NHNG NGUYN L C BN CA CH NGHA MARX - LENIN

CHNG IV: HC THUYT GI TR V: QU TRNH LU THNG CA T BN V GI TR THNG D

NHM 8
Bi Th Nht nh Nguyn Th Kim Cc Nguyn Th Kim Ngn Nguyn Nht Anh ng nh Ngha V Kim Nguyn ng Thanh Tng Lp 47 Lp 47 Lp 47 Lp 46 Lp 47 Lp TF002 Lp TF001

NI DUNG CHNH

LU THNG T BN & GI TR THNG D

1. Tun Hon V Chu Chuyn T Bn

Sn xut t bn l s thng nht bin chng gia qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh lu thng. Lu thng ca t bn, theo ngha rng, l s vn ng ca t bn, nh m t bn ln ln v thu v gi tr thng d.

S vn ng ny cng chnh l s tun hon v chu chuyn ca t bn.

a. Tun hon ca t bn
T bn cng nghip, trong qu trnh tun hon u vn ng theo cng thc :

SL
TH TLSX SX H T

S vn ng ny tri qua ba giai on: hai giai on lu thng v mt giai on sn xut.

Giai on 1: Giai on lu thng

Nh t bn dng tin mua t liu sn xut, sc lao ng tin hnh sn xut. SL

TH
TLSX - Hnh thi ca t bn: t bn tin t. - Chc nng ca t bn: mua cc yu t cho qu trnh sn xut, tc l bin t bn tin t thnh t bn sn xut.

Giai on 1: Giai on lu thng

V d: sn xut xe hi, ngi ta dng tin mua cc nguyn vt liu v a v nh my sn xut.

Giai on 1: Giai on lu thng

Giai on 1: Giai on lu thng

Giai on 2: Giai on sn xut

- Hnh thi t bn: t bn sn xut.
- Chc nng t bn: kt hp hai yu t sn xut sn xut ra hng ha. - c im: trong gi tr ca hng ha mi c thm c gi tr thng d. - ngha: Trong 3 giai on th giai on sn xut c ngha quyt nh nht v giai on ny trc tip to ra gi tr thng d.

SL H TLSX
Kt thc giai on ny, t bn sn xut c chuyn thnh t bn hng ha, c gi tr ln hn gi tr hng ha ban u m nh t bn b tin ra mua. SXH

Giai on 2: Giai on sn xut

V d: My mc, ng c, nguyn vt liu, nhn cng c a vo nh my sn xut ra xe hi. Gi tr chic xe hi khi xut xng cao hn gi tr ban u ca cc yu t u vo.

Giai on 2: Giai on sn xut

Giai on 3: Giai on lu thng

Nh t bn tr li th trng thc hin chc nng bn hng ha thu tin v vi gi tr ln hn.

H T
- Hnh thi t bn: t bn hng ha. - Chc nng t bn: l thc hin gi tr ca khi lng hng ha sn xut ra trong bao hm mt lng gi tr thng d.

Kt thc giai on 3 t bn hng ha chuyn thnh t bn tin t. n y mc ch ca nh t bn c thc hin, t bn quay tr li hnh thi ban u nhng vi s lng ln hn.

Giai on 3: Giai on lu thng

V d: Nh t bn em xe mnh sn xut c ra bn trn th trng. Trng by cc hi ch xe hi. Ch yu thc y bn hng.

Giai on 3: Giai on lu thng

Kt lun rt ra t ba giai on:

S vn ng ca t bn qua ba giai on trn l s vn ng c tnh tun hon: t bn ng ra di hnh thi tin ri khi quay tr v cng di hnh thi tin c km theo gi tr thng d. Qu trnh ny li c tip tc lp li v c gi l tun hon ca t bn.

nh ngha:
Vy, tun hon t bn l s vn ng lin tc ca t bn tri qua ba giai on, ln lt mang ba hnh thi khc nhau, th hin ba chc nng khc nhau ri quay tr v hnh thi ban u c km theo gi tr thng d.

iu kin tn ti tun hon t bn:

Tun hon ca t bn ch c th tin hnh bnh thng trong iu kin cc giai on khc nhau ca n khng ngng c chuyn tip. Mt khc, t bn phi nm li mi giai on tun hon trong mt thi gian nht nh.

Hay ni cc khc,iu kin tun hon ca t bn tin hnh mt cch bnh thng: - Mt l, cc giai on ca chng din ra lin tc. - Hai l, cc hnh thi t bn cng tn ti v c chuyn ha mt cch u n.

Nhn nh:
S vn ng ca t bn l mt s vn ng lin tc khng ngng.

Ko theo s ln mnh ca CNTB

C s: sn xut din ra bnh thng t bn x hi cng nh t bn c bit u tn ti cng mt lc di c ba hnh thi. Ba hnh thi ca t bn khng phi l ba loi t bn khc nhau, m l ba hnh thi ca mt t bn cng nghip biu hin trong qu trnh vn ng ca n.

Nhn nh: Qu trnh vn ng ca t bn cha ng kh nng tch ri ca ba hnh thi t bn. Bi v chng xut hin ba giai on khc nhau, mang ba hnh thi khc nhau, vi ba chc nng khc nhau.

