5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

Mc Lc
Mc Lc................................................................................................................................................2
BM PITTONG....................................................................................................................................3
NM LOI BM PITTONG..................................................................................................................6
II.1 Bm pittong tc dng n.........................................................................................................6
Cu to..........................................................................................................................................6
Nguyn l hot ng......................................................................................................................6
u, khuyt im............................................................................................................................7
Phm vi ng dng.........................................................................................................................8
II.2 Bm pittong kp.........................................................................................................................8
Cu to..........................................................................................................................................8
Nguyn l hot ng......................................................................................................................9
Phm vi hot ng........................................................................................................................9
Vn hnh.......................................................................................................................................9
u v nhc im........................................................................................................................9
II.3 Bm pittong hng knh..........................................................................................................10
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic....................................................................................................10
u Nhc im v ng dng.....................................................................................................11
Cu to........................................................................................................................................13
Hot ng....................................................................................................................................13
II.5 Bm pittong hng trc...........................................................................................................14
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng.................................................................................................14
u v nhc im......................................................................................................................15
ng dng bm pitong quay hng trc.....................................................................................15

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

5 LOI BM PITTONG
BM PITTONG
Cu to:
Gm cc b phn chnh: xylanh hnh tr, trong pittong chuyn ng tnh tin
qua li nh c cu truyn ng bn ngoi nh tay quay hay motor in. trn u
xylanh c 1 khoang trng lm ch cha cho cht lng.
Pha u xylanh c 2 van ht v y c gi bi 1 l xo nh, to cho ming
van lun p st vo ng ht v ng y.
1 tay bin; 2 thanh truyn;
3 con trt; 4 cn pittng;
5 pittng; 6 xy lanh;
7 khoang
cha; 8 ng y; 9- van
y; 10- ng ht;
11- van ht;
A - im
cht trn (v tr bin bn tri
ca pittng);

Hnh I.1: Cu to chung ca bm pittong

B - im
cht di (v tr bin bn phi
ca pittng).

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Khi pittong chuyn ng t phi qua
tri p sut trong xylanh s gim
xung nh hn p sut kh quyn, di
tc dng ca p sut kh quyn xupap
ht s m ra nc trn vo xylanh
Khi pittong chuyn ng ngc li, Hnh I.2: Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca
p sut trong xylanh s tng ln, khi
bm pittong
xupap ht s ng li. Khi p sut
Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
trong xylanh ln hn lc nn ca l xo nn trn xupap y th xupap y s m
ra v nc trong xylanh s c y vo ng dn.
Nh vy trong 1 chu k chuyn ng ca qu trnh ht v y cht lng c
thc hin 1 ln.

khc phc hin tng lu lng cu bm khng u, ngi ta ch to

bm pittong tc dng kp. Khi hot ng trong 1 chu k chuyn ng ca
pittong bm tc dng kp s ht v y cht lng 2 ln.

Ngoi r Hnh I.1: Cu to chung ca bm pittong kp

a trong k thut
khc p
hc hin tng l
u lng khng u,
ngi ta cn ch to cc loi bm tc dng 3, tc dng 4 hay bm vi sai

Hnh I.4a:Hnh
BmI.4b:
vi saiBm pittong quay hng trc
(bm pittong quay hng knh)

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
Mt s yu cu trong k thut ch to bm:

Khe h gia piston v xilanh: (20 30) m

cn, van khng qu 5 m

bng 10

khng song song b mt: (1 2) m

Vt liu:
Piston: thp khng r: 20X ; 40X (HRC = 58 62)
Trc phn phi: 40X ; 18XHBA (Sau nhit luyn HRC = 60 62)
Nu may bng hp kim ng-thic-phospho; ng thanh; trc phn phi c
th dng thp 20X ti t (50 56) HRC; gia cng 10
Vnh stato: gia cng 9
Khi xilanh: gang xm HB 189 225 hoc hp kim ng pha
Mt s chi tit khc bng gang

Phn loi:

Da vo cu to v nguyn l lm vic, chia bm pittong thnh 5 loi:

Bm pittong tc dng n
Bm pittong tc dng kp
Bm pitton vi sai
Bm pittong quay hng knh
Bm pittong quay hng trc

