I Tng quan v ph gia 1.

1Khi nim Ph gia lm ng c, lm dy l nhng cht c cho vo thc phm nhm lmng, to keo, lm kt dnh tng khi lng ln, to cu trc, tng dy ca thc phm.Cc cht lm c v to ng rt hu ch v lm cho thc phm c cht lngcao hn. Chng c c tnh nh n nh sn phm, p ng yu cu ca ngi tiudung. Ngy nay, cc sn phm b sung ph gia loi ny ngy cng ph bin, a dng 1.2 Mc tiu Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin tm hiu v vai tr v ng dng ca ph gia lm ng c ,lm dy v cch thc hin cc thao tc bng cch thc hin cc thao tc bng cch b sung ph gia lm dy vo thc phm .quan st nhng sn phm thc phm khi c v khng c ph gia II Gii thiu ph gia th ngim 1 1 Triphosphate pentasodium TPP l mui khng mu, tn ti dng khan v l hexahydrate.TTP l cht bo qun tht , thy sn , gia cm v thc n chn nui . Trong thc phm TPP c duy tr m Sodium triphosphate l mt hp cht v c vi cng thc Na2P3O10 . y l mui sodiumpolyphosphate pentaanion , l c s lin hp ca axit triphosphocric . triphosphatpentssodium c sn xut bng cch nung nng mt hn hp stoichiocnetricctisodiumphosphate , Na2HPO4 v bt phosphate NaH2PO4 trong iu kin kim sot cht ch

2 Quy trnh
Nguyn liu :c, tht , tm

X l , fillet

Cn 50 g

Cho ph gia

Ngm 30 pht

b nc ngm

Thm kh nguyn liu

Cn li nguyn li sau khi tm ph gia

Nhn xt khi lng , b dy , cu trc gia cc mu

3 Kt qu th nghim 1 Kt qu ln 1

Thi nghim Khng ph gia Khi lng 50g trc khi b ph gia Khi lng sau 49,65g khi b ph gia Th nghim Th tch trc khi bo ph gia Th tch sau khi b ph gia Kt qu ln 2 Thi nghim Khng ph gia Khi lng 50g trc khi b ph gia Khi lng sau 49,65g khi b ph gia Th nghim Th tch trc khi bo ph gia Th tch sau khi b ph gia Kt qu ln 3 Khng ph gia 49ml 45ml Khng ph gia 49ml 45ml

TPP (5%) 50g

TPP(10%) 50g

50,85g

51,75g

TPP(5%) 48ml 50ml

TPP (10%) 40ml 53ml

TPP (5%) 50g

TPP(10%) 50g

50,75g

51,95g

TPP(5%) 47ml 48,5ml

TPP (10%) 51ml 52ml

Thi nghim Khng ph gia Khi lng 50g trc khi b ph gia Khi lng sau 49,65g khi b ph gia Th nghim Th tch trc khi b ph gia Th tch sau khi b ph gia 4 Nhn xt Th nghim 1 Khng ph gia 49ml 45ml

TPP (5%) 50g

TPP(10%) 50g

50,65g

51,35g

TPP(5%) 46ml 49ml

TPP (10%) 49ml 54,5ml

Qua kt qu ca ba ln th nghim ta c nhn xt : Hm lng TPP cng cao th gi c mu thc phm tt hn ,tht khng b mm , n hi cao va b mt tht khng b chy nht Thc phm khng c ph gia Tht khng c ph gia th th tch v khi lng u gim, mu nht nht , tht b mm , n hi thp , khi lng v th tch u gim Thc phm c b sung ph gia mu thc phm tt,tht khng b mm , n hi cao , kh lng v th tch u tng nhng tuy nhin cc mu tng ln khng ng u v khng c s khc bit r rng gia TPP5% va 10%TPP 5 Nhng sai st trong th nghim ct nguyn liu khng u trong qu trnh cn nguyn liu va ha cht khng ng u gia cc mu khng ng u trong giai on thm kh, nguyn liu khng c thm kh ng u

