phn cu to chi tit ca thn Dm bt. Cch quan st: Dng vt knh nh quan st ton b vi phu, sau chn ch r nht chuyn sang vt knh ln quan st chi tit. T ngoi vo trong c cc phn sau (Hnh 17):

F F

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Hnh 17. Cu to cp hai ca thn cy Dm bt 1. Bn; 2. M mm v; 3. Libe cp 1; 4. Libe cp 2 (ha si); 5. Libe cp 2; 6. Tng pht sinh libe-g; 7. G cp 2; 8. G cp 1; 9 M mm rut Lp bn: Cu to bi vi hng t bo hnh ch nht, xp u n thnh cc vng trn ng tm v dy xuyn tm, mng t bo ho bn, bt mu xanh. Trn lp bn c th thy l v. Tng pht sinh bn, lc b: mt lp t bo mng hnh ch nht bt mu nht, nm ngay st di lp bn v trn lp m mm v (mu sm). M mm v cp mt: gm nhiu t bo hnh a gic khng u, cc gc c khong gian bo. B libe cp mt: Nhng lp t bo b p bp mu sm, khng nhn r hnh dng t bo, nm trong m mm v cp mt.
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Libe cp hai: Cu to xen k gia cc mch ry v m mm libe bt mu vi si libe bt mu xanh (libe kt tng). G cp hai: cu to bi nhng mch gc v m mm g, xp u n thnh tng dy xuyn tm. Kch thc phn ny kh ln. G cp mt: B dn vo trong ngay di phn g cp hai. cc b g cp mt gm cc mch g xp thnh hnh tam gic, nh hng vo trong (phn ho ly tm). Tng pht sinh libe-g: Gm mt lp t bo dt, c mng mng, nm ngay gia libe v g cp hai. Rut v tia rut: Rut nm chnh gia ca thn, cu to bi nhng t bo m mm khng u, cc gc c khong gian bo nh. Tia rut gm 1-2 dy t bo i t rut qua lp g cp hai v loe ra hnh phu phn libe cp hai. T bo ca tia rut thng ln hn t bo m mm g. Yu cu

5.3.2.2. Cu to thn cy lp Hnh (Liliopsida)

Quan st tiu bn thn Thin mn ng v ch ra c cc phn sau: biu b, m mm v, ni b, tr b, b libe g cp mt v m mm rut.

Hnh 18. Cu to cp mt ca thn cy Thin mn ng 1. Biu b; 2. M mm v; 3. Ni b; 4. Tr b; 5. G; 6. Libe; 7. M mm rut

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Cch quan st Dng vt knh nh quan st ton b vi phu, sau chn ch r nht chuyn sang vt knh ln quan st chi tit. T ngoi vo trong c cc phn sau (Hnh 18): Phn v Biu b: Mt hng t bo, pha ngoi c lp cutin mng v c th thy c l kh. M mm v: Gm 5-6 lp t bo xp st nhau, i ch c cc khong gian bo nh. Ni b: Mt lp t bo mng nm st lp tr b ho m cng bn trong. Phn tr gia: Tr b: Gm vi lp t bo ho m cng xp st nhau, bt mu xanh. M mm rut: Nhiu t bo a gic hoc trong, gc c khong gian bo. B libe g: Nhiu b libe g sp xp theo li ng tm xp ri rc trong m mm rut. Cc b pha ngoi nh hn pha trong. B g hnh ch V, gc nhn quay vo trong, phn ho ly tm. Libe nm kp gia hai cnh ca b g. NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: t Khng t

5.4. J

STT Ni dung thc tp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch ra v v c cc phn ca thn cy Phn loi c cc mu thn cy b tr trong bi thc tp Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn thn Thu du non V ng s tng qut ca thn Thu du Lm c tiu bn thn Dm bt t tiu chun Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn thn Dm bt V ng s tng qut ca thn Dm bt Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn thn Thin mn ng

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6. L CY 6.1. 6.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Trnh by v v c cc c im hnh thi ca mt l. Phn bit v v c cu to gii phu ca cc loi l cy i din cho lp Ngc lan v lp Hnh. Lm c thnh tho tiu bn l Trc o. MU VT, DNG C V HA CHT Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu hnh thi l Tiu bn mu L Trc o (Nerium oleander L.) L d (Coix lachryma jobi L.) Dng c, ha cht Knh lp cm tay Knh hin vi B dng c ct tiu bn (xem mc 1.2- trang 1) B ho cht ty nhum tiu bn (xem mc 1.2trang 1) NI DUNG THC TP C Khng

@
TT 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 6.3.

6.3.1. Hnh thi l 6.3.1.1. Nhn bit cc phn ca l

F Quan st l cy inh lng v ch ra c cc phn: phin l, cung l v b l. F


Quan st cc l cy H th , cy Tra lm chiu v cy Sa nhn v ch ra cc phn : b cha, l km v li nh.

6.3.1.2. Phn bit cc th l

F Xc nh cc loi l b tr trong phng th nghim l loi l n hay l kp (loi g).


Da vo hnh v cc dng phin l xc nh kiu phin l ca cc mu trn (Hnh 19).

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Hnh 19. Cc hnh dng phin l thng gp 1. Hnh kim; 2. Hnh tim; 3. Hnh tam gic; 4. Hnh Elip; 5. Hnh li lim; 6. Hnh mc; 7. Hnh mi gio; 8. Hnh tuyn; 9. Hnh n Lia (Lyre); 10. Hnh tim ngc; 11. Hnh mi gio ngc; 12. Hnh thun; 13. Hnh trng ngc; 14. Hnh trn; 15. Hnh tri xoan; 16. Hnh trng; 17. Hnh thn; 18. Thy x ngc; 19. Hnh tn; 20. Hnh tha

Hnh 20. Cc hnh dng mp phin l thng gp 1. Mp nguyn; 2. Mp c lng mi; 3. Mp ln sng; 4. Mp kha tai bo; 5 6. Mp kha rng; 7. Mp kha rng 2 ln; 8. Mp cun trong; 9. Mp cun ngoi; 10. L chia thy; 11- 12. L ch; 13 14. L x

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Da vo hnh v cc dng mp l xc nh kiu mp l ca cc mu trn (hnh 20). 6.3.1.3. Phn bit cc kiu gn l

F F

Da vo bng hnh v cc kiu gn l xc nh kiu gn ca cc l b tr trong phng th nghim (Hnh 21). V 3 v d v hnh dng ca phin l v kiu gn l.

Hnh 21. Cc kiu gn l thng gp 1. Gn hnh cung; 2. Gn hnh chn vt; 3. Gn song song; 4. Gn hnh lng chim; 5. Gn hnh mng. 6.3.1.4. Nhn bit cch sp xp ca l trn cnh

Xc nh cch mc ca cc mu l b tr trong bi thc tp. Xc nh cng thc l cho mi loi.

6.3.2. Cu to gii phu 6.3.2.1. Cu to l cy lp Ngc lan (Magnoliopsida) Yu cu:

F F F

Lm tiu bn l Trc o theo quy trnh bi 1. Quan st v ch ra cc phn trong cu to gii phu l Trc o. V s tng qut cu to gii phu l Trc o. Cch quan st

Trc ht quan st vt knh nh, thy vi phu c hai phn: Phn phng to gia l gn chnh (gia) ca l; phn hp hai bn l phin l (hnh 22). a tng phn vo gia vi trng v quan st vt knh ln xem chi tit. Phn phin l: T trn xung di quan st thy: Biu b trn: Mt lp t bo c mng cutin, khng c l kh. H b trn: 2-3 lp t bo nm ngay st di biu b, cha nc v mng hi dy. M giu trn: Hai lp t bo hnh tr, cha nhiu lp lc.
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M khuyt: Nm gia phn tht l. M giu di: Ch gm mt lp t bo ngn, trong cha lp lc. H b di: mng hn h b trn. Biu b di: tng t nh biu b trn nhng mang cc phng n l kh (phn lm vo), bn trong c cc cp l kh. Phn gn l: Biu b trn v di: Mt lp t bo mng ni tip vi biu b phn phin l. M dy: Mt lp mng st di lp biu b trn v di ca gn l. M mm: Nhiu t bo hnh a gic hoc hnh trn, cc gc c khong gian bo nh. C tinh th canxi oxalat. B libe g: Lm thnh hnh cung chnh gia gn l, mt lm quay v pha trn, g bt mu xanh gia, libe bt mu bao bc xung quanh. Pha ngoi libe c cc m si xp ri nhau thnh mt vng bao quanh b libe g.

Hnh 22. Cu to gii phu ca l Trc o 1. Biu b trn; 2. M dy; 3. M mm; 4. Libe; 5. G; 6 M mm; 7. Biu b trn; 8. H b trn. 9. M giu; 10. H b di; 11. Biu b di; 12. M khuyt; 13. Phng n l kh

6.3.2.2. Cu to l cy lp Hnh (Liliopsida) Yu cu:

F F

Quan st tiu bn l d v ch ra cc phn trong cu to gii phu. V chi tit cu to gii phu l d.
30

Hnh 23. Cu to gii phu l d 1. Biu b; 5. M mm; 3.G; 4. Libe; 5. Vng m cng; 6. M cng Cch quan st: Nhn tng th vt knh nh thy l d khc vi l Trc o ch khng phn bit hai phn khc bit l phin l v gn l. L d c mt trn v di nh nhau. a ln quan st chi tit vt knh nh, t ngoi vo trong c cc phn (hnh 23): Biu b: Lp t bo mng ngoi cng ph mt lp cutin mng, c t bo l kh (c th c c biu b trn v biu b di. M mm ng ho: Nhiu t bo hnh trn hay nhiu cnh. M cng: Gm cc t bo c mng ho g, bt mu xanh, lm thnh cc ct nng ni lin b libe g vi biu b hoc bao quanh b libe g. B libe g: Xp thnh mt hng trong phin l, tng ng vi cc gn l song song. 6.4. J TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Ch ra v v c cc phn chnh v ph ca l cy Phn loi c cc mu l b tr trong bi thc tp v kiu l, hnh dng phin l, kiu gn v cch sp xp l trn cnh Lm c tiu bn l Trc o t tiu chun Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn l Trc o V ng s tng qut ca l Trc o Ch ra c cc phn trong tiu bn l d V ng cu to chi tit l d
31

Khng

CHNG 2. C QUAN SINH SN CA THC VT BC CAO


1. HOA (BNG)
1.1. 1.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: S dng thnh tho cc dng c thng thng phn tch hnh thi hoa. Phn loi v v c cc kiu cm hoa. Phn bit v v c c im hnh thi ca cc b phn trong mt hoa nh , i, trng, b nh v b nhy. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 Mu vt, dng c Mu hnh thi Hoa: Ngc lan, Cm chng, Tai tng, Bi, Go, Dm bt, Hng, Ci, u, Mng b, Rau m, M , Mo g hoa trng, Mu n, C thin tho, C hi, Hng dng, Hu, La dn, Loa kn, Phong lan. Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Kim mi mc u nhn Panh kp a petri Dao lam NI DUNG C Khng

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 1.3.

1.3.1. Nhn dng cc kiu cm hoa (hoa t)

F Chn cc mu hoa sau y tin hnh quan st v phn loi. Dng dng c phn tch hoa l kp, kim mi mc phn tch v quan st. i vi cc hoa c kch thc nh th nn dng knh lp soi ni quan st. Xc nh loi hoa mc n c hay mc thnh cm. Nu l cm hoa th xc nh kiu cm hoa v v s cm hoa .
1.3.1.1. Hoa mc ring l: Dm bt, Hng 1.3.1.2. Cm hoa: (i) o Cm hoa n: n v hn:
32

Chm: Xem hoa mt s cy h u (Fabaceae) nh hoa Thn mt (Millettia ithiochtoma), Vng mng g (Erythrina crista-gali). Bng: Xem cm hoa cy M (Plantago major L.), Mo g hoa trng (Celosia argentia ), Tai tng (Acalypha wilkesiana Muel.Arg.) (bng ui sc). Tn: Xem cy Rau m (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.). u: Xem cc cy h Cc nh Hng dng (Helianthus sp.). Xim 1 ng hnh inh c: Xem cm hoa La dn (Gladiolus communis L.). Xim 2 ng: Xem cm hoa Mu n (Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight et Arn.) . Xim co: Xem cc cy h Bc h (Lamiaceae), v d nh C thin tho (Anisomeles indica (L.) O.Ktze). Chm kp: Xem cm hoa Bi (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck). Tn kp: Xem cm hoa Gin sng (Selinum monnieri L.).

o (ii)

n hu hn:

Cm hoa kp: -

1.3.2. Nhn dng cu to cc phn ca mt hoa

F Chn cc mu hoa theo yu cu trong phn ny quan st v phn loi. Dng kim mi mc, kp nh, dao lam tin hnh phn tch. i vi cc mu c kch thc nh th c th quan st trn knh lp soi ni.
i vi tng loi hoa, tin hnh phn tch t bn ngoi vo trong v t di ln trn. Quan st, nhn dng v v li tng b phn ca hoa. 1.3.2.1. Cu to ca bao hoa (i) i hoa: Yu cu: Quan st cc hoa sau y: hoa Hng (Rosa sinensis L.), hoa Cm chng (Dianthus sp.), hoa Dm bt (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), hoa Hu (Polyanthes tuberosa L.), hoa Tai tng (Acalypha wilkesiana Muel.Arg.). Phn loi v v cc kiu i quan st. Cch lm: Quan st xem hoa no c l i (i mu xanh lc) hay cnh i (i c mu ging cnh hoa).

33

i vi hoa c l i, quan st xem i hoa hn lin hay ri; s lng; hnh dng v kch thc cc l i. Ngoi ra, quan st xem i hoa c hnh dng g c bit khng? i vi hoa c cnh i, quan st mu sc,s lng, hnh dng v kch thc ca cnh i.

V d: Hoa Dm bt tu (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.) c 5 l i mu xanh, hn lin vi nhau thnh hnh ng di khong 1-2cm. Bn ngoi ng i c mt s i ph hnh si mnh, ri, s lng khng c nh. (ii) Trng hoa: Yu cu: Quan st cc hoa sau y: Hng, Cm chng, Dm bt, Hu, Ci, u cc loi, Mng b, Bi, Phong lan, Ngc lan, C c dc, C hi, C thin tho, Hng dng. Phn loi v v cc kiu trng quan st. Cch lm: Quan st xem hoa c cnh hoa ri nhau hay hn lin. i vi cnh hoa ri, quan st xem hnh dng v kch thc ca cnh hoa ging nhau (trng ri u) hay khc nhau (ri khng u); s lng cnh hoa. V hnh dng, cnh hoa thuc cc kiu no trong s cc kiu sau:

F F

Trng ri u: hnh hoa hng; hnh hoa cm chng, hnh ch thp. Trng ri khng u: hnh bm, hnh hoa lan.

i vi cnh hoa hn lin, quan st xem hnh dng v kch thc ca cc cnh hoa ging nhau (trng lin u) hay khc nhau (lin khng u); s lng cc cnh hoa hn lin thnh ng hoa l bao nhiu. V hnh dng, cnh hoa hn lin thuc cc kiu no trong s cc kiu sau:

Trng lin u: hnh phu, hnh inh, hnh bnh xe, hnh ng, hnh nhc v hnh chung; Trng lin khng u: hnh mi, hnh li nh v hnh mt n.

V d: Hoa Dm bt c trng hoa gm 5 cnh ri, u, mu , hnh hoa hng, kch thc trung bnh di khong 10-15cm, rng khong 6-8cm. (iii) Tin khai hoa Quan st cc mu hoa trn, xc nh hoa c quan st c tin khai hoa kiu g trong s sau: xon c, van, vn, lp, ng im, c v tha. V s kiu tin khai hoa . V d: Hoa Dm bt c tin khai hoa vn.

34

1.3.2.2. Cu to b nh (i) Cu to mt nh hoa Yu cu v cch lm: Chn hoa Loa kn c b nh ri nhau, dng dao mng hoc kp st nh tch m bao hoa ra quan st nh hoa. Tch ring mt nh hoa ra, quan st bng mt thng hoc knh lp. Nhn dng cc phn ch nh, bao phn v trung i. Cho bit bao phn nh gc hay nh lng v cch nt ca bao phn nh th no? Dng dao mng ct ngang qua bao phn, nhn xt xem nh hoa c bao phn hai hay mt . Quan st k bng knh lp hoc bng knh hin vi thy trong cc ti phn c nhiu ht hnh cu rt nh, l ht phn. V li hnh dng nh hoa . Cc kiu b nh Yu cu: Chn cc hoa sau y quan st v phn loi b nh: Dm bt, u, Go, Loa kn, c Thin tho, Ci, Phong lan. Phn loi v v cc kiu b nh trong cc hoa trn y. Cch lm: Tin hnh bc l b nh ca cc hoa tng t nh phn trn. Quan st xem cc b nh trn thuc kiu no trong s cc kiu sau:

F
(ii)

F F

B nh mt b; B nh hai b; B nh nhiu b; B nh ngang s; B nh hai tri; B nh bn tri; Cung nh nhy; Tr nh nhy; B nh c ch nh phn nhnh.

V d: Hoa Dm bt c b nh mt b gm nhiu nh hn lin vi nhau phn ch nh to thnh ng vn xon, u mi ch nh (phn khng hn lin) c mang bao phn mt , nt dc.

35

1.3.2.2. Quan st b nhy (i) Cu to ca b nhy Yu cu v cch lm: Quan st hoa Dm bt. Loi b phn bao hoa v ng ch nh, phn cn li trn hoa l b nhy, ch gm c mt nhy, gm ba phn (tnh t di ln trn) l bu, vi v nm nhy. Quan st thy vng bao hoa v b nh nh pha di gc bu, nh vy gi l bu trn. V li cu to ca mt nhy hoa. Cc kiu b nhy Yu cu:

F
(ii)

F Chn cc mu hoa: Hng; Cm chng; c Thin tho; Hu; u v Ngc lan. F


Quan st (bng mt thng hoc soi di knh lp) cc kiu b nhy, phn loi theo cc kiu b nh trn. Cch lm: Tin hnh bc l b nhy tng t nh phn, quan st xem:

B nhy c mt l non, hoc B nhy c nhiu l non ri, hoc B nhy c nhiu l non hn lin mt phn hoc hon ton.

