CHUYN

GII HNH HC KHNG GIAN BNG PHNG

PHP TA
I. PHNG PHP GII TON
gii c cc bi ton hnh khng gian bng phng php ta ta cn phi chn h trc ta thch hp.
Lp ta cc nh, im lin quan da vo h trc ta chn v di cnh ca hnh.
PHNG PHAP:
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch hp (chu y en v tr cua goc O)
Bc 2: Xac nh toa o cac iem co lien quan
(co the xac nh toa o tat ca cac iem hoac mot so iem can
thiet)
Khi xac nh toa o cac iem ta co the da vao :
Y ngha hnh hoc cua toa o iem (khi cac iem nam tren cac
truc toa o, mat phang toa o).
Da vao cac quan he hnh hoc nh bang nhau, vuong goc, song
song ,cung phng , thang hang, iem chia oan thang e tm toa o
Xem iem can tm la giao iem cua ng thang, mat phang.
Da vao cac quan he ve goc cua ng thang, mat phang.
Bc 3: S dung cac kien thc ve toa o e giai quyet bai toan
Cac dang toan thng gap:
o dai oan thang
Khoang cach t iem en mat phang
Khoang cach t iem en ng thang
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang
Goc gia hai ng thang
Goc gia ng thang va mat phang
Goc gia hai mat phang
The tch khoi a dien
Dien tch thiet dien
Chng minh cac quan he song song , vuong goc
Bai toan cc tr, quy tch
Bo sung kien thc :
1) Neu mot tam giac co dien tch S th hnh chieu cua no co dien tch S
'
bang
tch cua S vi cosin cua goc

gia mat phang cua tam giac va mat phang

chieu
cos .
'
S S
2) Cho khoi chop S.ABC. Tren ba ng thang SA, SB, SC lay ba iem A
'
, B
'
, C
'
khac vi S
Ta luon co:

SC
SC
SB
SB
SA
SA
V
V
ABC S
C B A S
' ' '
.
' ' '
.
. .
Ta thng gp cc dng sau
1
1. Hnh chp tam gic
a. Dng tam din vung
V d 1. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB = b, OC = c i mt vung gc. im M c nh thuc tam gic
ABC c khong cch ln lt n cc mp(OBC), mp(OCA), mp(OAB) l 1, 2, 3. Tnh a, b, c th tch O.ABC
nh nht.
Hng dn gii
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c).
d[M, (OAB)] = 3

z
M
= 3.
Tng t

M(1; 2; 3).
pt(ABC):
x y z
1
a b c
+ + =
1 2 3
M (ABC) 1
a b c
+ + = (1).
O.ABC
1
V abc
6
= (2).
3
1 2 3 1 2 3
(1) 1 3 . .
a b c a b c
= + +

1
abc 27
6
.
(2)
min
1 2 3 1
V 27
a b c 3
= = = = .
V d:
1)Cho t dien ABCD co AD vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) va tam giac
ABC vuong tai A, AD = a, AC = b, AB = c.
Tnh dien tch S cua tam giac BCD theo a, b, c va chng minh rang :
( ) 2S abc a b c + +
(D b 2 ai hoc khoi D 2003)
Giai
Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve, ta co toa o cac
iem la :A(0;0;0), B(c;0;0), C(0;b;0), D(0;0;a)
2
z
y
x
A
B
C
D
( ) ( ) ( )
1

]
1
+ +
]
+ + + +
+ + + +

uuur uuur uuur uuur

uuur uuur
2 2 2 2 2 2
BCD
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
BC c;b;0 ,BD c;0;a , BC,BD ab;ac;bc
1 1
S BC,BD a b a c b c
2 2
pcm a b a c b c abc(a b c)
a b a c b c abc(a b c)
Theo BT Cauchy ta c :
a b +b c 2ab c
b c +c a

+ + + +
;