III Th nghim 2 1 Tm hiu v ha cht trong bi Cacl2 L hp cht ioncacanxivclo. Cht ny tan nhiu trong nc. Ti nhit phng, n l cht rn. Cht ny c th sn xut t vinhng i vi vic sn xutsn lng ln th ngi ta to n nh l mt sn phm ph cacng ngh Solvay. Don c tnh ht m cao,ngi ta phi cha mui ny trong cc dng c y np kn.Clorua canxi c th phc v nh l ngun cung cp ion canxi trong dung dch, chnghn kt tado nhiu hp cht ca canxi l khng ha tan trong nc. Clorua canxic s dng ph bin nh l cht in giiv c v cc mn, c tm thy trongcc loi ung dnh cho nhng ngi tp luyn th thao v cc dng ung khc Pectin Pectin l mt polysaccharide tn ti ph bin trong thc vt, l thnh phn thamgia xy dng cu trc t bo thc vt. thc vt pectin tn ti ch yu 2 dng l pectin ha tan v protopectin khng ha tan. Di tc dng ca acid, enzyme pr otopectinaza hoc khi gia nhit th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin trong dch pectin c nht cao, nu b sung 60 % ng v iu chnh pH mitrng t 3,1-3,4 sn phm s to ng. Agar Agar c thu nhn t loi to bin thuc h rhodophycene .agra l mt hn hp phc tp ca polysaccharide .agar c kh nng to gel mnh nht cho qu trnh do qu trinh to gel c th xy ra nng 0.04%gel to thnh c bn cao nht . gel agar c tnh thun nghch v nhit .dung dch s to gel nhit khong 32-40Oc

Alginat

c chit t to nu, bao gm axit alginic, alginat natri, alginat kali, alginatamn, alginat canxi, alginat propylen-glycol. Phng php s dng : s dng rng ritrong cng nghip sa ng, sa scola, kem, bnh ko, mn n nh bp nu bng c,cc sn phm tht chn.Liu dng: 50mg/kg th trng i vi axit alginic, alginat natri v alginat amn,25 mg/kg th trng i vi alginat kali v alginat canxi.Trong iu kin nhit cao trng thi si v khi lm ngui s to thnh gel.Alginat cng c kh nng kt hp vi ion Ca2+ Carramen c sn xut thnh cng t loi to bin Rhodophyceae, c cu trc l mtmch thng ca polysaccharide -Sulphat, cha galactose v anhydrogalac tose vi cclin kt 1 - 3 v 1 4.carrageenan c ng dng lm cht ng ha , n nh , to gel ,to nht , to kt cu

2 Quy trnh ph gia lm c c ng

ng

Pha thnh dung dch 50%

Cn 20g /mu

Cn 20g /mu

Ch gia gia

Ch gia gia

Khuy ng b

Quan st kh nng to gel

Gel lng
o nht

Gel c
Quan st dang gel

Kt lun

3 Quy trnh ph gia lm c khng c ng

Nc

Cn 20g/ mu

un n 40oC(m)

Cho ph gia

Khuy ng b

Cho CaCl2 0.5%

Quan st kh nng to gel

Gel lng
o n nht

Gel c
Quan st dang gel

Kt lun

4 KT QU PH GIA LM C C NG Mu trng To gel lng (thi gian 1p25s) Pectin Ta gel long , n hi thp agar aginat To gel c , To gel n hi cao lng(thi gian 30p55s) caragen To gel c , n hi cao nht

5 KT QU PH GIA LM C C NG Mu trng Pectin Khng to gel Gel lng (thi gian 15s) nht cao nht 6 Nhn xt Hin tng xy ra ng vi cc mu ch tr agar trong ph gia lm c c ng : mu khng to c gel m ch tng nht. iu ny c gii thch l c s sai st trong qu trnh thao tc nh khuy mnh tao bt , trong qu trnh un b nc vo , cn ha cht khng ng dn n kt qu sai lch agar Khng to gel , nht tng aginat Dng si , gi nc caragen To gel c