(iii)

Cc kiu nh non Yu cu: Chn cc mu hoa v qu sau: Hoa Cm chng, hoa Dm bt, hoa Hu, qu Da chut (Curcumis sativus K.), qu u (Carica papaya L.) v qu u cove.

F Xc nh v v kiu nh non (v lt ct ngang qua bu ca nhy hoa v qu).


Yu cu:

Dng dao mng ct mt lt mng ngang qua bu. a lt ct soi ln knh hin vi hoc knh lp soi ni. Quan st s l non, s trong mt bu v cch nh non. Phn loi cc b nhy ca cc hoa trong phn thc tp c kiu nh non no trong s cc kiu sau: nh non gc; nh non trung tm; nh non trung trc; nh non bn v nh non gia.

V d: Hoa Dm bt c b nhy gm 5 l non hn lin to thnh mt nhy. Bu trn, 5 , nh non trung trc.
36

1.4. J

NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: C Khng

T T Ni dung thc tp 1 Phn bit c cc kiu cm hoa 2 Lm c cc thao tc phn tch hnh thi cc b phn ca hoa bng cc dng c cn thit 3 Nhn thc v phn loi c cc phn ca bao hoa (i, trng) v cch sp xp cc phn trong hoa 4 Phn bit c cc phn ca mt nh v cc kiu b nh 5 Phn bit c cc phn ca mt nhy, cc kiu b nhy v cch nh non 2. QU (TRI) 2.1. 2.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi:

Lm quen v s dng thnh tho cc dng c thng thng phn tch hnh thi qu. Phn bit v v c cc c im hnh thi ca mt qu. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 Mu vt, dng c Mu hnh thi qu Cam (hoc Chanh, Bi); Da chut (hoc Da hu); To ty; o (hoc Mn); i; Hi; u cve; Mo g; Thu du; Hng dng; Ta t; Mi; Thc; Na; Da; Mt; Du tm; Bng lng. Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Kim mi mc u nhn Panh kp a petri Dao lam NI DUNG THC TP Chn qu Cam (hoc Chanh, Bi) quan st cu to cc phn bng cch ct ngang qua qu. Trn mt ct ngang ca qu, xc nh v qu
37

Khng

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.3.

2.3.1. Cc phn ca qu

ngoi, v qu gia v v qu trong. qu loi ny c c im g c bit gip phn bit vi cc loi qu khc.

F
-

V cu to cc phn ca mu qu trn. Vic phn loi qu rt phc tp, c bit khi da vo ngun gc hnh thnh v s tin ho ca n. Trong chng trnh hc ny, tin hnh phn loi qu da trn cc c im cu to v hnh dng khi chn. Ly mu cc loi qu c b tr trong bi thc tp, tin hnh quan st v phn loi chng. C th ct ngang, ct dc (i vi nhng loi qu tht) hoc tch (i vi nhng loi qu kh) v quan st di knh lp (tu theo nh ca mu m dng knh lp cm tay hoc soi ni). Cc loi qu c phn chia thnh cc loi sau: Qu n: Qu tht: bao gm qu mng v qu hch. Qu kh: T m: bao gm qu i, qu loi u, qu hp v qu nang. Khng t m: bao gm qu b (n, i, t), qu thc (dnh). Qu t. Qu kp. Yu cu: Chn cc loi qu sau quan st v phn loi chng: Cho bit cc loi qu Cam (Citrus spp.), To ty (Malus domestica Borkh.), Mn (Prunus communis Franch), i (Psidium guajava L.), Da chut thuc loi qu tht. Hy quan st v phn loi chng thuc loi qu mng hay qu hch. Cc loi qu Hi (Illicium verum Hook.), u cve, Mo g (Celosia argentea L.), Thu du, Bng lng (Lagerstroemia frosreginae Retz.) thuc nhm qu kh t m. Hy quan st v phn loi chng thuc loi qu no. Cc loi qu Hng dng (Helianthus annus L.), Ta t (Perilla frutescens), Rau mi (Coriandrum sativum L.) , La (Oriza sativa L.) thuc loi qu kh khng t m. Hy quan st v phn loi chng thuc loi qu no trong nhm trn. Quan st v nhn xt qu Na (Annona squamosa L.), Da (Ananas sativa L.), Mt (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Du tm (Morus alba L.), Du ty (Fragaria vesca L.) thuc loi qu kp hay qu t.

2.3.2. Cc loi qu

(i) (ii) (iii)

38

2.4. J TT 1 2 3

NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Lm c cc thao tc phn tch hnh thi cc b phn ca qu bng cc dng c cn thit V 1 mu qu phn bit cc phn ca qu Phn bit c cc loi qu t Khng t

3. HT (HT)
3.1. 3.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: S dng thnh tho cc dng c thng thng phn tch hnh thi ht. Phn tch v v c cu to ca ht ni chung v cc kiu ht c quan st. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c Mu hnh thi ht u c ve; Thu du; H tiu; Hoa sa; Qu g Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Kim mi mc u nhn Panh kp a petri Dao lam NI DUNG THC TP C Khng

@
TT 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.3.

3.3.1. Cc phn ca ht Quan st ht u cve v ht Thu du. i vi ht kh, c th ngm qua vi nc cho v ht mm d quan st.

Ht u cve c hnh thn, mt lm thy c vt so di v hp gi l rn ht. Trn rn ht c th thy mt chm nh, l vt tch ca l non. Pha trn l non cn thy c mt u li nh, tng ng vi u r mm. Dng kim mi mc bc v ht u thy c mt lp v. Bn trong c hai l mm ln, khng c ni nh hay ngoi nh. Ht Thu du (Ricinus communis L.) c hnh dng c bit: mt ngoi ca v ht c nhng ng vn, u ht c mt phn si ln gi l mng
39

(sinh bi mp ca l non). Bc v ht thu du thy c hai lp v: ngoi l lp v cng, bn trong c lp v mm mu trng. B dc ht thy chnh gia mt ct l cy mm, phn p ngoi cy mm l ni nh.

Ht H tiu (Piper nigrum L.) thng dng n chnh l qu kh. Chn qu to, gi, ngm hoc un vi nc si vi pht cho mm. B dc qu. Quan st vi knh lp, ta thy b phn c mu vng nht nm trong nhn ht l ngoi nh, cc i din vi cung qu. Quan st ht cy Sa (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.); ht cy Qu g (Swietenia macrophylla Jacq.). Nhn xt c im c bit hai loi ht by. NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Lm c thnh tho cc thao tc phn tch hnh thi cc b phn ht bng cc dng c cn thit. Phn bit v v c cc phn ca ht. Nhn dng c cc loi ht c bit t Khng t

3.3.2. Cc loi ht c bit

3.4. J TT 1 2 3

4. PHNG PHP LM TIU BN PHN HOA


4.1. 4.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Lm c tiu bn phn hoa bng phng php acetolyze, m t c cu to mng ht phn theo phng php phn tch sng ti. CHUN B MU VT, DNG C V HA CHT Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu vt Mu hoa Si t (Wedelia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.) Dng c v ho cht ng nghim ng li tm u nhn Phu lc, vi lc My li tm c tc 2000- 3000 vng pht Phin knh, l knh Que ly phn hoa Khung nh v ch t mu n cn Bt vit knh
40

Khng

TT 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15

Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Anhydric axetic Axit sunfuric c Glycerin-gelatin Parafin Bm Canada Fucsin kim (diamant-fucsin, cng thc C20H20N3Cl). 2.16 Congo 4.3. NI DUNG THC TP

Khng

4.3.1. Cch ly mu nguyn liu bo t hoc phn hoa Mun nghin cu v bo t v phn hoa, trc tin phi ly c mu nguyn liu c mang i tng ny: i vi bo t v phn hoa c xa ho thch, nm trong cc lp t b vi su trong lng t lu nm th phi c phng php ring (khng trnh by trong ti liu ny). i vi thc vt khng c hoa (nh Dng x, Thng , vv.) th ly nhng mu l c mang ti hoc ti bo t pht trin y . i vi thc vt ht trn (nh Thng, Bch tn, Sa mu, vv.) th ly cc nn c trng thnh. i vi Thc vt c hoa th ly n, c hoa hoc ch ly ring b nh ca chng.

F Sau khi ly cho ngay tng loi mu vo cc ti giy nh ring. nguyn c ti em phi hoc sy kh. C th ngm cc nguyn liu ti ngay sau khi ly vo acid acetic t vi gi ti vi nm.
4.3.2. Phng php x l bo t v phn hoa Theo phng php x l bo t v phn hoa hin i ca Erdtman, mt phng php c dng ph bin trn th gii hin nay:

F Cho nguyn liu kh hoc ti (hoa Si t (Wedelia calendulacea) vo ng nghim. Dng mt a thy tinh nghin nh nguyn liu.
Cho vo ng nghim trn 5ml dung dch acetolyze mi pha. un cch thu. Gi nhit 70- 100C trong khong 10 - 15 pht. Trn u cc ng trong khi un. Chuyn sang ng li tm c y nhn, t vo my li tm, li tm 5 10 pht tc khong 2.500 vng/pht. Gn ly cn. Cho vo cn 10ml nc ct, lc u. Ly tm li. Gn nc i. Lm hai ln nh vy ra sch cn.

41

Cho 10ml nc ct mi vo cn, lc u. Lc qua ry lc bng ng hoc bng vi nylon, kch thc l ry ph thuc vo ln ca bo t hoc phn hoa loi b nhng phn khng phi l bo t hoc phn hoa. Nc lc c cha bo t hoc phn hoa c hng vo mt ng ly tm mi. Trng hp c t nguyn liu th nn trng phn cn cn nm li trn ry bng mt t cn, thu thp ht bo t hoc phn hoa cn st li ri li ly tm ly cn. Cho vo cn ny 5 ml dung dch nc - glycerin (t l 1/1). Lc u, yn khong 15 pht. Ly tm li ly cn. p ngc ng ly tm c cha cn trn t giy lc. khong vi gi hoc qua m cho kh cn. Cn ny l cc bo t hoc phn hoa c x l, s c dng lm tiu bn phn hoa. Ch : Nu nguyn liu l n hoc hoa kh v to th trc khi x l cn ngm vo nc nng cho mm. Sau tch ly ring bao phn lm theo phng php ni trn. C mt s phn hoa khng th p dng phng php ny, v chng s b ph hu hoc t nht cng b h hi. C th x l chng bng phng php khc, v d un nng trong dung dch KOH hoc NaOH long (25%), hoc ch cn ty mu trc khi soi. Cch tin hnh: Lau sch l knh v phin knh, t phin knh ln trn khung c nh du v tr cn t bo t hoc phn hoa. t que ly ht phn trn ngn n cn loi ht vt l dnh trn , ngui hoc nhng nc cho ngui. Dng u kim ly mt ming glycerin-gelatin bng u tm, chm vo y ng li tm c ht phn c x l, t ming glycerin - gelatin ln ch qui nh phin knh. H nh phin knh trn ngn la n cn cho gelatin chy ra. Dng u kim ngoy nh cho ht phn tan u trong (iu chnh vt gelatin glycerin trn phin knh c ng knh khong 2-3mm). Khi galetin cn ang chy lng th y ngay l knh ln. Trnh khng cho c bt kh. t mt s mnh vn parafin ln phin knh, cnh mp l knh, h phin knh trn n cn cho parafin chy ra. Khi parafin bt u chy th h nng nh ngay di l knh parafin chy lng tri u di l knh m khng b ng li gia chng.
42

4.3.3. Phng php lm tiu bn bo t hoc phn hoa F -

Lt ngc ngay tiu bn, p ln trn mt gi g c sn hoc trn hai ci a thu tinh ri ngui. Khi tiu bn ngui, co sch parafin tha quanh mp l knh bng li dao co mng, lau li cho sch bng khn mm c tm xylen. 4.3.4. Quan st, o kch thc v chp nh bo t v phn hoa 4.2.4.1. Quan st nh chp ht phn cy thuc

Quan st ht phn cy thuc qua my chiu a nng b tr trong phng th nghim (Hnh 24). 4.2.4.2. Quan st, o kch thc v chp nh ht phn cy thuc Quan st :

Cn ch : khi quan st ht phn qua knh hin vi, mt lt ct quang hc khng th lm r cu trc tinh vi ca exin, v vy phi suy ra t cch t tiu im cn thn qua cc cu trc b mt ca ht. Bng cch tp trung s ch trn mt khu vc nh ca exin v quan st nhng thay i biu kin trong khi h thp tiu im, cu trc ca sexin c th c suy din. Cc m hnh sng v ti do s h thp tiu im c gi l phn tch LO (t Latinh lux= nh sng v obscuritas=bng ti bi Erdtman (1956). LO l trnh t cc o sng v cc knh bng ti (tiu im cao) tip theo bi nhng o ti v nhng knh sng (tiu im thp) th hin yu t nh ln. Ngc li trnh t t cc o ti v cc knh sng tip theo bi nhng o sng v nhng knh ti th hin yu t li.

3
43

Hnh 24. Mt s ht phn cy thuc (1. Ht phn mo g trng (Celosia argentea L.): c nhiu l trn ton b mt ht phn; 2. Ht phn gai cua (Agemone mexicana): 3 rnh xch o; 3. Ht phn C nu trng (Dioscorea simulans): 1 rnh cc; 4. Ht phn Si t (Wedelia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.): 3 rnh-l xch o)

o v chp nh ht phn cy thuc trn knh hin vi vt knh 40X v vt knh du

o kch thc knh hin vi: c 2 cch: Dng trc vi th knh c xc nh di ca mt vch tng ng vi cc vt knh khc nhau Chp nh ht phn v trc vi vt knh cng phng i (cng vt knh, th knh v cng h s zoom ca my nh k thut s), ng dng phn mm Photoshop chuyn nh vo my vi tnh, ghp nh ri o. 4.4. J TT 1 2 3 NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Lm c tiu bn phn hoa bng phng php acetolyze M t c ht phn hoa cy thuc (vit, v) Chp v o c kch thc ht phn hoa cy thuc t Khng t

44

CHNG 3. PHN LOI V NHN BIT CY THUC


1. PHNG PHP PHN TCH HOA
1.1. 1.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Thc hin c cc bc phn tch hoa theo ng trnh t quy nh. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 1.1 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 1.3. Mu vt, dng c Mu vt Mu cy ti c mang hoa Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Kim mi mc u nhn Panh kp a petri Dao lam NI DUNG THC TP Phn tch theo trnh t 6 bc, c m t trong Khung 1. Khung 1. Su bc phn tch hoa (1) (2) (3) Xc nh kiu cm hoa v v s cm hoa; V mt hoa nguyn vn; M x hoa: (4) (5) (6) Tch ring tng b phn ca hoa, quan st, m t v v (km theo thc t l). Ct dc hoa quan st cch sp xp cc b phn trong hoa. M t v v mt ct hoa ct dc. Ct ngang qua bu, quan st, m t s lng v cch nh non. V thit din bu ct ngang. C Khng

1.3.1. Phng php phn tch hoa

Vit hoa thc; V hoa ; Cc c im khc ca cy.

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V d: Phn tch hoa Hu (Polianthes tuberosa L.) 1/ Cm hoa: Bng, mi k l bc c hai hoa. 2/ V hoa: Hnh 3.1 A. 3/ M x hoa: M t: Hu l hoa c cu to mu 3. Bao hoa hnh phu gm 6 b phn hn lin nhau 2/3 chiu di ca n, chia lm 2 vng: vng ngoi l 3 l i hnh cnh hoa, vng trong c 3 cnh hoa mu trng. B nh c 6 nh ri, nh trn ng bao hoa chia thnh hai vng xp xen k nhau. Bao phn nh lng, hng trong. B nhy gm 3 l non, hp thnh mt bu di c 3 , mi c 2 dy non, nh non trung trc. Vi nhy di, tn cng bi mt nm nhy c 3 thu nh. Ct dc hoa: Hnh 25B. Ct ngang qua bu v v bu ct ngang: hnh 25C. Hoa thc: * P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)

4/ Hoa : Hnh 25C. 5/ Ghi ch: Cy thuc tho. L di, hp, khng cung, khng c b l, gn l song song. Qu nang. Hoa c mi thm, mu trng.

Hnh 25. Cu to hoa Hu (Polianthes tuberosa L.) A. Hnh dng bn ngoi; B. Hoa ct dc; C. Hoa 1.3.2. Thc hnh phn tch hoa F Phn tch hoa Hng, hoa La dn hoc hoa Loa kn.

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1.4. J TT 1 3 4

NH GI Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp S dng thnh tho cc dng c phn tch hnh thi hoa cy thuc Phn tch c mt mu hoa theo 5 bc quy nh Hon thnh c bn phn tch hoa theo 5 bc qui nh t Khng t

2. PHNG PHP NHN THC CY THUC 2.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Nhn thc c 20 mu cy thuc b tr trong phng th nghim bng cc gic quan thng thng, gi tn ting Vit ca chng da trn mu khng c nhn. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c C Mu vt Mu cy ti cnh mang l: 20 mu, chn trong s cc loi thuc danh mc 150 cy cn nhn thc, xem v nh du trong ph lc Mu bt buc Thm lm (Polygonum chinense L.) M tam th (Paederia foetida L.) Gng (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Cam tho t (Scoparia dulcis L.) Cam tho dy (Abrus precatorius L.) Dng (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L' Her. ex Vent.) Dy k ninh (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. et Th.) Dy au xng (Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.) Bi li nht (Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.) Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Khng

2.2.

@
TT 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 2 2.1 2.2

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2.3.