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

NM LOI BM PITTONG
II.1 Bm pittong tc dng n
Cu to

S cu to may bm pittng tac dung n

a) Bm pittng thng: 1- xi lanh; 2- pittng; 3- can pittng; 4- Thanh truyn; 5Bin; 6- Bu kh; 7- Van ht; 8- Van y; 9- Bu kh; 10- B cha; 11- B
ht; 12. Li lc
b) Bm pittng tru: 1- bung cng tac; 2- pittng tru.
Cu to bm pittng tc dng n gm cc b phn: xi lanh hnh tr, trong
pittng chuyn ng tnh tin qua li nh c cu truyn ng tay quay thnh truyn.
Pha u xi lanh c 2 xupap ht v y. C 2 bu kh trn v di, pha di c ng
ht v li lc.
Pittng thng co dang tm tron co kich thc ng kinh ngoai ln hn chiu
dai nhiu ln, con pittng tru co ng kinh ngoai nho hn chiu dai cua no.
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi pittng chuyn ng t tri qua phi, p sut trong xi lanh s gim xung
nh hn p sut kh quyn. Di tc dng ca p sut kh quyn, xupp ht s m ra
nc trn vo xi lanh v ng thi xupp y b ng li. Khi pittng chuyn ng
ngc li t phi sang tri, p sut trong xi lanh s tng ln, khi xupp ht s ng
li v xupp y s m ra v nc c y ra ngoi.

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

Hnh II.1.1: Hot ng ca bm pittong tc dng n

Nh vy trong mt chu k chuyn ng ca pittng qu trnh ht v y cht
lng c thc hin mt ln.
Khi trc quay t B n A, pittng di chuyn t tri sang phi, nc c ht
vo cha trong xi lanh. Th tch nc ht vo ng bng tch ca xilanh. Khi trc
quay na vng cn li (t A n B) th pittng di chuyn t tri sang phi v y
lng nc trong xi lanh ra ngoi.
Nng sut ca bm tnh theo cng thc:
Q= ".F.S.n " (m3/ph)
Trong :
F= D^2/4 - tit din ca pittng, m2
D - ng knh pittng, m
S - Khong chy ca pittng, m
n s vng quay ca trc, v/p
hiu sut th tch, v trong qu trnh lm vic 1 phn th tch cht lng b
r r qua cc van, ch ni...
u, khuyt im
u im: n gin, d s dng, chi ph thp.
Khuyt im: lu lng khng u, ta c th thy u ny qua th sau:

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
th cung cp bm pittng tc dung n

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

S bin i lung cht lng do bm pittng tc dng n cung cp. Khi trc
quay na vng u tin (t 0 n 180 ), lng cht lng ra bng khng. Na vng
tip theo (180 n 360 ), lng cht lng dobm cung cp c dng parabol.
Phm vi ng dng
ng dng trong cc thit b cng nghip, k thut

II.2 Bm pittong kp
Cu to
Gm c 4 van v 1 xilanh (Hnh II.2.1)
Xilanh c c bng gang hay
thp hoc nhng vt liu c bn ha
hc cao. Mt trong c gia cng k
t nhn cao nhm gim ma st.
Van c ch to bng ng thp
khng r, cao su hay cht do, ring l xo
th lm bng dy ng hay dy thp
khng r.
Hnh II.2.1: Cu to bm pittong tc
ng kp

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

Nguyn l hot ng
Khi pittng chuyn t tri sang phi th pha tri thc hin qu trnh ht, pha
phi thc hin qu trnh y v ngc li. Nh vy vi mi vng quay ca trc chnh
th bm thc hin c hai ln ht v hai ln y.
Van phn ln lm vic theo nguyn tc t hnh, ngha l m ra di tc dng
ca p sut cht lng v ng li di tc dng ca khi lng bn thn van hay tc
dng ca l xo.

Hnh II.2.2: S so snh bm tc dng n v bm tc dng kp

Phm vi hot ng
Cc h cha dung mi khng gii hn cho php s dng khng cn gim st di hn
v chuyn i nhanh chng v sch s ra kh nng.
Vn hnh
Cht lng c ht vo v y ra khi bm do s thay i th tch trong bm
nh mt b phn chuyn ng tnh tin m y l xilanh do th nng v p sut
ca cht lng tng ln.
u v nhc im
Nhc im ca loi bm ny l chiu di ln, lc p ca pittng ln hai pha
khc nhau, hp chn kn phc tp v hay hng, nhiu van (4 van).
Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
u im chnh ca n c nng sut cao hn v cht lng c bm u n
hn bm tc dng n , dng cht lng t bin ng hn . Nu b qua tit din ngang
ca cn pittng th c th coi lu lng ca bm tc ng kp gp i bm tc dng
n.
II.3 Bm pittong hng knh
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
My gm c 2 phn: phn quay (roto) chnh l khi xilanh t lch tm trong
phn c nh l v bm cn gi l stato.
B phn ch yu ca my l cc cp piston xilanh trong piston thng c
dng tr, khng c cn, phn b u trn khi xilanh theo hng knh.
Ta k hiu:
Z : s l xilanh phn b u trn mt ct ngang ca khi xilanh
a : gc gia cc l xilanh
e : lch tm gia v v roto

Hnh II.3.1: Cu to ca bm pittong quay hng knh

Khi roto 1 quay theo chiu mi tn, cc piston cng quay theo roto, lc ly tm
v lc l xo y cc piston i ra t vo thnh stato.