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2bc a Cong ve: a b a c b c abc(a b c)
c a a b 2ca b
b. Dng khc
V d 2. T din S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc vi y v ABC D vung ti C. di ca cc cnh l SA = 4,
AC = 3, BC = 1. Gi M l trung im ca cnh AB, H l im i xng ca C qua M.
Tnh cosin gc phng nh din [H, SB, C]
Hng dn gii
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
A(0; 0; 0), B(1; 3; 0), C(0; 3; 0), S(0; 0; 4) v H(1;
0; 0).
mp(P) qua H vung gc vi SB ti I ct ng
thng SC ti K, d thy
[H, SB, C] = ( )
IH, IK
uur uur
(1).
SB ( 1; 3; 4) = - -
uur
, SC (0; 3; 4) = -
uur
suy ra:
ptts SB:
x 1 t
y 3 3t
z 4t

= -

= -

, SC:
x 0
y 3 3t
z 4t

= -

v (P): x + 3y 4z 1 = 0.
( ) ( )
5 15 3 51 32
I ; ; , K 0; ;
8 8 2 25 25

IH.IK
cos[H, SB, C]
IH.IK
=
uur uur
=
Ch : Nu C v H i xng qua AB th C thuc (P), khi ta khng cn phi tm K.
V d 3 (trch thi i hc khi A 2002). Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c di cnh y l a. Gi M,
N l trung im SB, SC. Tnh theo a din tch DAMN, bit (AMN) vung gc vi (SBC).
Hng dn gii
3
Gi O l hnh chiu ca S trn (ABC), ta suy ra O
l trng tm ABC D . Gi I l trung im ca BC,
ta c:
3 a 3
AI BC
2 2
= =
a 3 a 3
OA , OI
3 6
= =
Trong mp(ABC), ta v tia Oy vung gc vi OA.
t SO = h, chn h trc ta nh hnh v ta
c:
O(0; 0; 0), S(0; 0; h),
a 3
A ; 0; 0
3

a 3
I ; 0; 0
6


-

,
a 3 a
B ; ; 0
6 2


-

,
a 3 a
C ; ; 0
6 2


- -

,
a 3 a h
M ; ;
12 4 2


-

v
a 3 a h
N ; ;
12 4 2


- -

.
2
(AMN)
ah 5a 3
n AM, AN ; 0;
4 24


= =

uuur uuur
r
,
2
(SBC)
a 3
n SB, SC ah; 0;
6


= = -

uur uur
r
2 2
2
(AMN) (SBC)
AMN
5a 1 a 10
(AMN) (SBC) n .n 0 h S AM, AN
12 2 16
D

^ = = = =


uuur uuur
r r
.
2. Hnh chp t gic
a) Hnh chp S.ABCD c SA vung gc vi y v y l hnh vung (hoc hnh ch nht). Ta chn h trc ta
nh dng tam din vung.
b) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung (hoc hnh thoi) tm O ng cao SO vung gc vi y. Ta chn h
trc ta tia OA, OB, OS ln lt l Ox, Oy, Oz. Gi s SO = h, OA = a, OB = b ta c
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(a; 0; 0), D(0;b; 0), S(0; 0; h).
c) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh ch nht ABCD v AB = b. SAD D u cnh a v vung gc vi y. Gi H
l trung im AD, trong (ABCD) ta v tia Hy vung gc vi AD. Chn h trc ta Hxyz ta c:
H(0; 0; 0),
( ) ( )
a a
A ; 0; 0 , B ; b; 0
2 2
( ) ( )
a a a 3
, C ; b; 0 , D ; 0; 0 , S 0; 0; .
2 2 2