NI DUNG THC TP

2.3.1. Cc phng php nhn thc cy thuc 2.3.1.1. Nhn thc bng th gic Nhn thc bng th gic l phn quan trng nht i vi phn ln cc loi cy thuc, da trn hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc, cu trc b mt ca cc c quan dinh dng. phn bit c cc loi cy thuc, cn nm chc c im hnh thi ca cc c quan dinh dng (r, thn, l - xem cc mc 4,5,6- chng 1), trong l l quan trng nht. Cc c im cn quan st l cy l: Loi l: L n, kp. Nu l kp l loi no? (lng chim, chn vt, ba l cht). Cch mc ca l: Mc so le, i, vng. Nu l mc vng th mi vng c bao nhiu l?. c im phin l: Hnh dng chung (ellip, trng, trng ngc, cc hnh dng c bit khc), gc l (trn, nhn, lm, hnh tim, vv.), mp l (nguyn, kha rng, vv.), ngn l (trn, nhn, ko di, c ui, vv.), kiu gn l (lng chim, song song, hnh cung), b mt l (nhn, c lng), mu sc phin l (xanh m, xanh nht, ta, vv.). Cc c im t bit ca l nh li nh (cy h La (Poaceae), Gng (Zingiberaceae), l km (cy h Ngc Lan (Magnoliaceae), Du tm (Moraceae), Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), Bng (Malvaceae), C ph (Rubiaceae), vv.), B cha (h Rau rm (Polygonaceae), c ti tit tinh du (nh cy h Cam (Rutaceae). Cc c im khc: Cnh c tua cun (nh cy h nho (Vitaceae); nha m trng (cc cy h Du tm (Moraceae), Trc o (Apocynaceae), Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), Thin l (Asclepiadaceae), Hng xim (Sapotaceae), vv., dch trong (cy h Gai (Urticaceae), Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), vv.).

Cch nhn thc:

t mu cy cn nhn thc ni c nh sng, tt nht l nh sng mt tri, quan st v m t. Pht hin ti tit tinh du bng cch soi l: Soi l cn quan st v pha c ngun sng mnh (tt nht l nh sng mt tri). Quan st v m t cc c im hnh thi ca mu . Pht hin nha m, dch trong da trn mu ti: Dng dao kha nh ln v hay ct ngang thn hay cung l cy, quan st sau 30 n 1. 2.3.1.2. Nhn thc bng khu gic Cc loi khc nhau c th c phn bit bng mi ca chng. Nhiu loi c mi thm (du, hc, hng, vv.), thng l cc loi cha tinh du, gp cc cy h Long no (Lauraceae), H tiu (Piperaceae), Cam (Rutaceae), Cn
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(Apiaceae), Bc h (Lamiaceae), Gng (Zingiberaceae), vv. Mt s loi c mi thi (mi c bit), gp nhiu h khc nhau nh cy M tam th (Paederia foetida L.), vv. Cng c rt nhiu loi khng c mi c bit, nh nhiu loi trong h Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae), Na (Annonaceae), vv.

Cch nhn thc:

Dng 2 ngn tay tay v mt mu cn nhn thc (mu l, v, g) v ngi mi ca n. Khng nn ngi qu nhiu mu c mi mnh trong thi gian ngn. Khi khu gic khng nhy nhn bit cc mi khc nhau. 2.3.1.3. Nhn thc bng v gic C quan dinh dng ca cc loi c v khc nhau do cha cc hp cht t nhin khc nhau, gm tt c cc v l chua, cay, ngt, mn. Cc loi c v chua gp cc cy h Thu hi ng (cung l) (Begoniaceae), Rau rm (thn cy Thm lm (Polygonum chinense L.), vv.; v cay thn r cc cy h Gng (Gng (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), a lin (Kaempferia galanga L., vv.); v ngt cy Cam tho t (Scoparia dulcis L.), Cam tho dy (Abrus precatorius L.), vv., v ng thn cy Dy k ninh (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. et Th.) vv. Cn lu cc c quan dinh dng ca nhiu loi khng c v c bit.

Cch nhn thc:

Ct mt mu nh ca (cc) c quan dinh dng loi cn nhn thc, nhm v cm nhn v ca n. Cng nh nhn thc bng khu gic, khng nn nhn nm qu nhiu mu trong thi gian ngn. Cn lu l mt s loi c c tnh cao, do khng c nm mu vi lng ln v nut chng. 2.3.1.4. Nhn thc bng sc gic B mt c quan dinh dng ca cc loi c th cht khc nhau nh trn, rp, c gai, dnh, vv. to ra cc cm gic khc nhau khi s bng tay. L cc cy h Du tm thng rp (cy Dng (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L' Her. ex Vent.), Mt (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Dui (Streblus asper Lour.), vv., L cy Dy au xng (Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.) ph lng mn nn to cm gic trn mn khi s. V cy Bi li nht (Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.) c cha cht dnh.

Cch nhn thc:

Dng tay lt nh trn b mt c quan dinh dng ca loi cn nhn thc v cm nhn cm gic c c. i vi loi cha cht dnh, ct mt mu nh, dng 2 ngn tay v nt v p cht li, sau ni dn v cm nhn cm gic c c. 2.3.1.5. Nhn thc bng thnh gic L ca nhiu loi c th cht cng, to ting khc nhau khi va chm, nh l cy D hp (Magnolia coco DC.).

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Cch nhn thc:

t l cy st tai, dng tay gy nh l cy cn nhn thc v cm nhn m thanh c c.


2.3.2. Nhn thc cy thuc

Sinh vin lp bng nhn thc da trn 5 gic quan cc mu cy b tr trong phng th nghim theo mu sau:

Cch nhn thc:

Dng tay lt nh trn b mt c quan dinh dng ca loi cn nhn thc v cm nhn cm gic c c. i vi loi cha cht dnh, ct mt mu nh, dng 2 ngn tay v nt v p cht li, sau ni dn v cm nhn cm gic c c.
2.3.2. Nhn thc cy thuc

TT

Sinh vin lp bng nhn thc da trn 5 gic quan cc mu cy b tr trong phng th nghim theo mu sau: T Tn 3 c im Cc c im nhn thc cy ni bt Th gic Khu V Sc gic Thnh thuc (hnh dng, gic nht gic (th gic

mu, kch thc) 2.4. nh gi

(mi)

(v)

cht)

J Sinh vin t kim tra kt qu thc tp theo bng kim sau: TT Ni dung thc tp t 1. Lp c bng nhn thc 20 mu cy theo phng php nu 2. Nu c tn ting Vit ca 20 mu cy thuc khng c nhn b tr trong phng thc tp

Khng t

3. NHN BIT CC H CY THUC LP NGC LAN (MAGNOLIOPSIDA)


3.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau bi thc tp ny sinh vin phi: Nu c mt i din v nu c 3 c im in hnh ca 21 h thuc lp Ngc lan (Magnoliopsida). Phn tch ng v 5 bc hoa ca mt trong cc cy: Ngc lan ta (Michelia alba DC.), Hoa hng (Rosa sp.), Dm bt (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.), u vn (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), Ba gc (Rauvolfia vomitoria Afz. ex Spreng.), Hng nhu trng (Ocimum gratissimum L.) v Qu chm tho (Bidens pilosa L.). Nu c tn v h ting Vit ca 21 mu cy thuc 21 h ca lp Ngc lan da trn cc mu cnh mang l khng c nhn.
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3.2.

MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c C Mu vt 21 -30 mu cy i din 21 h cy hai l mm (mi h 1-2 cy) trong danh mc 150 cy cn nhn thc trang 85, khng trng vi cc mu trong bi Phng php nhn thc cy thuc (xem v nh du) Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni NI DUNG THC TP Nhn thc 21 mu cy c b tr theo danh mc theo cc phng php nhn thc thng thng. Lp danh mc v ghi li mi cy 3 c im ni bt nht. B Ngc lan (Magnoliales): Khng

@
TT 1 1.1

2 2.1 2.2 3.3.

3.3.1. Nhn thc cy thuc

3.3.1.1Phn lp Ngc Lan (Magnoliidae) (1) H Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae)

Ngc lan trng (Michelia alba DC.): Cy g to, l mc so le, thng xanh, chi c bao bng l km, khi rng li so dng nhn bao quanh thn, hoa c nhiu cnh i, nhiu nh, nhiu l non, tt c xp xon trn mt hoa li, qu t gm nhiu i (hnh 26). Hnh 26. Ngc lan hoa trng (Michelia alba DC.) Cnh mang hoa ; 2 - 4. Bao hoa vng ngoi cng, vng gia v vng trong cng; 5. Hoa ct dc ; 6. B nhy ; 7. Nh

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B Na (Annonales). (2) H Na (Annonaceae) Na (Annona squamosa L.): Cy g nh. Cnh mc ngang. L so le, thng xp thnh hai dy. Hoa c li, 3 l i, 3 cnh hoa nc, thm, xp vng, nhiu nh, nhiu nhy xp xon trn hoa li. B Long no (Laurales) : (3) H Long no: (Lauraceae) Cy Long no (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl.): Cy g, thn c nhiu l v. L mc so le, c mi thm, 3 gn t gc, c 2 tuyn nh gn gc phin l. Hoa c 3 l i, 3 cnh hoa, 12 nh xp thnh 4 vng trong c 3 nh lp, bao phn nt van. B H tiu (Piperales) : (4) H H tiu (Piperaceae) L lt (P. lolot DC.): Cy leo bng r bm. L mc so le, hnh tim, c mi thm. 3.3.1.2. Phn lp Hong lin (Ranunculidae) B Hong lin (Ranunculales) : (5) H tit d (Menispermaceae) C bnh vi (Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers): Dy leo bng thn qun. R c to. Phin l trn c gn ta trn. Hoa nh i gm 6 l i xp thnh 2 vng, cnh hoa 6, xp 2 vng, nh nhiu, l non nhiu ri nhau. B Cm chng (Caryophyllales) : (6). H Rau gin (Amaranthaceae) C xc (Achysanthes aspera L.): Cy c. L mc i, mp kha rng. Cm hoa bng ngn. Hoa c 5 l i, khng cnh, 5 nh, qu hp, qut li, l bc cn li bin thnh gai. B Rau rm (Polygonales) : (7). H Rau rm (Polygonaceae) H th (Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson): Dy leo bng thn qun, c r c. L hnh tim di, c b cha mng. Hm hoa dng c k l, hoa nh trng, qu 3 cnh.

3.3.1.3. Phn lp Cm chng (Caryophyllidae)

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3.3.1.4. Phn lp S (Dilleniidae) B B (Cucurbitales) : (8). H B (Cucurbitaceae) Gc (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng): Cy c r c, leo bng tua cun phn nhnh do cnh bin i. L mc so le, c 5 thy. Hoa n tnh, hoa ci mc ring l, cm hoa c chm. Qu loi b hnh trng nhn u, cha du c nhiu caroten (tin vitamin A), v c nhiu gai nh, khi chn mu . Ht dt v nhn nheo (gi l mc mit t). B Bng (Malvales): (9). H (Hnh 27) Bng (Malvaceae)

Bng tai (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. var. drummondii S. Chery. L.): Cy nh. L mc so le, 3 thy hoc gn nguyn kha rng, c cht nhy. Hoa ring l hoc thnh chm, hoa c cung di, c i ph, ri, 5 l i hn lin, 5 cnh hoa ri, nhiu nh hn lin thnh ng pha trn phn nhnh mi nhnh mang bao phn mt , b nhy 5 l non, nh non trung trc, vi nhy xuyn qua ng nh, nm nhy c 10 thy. Qu nc mu . B Gai (Urticales) H Du tm (Moraceae)

Hnh 27. Cy dm bt (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) A. Hoa ct dc; B. Hoa

(10) -

Du tm (Morus alba L.): Cy g nh, c nha m. L mc so le, hnh tim hay 3 thy, mp kha rng, c l km, hoa n tnh cng gc. Cm hoa c l bng. Hoa c c 4 l i, khng cnh, 4 nh, cm hoa ci bng, 4 l i, khng cnh, 2 l non. Qu kp gm nhiu hch. B Thu du (Euphorbiales):

(11). H Thu du (Euphorbiaceae). Thu du (Ricinus communis L.): Cyg nh, thn rng. L to mc so le, thy chn vt, c l km. Cm hoa chm. Hoa n tnh cng gc, hoa gm 5 l i , khng cnh, hoa c c nhiu nh ch nh phn nhnh, bao phn 1 , hoa ci c 3 l non. Qa nang. Ht c mo.
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3.3.1.5. Phn lp Hoa hng (Rosidae) B hoa hng (Rosales): (12). H Hoa hng (Rosaceae) Hoa hng (Rosa sp.) : Cy bi nh, thn, l c gai do lng dnh nhau to thnh. L kp lng chim l, 5 l cht, c l km. Hoa tring l hoc mc thnh chm, hoa u, lng tnh, hoa lm, 5 l i ri, 5-nhiu cnh hoa, trng hnh hoa hng, mu , biu b cnh hoa c nhiu ti tit tinh du, nhiu nh. i, trng, nh nh trn ming hoa, nhiu l non, ri, nh non bn. B u (Fabales) : (13). H u (Fabaceae) Cy ho (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott): Cy g nh. L mc so le, kp lng chim l, c l km. Cm hoa chm. Hoa lng tnh, khng u, 5 l i hn lin, trng hnh cnh bm, tin khai c, b nh 2 Hnh 28. Hoa Thn mt (Millettia b, 9 nh hn lin to hnh lng mng m ly ichthyochtona Drake) (A. Hoa nguyn vn; B. Hoa ct dc; C.B nh; D. Hoa ) bu, mt nh ring, b nhy 2 l non, bu 1 , nhiu non, nh non mp. B Cam (Rutales): (14). H Cam (Rutaceae) Cy Bi (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Osbeck) :

Hnh 29. Cy bi (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Osbeck) 1. L; 2. Cm hoa; 3. B nhy; 4. Bu b dc; 5. Ht; 6. Hoa - Cy g, cao 3-4m, thn cnh c gai. L mc so le, c cnh, c nhiu ti rit tinh du kiu dung sinh. Cm hoa chm. Hoa u lng tnh, 5 l i hn
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lin, 5 cnh hoa, nh nhiu, xp thnh nhiu b, a tuyn mt ngoi nh, 8-20 l non hn lin thnh bu nhiu , nh non trung trc. Qu loi cam. Ht nhiu trong mt bu (Hnh 29). B Cn (Apiales): (15). H nhn sm (Araliaceae) Ng gia b chn chim (Schefflera sp.): Cy g nh. L mc so le, c b l, kp chn vt, 5-8 l cht, v thn, cnh, l, r c mi thm c bit. Cm hoa chm tn, hoa lng tnh, nh, trng, u, mu 5, bu di. Cy rau m (Centella asiatica Urb.): Cy c, mc b. L mc so le, c b, phin l hnh thn, gn chn vt. Cm hoa tn n, hoa gm 1-5 hoa. B Long m (Gentianales): (17). H Trc o : (Apocynaceae) Cy Da cn (Catharanthus roseus Don): Cy c, cao 30-40 cm. L n, mc i, hnh bu dc, gn lng chim. Cm hoa xim ngn cnh hay k l. Hoa mu hng, u, lng tnh, 5 l i, ri, 5 cnh hoa, lin hnh inh, tin khai vn, 5 nh nh trn trng, hai l non ri bu, lin vi. Qu gm 2 i nh. C ph

(16). H Cn (Apiaceae) -

3.3.1.6. Phn lp Bc h (Lamidae)

(18). H (Rubiaceae) -

Cy M tam th (Paederia tomentosa Bl.): Dy leo. L n, nguyn mc i, c l km chung, c lng, c mi thm c bit. Cm hoa xim k l. Hoa mu tm, lng tnh, u, 4-5 l i nh lin, 4-5 cnh hoa, lin hnh ng, 4-5 nh nh trn trng. B C (Solanales) :

Hnh 30. Cm hoa, hoa, hoa cy Mu n (Ixora coccinea L.)

(19). H C (Solanaceae) Cy c c dc (Datura metel L.): Cy bi nh. L mc so le, n, gc l lch, c hin tng li cun. Hoa to, mc ring l k l, u lung tnh mu 5, 5 l i hn lin, 5 cnh hoa lin hnh phu, 5 nh nh trn
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trng, bao phn 2 , nt dc, 2 l non, bu 2 , c vch ngn. Qu nang c gai, ht nhiu, dt. B Bc h (Lamiales): (20). H Bc h (Lamiaceae) Hng nhu trng (Ocinum gratissinum L.): Cy c thn thit din vung. L mc i, cho ch thp. Cm hoa xim co. Hoa i xng hai bn, lng tnh, 5 l i hn lin, trng gm 5 cnh hoa, hn lin, pha trn chia thnh hai mi, 4 nh nh trn trng, b nh hai tri, 2 l non c vch ngn to thnh 4 . Qu ng t. Ton cy c lng tit chn n bo, u a bo, c mi thm du. B Cc (Asterales): (21). H Cc (Asteraceae) Qu chm tho (Bidens pilosa L.): Cy c. L kp lng chim, mc i, khng c l km. Cm hoa chm u, u c 2 loi hoa, mi hoa thng k mt l bc. Hoa hnh li nh i xng hai bn, i tiu gim, trng gm 5 cnh hoa hn lin gc, pha trn chia 3 thu, nh, nhy tiu gim. Hoa hnh ng u, lng tnh, 2 l i tiu gim thnh gai nh, 5 cnh hoa hn lin, pha trn chia 5 thu, 5 nh ch nh ri nh trn trng, bao phn hn lin thnh ng, khe nt m vo pha trong. 2 l non, bu di, 1 , 1 non, vi nhu chui qua ng bao phn, nm nhu 2 thu. Cu to ca hoa thch nghi cao vi th phn nh su b. Qu ng, ht c phi ln khng c ni nh (Hnh 31).