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
v tr na trn ca stato, cc piston chuyn ng i ra, p sut trong l xilanh
gim v cht lng c ht vo xilanh qua l dn a v bng ht A, y l qu trnh
ht ca bm.
v tr na di ca stato, cc piston b thnh xilanh p nn chuyn ng
hng vo tm, cht lng c tng p sut, nn vo bng y B v a ra ngoi theo
ng dn b, y l qu trnh y ca bm.
Bng ht A v bng y B l 2 rnh hnh bn nguyt phay trn trc phn phi
4, cch nhau bi 1 rnh ngn, cc ng dn a, b c khoan dc theo trc phn phi
dn cht lng vo v ra, trc phn phi chnh l phn li ca stato c nh.
Nu roto quay theo chiu ngc li th B l bng ht cn A l bng y.
Trong trng hp my l ng c nguyn l lm vic nh sau: a 1 dng
cht lng di p sut p ln vo bng A (hoc B), di tc dng ca p sut cht
lng piston s chuyn ng ra ngoi, u piston t vo thnh stato c nh s pht sinh
lc y roto quay. Khi u piston t vo na di ca stato, cht lng s b nn v y
vo khoang B v qu trnh lm vic c tip tc nh th.
Trng hp my l bm, m bo u piston lun t vo thnh stato trong
qu trnh lm vic th, ngoi lc ly tm, ta cn dng l xo y piston hng ra
ngoi. Trng hp my l ng c th khng cn l xo v cht lng c a vo vi
p sut cao nn lun y u piston chuyn ng ra ngoi.
u Nhc im v ng dng
My bm piston roto hng knh c th s dng bm nhiu cht lng khc
nhau nh: du khong, du sinh hc, HFA (oil in water), HFC (water-glycol), HFD
(synthetic ester) hoc nh tng. Cc ng dng ch yu ca my bm piston roto
hng knh:
Thit b chu lc cao (HPU): nh bo v qu ti ca my p
Lnh vc t ng ha: hp s t ng, p phun nha v bt, Nng lng gi,

a. u im:
Nguyn tc lm vic rt n gin, hiu sut li rt cao
Cung cp lu lng cht lng c p sut ln
Khi ng bm khng cn mi cht lng
C th s dng vn chuyn nhiu loi cht lng c nht khc nhau.
b. Nhc im:

Kch thc v khi lng ln, chim nhiu din tch lp t

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
Truyn ng phc tp, cc chi tit chng b mi mn
Lu lng khng u v chy chm
c. ng dng:
Hin loi bm ny t c s dng rng ri trong sinh hot v trong nng nghi
p v hnh trnh ca piston l chuyn ng trt. iu ht sc bt li
cho vic c kh hay in kh ha v mun chuyn t chuyn ng quaysang chuyn
ng trt phi c thm c cu bin tay quay (tay dn) do cng knh v phc tp.
Hin nay n vn c s dng trong cc
bm ht kh di tu thuyn, bm xe p, xe my.

bm truyn ng th cng nh

Ch n khi h thng truyn ng thy lc

v kh nn ra i, bm piston
mi tr li v tr thng tr ca n trong cng nghip v hai loi truyn ng
hin i ny vic iu khin hnh trnh ht v nn ca piston hon ton nh vo p su
t ca dng kh nn hoc cht lng.

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

II.4 Bm vi sai
Cu to

Hnh II.4.1: Cu to ca bm pittong quay hng trc

Bm ny c hai phng A v B ni vi nhau bng xilanh bn trong c plngj,
chuyn ng qua li. Powlongjo c hai ng knh D v d khc nhau, phn c ng
knh nh d ng thi lm nhim v ca cn ni vi tay quay. Phng A c hai van:
van ht 1 v van y v van y 2,cn phng ph B khng c van.
Hot ng
Khi plngj chuyn ng sang pha phi, phng A ht cht lng vo qua van
ht 1, cn t phng B cht lng c y vo ng y. Khi plngj chuyn ng
sang tri, van ht ng li, van y m ra,cht lng chuyn t phng A sang phng
B. V th tch phng B nh hn phng A mt lng bng th tch do cn plngj
chim nn mt phn cht lng t phng A sang s i thng vo ng y. Nh vy,
sau mi vng quay ca trc, bm ht vo mt ln v y cht lng ra hai ln.
Ngi ta c th chn ng knh D v d nh th no cho trong c hai khong chy
va pittong ( hay plngj) sng phi v tri, lng cht lng c vn chuyn i

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh
bng nhau ging nh trong bm tc dng kp. Loi bm ny c u im l cht lng
c bm u n v so vi bm tc dng kp th s van t hn mt na.