- -

3. Hnh lng tr ng
Ty theo hnh dng ca y ta chn h trc nh cc dng trn.
V d: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD A'B'C'D'. CMR AC' vung gc mp (A'BD)
4
Li gii: Chn h trc ta Oxyz
sao cho O A; B Ox; D Oy
v A' Oz Gi s hnh lp phng
ABCD A'B'C'D' c cnh l a n v
A(0;0;0), B (a;0;0), D(0;a;0), A' (0;0;a) C'(1;1;1) Phng
trnh on chn ca mt phng (A'BD):
x + y + z = a hay x + y + z a = 0
Php tuyn ca mt phng (A'BC): n
(A'BC)
= (1;1;1) m AC' =
(1;1;1)
Vy AC' vung gc (A'BC)
A'
D
'
C'
C
B
A
D
B'
I
O
I'
Z
Y
X
5
2. T din ABCD: AB, AC, AD i mt vung gc vi nhau; AB =
3; AC = AD= 4
Tnh khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD)
Li gii:
+ Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho A O
D Ox; C Oy v B Oz
A(0;0;0); B(0;0;3); C(0;4;0); D(4;0;0)
Phng trnh on chn ca (BCD) l:
1
4 4 3
+ +
x y z
3x + 3y + 4z 12 = 0
Khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD) l:
Nhn mnh cho hc sinh:
II. Phng php gii:
gii mt bi ton hnh hc khng gian bng phng php s
dng ta cc trong khng gian ta lm nh sau:
* B c 1: Thit lp h ta thch hp, t suy ra ta cc im
cn thit.
* B c 2: Chuyn hn bi ton sang hnh hc gii tch trong khng
gian. Bng cch:
+ Thit lp biu thc cho gi tr cn xc nh.
z
O
B
y
C
x
D
A
6
+ Thit lp biu thc cho iu kin suy ra kt qu cn
chng minh.
+ Thit lp biu thc cho i tng cn tm cc tr.
+ Thit lp biu thc cho i tng cn tm qu tch
v.v
III. Luyn tp.
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp SABC, cc cnh u c di bng 1, O l
tm ca ABC. I l trung im ca SO.
1. Mt phng (BIC) ct SA ti M. Tm t l th tch ca t din SBCM
v t din SABC.
2. H l chn ng vung gc h t I xung cnh SB. CMR: IH i qua
trng tm G ca SAC.
Li gii:
Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho O l gc ta
AOx, S Oz, BC//Oy
Ta cc im:
3
( ; 0; 0)
3
A ;
3 1
( ; ; 0)
6 2
B ;
3 1
( ; ; 0)
6 2
C ;
6
(0; 0 )
3
S ;
6
(0; 0; )
6
I
Ta c: (0;1; 0)
uuur
BC ;
3 1 6
( ; ; )
6 2 6

uur
IC ;
6 3
, ( ; 0; )
6 6
1

]
uuur uur
BC IC
Phng trnh mt phng (IBC) l:
6 3 6
( 0) 0( 0) ( ) 0
6 6 6
+ + x y z
Hay:
6
2 0
6
+ z m ta li c:
3 6
( ; 0; ) // (1; 0; 2)
3 3

uur uur r
SA SA SA u
Phng trnh ng thng SA:
3
;
3
+ x t 0; 2 y z t .
+ Ta im M l nghim ca h:
3
(1)
3
0 (2)
2 (3)
6
2 0(4)
6

'

x t
y
y t
x z
Thay (1) (2) (3) vo
(4) c:
3 6 3 6
; 0; ( ; 0; )
12 4 12 4
x y z M ;
3 6
( ; 0; ) 4
12 12

uuur uur uuur
SM SA SM
M nm trn on SA v
1
4

SM
SA
( )
1
( ) 4

SBCM
SABC
V
V
.
2. Do G l trng tm ca ASC
7
SG i qua trung im N ca AC
GI (SNB) GI v SB ng phng (1)
Ta li c ta G
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 9
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 18

uur
GI
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 18

uur
GI . 0 (2)
uur uur
GI SB GI SB
T (1) v (2) GI SB H
Bi 2: Cho hnh lng tr ABCD A
1
B
1
C
1
c y l tam gic u cnh a.
AA
1
= 2a v vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi D l trung im ca
BB
1
; M di ng trn cnh AA
1
. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca din tch
MC
1
D.
Li gii:
+ Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho A O; B Oy; A
1
Oz. Khi
.A(0;0;0), B(0;a;0); A
1
(0;0;2a)
1
3
( ; ; 2 )
2 2
a a
C a v D(0;a;a)
Do M di ng trn AA
1
, ta M (0;0;t)vi t [0;2a]
Ta c :
1
1
1
,
2

]
uuur uuuur
DC M
S DC DM
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
M
8
z
x
y
I
O
H
A
C
S
G
N
Ta c:
1
3
( ; ; )
2 2
(0; ; )


uuur
uuuur
a a
DC a
DM a t a
,
1

]
uuur uuuur
DG DM ( 3 ; 3( ); 3)
2

a
t a t a a
2 2 2
, ( 3 ) 3( ) 3
2
1
+ +
]
uuur uuuur
a
DG DM t a t a a
1
2 2
2 2
4 12 15
2
1
. . 4 12 15
2 2