3.3.1.7. Phn lp Cc (Asteridae)

Hnh 31. Hoa Qu chm tho (Bidens pilosa L.) A, B, C, G: Hoa hnh li nh; E, F, H: Hoa hnh ng

3.3.2. Phn tch hoa cy thuc F F Phn tch mt trong cc hoa b tr trong phng thc tp theo 6 bc. Lp bng phn loi 21 mu cy nhn thc theo phng php lng phn, cn c vo cc c im hnh thi quan st c. V d i vi cc h trong bi thc tp c kho xc nh sau:
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3.3.3. Phn loi cc cy thuc nhn thc theo h

1. L non ri 2. Nhiu nh nhu xp xon 3. i trng xp xon.............................................. ..1. Magnoliaceae 3. i trng xp vng............................................. 2. Annonaceae 2. Nh nhu khng xp xon 3. Cy leo hoa mu 3......................................3. Mernispermaceae 3. Cy leo hoa mu 5..................................................4. Rosaceae 1 L non hn lin 2. Cnh phn, khng cnh 3. Cnh phn 4. Bao phn nt li g...........................................5. Lauraceae 4. Bao phn nt dc hoc nt l 5. c b cha..................................................... 6. Polygonaceae 5. Khng c b cha 6. B nh mt b ............................................. 7. Malvaceae 6. B nh ri. 7. Cm hoa tn 8. Cy tho.............................................. 8. Apiaceae 8. Cy g......................................9. Araliaceae 7. Cm hoa khng phi tn 8. Cy khng c ti tit tinh du, qu loi u..... 10. Fabaceae 8 Cy c ti tit tinh du, qu loi cam..... ............................................11. Rutaceae 3. Hoa khng cnh 4. Qu n 5. Cy c nha m..........................................12. Euphorbiaceae 5. Cy khng c nh m............................ 13. Amaranthaceae 4, Qu kp.................................................................14. Moraceae 2. Cnh lin 3. Bu trn 4. C nha m..................................................15. Apocynaceae 4. Khng c nha m 5. Trng u...................................................16. Solanaceae 5 Trng khng u..................................... ..17. Lamiaceae 3 Bu di. 4. C tua cun......................................... 18. Cucurbitaceae 4 Khng c tua cun 5. C l km chung.........................................19. Rubiaceae 5. Khng c l km chung.............................20. Asteraceae

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3.4. J TT 1 2 3 4

NH GI Sinh vin t nh gi kt qu theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp t Bn phn tch hoa 5 bc Danh mc cc mu cy c b tr ti phng th nghim v c im ni bt nht ca chng Nu c tn ting Vit ca cc mu cy thuc khng c nhn b tr trong phng thc tp Bng phn loi cc mu cy theo phng php lng phn Khng t

4. NHN BIT CC H V CY THUC THUC LP HNH (LILIOPSIDA)


4.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Nu c mt i din v 3 c im in hnh ca 20 h thuc lp Hnh (Liliopsida). Phn tch ng v 5 bc hoa mt trong cc cy Chui Musa paradisiaca L.), Hoa hu (Polianthes tuberosa L.) , S (Alpinia sp.), Kim cang (Smilax sp.), Cau (Areca catechu L.). Nu c tn v h ting Vit ca 20 mu cy thuc 20 h ca lp Hnh da trn cc mu cnh mang l khng c nhn. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 1.1 Mu vt, dng c v ho cht C Mu vt 20 -25 mu cy i din 20 h cy mt l mm (mi h 1-2 cy) trong danh mc 150 cy cn nhn thc trang 85, khng trng vi cc mu trong bi Phng php nhn thc cy thuc (xem v nh du) Dng c Knh lp cm tay Knh lp soi ni Khng

4.2.

2 2.1 2.2

58

4.3.

NI DUNG THC TP

4.3.1. Nhn thc cy thuc

Nhn thc 20 mu cy c b tr theo danh mc theo cc phng php nhn thc thng thng. Lp danh mc v ghi li mi cy 3 c im ni bt nht. 4.3.1.1. Phn lp Hnh B Loa kn trng (Liliales): (1). H La dn (Iridaceae) Cy R qut (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC): Cy c, c thn r. L hnh di hp ging nh ngn gio, xp thnh hai dy, gn l song song. B Thu tin (Amaryllidales): (2). H Hnh (Alliaceae) Cy Hnh ta (Allium ascalonicum L.): Cy c, c thn hnh o. L hnh tr, rng dng ng, mi thm. (3). H Thu tin (Amaryllidaceae) Cy Nng (Crinum asiaticum L.): Cy c, c thn hnh. L hnh di rng, nhn bng. B Thin mn (Asparagales): (4). H Thin mn (Asparagaceae) Cy Thin mn ng (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.): Cy leo. Cnh hnh l. L tht bin thnh vy. (5). H Tc tin (Convallariaceae) Cy Mch mn ng (Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker.-Gawl.): Cy c. L hnh di hp. (6). H Huyt gic (Dracaenaceae) Cy Bng bng (Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.): Cy g th cp, thn c so do vt l rng li. L mc thnh tm nh, khng cung. B Khc khc (Smilacales) (7). H Khc khc (Smilacaceae) Cy Kim cang (Smilax sp.): Dy leo nh tua cun do l km bin i thnh, c gai. Gn l cong hnh cung, xut pht t gc l. .B C nu (Dioscoreales): (8). H C nu (Dioscoreaceae) Cy C ci (Dioscorea alata L.): Dy leo nh thn qun. Thn c cnh. L c gn hnh cung. B Ru hm (Tacales): (9). H Ru hm (Taccaceae) Cy Hi u tho (Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Dreth.): Cy c c thn r. L chm thnh hoa th gc. Haemodolales : (10). H Ti voi ln (Hypocydaceae) Cy Sm cau l to (Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) Kuntze): Cy c, c thn r dng c, l c gn song song v ni r, hnh ci thuyn.
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.B Lan (Orchidales): (11). H Lan (Orchidaceae) Cy Lan: Cy c. L nc, nhn. B Gng (Zingiberales): (12). H Chui (Musaceae)

Hnh 32. Hoa chui (Musa paradisiaca L.)

1. Cy mang bung qu; 2. Hoa nguyn vn; 3. Hoa ct dc; 4. Hoa


Cy Chui (Musa paradisiaca L.): Cy c, c thn r. L ln, c b l di, m nhau thnh thn gi, l nguyn, gn l dng lng chim. Cm hoa mc xuyn qua thn kh sinh ln trn ngn. L bc ln. Mi k l bc c 1-3 hng hoa (thng l 2). Hoa i xng hai bn, c 3 loi hoa trn mt cm hoa: Hoa ci ( di), lng tnh ( gia) v c ( trn cng). Bao hoa dng cnh hoa, mu 3. B nh 5. B nhu 3 l non dnh nhau to thnh bu di (Hnh 32).

(13). H Gng (Zingiberaceae) Cy Sa nhn (Amomum villosum Lour.): Cy c, c thn r. L c b m nhau to thnh thn gi, xp hai dy, c li nh. (14). H Ma d (Costaceae) Cy Ma d (Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.): Cy c, c thn r. L xp xon. B Ci (Cyperales): (15). H Ci (Cyperaceae) Cy C bc u (Kyllinga nemoralis (Forst. et Forst. f.) Dandy ex Hutch.): Cy c, c thn r, mc b. Thn c thit din hnh tam gic. L xp 3 dy. B Thi li (Commelinales): (16). H Thi li (Commelinaceae) Cy Thi li ta (Commelina communis L.): Cy c lu nm, thn b. L c b kn.
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B La (Poales): (17). H La (Poaceae) (Hnh 33) Cy d (Coix lachrymajobi L.): Cy c. L c b v li nh, mp l sc do ph silic.

Hnh 33. Hoa la (Oryza sativa L.) 1. Cy mang cm qu; 2.Hoa; 3. Hoa

4.3.1.2. Phn lp Cau B Cau (Arecales): (18). H Cau (Arecaceae) (Hnh 34) Cy Mc (Caryota mitis Lour.): Cy thn ct. L thnh tm ngn, x thu lng chim. Hnh 34. Hoa cau (Areca catechu L.) A. Hoa c, B. Hoa ci, C. Hoa ci ct dc, D. Hoa ca hoa c, E. Hoa ca hoa ci.

B Da di (Padanales) : (19). H Da di (Padanaceae) Cy Da di (Pandanus tonkinensis Mart. ex Stone): Cy c thn ho g. L hp, di mt l hnh ch V, c 3 hng gai: hai hng mp l v mt hng gn l. B Ry (Arales) : (20). H Ry (Araceae)
Cy Ln t uyn (Raphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott.): Cy c, nc, leo bm trn cy khc. L x su, c hai hng l dc cnh gn l.

4.3.2. Phn tch hoa cy thuc

Phn tch mt trong cc hoa b tr trong phng thc tp theo 6 bc.


61

4.3.3. Phn loi cc cy thuc nhn thc theo h

Lp bng phn loi 20 mu cy nhn thc theo phng php lng phn, cn c vo cc c im hnh thi quan st c (xem cch thc hin bi trc). NH GI Sinh vin t nh gi kt qu theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Bn phn tch hoa 5 bc Danh mc 20 cc mu cy c b tr ti phng th nghim v c im ni bt nht ca chng. Nu c tn ting Vit ca 20 mu cy thuc khng c nhn b tr trong phng thc tp Bng phn loi cc mu cy theo phng php lng phn. t Khng t

4.4. J TT 1 2 3 4

5. PHNG PHP LM TIU BN CY KH


5.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp sinh vin phi lm c tiu bn thc vt kh hon chnh t thu mu n khu mu. 5.2. @ TT 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c v ho cht Mu vt Mu tiu bn cy thuc thu hi t vn (5 mu) Dng c Giy p cy Thng v cp ng cy Ti ni lon, ti da Cp p cy Ko ct cy, ko ct cnh cao Chai thy tinh hoc chai nha c ming rng Ti giy nh,ti ni lng nh Nhn eo Nhn tiu bn Bt ch en S thu mu Ba cng khu tiu bn Kim, ch Khay men
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Khng

TT 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 -

Mu vt, dng c v ho cht a thu tinh Thy ngn clorua Gng cao su T sy Tm quan trng ca tiu bn thc vt:

Khng

Qun l ngun ti nguyn thc vt ca mt a phng.

Lu gi mu ti nguyn thc vt phc v vic so mu trong cng tc nghin cu thc vt v dc liu, v cc mc ch kinh t khc. Xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy: Cy c ch ra hoa, kt qu theo ma, v nhiu loi ch phn b mt a phng nht nh trong mt nc, hoc khu vc no trn tri t. Tiu bn thc vt gip ta trong mt thi im v mt a im nht nh nht nh c c cc mu cy cn thit cho vic nghin cu hnh thi v gim nh tn cy. Mt s bo tng thc vt trn th gii: Trn th gii, t th k 16 c cc nh bo tng thc vt. Hin nay c n 1.000 bo tng thc vt trn ton th gii vi gn 120 triu tiu bn. Trung Quc c 370 phng tiu bn, vi tng s tiu bn l 16.135.347, trong s c 47 phng tiu bn c t 1.000.000 n 1.900.000 tiu bn. Phng tiu bn nh nht Ninh H (1.200 tiu bn ), phng tiu bn ln nht Vin Thc vt, thuc Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc (1.900.000 tiu bn). Theo Index Herbarium xut bn ln th 6 (nm 1974), trn th gii c cc bo tng thc vt ln sau: STT Tn Bo tng thc vt 1 2 3 Kew: The Herbarium and Library,(K) Leiden: Rijksherbarium, (L) Leningrad: Herbarium of the Department of Higher Plant, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, (LE) Pari: Musum National D'histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanrogamie, (P) Peking: Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, (PE) Cc phng tiu bn ln Vit nam: Phng tiu bn Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni (HNU), trong c mt phn tiu bn t thi thuc Php thuc.
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Nm thnh lp 1853 1573 1714

Slng tiu bn (1974) 4-5.000.000 2.500.000 5.000.000

4 5

1635 1950

6.000.000 750.000

Phng tiu bn Trng i hc Dc H Ni (HNIP), trong c mt phn tiu bn t thi thuc Php thuc. C nhiu mu cy thuc. Bo tng thc vt quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh (HN). Trong c nhiu tiu bn t thi Php thuc. C mu ca tt c cc h. Phng tiu bn quc gia t Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt (HN), thuc Trung tm Khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh quc gia. C mu ca tt c cc h. Phng tiu bn ca Vin Dc liu. Mu cy thuc. Phng tiu bn Phn vin Dc liu thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mu cy thuc. Phng tiu bn Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng, thuc B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn. Mu cc loi cy rng. Phng tiu bn Trng i hc Lm nghip Xun Mai. Mu cc loi cy rng. NI DUNG THC TP Thc hnh thu mu tiu bn:

5.3.

5.3.1. Thu mu tiu bn

i vi thc vt c hoa, cn thu mu c cnh l, hoa, qu, ht (mu mang b phn sinh sn). Tuy nhin nhiu khi khng c dp quay li hoc thi gian thu mu khng phi ma hoa, qu nn phi ly c nhng mu khng c hoa qa (mu khng mang b phn sinh sn). i vi dng x nn ly mu c thn r v c quan mang bo t. i vi ru, to ly c khm nh trong c cc c quan sinh sn. Nhng mu ly trn cng mt c th t mt qun th cy cng loi mc cnh nhau th mang cng mt s hiu. Cc mu ly t nhng c th khc nhau hay t nhng qun th cy khc nhau (mc d chng cng mt loi) phi mang cc s hiu khc nhau. S lng tiu bn cho mi s hiu cn t 3- 10 mu. Mi loi nn ly lp li 3- 4 s hiu cc c th khc nhau. trnh nhn ln, sau khi ly mu cn ghi ngay nhn bng bt ch ri eo vo mu. Trn nhn ghi mt s im cn thit nh s hiu mu, tn cy, ngy ly, ngi ly v ni ly. ng thi cn ghi y l lch ca mu vo s mu vi ni dung Khung 2. Ch nhn phi lm bng giy dai cng v phi vit r rng bng bt ch khng b nhu nt v m ch khi x l bng cn v khi ngm tm sau ny. mt sau ca trang l lch c th v mt s hnh cn thit. Ch nhng c im d mt khi mu c lm kh nh mu sc, mi, v, nha m, vv. hoc d bin dng khi cy b p kh.

64

Khung 2. Mu ghi chp mt mu tiu bn cy thuc S hiu mu (s hiu ca ngi thu mu) : ... Tn khoa hc : ............................................................ H :........................................................... Tn a phng : ..................................................................................................... Dng cy : ...................................... ng knh: ............. Cao: ............................ L:............................................................................................................................. Cm hoa:.................................................................................................. Hoa (mu sc, mi, kch thc):.............................................................................. Qu : ........................................................................................................................ Ht :.......................................................................................................................... Cc c im khc:................................................................................................... Cng dng :............................................................................................................... B phn dng :.......................................................................................................... Ch bin:................................................................................................................... Ni ly mu:............................................................................................................. cao: ................ To a l: Kinh : ............................ V : ..................... Ngy thu mu: .......................................... Ngi thu mu: .................................... Khi thu mu cn ch : Nn ly vo lc tri kh ro. - Mu cy mang qu to (tr nhng qu qu to khng th p c) th b dc qu, ch li phn gia nh vo cung qu p. i vi cc qu mng (qu C chua, qu i, vv.) nn ngm vo cn 700 hay dung dch focmon 3%, gi c hnh dng ca chng. - Nhng cy c qu, ht nh d ri rng nn gi ring qu, ht vo mt t giy, hoc cho vo phong b nh lm sn, ghi cng s hiu vi mu khng tht lc sau ny. - Nu l cy lm thuc, cn ly thm b phn s dng (v thn, r c, ht, v.v). 5.3.2. p v lm kh mu tiu bn (Hnh 35)

F Mu cy sau khi thu, c s l bng mt trong hai phng php : (i) Phng php kh : Mu c p phng v lm kh cng nhanh cng tt, c bit i vi cc b phn d hng nh hoa. Nu cy khng c lm kh nhanh th l, hoa d b thm en v rng khi cnh, c khi b thi, phi b i ; (ii) Phng php t : Mu c xng cn 70o v bo qun trong ti nilon, buc kn trnh bay hi cn, khi c iu kin mi p v lm kh. Cng c th p sn sau mi xng cn. Phng php ngy c p dng trong iu kin thi tit m t, hay trong mt chuyn i thc a di ngy, khng c iu kin phi hay sy hng ngy.
65

C th ta bt mt s l. Nu l di qa kh giy p th c th gp i li theo hnh ch V, hoc gp ba theo hnh ch N. Nu l qu ln th ct l ra lm nhiu phn ri ly on gc, gia v on cui i din cho c l. Trong trng hp ny, cn ghi li kch thc ca l l lch mu. Trong khi p cn lt ngc mt vi l. Tip tc p cc mu khc cho n khi tp cy p dy khong 15- 20 cm. Mi tp ny c p trong mt cp p v buc cht bng dy khng gin do nhit trong qu trnh phi hay sy. Hnh 35. Gi cch sp xp mu cy ln t bo trc khi p (a) nu l cy nh, t nhiu mu cho y t bo; (b) nu cy, l hoc hoa di, un cong chng thnh hnh ch V hoc ch N; (c) nu cc cnh di v rm, ta thn, mt s cnh nhnh v l, thn trng gi nguyn hnh dng chung; (d) hoa, qu hoc l n c th l ra bng cch b mt vi phn hoc b cong l; (e) th hin hai mt l v hoa; (f) nn ct lt qu v cnh ln thnh ming khng dy qu 2-3cm. Mu sau khi p cn lm kh bng 2 cch: (i) phi nng: mu cy chng kh, nn t cc cp p ch thong gi hoc phi nng (ii) sy, cho c cp p vo t sy (di 800 ). Sau vi gi phi hay sy, mu b ngt, cn tht li cp p cc mu c phng. Thay giy p hng ngy. Cc giy thay ra em phi kh dng li. Thay giy nhiu ln cho n kh (thng sau 3-4 ln thay giy). 5.3.3. Khu mu tiu bn

F Giy khu phi cng, c kch thc 28 - 42 cm. t mu cy ln t giy khu theo hnh dng t nhin ca cy v tin hnh khu. Cc mi khu cch nhau khong 3-5cm dc theo cnh, cung, gn l, cm hoa, hoa v qu (Hnh 36).