II.5 Bm pittong hng trc

Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Hnh II.5.1: Nguyn ly cu tao va hoat ng cua bm pittng quay.

Phn c inh cua bm nay gm vanh tru 1 va vach ngn 4. Phn quay gm r
to 5 co tm quay lch tm e vi truc cua vanh tru1, cac pittng 2 dich chuyn trong
cac ranh ( cac xi lanh ) cua 5, ng lot 3 ep vao 5 va co th thay th khi bi mon. Khi r
to 5 quay theo chiu kim ng h thi cac pittng 2 cung quay theo, ng thi tinh tin
qua lai trong xi lanh tao ra qua trinh hut va y cht long. Vach ngn 4 ng yn.
Khng gian trong ng lot 3 chia lam hai phn: phn trn vach 4 la ca hut, phn di
la ca y cua bm. Khi pittng n phn trai cua ng C-C la va hoan thanh qua
trinh y va bt u qua trinh hut, con khi n vi tri bn phai thi ngc lai. Quang
chay cua mi pittng la S = 2e.
Piston c hnh trnh lm vic ln trong xylanh. chnh l l do lm cho hiu
sut lm vic ca bm ln, do loi bm ny rt thch hp khi cn bm vi p sut
ln. Khi khong cch gia trc quay v a cam ln, th ti y cht lng s c ht
vo bn trong xylanh, khi trc quay th cht lng bn trong xylanh b nn li ( v khi
ny khong cch gia trc quay v a cam ngn li).

Thc hin: nhm 5

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5 loi bm pittong

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

u v nhc im
a. u im:
Bm nay co u im la tao ct ap rt cao, co th at n 350 at khi vong quay ln n =
6500 v/ph ( dung trong cac ng c may bay ) va lu lng ng u
b.

Nhc im:

Nhc im chinh cua no la cu tao phc tap va lu lng nho ( t 0,2 ... 25 m3/h ).
ng dng bm pitong quay hng trc
Bm VE iu khin in t c mt piston hng trc.
a. Cu to:
Bm VE loi ny c:
- Bm s cp, khp ch thp dn ng cam, vnh con ln, c cu iu khin phun
sm, van x p SPV, van iu khin phun sm TCV, cm bin tc
- Khng c qu ga v piston khng c l ngang. V vy iu chnh lng nhin
liu phun th bm s dng mt van x p thng vi khoang xylanh.

Hnh II.5.2: Cu trc ca bm VE loi hng trc

1- Cm bin tc ; 2- Bm np; 3- Vnh con ln; 4- Roto; 5- a cam; 6Van iu khin thi im phun TCV; 7- Piston cao p; 8- Van iu khin
lng phun SPV
b. Hot ng:
Thc hin: nhm 5

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GVHD: TS. Nguyn Knh

Khi ng c lm vic th mt bm s cp loi cnh gt c b tr trong bm

VE s ht du t thng du qua lc v nn trong khoang bm n p sut 2 7
(kg/cm2) v gi l p sut s cp. Sau du c p sut ny c a ti ch sn ti
ca np v khi phn x rnh ca piston trng vi ca np th du c np vo
khoang xylanh. Khi piston quay ln th phn khng x rnh u piston s che lp
ca np, ng thi lc ny phn li ca cam a s tro ln con ln lm cho piston b
y ln nn du trong khoang xylanh. Du trong khoang xylanh b nn ti gn p
sut phun th ca chia du trn piston trng vi mt ng dn ra mt vi phun no
.
Do vy, khi du trong khoang xylanh t ti p sut phun th van ngt du m,
du theo ng cao p ti kim phun. N s m kim phun v phun du vo bung
chy ng c. Lng du phun vo ng c nhiu hay t ph thuc vo thi im m
van x p. Nu vi phun ang phun m van x p m ra th du trong khoang xylanh
s thng qua van x p v khoang bm lm mt p sut phun.

Thc hin: nhm 5

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