+
+
DC M
a
t at a
a
S t at a
Gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ca
1
DC M
S
ty thuc vo gi tr hm s
Xt f(t) = 4t
2
12at + 15a
2
f(t) = 4t
2
12at + 15a
2
(t [0;2a])
f'(t) = 8t 12a
3
'( ) 0
2

a
f t t
Lp BBT gi tr ln nht ca
1
2
15
4

DC M
a
S khi t =0 hay M A
Ch
+ Hnh chp tam gic u c y l tam gic u v cc cnh bn bng nhau, nhng khng nht thit phi bng
y. Chn ng cao l trng tm ca y.
+ T din u l hnh chp tam gic u c cnh bn bng y.
+ Hnh hp c y l hnh bnh hnh nhng khng nht thit phi l hnh ch nht.
II. CC DNG BI TP
1. CC BI TON V HNH CHP TAM GIC
Bi 1 (trch thi i hc khi D 2002). Cho t din ABCD c cnh AD vung gc (ABC), AC = AD = 4cm,
AB = 3cm, BC = 5cm. Tnh khong cch t nh A n (BCD).
9
z
x
C
C
1
M
A
A
1
B
1
B
D
Bi 2. Cho ABC D vung ti A c ng cao AD v AB = 2, AC = 4. Trn ng thng vung gc vi (ABC)
ti A ly im S sao cho SA = 6. Gi E, F l trung im ca SB, SC v H l hnh chiu ca A trn EF.
1. Chng minh H l trung im ca SD.
2. Tnh cosin ca gc gia hai mt phng (ABC) v (ACE).
3. Tnh th tch hnh chp A.BCFE.
Bi 3. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c cc cnh OA = OB = OC = 3cm v vung gc vi nhau tng i mt. Gi H l
hnh chiu ca im O ln (ABC) v cc im A, B, C ln lt l hnh chiu ca H ln (OBC), (OCA), (OAB).
1. Tnh th tch t din HABC.
2. Gi S l im i xng ca H qua O. Chng t S.ABC l t din u.
Bi 4. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA, OB, OC i mt vung gc. Gi
, , a b g
ln lt l gc nh din cnh AB,
BC, CA. Gi H l hnh chiu ca nh O trn (ABC).
1. Chng minh H l trc tm ca ABC D .
2. Chng minh
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.
OH OA OB OC
= + +
3. Chng minh
2 2 2
cos cos cos 1. a + b+ g =
4. Chng minh cos cos cos 3. a + b+ g
Bi 5. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB = b, OC = c vung gc vi nhau tng i mt. Gi M, N, P ln lt
l trung im BC, CA, AB.
1. Tnh gc
j
gia (OMN) v (OAB).
2. Tm iu kin a, b, c hnh chiu ca O trn (ABC) l trng tm ANP D .
3. Chng minh rng gc phng nh din [N, OM, P] vung khi v ch khi
2 2 2
1 1 1
.
a b c
= +
Bi 6. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC D vung cn ti A, SA vung gc vi y. Bit AB = 2,
0
(ABC),(SBC) 60 = .
1. Tnh di SA.
2. Tnh khong cch t nh A n (SBC).
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SB, C].
Bi 7. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB = b, OC = c vung gc vi nhau tng i mt.
1. Tnh bn knh r ca mt cu ni tip hnh chp.
2. Tnh bn knh R ca mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
Bi 8 (trch thi i hc khi D 2003). Cho hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc vi nhau, giao tuyn l
ng thng (d). Trn (d) ly hai im A v B vi AB = a. Trong (P) ly im C, trong (Q) ly im D sao cho
AC, BD cng vung gc vi (d) v AC = BD = AB. Tnh bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD v khong
cch t nh A n (BCD) theo a.
Bi 9. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a, BC = 2a. Cnh SA vung gc vi y v
SA = 2a. Gi M l trung im ca SC.
1. Tnh din tch MAB D theo a.
2. Tnh khong cch gia MB v AC theo a.
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SC, B].
Bi 10. Cho t din S.ABC c ABC D vung cn ti B, AB = SA = 6. Cnh SA vung gc vi y. V AH
vung gc vi SB ti H, AK vung gc vi SC ti K.
1. Chng minh HK vung gc vi CS.
2. Gi I l giao im ca HK v BC. Chng minh B l trung im ca CI.
3. Tnh sin ca gc gia SB v (AHK).
4. Xc nh tm J v bn knh R ca mt cu ngoi tip S.ABC.
Bi 11. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC D vung ti C, AC = 2, BC = 4. Cnh bn SA = 5 v vung gc vi y.
Gi D l trung im cnh AB.
1. Tnh cosin gc gia hai ng thng AC v SD.
2. Tnh khong cch gia BC v SD.
3. Tnh cosin gc phng nh din [B, SD, C].
10
Bi 12. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a. SA vung gc vi y v SA a 3 = .
1. Tnh khong cch t nh A n (SBC).
2. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SC.
Bi 13. Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c di cnh y l a, ng cao SH = h. Mt phng
( ) a
i qua
AB v vung gc vi SC.
1. Tm iu kin ca h theo a
( ) a
ct cnh SC ti K.
2. Tnh din tch ABK D .
3. Tnh h theo a
( ) a
chia hnh chp thnh hai phn c th tch bng nhau. Chng t rng khi tm
mt cu ni tip v ngoi tip trng nhau.
2. CC BI TON V HNH CHP T GIC
Bi 14. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh a, SA = a v vung gc vi y. Gi E l trung im
CD.
1. Tnh din tch DSBE.
2. Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBE).
3. (SBE) chia hnh chp thnh hai phn, tnh t s th tch hai phn .
Bi 15. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh a. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA a 3 = .
1. Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBD).
2. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SD v AC.
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [B, SC, D].
Bi 16. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh 3cm. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA 3 2 =
cm. Mp
( ) a
i qua A v vung gc vi SC ct cc cnh SB, SC, SD ln lt ti H, M, K.
1. Chng minh AH vung gc vi SB, AK vung gc vi SD.
2. Chng minh BD song song vi
( ) a
.
3. Chng minh HK i qua trng tm G ca SAC D .
4. Tnh th tch hnh khi ABCDKMH.
Bi 17. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht, AB = a, AD = b. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA
= 2a. Gi M, N l trung im cnh SA, SD.
1. Tnh khong cch t A n (BCN).
2. Tnh khong cch gia SB v CN.
3. Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SCD) v (SBC).
4. Tm iu kin ca a v b