66

Hnh 36. Cch dn v khu mu A. Khu, dn ng; B Khu dn sai 1. Khu; 2. Dn

Ch cha mt gc pha di, bn phi mt khong trng c kch thc khong 10 x 13 cm dn nhn. Trn nhn ghi cc ni dung nh trnh by hnh 37. Trng i hc Dc H Ni Phng tiu bn cy thuc (HNIP) S: HNIP H thc vt: Ba V Tn khoa hc: Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill H: Dioscoreaceae Tn Vit Nam: C mi Tn a phng: C mi Ni thu mu: Thn S, x Ba V, huyn Ba V, tnh H Ty cao : 200 m ................... B phn dng: r c Cng dng: b Ngy thu mu: 15/06/1996 Ngi thu mu, s: Bich, 32 Ngi nh tn: L nh Bch Hnh 37. V d mt nhn tiu bn cy thuc c in y
67

Kinh :..V :

5.3.4. Bo qun tiu bn

Trc khi khu mu vo ba cn tm c cho mu cy, nhm gi mu c lu khng b mc mt. C th dng dung dch thu ngn clorua pha trong cn. Ngm tng mu 5-10 pht sau vt ra ro ri em sy kh.

Trong qu trnh gi mu chng mi mt xm nhp, c th dng bt DDT, naphtalen (bng phin) hoc nh k xng hi c bng mt s ha cht nh acid cyanhydric (HCN), carbon tetraclorua (CCl4) v carbon disunfua (CS2). 5.3.5. Sp xp v qun l tiu bn d tm kim, cc tiu bn cn c sp xp theo cc khu h thc vt, trong tng khu h thc vt li xp theo h, chi, loi theo th t a,b,c. Mt s h hoc chi (tu theo s loi nhiu hay t) c xp trong cc ngn t hoc hm ng mu. Mi tiu bn c mt t ba mng bao bn ngoi c ghi tn loi, cc loi trong mt chi li c bc trong mt ba chung c ghi tn chi. Cc chi cng h li c xp trong mt tp mu c ghi tn h.

S sch ghi chp qun l tiu bn: H S hiu S lng Tnh trng

STT Tn loi 1 2 ...

C th s dng cc phn mm my tnh qun l v tm kim thng tin nhanh chng hn nh BG-RECODER (phn mm chuyn dng cho vn thc vt v phng tiu bn), CDS/ISIS, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excell, vv.. 5.4. J TT 1 2 3 4 NH GI Sinh vin t nh gi kt qu theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp Thu mu tiu bn v ghi chp ng phng php X l v p tiu bn ng phng php Mi sinh vin lm 1 tiu bn hon chnh v np cho phng tiu bn HNIP vo cui k thc tp Khu tiu bn ng phng php t Khng t

6. PHNG PHP M T CY THUC


6.1. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: M t c mt cy thuc bng vn vit, hnh v v nh chp, da trn cc c im ca c quan dinh dng v c quan sinh sn.
68

6.2.

MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: Mu vt, dng c Mu vt Mu cy ti c mang hoa (3 mu bt k) Dng c Knh lp soi ni Kim mi mc u nhn Panh, kp a petri Dao lam My nh c c ng ni My nh k thut s My tnh Chn my nh Thc o NI DUNG THC TP Thc hnh m t cy thuc: C Khng

@
TT 1 1.1 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 6.3.

6.3.1. M t bng vn vit F M t mt mu cy thuc b tr trong phng th nghim theo ba qui tc m t cy" trong Khung 3. Khung 3. Qui tc m t cy thuc 1. R rng. 2. M t t tng qut n chi tit, t di ln trn, t ngoi vo trong. 3. Bt u cu vn bng ch cn m t. Bn m t cy cn ngn v logic. Ngn c ngha l loi b tt c cc t khng cn thit m vn r ngha. Logic ngha l phi m t t tng qut n chi tit cc b phn, bt u t di v kt thc trn cng ca b phn cn m t, t ngoi vo trong. Nh vy, vi mt cy cn m t theo th t r thn l hoa qu ht, i vi hoa cn m t cm hoa hoa (cung i trng b nh b nhu); vi l cy cn m t cung phin (gc mp ngn); vv. Cu trc thng gp ca mt cu vn m t l: Ch cn m t [s lng, hnh dng, kch thc, b mt, mu sc, phm cht, mi, v, cc c im cn ch khc]

69

Cn lu l khng phi tt c cc b phn cn m t u c y cc ni dung trn. V d cnh cy, l cy, vv. khng th nu s lng. V d mt on vn m t cy khng ng qui tc: y l cy dy leo. Ht c mu v l c lng mt di v mt trn mu xanh, trong khi c 10 nh nh trn hng trng mu xanh. Khng c l km, nhng c 5 i hoa, cc cnh i ny c ngn nhn hot v v cy c mu nu. Cy bi ny sng lu nm v c l kha rng ca v thun u, gc l nhn Bn m t ny cn rt s si, khng th d liu xc nh n loi. Tuy nhin, vi cc d liu sn c, on vn m t ny c th c sa li ng qui tc nh sau: Cy bi leo. V mu nu. L thun u, gc l nhn, mp l kha rng ca, mt trn mu xanh, mt di ph lng t. L km khng c. i 5, nhn. Trng mu xanh. Nh 10, nh trn hng trng. o ht mu . C hai cch m t: (i) M t phn tch: M t tt c nhng g chng ta thy, thng p dng khi ta cha quen bit cy cn m t, c bit i vi cc nh phn loi nghip d, (ii) m t chn on: Ch m t cc c im c bit phn bit c loi (hay bc phn loi) ny vi loi (hay bc phn loi) khc, thng p dng khi phn loi mt nhm cy cng bc phn loi (h, chi, loi). Trong m t cy thuc, thng p dng phng php m t phn tch, to ra mt bn m t phi y (cc b phn) v chi tit c thng tin phn bit v xc nh n loi (xem v d m t). 6.3.2. M t bng hnh v F M t bng hnh v mt cnh (phc ho), mt l (v chi tit) v phn tch hoa (xem bi phn tch hoa) theo cch sau :

6.3.2.1. Phc ho Ch v th hin khng gian 2 chiu, ch s dng ng bao v cc ng nt chnh bn trong ca b phn cn v. Bn v cho thy hnh dng chung ca b phn cn m t. Cch thc hin: C nh b phn cn v theo hng m t c r nht cc b phn ca chng, ch c ngun sng y . V bng bt ch en. bn v ging, cn tun theo hnh dng, t l ca vt cn v. 6.3.2.2. V chi tit L cch v th hin khng gian 3 chiu bng cch nh bng cc v tr khut sng ca vt cn v. Bn v ging nh vt cn m t. Cch thc hin: Sau khi v phc, c th nh bng cc hnh v ny bng cch chm hay dng ng vch vi mt khc nhau th hin cc v tr khut sng ca vt (Hnh 38).
70

Hnh 38. Mt s kiu m t bng hnh v A. Phc ho bng mt ng nt; B. V chi tit c nh bng bng nh chm; C. V chi tit c nh bng bng ng gch 6.3.2.3. Ch thch bn v Mt bn v cn c ch thch, trong gii thch ch v cc b phn chi tit mun th hin (Hnh 39 trang 62). 6.3.3. M t bng nh chp F M t bng nh chp mt cnh mang l v mt phn chi tit ca hoa theo cch sau:

6.3.3.1. M t hnh dng chung ca cy L chp mt bc nh cy thuc c nhiu b phn, thng c p dng chp mt cy, cnh mang l, mt cm hoa, vv. Cch thc hin: Chp hnh dng chung ca mt cy: ng cch cy cn chp khong cch hp l sao cho cy cn chp th hin ht trn ng knh. Cn xc nh ngun sng, thng l mt tri, n t hng no quyt nh hng chp. Khng nn chp ngc sng, ngha l cy cn chp nm gia ngi v ngun sng. Nn chp xui sng, ngha l ngi chp v ngun sng nm v mt pha so vi cy cn chp, hay chch sng. Chp chch sng thng cho bc nh c chiu su v r rng (Hnh 40). Tu theo hnh dng cy, c th chp theo kiu chn dung (portrait) hay kiu phong cnh (landscape). Chp mt cnh mang l: C nh cnh l cn chp ni c ngun sng y , theo hng t nhin (xui hay ngc tu loi), pha sau cn t phng trnh nhiu thng tin trong nh chp. Khong cch chp tu thuc ln ca cnh mang l, sao cho ch cn chp y trn khun hnh.

71

Hnh 39. Bn v chi tit mt cnh mang l, hoa, qa cy Vang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) s dng cch nh bng bng chm

6.3.3.2. M t mt chi tit mt b phn (chp c t) L chp mt bc nh ch th hin mt ch , c li gn. Thng c p dng m t cc b phn c kch thc nh nh mt bng hoa, nh hoa, gn l, l km, vv.

Hnh 40. Cc hng chp nh A. Chp ngc sng, B. Chp xui sng, C. Chp chch sng Cch thc hin : Chp qua knh lp soi ni : Lp h thng chp nh vo knh lp soi ni. C th s dng my nh c hay my nh k thut s. t b phn cn chp trn mt a petri c th xoay cc hng mt cch d dng. Soi v chn hng th hin b phn cn chp r nht v bm my. bc nh c chiu su, cn iu chnh nh sng nhn to, nh bng n, cc gc xin so vi b phn cn chp. C th th hin kch thc ca vt cn chp bng cch t mt t giy li, c kch thc n milimet, ln trn a petri, sau t vt cn chp ln t giy ny.
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Chp bng my nh c hc c ng ni : Lp ng ni vo my c, gia thn my v ng knh. Tu thuc kch thc b phn cn chp m ni cc on ng vi nhau thch hp. Cc b phn cn chp cng nh th ng ni cng c ko di hn. C nh my nh vo chn my. t vt cn chp trn phng c mu sao cho vt tng phn vi phng chp r nht. Cn t mt thc, chia n milimet, bn cnh vt cn chp. iu chnh nt ca my sao cho b phn cn chp hin r nht. Bm my mt cch nh nhng trnh rung my. Tt hn l dng dy bm my ko di. V d m t cy thuc 1. M t bng vn vit theo phng php m t phn tch Cy Sa nhn (Amomum villosum Lour. var. villosum T.L.Wu ex Senjen Chen, Zingiberaceae) Cy c, cao 1-3m. Thn r mc b lan trn mt t, ng knh 1-1.5cm, c bao bi cc b mu nu. L xp hai dy, so le, khng cung. Phin l hnh elip hp , di 30-40cm, rng 5-9cm, ch s l 4-6m; gc l trn; mp l nguyn; ngn l ko di thnh ui di 2-3cm; mt trn xanh m, bng, nhn; mt di xanh nht, nhn; mi thm du. Li nh 5-7mm, xanh nht, dai; mp nguyn; ngn thun u, trn hay lm. Cm hoa dng bng, mc ri rc t thn r gn hay xa thn kh sinh, di 5-16cm (khi hoa n). Cung cm hoa mnh khnh, di 3-12cm, k. 0,3-0,5cm, mang 5-7 b mu nu nht, hnh elip, cc b ny to dn t di ln trn, chng thi ra khi hoa n. Hoa 5-11 trn mt cm, nhn chung mu trng. Cung hoa rt ngn, ph lng mn. L bc ngoi hnh elip, di 1,8-2cm, rng 6mm, nu; gc c lng mn; mp nguyn hay hi kha rng; ngn c mi nhn. L bc trong dng ng, bao ly 1/3 pha di ca ng i v ng trng, di 1-1,6cm, trn chia 2 rng, cc rng c lng mn. i 3, dnh nhau to thnh ng, di 1,5-2cm, phn di trng, phn trn hi nu, chia 3 rng, nhn. Trng 3, dnh nhau to thnh ng di 22,5cm, trng, nhn, trn chia 3 thu; thu gia ln nht, hnh trng ngc, di 1,5-2cm, rng 5-6mm, khum nh ci thuyn, mp nguyn, ngn c m; hai thu bn b hn, khng c m. Cnh mi trn, rt lm dng ci tha, di rng 1,62cm; gc cnh mi do gn gia ko di, un cong 1 gc 90o so vi trc hoa, c 2 cnh nh 2 bn; 2 bn mp nguyn; ngn li, chia 2 thu nh, n v pha trc hay cun ra pha sau; gn gia dy, na pha di c 2 dy chm-rch mu ta, chuyn sang vng na pha trn; t gn gia c 5-8 i gn ph trong m
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to ra 2 bn cnh mi. B nh 1, c ch nh di bng bao phn. Ch nh dy, nc, di 6-7mm, rng 2mm, trng, nhn. Bao phn di 6-7mm, rng 4mm, trng, nhn, cong v pha cnh mi; trung i c mo. Mo chia 3 thu ring bit, trng, nc; thu gia cao 2-3mm, rng 4-6mm, ngn trn, cun ra sau; hai thu bn b hn, vnh ra 2 bn nh 2 ci tai. B nhu do 3 l non to thnh bu di. Bu gn trn, trng, ph lng mn; vi nhu trng, mnh, pha di nhn, trn c lng tha; nm nhu gn trn, nhn, c ming. Vi nhu lp 2, di 2-3mm, trng, nc, ngn li. Cm qu c 1-5 qu. Qu hnh cu, k. 1-2cm; cung qu di 1-2mm; b mt ph gai mn, cong hay dng ng, nguyn hay x hai; trong c 3 , 10-25 ht. Ht c nhiu gc, k. 2-3mm, ph o ht; b mt ht c nhiu gai-u nh; c mi thm c bit v v cay khi chn. Ch k ca ngi m t Nguyn Vn Gip 2. M t bng hnh v theo phng php m t phn tch (Hnh 41)

Hnh 41. Cy Sa nhn (Amomum villosum Lour. var. villosum T.L.Wu ex Senjen Chen) 1. Dng thn r ; 2. Thn kh sinh mang l; 3. Li nh, nhn nghing (3a) v nhn thng (3b); 4. Dng chung ca cm hoa; 5. Cm qu; 6. Mt hoa nguyn vn; 7. L bc ngoi; 8. L bc trong; 9. i hoa; 10. Thu gia v thu bn ca trng hoa; 11. Cnh mi, nhn nghing (11a) v nhn thng (11b); 12. B nh; 13. Bu v vi nhy lp; 14. Phn trn ca vi nhu v nm nhu; 15. Khi ht; 16. B mt ht.
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3.

M t bng nh chp c t (Hnh 42)

Hnh 42. Cy S (Alpinia sp.) 1. Cm hoa; 2. Hoa nguyn vn; 3. i hoa; 4. Trng hoa; 5. Cnh mi; 6. Nh lp dng di gc cnh mi; 7. Bu v vi nhy, vi nhy lp; 8. B nh 6.4. J TT 1 2 3 NH GI Mi sinh vin nh gi bn m t ca ngi khc trong t (theo ch nh ca ging vin), theo bng kim sau: Ni dung thc tp M t bng vn vit ng qui tc M t bng hnh v, c ch thch ng cch M t bng nh chp chi tit, c ch thch ng cch t Khng t

7. PHNG PHP XC NH TN CY
7.1. 7.2. MC TIU HC TP Sau khi thc tp xong bi ny, sinh vin phi: Xc nh c tn khoa hc (n bc chi) ca mt mu cy thuc, da trn b kho phn loi ca Lecomte. MU VT V DNG C Sinh vin kim tra v nh du vo bng kim sau: TT 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 Mu vt, dng c Mu vt Mu cy ti c mang hoa (3 mu m t phn trc) Bn m t cy thuc thc hin bi trc Dng c B kho phn loi n chi ca Lecomte (ting Vit) B kho phn loi n h ca Thonner (ting Anh) C Khng

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7.3.