III. Tr li cu hi

Cu 1 : Trnh by tnh cht v c ch hot ng ca ph gia s dng trong bi Agarose c cu to mch thng , trung tnh, t cc gc beta D-galactopyranosev 3-6- alhidro-L- galactose. C hai gc c s sp xp xen k, bn cc lin ktkhc nhau. Lin kt alpha 1-3 d phn hy bng enzyme to thnh neoagarobiose.L i n kt Beta 1-4 d thy phn vi xc tc ca acid v to thnh g c a g a r - agarobiose. Agar-agarobiose lm cho Agar-agar trong mi trng nc c kh nngto gel.Agaropectin c kh nng to gel thp trong nc, cu trc ca n n nay vnc h a x c n h r . C h b i t r n g n c t o n n b i s s p x p x e n k g i a D - galactose v L-galactose v chng cha tt c cc nhm phn cc trong agar Acid alginic hay cn gi l Alginate, trong rong Alginic thng dng muiAl g i n a t e C a , F e , M g t h a m g i a v o c u t r c c a t h n h v m n g t b o . L m t Copolymer mch thng c cu to t 2 gc Uronat l alpha Lgluronat v Beta D-mannuromat thong qua lin kt 1-4 glucosit

Cu 2 : Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong bi th nghim . Khi s dng qu liu lng nhng ph gia nh pectin , agar,alginate khi s dng carrageenan th s khng t c cu trc nh mong mun Cc tc dng tt ca Polyphosphate: - Polyphosphates c s dng nh mt ph gia: cht n nh, cht lm ng,v cht nh ho.- To phc vi ion kim loi- Kh nng gi nc- n nh nh tng- Gy n Dng lm dung dch m Cc tc dng xu ca Polyphosphate:

Tuy nhin polyphosphates cng gy nhng bt li sau (nu s dng qu liulng).- Lm cho sn phm c cu trc nh cao su.- Hm lng polyphosphates > 0.3 gy v cht.- Lm cho sn phm c v tanh ng, c cm gic nga li.- Hm lng ln nh hng n sc kho: au bng, tiu chy.

Cu 3 : Nu phng php xc nh polyphosphate ? Phng php nh lng bng sc k ion : Polyphosphat trong mu sn phmc chit tch bng nc ct kh ion. Dch chit c lm sch bng phng phpchit pha rn (SPE) trn ct chit pha rn C18. Hm lng polyphosphat c trongdch chit c xc nh trn my sc k ion s dng h thng phn ng sau ct vitc cht phn ng l st nitrat trong axit percloric v u d UV ti bc sng l l 330nm theo phng php ngoi chun. Cu 4 : K tn vi loi thc phm v ph gia lm ng c, lm dy thng gp Axit alginic, Kali alginat, Amoni alginat, Canxi alginat, Propylen glycol alginat,Thch trng (Aga), Carrageenan v mui Na, K, NH4 ca n (bao gm Furcellaran),Gm u Carob , Gm Gua, Gm Tragacanth , Gm Arabic, Gm Xanthan, GmKaraya, Gm Tara, Gm Gellan, Pectin, Metyl xenluloza, Metyl etyl xenluloza, Natricacboxy metyl xenluloza, Gelatin thc phm Cu 5: Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca pentasodium triphosphate, gelatin, agar,carrageenan INS (international numbering system) l k hiu c u ban Codex v thc phm xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cht ph gia thc phm ADI (acceptable Daily Intake) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc phmc c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m khng gynh hng c hi n sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng c th/ngy.ADI c th c biu hin di dng: gi tr xc nh, cha quy nh (CQ) v chaxc nh (CX).ML

(MaximumLevel) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trongqu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn sn phm