3
cosCMN
3
= . Trong trng hp tnh th tch hnh chp S.BCNM.
Bi 18. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. SAD D u v vung gc vi (ABCD). Gi H l
trung im ca AD.
1. Tnh d(D, (SBC)), d(HC, SD).
2. Mt phng
( ) a
qua H v vung gc vi SC ti I. Chng t
( ) a
ct cc cnh SB, SD.
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [B, SC, D].
Bi 19. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi tm O. SO vung gc vi y v SO 2a 3 = , AC = 4a, BD
= 2a. Mt phng
( ) a
qua A vung gc vi SC ct cc cnh SB, SC, SD ti
B', C', D'
.
1. Chng minh B'C'D' D u.
2. Tnh theo a bn knh mt cu ni tip S.ABCD.
Bi 20. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = 2a. ng cao SA = 2a. Trn cnh CD
ly im M, t MD = m
(0 m a)
.
1. Tm v tr im M din tch SBM D ln nht, nh nht.
2. Cho
a
m
3
=
, gi K l giao im ca BM v AD. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SK, B].
3. CC BI TON V HNH HP LNG TR NG
11
Bi 21. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a. Gi I, K, M, N ln lt l trung im ca AD, BB, CD,
BC.
1. Chng minh I, K, M, N ng phng.
2. Tnh khong cch gia IK v AD.
3. Tnh din tch t gic IKNM.
Bi 22 (trch thi i hc khi A 2003). Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD. Tnh gc phng nh din [B,
AC, D].
Bi 23. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a. Tm im M trn cnh AA sao cho (BDM) ct hnh lp
phng theo thit din c din tch nh nht.
Bi 24. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a.
1. Chng minh AC vung gc vi (ABD).
2. Tnh gc gia (DAC) v (ABBA).
3. Trn cnh AD, DB ly ln lt cc im M, N tha AM = DN = k (0 k a 2). < <
a. Chng minh MN song song (ADBC).
b. Tm k MN nh nht. Chng t khi MN l on vung gc chung ca AD v DB.
Bi 25. Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.ABCD c AB = 2, AD = 4, AA = 6. Cc im M, N tha
AM mAD, BN mBB' (0 m 1). = =
uuur uuur uuur uuur
Gi I, K l trung im ca AB, CD.
1. Tnh khong cch t im A n (ABD).
2. Chng minh I, K, M, N ng phng.
3. Tnh bn knh ng trn ngoi tip A 'BD D .
4. Tnh m din tch t gic MINK ln nht, nh nht.
Bi 26. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c di cnh l 2cm. Gi M l trung im AB, N l tm hnh
vung ADDA.
1. Tnh bn knh R ca mt cu (S) qua C, D, M, N.
2. Tnh bn knh r ca ng trn (C) l giao ca (S) v mt cu (S) qua A, B, C, D.
3. Tnh din tch thit din to bi (CMN) v hnh lp phng.
Bi 27 (trch thi i hc khi B 2003) Cho hnh lng tr ng ABCD.ABCD c y hnh thoi cnh a,