NI DUNG THC TP

7.3.1. Tm hiu kho phn loi (Identification key) Trong vic tm hiu cy thuc cng nh nghin cu v cy c, tn khoa hc ca mt loi cy c vai tr nh mt t kho m ra cc hiu bit ca nhn loi v loi cy ny thng qua cc h thng thng tin khc nhau. V vy, xc nh ng tn khoa hc l vic v cng quan trng trong tm hiu, nghin cu cy thuc, nhm tit kin sc lc, tin bc v thi gian. xc nh tn khoa hc, ta c th gi mu cho mt nh phn loi chuyn nghip, cc nh phn loi chuyn nghip ny ch cn lic nhn cng c th cho ta bit tn khoa hc ca mu, c bit l cc mu thuc v cc bc phn loi quen thuc ca nh phn loi chuyn nghip . Ta cng c th t xc nh da trn cc b kho phn loi. Kho phn loi l tp hp cc li khai l cc cu hi cn tr li khi ta mun xc nh tn cy. Mt c im no ca cy (v d cch mc ca l) c trnh by thnh mt b li khai, gm mt cp cu cng tr li c im (v d l mc i v l mc so le). Cp cu ny dn chng ta n 2 hung khc nhau v c nh vy cho n khi xc nh c bc phn loi cn bit (v d nh loi, chi hay h). s dng c kho phn loi, trc ht ta cn nm chc cc c im ca mu cn xc nh. iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic m t cy theo phng php m t phn tch (xem phn trc). Bc tip theo l xc nh tn khoa hc ca mu, da trn ng dn ca kho v i theo cc li khai ph hp vi mu (v d nh l mc i c l km bu di vv. cho n khi xc nh c tn ca mu. F Sinh vin lm quen vi cc b kho phn loi: B kho phn loi n chi ca Lecomte (ting Vit): c xy dng theo kiu kho tht, trong mi cp c im c vit tht vo mt cp. B kho phn loi n h ca Thonner (ting Anh): c xy dng theo kiu kho trong ngoc, trong mi nhm c im c kt thc bng tn bc phn loi cn xc nh hay ch dn n con s tip theo. 7.3.2. Thc hnh xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy thuc F Xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy thuc m t bi trc, s dng mt trong 2 hay c 2 b kho phn loi ca Lecomte (ting Vit) v ca Thonner (ting Anh). Lp bin bn xc nh tn khoa hc, bao gm tiu , tn ting Vit ca cy thuc, ni dung xc nh (tm tt ng dn), kt lun v k tn. Kt qu gim nh l tn khoa hc (n chi) ca mu cy . 7.4. NH GI J Sinh vin t nh gi kt qu theo bng kim sau: t Khng t TT Ni dung thc tp 1. Bin bn gim nh tn khoa hc 2. Tn khoa hc ca mu m t ng
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PHN 2 CC DNG C, HA CHT, THIT B DNG TRONG THC TP THC VT V NHN BIT CY THUC
1. DNG C V HA CHT LM TIU BN VI PHU
1.1. DNG C 1.1.1. Knh hin vi quang hc 1.1.1.1. Khi nim Knh hin vi quang hc l mt dng c cn thit cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc. Nh n m c th thy c nhng cu to rt nh, khng nhn thy c bng mt thng hoc bng knh lp cm tay. Knh hin vi quang hc c nhiu loi, nhiu kiu khc nhau v hnh dng v cch b tr cc b phn song nhng nguyn tc cu to, v c bn l nh nhau. Nguyn tc quang hc ca knh hin vi: Phn quang hc ca knh hin vi c cu to bi hai h thng thu knh hi t, mi h thng hot ng nh mt knh lp. H thng thu knh quay v vt quan st gi l vt knh, cn h thng thu knh quay v pha mt nhn gi l th knh.Vt quan st AB c t trc vt knh mt khong cch ln hn tiu c ca vt knh mt cht. nh tht o ngc AB ca vt s thu c bn kia vt knh, nm trong khong tiu c ca th knh. Th knh hot ng nh mt knh lp. Qua th knh, ta s thy c nh o AB c phng to ln ca nh tht AB. Cc b phn chnh ca knh hin vi: Hnh 43. Cch s dng knh hin vi: Knh hin vi l mt loi my mc chnh xc, cn phi bit s dng v bo qun m bo chnh xc trong nghin cu v khng h hng. Chun b knh: Khi quan st, knh cn c t trn bn mt cch chc chn, ni c nh sng t nhin hoc c n. Ngi ngi quan st khng cao qu hoc thp qu so vi knh. i vi mt s knh, khi cn c th nghing knh mt gc 10-150 cho va tm mt. Khi dng xong, lau bn ngoi knh bng khn mm v sch. Chiu sng: i vi knh hin vi c n chiu sng trong chn knh th ch cn cm in ri bt n. Khi cn th iu chnh t quang sao cho nh sng tp trung vo knh trng tt nht. i vi nhng knh hin vi phi dng gng ly nh sng t bn ngoi th lm nh sau:

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Nu dng nh sng t nhin th quay mt phng ca gng ra pha ca s tp trung nh sng vo knh (dng nh sng khuych tn, khng nh sng chiu thng vo gng lm chi mt ngi soi knh). Nu dng nh sng n th quay mt lm ca gng v pha c ngun sng tp trung nh sng vo knh. Sau , m ht cc chn sng, xoay vt knh c phng i b nht vo ng trc ca ng knh. Nhn vo th knh v iu chnh gng ly nh sng vo knh. Khi no thy knh trng sng nht v sng u l c (nu nh sng chi qu th ng bt cc chn sng).

Hnh 43. Knh hin vi quang hc 1. Th knh; 2. Gi th knh (c th quay 1800); 3. Thn my; 4. Bn xoay vt knh; 5. Vt knh; 6. Tiu bn; 7. Mm knh t tiu bn; 8. Vng chit sng; 9. Ngun sng; 10. Chn knh; 11. Nm di chuyn tiu bn; 12. c vi cp; 13. c i cp; 14. Thanh trt

Quan st: t tiu bn ln mm knh v cp cht li. iu chnh cho vt cn quan st vo ng gia l thng trn mm knh. Bao gi cng quan st vi vt knh nh nht trc ri ln lt n cc vt knh ln hn sau. Mt s iu cn ch : c vi cp chuyn ng c c 2 chiu, mi chiu t nht 2 vng. Nu ang vn m thy c b kt cng th phi dng li ngay v quay ngc chiu. Tuyt i khng c dng sc mnh vn tip v s lm hng b phn ny. Trong trng hp ny, phi dng c iu chnh th nng hay h ng knh, n khi nhn thy vt soi ri mi dng c vi cp iu chnh thm cho r nt. nh thy trong knh hin vi lun lun ngc chiu vi vt quan st. V vy, cho hnh nh trong knh thun chiu, d quan st, khi t tiu bn ln mm knh phi quay ngc li vi chiu mun c. Khi di chuyn tiu bn trn mm knh cng phi chuyn ngc vi chiu mnh mun. Khi quan st, cn thng xuyn vn c vi cp ln xung quan st c y trn cc mt phng khc nhau ca vi phu.
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Ngi ta quy c chia v tr trn knh trng nh trn mt knh ng h (chia t 1 n 12 gi) c th trao i d dng cng vic vi nhau.

1.1.2. Knh lp cm tay L mt dng c quang hc n gin dng nhn nhng vt nh. Khi quan st mt vt qua knh lp, ta trng thy mt nh o ca vt ln hn vt, do c th nhn r nhiu chi tit hn khi nhn trc tip bng mt thng. Thng thng, knh lp l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c t 1-2cm n 510cm, c lp vo mt khung bng kim loi hay bng nha. C loi c tay cm (hnh 44.1), c loi c xp vo trong mt v nha bo v mt knh khi khng dng n. V hnh dng, knh lp c nhiu kiu khc nhau, phng to t vi ln n 20 ln. l mt dng c thng dng, nht l khi quan st ngoi thin nhin. 1.1.3. My ct mng cm tay (microtom) Dng ct tiu bn vi s lng ln. L mt dng c bng kim loi, c 2 phn (hnh 44.2): phn ngoi l mt ng hnh tr rng, ng knh chng 15mm, u trn ca ng ny gn vi mt mt phng trn cng bng kim loi, dng lm mt trt cho li dao khi ct. Phn trong l mt trc y, pha di trc c chn rng cho my ng thng v vn xoay trc. Hai phn ny ni vi nhau bng mt h thng ng xon c dng lm c vi cp.

Hnh 44. Mt s dng c thng dng lm tiu bn vi hc 1. Knh lp cm tay, 2. My ct mng cm tay

1 2 1.1.4. Dao ct vi phu Loi dao ny ging nh con dao co ca hiu ct tc nhng khc ch c mt mt phng v mt mt lm. y l loi dao chuyn dng ct lt mng thc vt khi dng my ct mng cm tay. Khi dng dao cn ch : Dao ny ch dng ct lt mng thc vt, khng dng vo mc ch khc (nh ct khoai, gt bt ch, vv.); Khi dng xong, cn lau sch li dao v trc khi ct i phi bi
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mt lp du chng g; Tr lc dng, dao phi lun c gp li trnh trng hp v b t tay hoc va chm vo vt cng lm hng dao. 1.1.5. Dao co (dao lam) Cng dng ct lt mng thc vt khi cm vt ct trc tip. Cn lu khng k mu cn ct ln cc vt liu cng nh st, knh, gch men, vv. v li dao s chng b cn. 1.1.6. Kim mi mc Dng trong phn tch hoa, bc, tch biu b, vv. Kim mi mc lm bng kim loi ( ng, inox, vv.), thit din hnh tr (di khong 15cm, ng knh 2mm), mt u t v u cn li dt hnh mi mc, hai cnh sc. 1.1.7. L knh v phin knh Dng ln tiu bn, bao gm: L knh, c nhiu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, thng hnh vung (10x10mm, 18x18mm hoc 24x24mm), c khi hnh ch nht (25x50mm) hoc hnh trn (ng knh 18mm). dy trung bnh l 0,17mm (c th dao ng t 0,15-0,19mm); Phin knh, hnh ch nht (26x76mm), dy khong 1mm. 1.1.8. Mt knh ng h Dng ng thuc nhum, thuc ty v thao tc trong qu trnh ty, ra v nhum tiu bn. Hnh trn, y lm, c nhiu kch thc khc nhau. 1.1.9. a petri Hnh trn, y phng, c thnh cao khong 1-1,5cm. 2.2. Ho cht 2.2.1. Cloramin Dng ty cc ni dung bn trong t bo ca tiu bn. L bt kt tinh hoc tinh th, mu trng hay hi vng, c mi clo, d tan trong nc, tan c trong cn; khng tan trong ete, cloroform v benzen. C 2 loi cloramin: Cloramin B cha t 25-29% clo hot ng v cloramin T cha t 24-26% clo hot ng. Cloramin B 5% trong nc thng dng lm sng tiu bn, loi b cc thnh phn cha trong t bo v ty mu. Bo qun trong chai thu tinh mu, c nt tht kn v ni mt. 2.2.2. Cloranhydrat ( CCl3- CH(OH)2) Dng ph hu cc thnh phn trong t bo, k c ht tinh bt (tr tinh th canxi oxalat). Do vy, dung dch m c cloranhydrat trong nc lm sng vi phu hoc soi bt dc liu. L bt kt tinh hoc tinh th, khng mu, mi mnh c bit, v hi ng, d tan trong nc v ete, cng tan trong cn v cloroform.
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Cng thc pha: Cloranhydrat Glycerin Nc ct 160g 50ml 100ml

2.2.3. Acid acetic ( CH3- COOH) Dng pha cc loi dung dch c nh, thuc nhum hoc pha nc ra vi phu sau khi ty trng bng Cloramin. L cht lng, khng mu, trong sut, v chua, mi mnh c bit, tan trong nc, cn, ete, glycerin, du bo v tinh du; khng tan trong CS2. 2.2.4. Xanh methylen Dng nhum cc t bo c vch ho g. L bt kt tinh, mu xanh xm, gn nh khng mi, bn vng trong khng kh, tan trong nc, cn v cloroform; khng tan trong ete. Thng dng dung dch pha rt long trong nc ct ( t 1/1000 n 1/10000). Dung dch xanh methylen trong phng th nghim thng pha vi nng 0,5% bo qun c lu, do vy khi dng nhum vi phu cn phi pha long. 2.2.5. carmin ( Son phn) nhum cc t bo c vch bng cellulose. L bt mu , c chit t cht bi tit ca con b da Coccus cacti (sng k sinh trn mt loi xng rng mc Nam M). Tan trong nc, ru ethylic, acid sulfuric v amoniac. Thng dng dung dch carmin phn chua (Son phn): Cch pha: Ly 1g phn chua (K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O), v 2 g son phn vo ci, nghin nh, cho vo 200ml nc ct, un nng ho tan. Khi un khuy u. ngui, lc. Cho thm 1ml formon hoc 1g phenol bo qun. 2.2.6. Glycerin (C3H8O3) Glycerin thng dng trong k thut hin vi : (1) Lm cht lng khi ln knh i vi nhng tiu bn xem ngay (dng c hoc pha long vi nc theo t l 1/1); (2) Pha vi cn theo t l1/1 ngm mm cc nguyn liu cng rn nh g (lm mm trc khi ct) v pha mt s dung dch khc. L cht lng, snh, trong sut, khng mu, v nng v ngt, trn ln trong nc v cn theo bt c t l no; khng tan trong ete, cloroform, benzen, du m v tinh du, ch s khc x nD= 1,456. Khi tip xc vi khng kh m, glycerin c kh nng ht nc (c th ht n 1/4 th tch ca n). Nhc im ca glycerin l lm cho l knh d b x dch, kh lau sch tiu bn v kh gn mp l knh trong trng hp cn thit. Glycerin cn c nh hng khng tt n mu sc ca vi phu nhum.

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2. DNG C V HA CHT LM MU KH V MU NGM CA CY THUC


2.1. DNG C DNG KHI THU MU TIU BN 2.1.1. Ti ni lon Dng gi mu trong ngy i thc a mu khi ho, qun. Nn dng loi ti c ln (50 x 100 cm), dy. 2.1.2. Bao ti Dng ng mu, bo v ti nilon khi rch trong qu trnh vn chuyn v thao tc. Ti nilon c lng vo bao ti trc khi cho mu vo. 2.1.3. Ko ct cy, ko ct cnh cao Ko ct cy dng ct mu, to ra vt ct thng gc mu khng chc thng ti. Ko ct cnh cao c cn di (gm mt s on c th ni nhau mang i cho thun tin) v c dy git ct nhng cnh cao. 2.1.4. Hp carton Dng ng v vn chuyn mu ngm. Dng cc c khc nhau, ph hp vi c mu. Mu ngm trong cn c cho vo ti nilon, buc kn v xp gn vo hp carton. 2.1.5. Chai thy tinh hoc chai nha Dng loi c ming rng, nt kn, ng sn cn 700 ngm hoa, qu mng gi c hnh dng ca chng v nhng b phn cn c nh nghin cu v cu to gii phu. 2.1.6. Ti giy nh, ti nilon nh Dng ng nhng b phn ca cy d ri vi v nhng mu vt nh nh nm, ru, a y hay cc b phn ca hoa. 2.1.7. Nhn eo nh s hiu mu cho mi cy hoc b phn ca cy trc khi cho vo ti ng mu hoc a vo cp p trn thc a. iu ny m bo b su tp ca cc loi khc nhau s khng b trn ln v bt k phn no ca mu b ri ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn hoc cm nm tr li cho b p thch hp. Dng giy dy, chc, c b mt rp ( c th vit bng bt ch d dng). Nhn thng c kch thc 4 x 6 cm. Dy eo bng nilon c chiu di gp ri chiu di ca nhn c th lng nhn qua cnh ca mu tiu bn. 2.1.8. S ghi chp thc a Dng lu li ghi chp v a im thu mu, cc s o ca cy, nhng iu quan st c v thm thc vt xung quanh v cc chi tit cn thit khc nh c m t khung 4 (in sn mt phn). S phi m bo cht lng trong iu kin thc a, nh phi bn, d m v cc trang khng c dnh vo nhau
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khi b m. Nn chn loi giy cht lng cao khng thm nc v khng c axit c th lu tr d liu gc c lu. Khung 4. Mu mt s thu mu cy thuc c in sn mt phn S hiu mu (s hiu ca ngi thu mu) : ... Tn khoa hc :........................................................................................................ H :........................................................................................................................ Tn a phng : ................................................................................................... Dng cy : .........................ng knh: ............. Cao: ....................................... L: ....................................................................................................................... Cm hoa:............................................................................................................... Hoa (mu sc, mi, kch thc): .......................................................................... Qu : .................................................................................................................... Ht : ....................................................................................................................... Cc c im khc : .............................................................................................. Cng dng : ........................................................................................................... B phn dng : ...................................................................................................... Ch bin: ............................................................................................................... Ni ly mu: .......................................................................................................... cao: ................ To a l: Kinh : ................... V : ............................ Ngy thu mu: ........................... Ngi thu mu: ................................................ 2.1.9. Bt ch S dng bt ch thng, hoc bt ch kim, mu en. 2.1.10.a bn v bn khu vc nghin cu Dng xc nh v tr khu vc thu mu v phng hng ti thc a. Thng dng bn c t l 1/10.000 hay 1/25.000. 2.1.11.My o cao Dng xc nh cao tuyt i so vi mt bin ca v tr thu mu. My hot ng da trn nguyn tc p sut kh quyn. Cn iu chnh cao da trn mt mc bit hng ngy, trc khi i thu mu. 2.1.12.My thu GPS (GPS- Global Positioning System) GPS l h thng xc nh v tr da trn v tr ca cc v tinh nhn to, do B Quc phng Hoa K thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v qun l. My thu GPS dng xc nh to a l, cao ca khu vc thu mu, dn ng, v bn , tnh vn tc, chiu di, din tch v chu vi ng i,.My thu phi nhn c tn hiu ca t nht ba v tinh tnh ra v tr hai chiu (kinh v v ) v theo di c chuyn ng. Khi nhn c tn hiu ca t nht 4 v tinh th
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my thu c th tnh c v tr ba chiu (kinh , v v cao). Cc my thu hin nay c th bt tn hiu rng rm rp, khe su hoc thnh ph vi ta nh cao tng. chnh xc c th ti 3m

1 Hnh 45. 1. V tinh GPS; 2. My thu GPS - GPSMAP. 60CSx ca hng Garmin c th thu ng thi 12 knh song song (12 v tinh) 2.1.13.My nh, phim chp m bn, dng bn (xem mc 5, trang 79) 2.1.14.Nhng dng c khc

Dao con, dao i rng, xng nh, ca tay nh: Dng o t (thu cc b phn di t nh r, c, thn r, vv.). 2.1.15.Lu i rng C nhiu loi khc nhau, nn s dng loi ca Trung Quc hay Thi Lan v c bn. Cc loi lu ny c th chng c cn trng rt nh xm nhp nh mui, vt, vv. 2.1.16.Trang b c nhn Giy i rng, tt chng vt, chng mui, o ma, m nn, bi ng ng nc ung, ti vi ng nhng th lt vt mang theo ngi, thuc cp cu ti thiu, lng thc thc phm, ti ng, vv. 2.2. DNG C LM TIU BN MU CY KH (Hnh 46) 2.2.1. Giy p mu cy Giy xp, dy, d ht nc, c kh 28 x 40 cm. Tt nht l giy bn. C th dng giy bo. 2.2.2. Thng v cp ng cy Dng ng mu cy trong qu trnh thu mu. C th thay bng ti nilon v bao ti.

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C E

B D A D Hnh 46. Dng c ly cy v p mu bb bb A, B. Cp p cy; C. Ko ct cy; D. Thng ng cy; E. Ko ct cnh trn bb cao

2.2.3. Cp p Dng p mu trong qu trnh lm kh. Gm 2 khung g c cc thanh ngang dc thnh hnh vung, kch thc khong 30 x 45cm, km theo dy thng hoc dy vi, l cc loi dy khng b gin do nhit cao trong qu trnh phi hay sy. 2.2.4. Ba Carton Dng m gia cc lp mu p bng giy bo, nhm tng kh nng thot hi m trong mu. 2.2.5. T sy in Dng loi t c dung tch t nht l 200 cm3, c th iu chnh nhit . 2.2.6. My sy in Dng trong trong trng hp khng c t sy in. C th dng loi my sy c qut thi ca Nga. 2.2.7. L sy t to Dng trong trng hp cn lm kh mu ni khng c in (Hnh 47).

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Hnh 47. Mt mu l sy t to dng sy mu ti thc a Ton b l sy c che bng tm kim loi c c l hnh tam gic. Tm li kim loi v khung g, c t bn trong l sy, gi cp p cy, trnh cc phn cy ri xung thit b cp nhit v ng thi cng l mt b sy phn cy. (Theo Gary J. Martin (1997) Dng c tm clorua thu ngn 2.2.8. Khay trng men Dng ng dung dch thu ngn clorua trong cn. Dng loi c kch thc 30 x 50 cm. 2.2.9. a thu tinh Dng gp mu trong qu trnh tm thu ngn clorua. Dng c v vt liu trnh by mu 2.2.10.Ba cng Dng khu tiu bn. Nn chn loi ba cng, mu trng, khng c acid c th tn ti lu di v mu tiu bn thng c lu tr rt lu. 2.2.11.Kim, ch Dng khu mu. Nn dng loi bn. 2.2.12.Nhn tiu bn Khung 5. Mt mu nhn tiu bn Tn c quan lu tr tiu bn S hiu mu (ca phng tiu bn) H thc vt: Tn khoa hc: H: Tn thng dng: Tn a phng: Ni thu mu: cao: Kinh : V : B phn dng: Cng dng: Ngy thu mu: Ngi thu mu, s hiu: Ngi nh tn:

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C nhiu mu nhn tiu bn khc nhau, tu thuc tng phng tiu bn. Mi nhn thng cha cc thng tin l: Tn c quan lu tr tiu bn, s hiu mu ca phng tiu bn, tn mu (cc loi), thng tin v s dng (b phn dng, s dng, vv.), thng tin v ni thu mu, thng tin v ngi thu mu (tn, s hiu), thi gian thu mu, ngi gim nh tn (Khung 5). 2.3. HA CHT 2.3.1. Etanol (C2H5OH) Dng bo qun mu trc khi sy (theo phng php t) hay mu ngm; pha dung dch thy ngn clorua. C th dng cn cng nghip, thng dng cn 70o. Cn lu cn d bay hi, dn n gim cn lm hng mu; d chy. 2.3.2. Thu ngn clorua (HgCl2) Dng tm mu tiu bn, c th bo qun lu di khng b cc sinh vt gy hi. Cch pha: Thy ngn II clorua (HgCl2) 20g o Cn 6 0 - 70 1000ml Cn lu y l dung dch rt c. Cn bo qun ni an ton tuyt i, theo qui nh thuc c bng A. Trong qu trnh thao tc cn dng gng tay cao su v eo khu trang. Phn d sau khi tm phi c tr li vo chai, nt k v bo qun theo qui nh. 2.3.3. Anhydrit aseni (AsS2O3) Dng tm mu tiu bn, c th bo qun lu di khng b cc sinh vt gy hi. Cch pha: Thy ngn II clorua (HgCl2) 25g Anhydrit aseni (AsS2O3) 5g o Cn 90 100ml Nc 900ml Cn lu y l dung dch cc c. Cn bo qun ni an ton tuyt i. 2.3.4. Bng phin (Naphtalen) Dng xng hi tiu bn, c th xua ui c mt s cn trng gy hi mu. C th cho vo cc ti vi, buc kn vo trong t hay thng ng mu. 2.3.5. Acid cyanhydric (HCN) Dng xng, bo qun tiu bn. L cht rt c, cn bo qun ni an ton tuyt i. Cn c thng xng hay phng xng mu. Cn xng li sau vi nm. 2.3.6. Tetra clorua carbon (CCl4) Dng xng, bo qun tiu bn. Cn c thng xng hay phng xng mu. Cn xng li sau vi nm. 2.3.7. Carbon disulfua (CS2) Dng xng, bo qun tiu bn. Cn c thng xng hay phng xng mu. Cn xng li sau vi nm.

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3. DNG C DNG TRONG PHN TCH HNH THI THC VT Phn tch hnh thi thc vt bao gm phn tch cc c im hnh thi ca c quan sinh dng (R, thn, l) v c quan sinh sn (hoa, qu, ht), trong c bit quan trng l phn tch hoa. 3.1. 3.2. Knh lp cm tay (Hnh 44, mc 2.1.2- trang 68) Knh lp soi ni ( Stereomicroscope)

Cng l mt loi knh lp, nhng c cu to phc tp hn. H thng quang hc ca knh c lp trn mt gi nn rt thun tin khi s dng trong phng th nghm. phng to thu nh ca knh c th thay i t 4 n 100 ln nh mt nm xoay gn thn ng knh (hnh 48). Tu tng nc sn xut m c m c cc kiu khc nhau. Dng quan st c im bn ngoi ca vt soi, nht l khi va quan st va phi phn tch, m x vt cn quan st (v d khi phn tch hoa). Hnh 48. Knh lp soi ni 1. Th knh; 2. Gi th knh (c th quay 1800); 3.c chnh nt; 4. Ngun sng trn; 5. Thn my; 6. Vt knh; 7. Mm knh t mu; 8. Ngun sng di; 9. Chn knh 3.3. B kim phn tch Dng trong phn tch hoa, v tch hoc bc biu b v.vGm c hai loi: Loi ch c u nhn nh kim khu, gi l kim nhn. Loi c u dt, hnh mi mc, hai cnh sc gi l kim mi mc. 3.4. Panh kp Dng gp cc mu vt nh trong phn tch hnh thi thc vt nh phn tch hoa, qu v ht. 3.5 a petri Dng t mu phn tch nh ln v quan st di knh lp cm tay hoc soi ni, d dng xoay mu vt theo cc hng khc nhau trong qu trnh quan st. Thng t mt ming giy li (c mi = 1 mm) xc nh kch thc trong qu trnh quan st. 3.6. Dao lam Dng ct lt mng ngang qua bu, ct dc qua hoa, qu v ht. 3.7. Dao m hoc dao bi nh Dng ct khoai, ct cnh v l cy, gt bt ch v.v
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4. DNG C V HA CHT LM TIU BN PHN HOA


4.1. DNG C 4.1.1. ng nghim 4.1.2. Phu lc thng thng, vi lc Vi lc cn c kch thc l khc nhau ph hp vi kch thc ht phn. 4.1.3. My li tm S dng loi c tc 2000- 3000 vng pht 4.1.4. Phin knh, l knh (xem mc 2.1.7, trang 69) 4.1.5. Que ly phn hoa L mt que di ging nh que cy vi khun nhng u c gn mt kim nhn bng platin, di khong 4cm ly ht phn sau khi x l trong ng ly tm. 4.1.6. Khung nh v ch t mu L mt ci khung xc nh v tr ni t bo t hoc phn hoa trn phin knh (cn t tp trung mt im cho d tm khi quan st). 4.1.7. n cn 4.1.8. Bt vit trn knh C mc khng phai khi b t nc. Dng vit s hiu mu trn ng nghim khi li tm hay trn phin knh. 4.1.9. ng ly tm S dng loi ng nghim c vch dy, y nhn. 4.2. HA CHT 4.2.1. Dung dch acetolyse Pha dung dch axetolize: Trn u: Anhydrit axetic tinh khit 9 phn Axit sunfuric c 1 phn t t Axit sunfuric vo Anhydrit axetic. Khng cho ngc li. Dung dch pha xong phi dng ngay. 4.2.2. Glycerin-gelatin L hn hp ca glycerin v gelatin. Trong : Glycerin l cht lng snh, trong sut, khng mu, khng mi, v nng v ngt. Trn ln nc v cn theo bt c t l no. Khng tan trong eter, cloroform, benzen, du m v tinh du. Gelatin l hp cht chit xut t collagen, trong c 25,5% glycine; 8,7% alanine; 3,2% leucine; 2,5% valineLun tn ti dng gel, khng mu hoc mu vng nht, trong sut, khng mi. Tan nhiu trong nc nng, glycerin, acid acetic. Khng tan trong dung mi hu c. 4.2.3. Acid phenic (Phenol) L tinh th khng mu hoc mu trng. Tan trong nc, benzen; rt d tan trong cn, cloroform, ete, glycerol. Dng lm dung mi hu c. L cht rt c. 4.2.4. Parafin Tn ti di dng cng, mm hoc lng. Khng mu hoc trng c. Khng tan trong nc, cn. Tan trong benzen, cloroform, ete, carbondisulfit, du. Dng trong sn xut thuc m, lm giy paraffin, nn, c nh mu vt
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4.2.5. Bm Canada Dng gn cc tiu bn c nh. L nha ca mt s cy trong h Thng nh Abies balsamea, Abies fraseri, Tsuga canadensis, c ngun gc t Bc M. L cht lng, snh, trong, mu hi vng, mi thm d chu. Tan trong benzen, xylen, clorofoc, tinh du inh hng, tinh du xt, t tan trong cn tuyt i, khng tan trong nc. Khi dng phi pha long vi xylen. Tu theo c ca bm m chn t l bm - xylen thch hp, c th t 2/1 n 1/1. 4.2.6. Fucsin kim (diamant-fucsin, cng thc C20H20N3Cl). L cht bt th, mu xanh liu. Khng tan trong nc, t tan trong cn. L cht ch th pH, nhum mu trong sinh hc. 4.2.7. Congo L cht bt, mu nu . Tan trong nc (to dung dch c mu vng ), ethenol (dung dch mu da cam). Tan t trong acetone v gn nh khng tan trong ete. c s dng lm cht nhum vi trong cng ngh dt may v cht ch th cho acid v c trong nghin cu ho hc (chuyn mu xanh tm). 5. S DNG MY NH TRONG NGHIN CU HNH THI V GII PHU THC VT 5.1. My nh: Gm 2 loi ch yu l:

5.1.1. My nh c (Film camera) Thng dng my ca cc hng Nht Bn nh Nikon, Canon, Pentax, vv. (Hnh 48) Cc my thng s dng phim thng chp c vt khong cch ti thiu t 0.45 n 0.5m, cho nh c chiu su tu , c th dng hn ch cc thng tin nhiu pha trc v sau vt cn chp. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin ca my nh k thut s, my nh c t c s dng hn trong nghin cu thc vt do chi ph s dng t v kt qu nh ch c th c c sau khi phim c trng ra. 1 2 3 Hnh 49. My nh c Nikon FM10 c khong cch chp ti thiu l 0.5m, tc chp ti a l 1/2000 1. Cn ln phim, 2. Nm iu chnh tc l sng, 3. Thn my, 4. ng knh 4 5.1.2. My nh k thut s (Digital camera) My nh k thut s l mt my in t dng thu v lu gi hnh nh mt cch t ng thay v phi dng phim nh ging nh my chp nh c truyn
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thng. My nh s c th lm c nhiu iu m my nh phim khng thc hin c: hin th hnh nh trn mt mn nh tc th sau khi chp, lu tr hng nghn bc nh trn mt phng tin lu tr nh gn i km trong my, ghi c video c m thanh, xa bt nh gii phng khng gian lu tr. Trn mt s my nh cn c tch hp thm n flash h tr chp trong iu kin thiu sng hoc cc chc nng chnh sa nh n gin, chc nng nh v ton cu GPS xc nh ta a l ni chp nh. V vy my nh k thut s rt ph hp v hiu qu trong cc chuyn i nghin cu thc a di ngy. My nh s hin nay rt a dng v chng loi, kiu mu, kch thc v chc nng. C rt nhiu hng sn xut cc dng my nh ny trong mt s hng my nh uy tn trn th trng c th k ti bao gm Canon, Nikon, Sony, Leica, Pentax,... Ph bin hin nay gm cc loi sau: My nh s tch hp trong cc thit b in t cm tay nh in thoi di ng, my tnh bng, my quay cm tay, Hot ng chp nh ca cc my ny thng c thc hin trn cc menu chc nng ca thit b in t . nh chp t cc thit b ny thng c cht lng khng cao, ngi s dng kh kim sot c nt v su ca nh v vy trong nghin cu thc vt cc thit b ny t c s dng.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh 50. Cc loi my nh k thut s thng gp (a) My nh s tch hp trong thit b in t cm tay (b) My nh s b ti (c) My nh DSLR My nh s b ti (compaq camera): y l dng my nh nh gn, c th b ti dnh cho ngi chp khng chuyn. nh chp thng c my iu chnh t ng s dng cc ch chp nh t chn c ci t sn trong my. Cc ch chp t ng thng s dng l: Chp hon ton t ng (Full automatic mode), Chp chn dung (Portrait), Chp phong cnh (Landscape), Chp cn cnh (Macro/Close up), Chp ban m (Night), Chp ch ci t sn (Preset Scence mode) (Hnh 51). Trong chp nh m t thc vt thng s dng ch chp cn cnh c c nhng bc nh m t vt c sc nt v ty nn tt gip loi b nhng chi tit gy nhiu cho nh.

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Hnh 51. Cc ch chp nh thng gp trn my nh k thut s My nh k thut s mt ng knh ngm qua gng phn chiu (Digital single-lense reflex camera thng bit nhiu vi tn vit tt l DSLR): y l dng my ln, thng phi c ti eo my ring v dnh cho ngi chp bn chuyn hoc chuyn nghip. Cu to my c mt thn my v cc ng knh ri cho php ngi chp ti u ha cht lng bc nh bng cch i cc ng knh khc nhau v ch chp ty chnh ty theo nhu cu chp. Cc ch chp ty chnh thng gp l Lp trnh (Program P ), u tin tc (Shutter priority Tv), u tin khu (Aperture priority Av) v Chnh tay (Manual M) (Hnh 51). Trong chp m t thc vt, thng s dng cc ch chp Av hoc M gip ngi chp c th kim sot tt nht nt nh v su ca trng nh. Cc ng knh c s dng hiu qu trong m t thc vt l cc ng knh c h tr chp macro ( phng i 1:2 hoc ln hn) hoc close-up ( phng i nh hn 1:4). Cc ng knh ny cho php ly nt vt cn chp khong cch rt gn (0,2-0,3m) nh vy em li phng i ca kch thc nh ln v loi b nn nhiu tt. Mt s ng knh chp cn cnh c s dng nhiu nh: Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 USM Macro Lens, Nikon Micro-Nikkor 60 f/2.8 Macro lens, Tamron SP 90mm f/2.8 DI 1:1 Macro Lens, 5.2. Cc ph kin chp nh 5.2.1. n flash Do chp nh c t chi tit cc b phn ca cy i hi trng nh kh su, v nt cao nn khu chp kh thp thng mc f/8-f/16, thm ch n f/22. Do tc chp thng kh chm. Flash s l 1 gii php kh hu hiu gip ta vn duy tr c trng nh su, tc chp khng qu chm gy
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ra tnh trng rung my, mt nt. C th s dng n flash i km theo my hoc dng flash gn ngoi.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh 52. Mt s loi flash s dng vi my nh s (a) My compact c flash trang b theo my, (b) My DSLR c flash trang b sn theo my v (c) My DSLR gn flash ngoi chuyn dng trong chp cn cnh 5.2.2. Chn my H tr vic chp nh trong iu kin thiu sng, tc chp ca my chm c bit khi chp cn cnh hoc close-up. 1 2 3 Hnh 53. Chn my sn xut ti i Loan 1. nm xoy ni my nh, 2. cn iu khin hng chp, 3. tay vn iu chnh chiu cao, 4. chn my 4 5.2.3. Knh lc close-up (Close-up filter) Cc knh lc close-up l ph kin ca ng knh ri nn ch s dng c vi my nh DSLR (Hnh 54). Ph kin ny c s dng nh l mt gii php thay th trong trng hp ngi chp c nhu cu chp m t vt phng i tng i ln nhng khng c cc ng knh macro chuyn dng. Bn cht ca cc close-up filter l ph kin h tr cho php ng knh ly nt vt th khong cch gn hn. Cc filter ny thng c k hiu +1, +2, .. hay x1, x4 th hin phng i ca filter ny (k hiu ny ty theo hng sn xut). (Hnh 55).