0
BAD 60. =
Gi M, N l trung im cnh AA, CC.
1. Chng minh B, M, D, N cng thuc mt mt phng.
2. Tnh AA theo a BMDN l hnh vung.
Bi 28. Cho hnh lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC c y l tam gic vung ti A. Cho AB = a, AC = b, AA
= c. Mt phng
( ) a
qua B v vung gc vi BC.
1. Tm iu kin ca a, b, c
( ) a
ct cnh CC ti I (I khng trng vi C v C).
2. Cho
( ) a
ct CC ti I.
a. Xc nh v tnh din tch ca thit din.
b. Tnh gc phng nh din gia thit din v y.
Bi tp :
MOT SO V DU MINH HOA
Bai 1: Cho hnh chop SABC co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a, SA= 3 a
va vuong goc vi ay
1) Tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC).
2) Tnh khoang cach t tam O hnh vuong ABCD en mat phang
(SBC).
3) Tnh khoang cach t trong tam cua tam giac SAB en mat phang
(SAC).
Bai 2: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong tam O canh bang a,
SO vuong goc vi
12
ay.Goi M,N theo th t la trung iem SA va BC. Biet rang goc gia MN
va (ABCD) bang 60
0

1) Tnh MN va SO.
2) Tnh goc gia MN va mat phang (SBD) .
Bai 3: Cho hnh thoi ABCD tam O, canh bang a va AC=a, T trung iem H cua
canh AB dng
SH (ABCD) vi SH=a
1) Tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (SCD).
2) Tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC).
Bai 4: Cho goc tam dien Oxyz, tren Ox, Oy, Oz lay cac iem A,B,C
1) Hay tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (ABC) theo OA=a, OB=b,
OC=c
2) Gia s A co nh con B, C thay oi nhng luon thoa man
OA=OB+OC . Hay xac nh v
tr cua B va C sao cho the tch t dien OABC la ln nhat.
Bai 5: Cho t dien OABC (vuong tai O), biet rang OA,OB,OC lan lt hp vi
mat phang (ABC) cac
goc
, ,
. Chng minh rang:
1) 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +
2)
2 2 2 2
ABC OCA OBC OAB
S S S S