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Hnh 54. B knh close-up vi cc mc phng i khc nhau sn xut bi hng Tamron p dng vi cc ng knh c ng knh 55mm 5.3. Cch chp nh thc vt

Hnh 55. nh chp vt vi cc knh close-up cc mc phng i khc nhau

5.3.1. Chp nh qua cc thit b quang hc Thng s dng cc my nh compaq do c im nh gn vi ng knh b c th t va vo khe ngm ca th knh. Cc thit b quang hc thng s dng trong nghin cu thc vt l Knh hin vi (nghin cu cu to vi phu) v knh lp soi ni (nghin cu hnh thi thc vt). Chp nh tiu bn vi phu qua knh hin vi: Cn kt hp vi s dng trc vi th knh xc nh kch thc ca i tng cn chp. Nghin cu vin trc tin cn chp m t tiu bn mc tng qut (vt knh 4x) quan st ton b cu to ca tiu bn sau chp m t chi tit tng loi m t ngoi vo trong cc vt knh ln hn (40x). nh chp vt knh 10x c th s dng nh nh chp tng qut hoc chi tit ty kch thc tiu bn nghin cu l ln hay nh. Chp nh tiu bn vi phu qua knh lp soi ni: cn t i tng cn quan st trn giy k li xc nh kch thc ca i tng cn chp. phng i ca vt quan st c th thay i bng cch vn nt zoom trn thn my. Trong c hai trng hp chp nh trn, my nh c th c cm tay hoc t c nh trn mt ng ni c nh khong cch gia ng knh my nh v vt. Khi chp nh qua cc thit b quang hc cn lu m bo c c bc nh r nt ngoi kh nng ly nt ca my nh ang s dng cn kim sot chnh xc nt ca vi trng ca knh quan st. 5.3.2. Chp nh mu cy My nh s dng l my nh cm tay compaq hoc my nh ng knh ri DSLR, trong cc my nh thng c li th hn v kim sot su ca nh nn cho nh thng c cht lng tt hn.
94

Khi chp m t cy cn chp y cc c im tng qut ca cy (dng sng) n c im chi tit tng b phn c th (c quan sinh dng v c quan sinh sn). Ngi chp cn m bo cc bc nh chp m t vt cn th hin y tt c cc c im hnh thi ca cy khi quan st c ti thc a. 5.4. Qun l v chnh sa nh nh c qun l trong my tnh theo cc th mc l cc nhm ch c th. Trong phn loi thc vt, nh chp cy thng c sp xp vo cc th mc theo cc taxon cng bc phn loi nh h, chi, loi, thun tin cho vic tra cu. Ngoi ra hin nay ph bin cc phn mm qun l nh chuyn nghip gip h tr ti u ha vic sp xp, tm kim v chnh sa nh. Cc phn mm ny a s c th vn hnh trn hai nn tng my tnh ph bin hin nay l Windows v Macintosh. Mt s phn mm qun l nh thng s dng hin nay l: Picasa (Win/Mac), ACDsee (Win/Mac), Iphoto (Mac), Adobe Bridge (Win/Mac) v Adobe Lightroom (Win/Mac), Trong nhiu hon cnh, nh s c cht lng cao hn nu c x l hu k sau khi chp. Hu ht cc phn mm qun l nh trn u c tch hp thm cc chc nng x l nh c bn nh iu chnh sng ti, tng phn, mu sc, cn bng trng, nt, Ngoi ra, nu ngi s dng c nhu cu chnh sa nh nng cao th Adobe Photoshop l phn mm ph bin nht hin nay. Tuy nhin, trong m t thc vt ngi nghin cu cn lu tuyt i khng s dng cc cng c chnh sa nh lm bin dng hoc thay i cc c im ca vt ang m t gy ra nhng thng tin sai lch trong nghin cu. 5.5. Chia s nh nh thc vt sau khi chp xong c th c chia s vi cng ng nhng ngi nghin cu khc qua cc trang chia s nh ph bin hin nay nh www.flickr.com, www.picasaweb.com; hoc cc mng x hi nh www.facebook.com; hoc cc din n chuyn mn thc vt v cy thuc; hoc cc trang web/blog c nhn. Vic chia s nh qua mng s gip cho nhiu ngi bit n nghin cu ca chng ta hn, qua chng ta c th nhn c nhng bnh lun gp trong cng tc nh danh khoa hc ca cy, cng b 1 loi thc vt mi hoc tng chung trong thc hin mt cc ti nghin cu mi.

6. KHA XC NH TN KHOA HC
6.1. GII THIU V KHA PHN LOI Kho xc nh cc bc phn loi di dng nh ngy nay ln u tin c Lamark xy dng trong b Flore Francoise vo nm 1779. B kho ny c cu trc nh sau (Khung 6):

95

Khung 6. Cu trc b kho do Lamark xy dng

Theo kho ny, mi c im ca cy c t trong mt du ngoc n, trong c cha mt cp li khai i nghch nhau v c im . Mi li khai ny c th dn n tn ca bc phn loi cn tm nu d liu, hay ch dn n s hiu ca mt cp khc. Kiu kho phn loi hin i ngy nay gn ging nh kho ca Lamark, trong thay cho mi du ngoc n ngi ta dng k hiu a, b (Khung 7), hay thm ch ch dng du (-) nh trong b kho ca Thonner (xem phn di). Khung 7. Trch dn kho phn loi trong b Note Boom, Revision Symplocaceae (1975), Leiden Botanical Series 1 .... 67a. Intra marginal vein close to margin. Bracts longer than 3 mm.................98. S. sumuntia b. Intra marginal vein far from margin. Bracts shorter than 3 mm .................................. 68 68a. Bracts longer than 1 mm. Calyx tube more than 1 mm high. Calyx limb to c. 1 mm long. Disk glabrous .....................................................................................105. S. viridissima b. Bracts to 1 mm long. Calyx tube to 1 mm long. Calyx limb longer than 1 mm. Disk hairy. ............................................................................................... 51. S. guillanauminii 69a. Leaf index more than 3 .............................................................................. 37. S. disepala b. Leaf index less than 3 ........................................................................ 65. S. megalocarpa 70a. ..... Trong b kho ny, c im s 67 l v tr gn mp ca l, cha mt cp i nghch, bao gm: 67a: gn mp l v 67 b: xa mp l. Ngoi ra cn mt c im ph khc l chiu di l bc, bao gm: 67a: di hn 3 mm v 67b: ngn hn 3 mm. Cc c im ch ra trong 67a xc nh loi l Symplocos sumuntia. c im 67b cha d liu xc nh mt loi, v vy c ch dn n c im tip theo (68). c im s 69 l ch s l, cha
96

mt cp i nghch l ch s l ln hn 3 (69a) v ch s l nh hn 3 (69b). C hai c im ny u d liu xc nh loi l Symplocos disepala (69a) v Symplocos megalocarpa (69b). Mt kiu kho khc, c gi l kho tht, trong mi cp c im i nghch c t tht mt bc nh ca b kho trong Flora Malesiana (Khung 8). Khung 8. Trch dn kho phn loi ti loi trong b Flora Malesiana 1. Foliar organs conspicuous and numerous at anthesis, divided in to narrowly linear to capillary segments, the ultimate segments bearing apical and often lateral solitary or fasciculate setulae. 2. Turions (winter buds) of tightly clustered modified foliar segments present at the apex of some of the stolons 3. Turions glabrous or at most so. Ultimate foliar segments with minute apical but with or without microscopic lateral setulae ................................................................................................. 22. U. minor 3. Turions densely setulose. Ultimate foliar segments with numerous lateral setulae21. U. australis 2. Turions not present 4. Primary foliar segments 3 or more semi-verticillate on the stolons usually with hyaline or foliose setulose stipule-like segments at the base. Scales on peduncle absent 5. Peduncle with a whorl of inflated ellipsoid floats some distance above the base. Basal segments of foliar organs hyaline. 6. Floats shortly stipulate with capillary foliar segments at the base .... ........20. U. muelleri 6. Floats shortly stipulate without foliar segments at the base..............................................................................39a-j. U. stellaris 5. .... (P. Taylor. Lentibulariaceae) 6.2. MT S B KHA PHN LOI THNG DNG T khi Lamark xy dng b kho phn loi u tin n nay, cc nh thc vt hc trn th gii xy dng kh nhiu b kho phn loi khc nhau, trong c b kho xc nh n cc h thc vt c hoa ca Hutchinson (1973); b kho xc nh cc h thc vt c hoa ca Davies v Cullen (1979), ch yu xc nh cc h thc vt c hoa vng n i Bc bn cu, vv. 6.2.1. B kho phn loi ca Lecomte H. Vit Nam, nh thc vt hc ngi Php Lecomte H. xy dng b kho xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy t nhng thp k u ca th k XX. B kho ny, c thit k theo kiu kho tht, c 3 phn: (i) kho xc nh n h (bt u t trang 1), dng khi ta cha bit h ca mu cn xc nh (ii) kho xc nh n chi (bt u t trang 27), khi ta bit h ca mu ), v (iii) kho xc nh n loi (khng c trong ti liu thc tp), khi ta bit chi ca mu.
97

Nh vy, ta c th xc nh tn khoa hc ca mu cy thuc no theo th t 3 bc: xc nh h, xc nh chi v xc nh loi. Khung 9. Trch dn kho phn loi ti chi ca Lecomte H. H Thu du (Euphorbiaceae) ............. 7. C a, c cnh hoa, t nht trong cc hoa c: 8. i hoa c c tin khai hoa van hay khng r rt nhng chc chn l khng lp. Ch c nh trong dnh lin: 9. Vi ch i mt ln. Cnh hoa mc ng. i hnh mo, rch khng u. Qu to bng qu c ch.................................................. Aleurites 9. Vi hai ln ch i. Cnh hoa gi gp khc .................. Deutzianthus 8. i c tin khai lp: 9. Tt c cc nh dnh lin thnh mt ct gia. Nh thnh 3 vng: 5+5+5; 6 nm nhu.............................................................. Tritaxis 9. Nh t nhiu dnh lin nhau. 8-10 nh, nhng ci trong dnh lin nhau....... Jatropha 7. Khng c a, khng c cnh hoa: 8. Tin khai hoa lp ................... ..................................................... Ricinus 8. Tin khai hoa van hoc chc chn l khng lp: 9. Nh lin thnh ct. i m sm. Vi nh lin mt qung di. Bu 520 . Nhiu nh hng ngoi...................... Hura 9. Nh thnh cm trng nh cy to ........................................ Homonoia .......... 6.2.2. B kho phn loi ca Thonner B kho ny c xy dng theo kiu kho trong ngoc, trong mi nhm c im c kt thc bng bc phn loi cn xc nh hoc ch dn n con s tip theo tra cu tip.

Khung 10. Trch dn kho phn loi ti h ca Thonner 820. 821. 822. 823. .......... Leaves alternate (l mc so le) ......................................................... 822 Leaves opposite (l mc i) ............................................................... 824 Style distinct (vi nhu phn bit) ..................................................... 823 Stigma subsessile - New Zealand (gn nh khng c vi nhu - cy t New Zealand) ........................................................... Winteraceae ............

98

6.2.3. Cc phn mm my tnh dng xc nh ti h MEKA (sn c B mn Thc vt, trng H Dc H Ni): Phn mm MEKA c Thomas Ducan v Christopher A. Meacham (Phng tiu bn Trng H California Berkeley) pht trin t nm 1986. Cc phin bn u tin da trn ngn ng lp trnh Turbo Pascal. C th s dng phn mm ny xc nh ti h cc mu cy trn th gii. Ngn ng s dng l ting Anh. Ngi s dng cn khai cc c im quan st c ca mu vo my. Vi mt s t c im, phn mm s tr li mt danh mc kh nng cc h c th. Cng khai chi tit th phn mm s a ra s h t i cho n khi ch cn mt h duy nht, nu c d liu. Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn Sinh vt (IEBR - Vit Nam) th nghim xy dng mt c c d liu da trn phn mm Microsoft Access xc tra cu nhanh cc h cy Vit Nam.

99

PH LC
DANH MC 150 CY THUC CN NH TN KHOA HC
(Xp theo th t tin ha ca cc h, c nh du theo bi)
H 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
POLYPODIACEAE DICKSONIACEAE PODOCARPACEAE TAXODIACEAE CUPRESSACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE ANNONACEAE MYRISTICACEAE ILLICIACEAE LAURACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE SAURURACEAE PIPERACEAE NELUMBONACEAE MENISPERMACEAE

Tn Vit Nam Ct toi b Cu tch Kim giao Sa mu Trc bch Ngc lan hoa trng Mng rng Nhc u khu i hi Long no Qu Hoa si Gip c L lt Sen Hong ng Dy k ninh Dy au xng Bnh vi u Hong lin Trung Quc Thuc phin Rau sam Si h nam C xc Mo g trng H th i hong trng Lc tin Gc Qua lu Bch gii t

Tn khoa hc Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. Cibotium barometz (L.) Sm. Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) de Laub. Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Michelia alba DC. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari Myristica fragrans Houtt. Illicium verum Hook.f. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl Cinnamomum cassia Presl Chloranthus spicatus (Thunb.) Makino Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Piper lolot C.DC. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. Tinospora crispa (L.) Miers ex Hook.f. Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Coptis chinensis Franch. Papaver somniferum L. Portulaca oleracea L. Polycarpaea arenaria (Lour.) Gagnep. Achyranthes aspera L. Celosia argentea L. Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson Rheum palmatum L. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Passiflora foetida L. Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Sinapis alba L.

RANUNCULACEAE

PAPAVERACEAE PORTULACACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE AMARANTHACEAE POLYGONACEAE EUCOMMIACEAE PASSIFLORACEAE CUCURBITACEAE

BRASSICACEAE

100

H 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
MALVACEAE

Tn Vit Nam Ci xay B chnh sm K hoa o M qu Du tm Gai Kh sm C sa l nh Phn en Ch rng ca Sn tra Kim anh Mm xi i Sim T mc Tho quyt minh Ba ch Kim tin tho Vng nem Bch bin u Sn dy Hoa ho Nhn Qut Dm hi Hong b Bch tt l Xoi Tang k sinh To ta Nht Gi hc Ng gia b gai Tam tht Chn chim Bch ch ng quy Rau m Kim ngn

Tn khoa hc Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Hibiscus sagittifolius Kurz. Urena lobata L. Maclura cochinchinenis (Lour.) Corner. Morus alba L. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. Euphorbia thymifolia L. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Phyllanthus urinaria L. Malus doumeri (Bois. ) A. Chev. Rosa laevigata Michx. Rubus alceaefolius Poir. Psidium guajava L. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Caesalpinia sappan L. Senna tora (L. ) Roxb. Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindler Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr. Erythrina variegata L. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Pueraria thomsonii Benth. Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Dimocarpus longan Lour. Citrus reticulata Blanco Clausena dunniana H.Lv. et Fedde Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Tribulus terrestris L. Mangifera indica L. Taxillus gracilifolius (Schult.) Ban Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Elaeagnus latifolia L. Leea rubra Blume ex Spreng. Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. Panax pseudo - ginseng Wall. Schefflera spp. Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Lonicera japonica Thunb.

MORACEAE URTICACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE

ROSACEAE

MYRTACEAE FABACEAE

SAPINDACEAE RUTACEAE

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ANACARDIACEAE LORANTHACEAE RHAMNACEAE ELAEAGNACEAE LEEACEAE ARALIACEAE

APIACEAE

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

101

H 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112.
VERBENACEAE LAMIACEAE DIPSACACEAE LOGANIACEAE RUBIACEAE

Tn Vit Nam Tc on M tin Dnh dnh Ba kch M tam th Cu ng Long m tho Sa Ba gc bn l Thng thin Vng C c dc X en Nhn trn Sinh a Cam tho t Huyn sm Nc nc M Xuyn tm lin Xun hoa Bch ng n Mn kinh Hng chanh Kinh gii ch mu Bc h Hng nhu trng Ta t Hoc hng H kh tho ng sm Ngi cu Cc hoa Nh ni Mn ti B cng anh Cc tn Hy thim

Tn khoa hc Dipsacus japonicus Miq. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Gardenia angusta (L.) Merr. Morinda officinalis How. Paederia foetida L. Uncaria spp. Gentiana loureiroi (D.Don) Griseb. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Jasminum subtripliverve Blume Datura metel L. Ehretia asperula Zoll. et Mor. Adenosma caerulea R.Br. Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et C.A.Mey. Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophularia buergeriana Miq. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Plantago major L. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) Moore Vitex trifolia L. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Mentha arvensis L. Ocimum gratissimum L. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Prunella vulgaris L. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. Artemisia vulgaris L. Chrysanthemum indicum L. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. Lactuca indica L. Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

GENTIANACEAE APOCYNACEAE

OLEACEAE SOLANACEAE BORAGINACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE

BIGNONIACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE ACANTHACEAE

CAMPANULACEAE ASTERACEAE

102

H 113. 114. 115. 116. ALISMATACEAE 117. IRIDACEAE 118. 119. ALOACEAE 120. AMARYLLIDACEAE 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.
CONVALLARIACEAE ASPARAGACEAE DRACAENACEAE ASTELIDACEAE SMILACACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE STEMONACEAE TACCACEAE HYPOXYDACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE

Tn Vit Nam Si t K u nga Actis Trch t R qut Sm i hnh L hi Trinh n hong cung Mch mn Thin mn ng Bng bng Huyt gic Huyt d Th phc linh Kim cang C mi T gii Bch b Hi u tho Sm cau Tho qu Sa nhn Ngh vng Ngh en Gng ng tm tho C gu Thi li ta d Mn tru C tranh S Cau Mc Da di Thin nin kin Bn h Thch xng b

Tn khoa hc Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Xanthium inaequilaterum DC . Cynara scolymus L. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale (Sammuels) Juzep. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Aloe vera L. Crinum latifolium L. Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl. Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Gpp. Smilax glabra Wall. ex Roxb. Smilax sp. Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill Dioscorea tokoro Makino Stemona tuberosa Lour. Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Dreth Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Amomum aromaticum Roxb. Amomum villosum Lour. Curcuma longa L. Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe Zingiber officinale Rosc. Juncus effusus L. Cyperus rotundus L. Commelina communis L. Coix lachryma-jobi L. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Cymbopogon spp. Areca catechu L. Caryota mitis Lour. Pandanus tonkinensis Mart. ex Stone Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott. Acorus gramineus Soland.

JUNCACEAE CYPERACEAE COMMELINACEAE POACEAE

ARECACEAE PANDANACEAE ARACEAE ACORACEAE

103

TI LIU THAM KHO


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 B Y t (1999), Danh mc thuc thit yu Vit Nam ln th IV, NXB Y hc. Nguyn Tin Bn (1997), Cm nang tra cu v nhn bit cc h thc vt ht kn (Magnoliophyta, Angiospermae) Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip. Nguyn Tin Bn (2003), Danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip. Clive A. Stace (1989), Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Cambridge University Press. Dianne Bridson, Leonard Forman (1992), The Herbarium Handbook, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. E.F. De Vogel (1987), Manual of Herbarium Taxonomy - Theory and Practice, UNESCO, MAB. Gary J. Martin (1997), Ethnobotany, Chapman & Hall. Phm Hong H (1999), Cy c Vit Nam (quyn I, II, III), NXB tr, TP H Ch Minh. Katherine Esau (1979), Gii phu thc vt (ngi dch: Phm Hi), NXB Khoa hc K thut. Trn Cng Khnh (1980), K thut hin vi dng trong nghin cu thc vt v dc liu, NXB Khoa hc k thut. Trn Cng Khnh (1981), Thc tp hnh thi v gii phu thc vt, NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip. Lecomte H. (1905-1952, Flore Gnrale de l'Indochine, tome 1-7, Paris. R. Geesink, A.J.M. Ridsdale, J.F. Veldkamp (1981), Thonners analytical key to the families of flowering plants, PUDOC & Leiden University Press. Samuel B. Jones, Arlene E. Luchsinger (198), Plant Systematics, MCGRAWHILL Book Company.

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