+ +
Bai 6: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a, sa vuong
goc vi ay. Goi
M,N la hai iem theo th t thuoc BC,DC sao cho
4
3
,
2
a
DN
a
BM . CMR hai
mat phang
(SAM) va (SMN) vuong goc vi nhau.
Bai 7: Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a. Goi D la iem oi xng vi A qua BC.
Tren ng thang vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABC) tai D lay iem S sao cho
2
6 a
SD , CMR hai mat
phang (SAB) va
(SAC) vuong goc vi nhau.
Bai 8: Trong khong gian cho cac iem A,B,C theo th t thuoc cac tia Ox, Oy, Oz
vuong goc vi nhau
tng oi mot sao cho OA=a , OB=
2 a
. OC=c (a,c>0). Goi D la iem oi
dien vi O cua hnh
ch nhat AOBD va M la trung iem cua oan BC. (P) la mat phang qua
A,M va cat mat phang
(OCD) theo mot ng thang vuong goc vi AM.
a) Goi E la giao iem cua (P) vi OC , tnh o dai oan OE.
b) Tnh t so the tch cua hai khoi a dien c tao thanh khi cat khoi
chop C.AOBD bi
mat phang (P).
c) Tnh khoang cach t C en mat phang (P).
Bai 9: Cho t dien SABC co SC=CA=AB=
2 a
,
) ( ABC SC
, ABC vuong tai A, cac
iem M
thuoc SA va N thuoc BC sao cho AM=CN=t (0<t<2a)
1) Tnh o dai oan MN. Tm gia tr cua t e MN ngan nhat.
13
2) Khi oan MN ngan nhat, chng minh MN la ng vuong goc chung
cua BC va SA.
Bai 10: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thoi co AC=4, BD=2 va tam
O.SO=1 vuong goc
vi ay. Tm iem M thuoc oan SO cach eu hai mat phang (SAB) va
(ABCD).
Bai 11: Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
canh bang a. Goi M,N theo th t la
trung iem cua cac
canh AD,CD. Lay
'
BB P
sao cho BP=3PB
'
. Tnh dien tch thiet dien do (MNP)
cat hnh lap
phng .
Bai 12: Cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co AB=a, AD=2a, AA
'
=a
1) Tnh theo a khoang cach gia AD
'
va B
'
C.
2) Goi M la iem chia oan AD theo ty so 3
MD
AM
. Hay tnh khoang cach
t M en mat
phang (AB
'
C).
3) Tnh the tch t dien AB
'
D
'
C.
Bai 13: Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
canh bang a..Goi M, N la trung iem
cua BC va DD
'
1) CMR ) (
' '
BD A AC .
2) CMR ) //(
'
BD A MN .
3) Tnh khoang cach gia BD na MN theo a
Bai 14: Cho lang tru ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co ay ABCD la hnh thoi tam O canh bang a,
goc A=60
0
. B
'
O
vuong goc vi ay ABCD, cho BB
'
=a
1) Tnh goc gia canh ben va ay.
2) Tnh khoang cach t B, B
'
en mat phang (ACD
'
).
Bai 15: Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh bang a tam I . Tren hai tia Ax, By cung
chieu va cung vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABCD) lan lt lay hai iem M,N . at AM=x, CN=y
1) Tnh the tch hnh chop ABCMN.
2) CMR ieu kien can va u e goc MIN=90
0
la 2xy=a
2
.
Bai 16: Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay la tam giac vuong can ABC vi canh
huyen AB = 4
2
Canh ben
SC (ABC)
va SC = 2 .Goi M la trung iem cua AC, N la trung
iem AB
1) Tnh goc cua hai ng thang SM va CN
2) Tnh o dai oan vuong goc chung cua SM va CN.
Bai 17: Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co canh bang 1
1) Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AD, BB
'
.Chng minh rang
'
A C MN .
Tnh o dai oan MN
2) Goi P la tam cua mat CDD
'
C
'
. Tnh dien tch MNP .
Bai 18: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABC la tam giac eu canh a va canh
ben SA vuong goc vi
mat phang ay (ABC) . Tnh khoang cach t iem A ti mat phang
(SBC) theo a, biet rang
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SA=
a 6
2
Bai 19: Cho t dien OABC co ba canh OA;OB;OC oi mot vuong goc . Goi
; ;

lan lt la cac goc
gia mat phang (ABC) vi cac mat phang (OBC);(OCA) va (OAB).Chng
minh rang :
cos cos cos 3 + +
Bai 20: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a , SA vuong
goc vi mat phang
(ABCD) va SA=a . Goi E la trung iem cua canh CD . Tnh theo a khoang
cach t iem S en
ng thang BE.
Bai 21: Cho lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C' co ay ABC la tam giac can vi
AB=AC=a va goc
BAC = 120
0
, canh ben BB' = a. Goi I la trung iem CC'. Chng minh rang tam
giac AB'I vuong
A. Tnh cosin cua goc gia hai mat phang (ABC) va (AB'I).
15