Gii thch cho hin tng: Qu trnh pht trin ca t bn cng nghip lm xut hin t bn thng nghip, t bn cho vay, hnh thnh cc tp on khc trong giai cp t bn: ch cng nghip, nh bun, ch ngn hng v.v. chia nhau gi tr thng d. Dn n s pht trin ca ch ngha t bn.

Ko theo s ln mnh ca CNTB

Khi nn cng nghip pht trin mnh m. Cc nh t bn mun thc y ti u t m rng hn na. Lc ny h tm n cc ngun vn t th trng ti chnh. iu ny thc y s pht trin ca h thng ngn hng, cc t chc tn dng v th trng chng khon.

Ko theo s ln mnh ca CNTB

Sn xut lin tc tng, hng ha nhiu ln nhng th trng th rng v ni tiu th cc xa ni sn xut. Cc doanh nghip phn phi hng ca mnh n cc nh bn l trn th trng, cc tp on thng nghip. Nhm ti a ha li nhun. Cc tp on bn l v thng nghip xut hin v pht trin.

Tm tt s tun hon ca t bn:

Tun hon ca t bn cng nghip tri qua ba giai on, mang ba hnh thi: t bn tin t, t bn sn xut v t bn hng ha. ng thi thc hin ba chc nng ri quay tr li hnh thi ban u, vi gi tr c tng ln. Qu trnh vn ng ca ba hnh thi nu trn cha ng kh nng hnh thnh cc tp on t bn cho vay, t bn thng nghip. Cc tp on t bn ny s phn chia gi tr thng d do lao ng to ra.

Nghin cu tun hon ca t bn l nghin cu mt cht trong s vn ng ca t bn. Mt lng ca s vn ng y c nghin cu u?

b. Chu chuyn ca t bn
Tun hon ca t bn c lp i lp li v c qu trnh nh k i mi c gi l chu chuyn ca t bn. Tc chu chuyn t bn ph thuc vo: thi gian chu chuyn ca t bn, bao gm thi gian sn xut v thi gian lu thng hng ha. Tuy nhin, ty theo tng ngnh, m thi gian v tc chu chuyn c khc nhau.

Thi gian sn xut:

Bao gm: - Thi gian lao ng.
- Thi gian gin on lao ng. - Thi gian d tr sn xut.

Thi gian lao ng: l thi gian m ngi lao ng s dng cc cng c lao ng tc ng vo i tng lao ng to ra ca ci vt cht. V d: Trong dy chuyn sn xut bn gh. Ca g ht 2 gi, ghp cc b phn ht 2 gi, hon thin sn phm ht 2 gi. Vy tng thi gian lao ng l : 6 gi.

Thi gian sn xut:

Thi gian gin on lao ng: l thi gian m sn phm chu s tc ng ca iu kin t nhin nh : Gch, ngi phi phi kh trc khi a vo nung, sy. Sau khi b tng phi i kh thi cng tip. Theo dy chuyn sn xut th sn phm ca tng b phn cng mt thi gian di chuyn ti b phn k tip.

Thi gian sn xut:

Thi gian d tr sn xut: l thi gian chun b iu kin cho sn xut nh d tr nguyn vt liu.

Thi gian sn xut:

Cc yu t nh hng:
Yu t nh hng K thut cng ngh Ngnh sn xut Thi gian sn xut Thi gian sn xut Thi gian sn xut di ngn Thp Cao

Cng nghip nng Cng nghip nh

c tnh ca sn phm Phc tp

Quy m sn xut D tr yu t sn xut Tc ng ca t nhin Sn xut nh D tr t Khng thun li

n gin
Sn xut ln D tr nhiu Thun li

Thi gian lu thng:

Thi gian lu thng : bao gm thi gian mua cc yu t sn xut nh nguyn nhin vt liu, my mc, thit b v thi gian bn sn phm.

Thi gian lu thng:

Cng vi s pht trin ca nn sn xut hng ha, th thi gian bn ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng. Thi gian lu thng di hay ngn ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh: khong cch th trng xa hay gn, phng tin giao thng hin i hay th s, quy m th trng ln hay nh, sc mua ca th trng, hot ng tip th.

 ngha chu chuyn ca t bn

Thi gian chu chuyn v tc chu chuyn cng nhanh, s to iu kin t bn thu c gi tr thng d ngy cng ln. Tc chu chuyn ca t bn khng ging nhau, ty theo tng ngnh sn xut.

Xc nh tc chu chuyn t bn
so snh v xc nh tc chu chuyn ca cc t bn khc nhau, ngi ta tnh s vng chu chuyn ca tng loi t bn, trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, thng l mt nm.

Xc nh tc chu chuyn t bn
T ta c cng thc sau: CH n = -----------ch Trong : - n l s vng chu chuyn trong mt nm. - CH l thi gian trong mt nm - ch l thi gian chu chuyn ca mt vng.

Xc nh tc chu chuyn t bn
V d: Mt t bn c thi gian chu chuyn mt vng l 4 thng, s vng chu chuyn trong mt nm ca t bn l: 12 thng n = -------------- = 3 vng/nm 4 thng

Kt lun:
T cng thc tnh s vng chu chuyn ca t bn, chng ta thy tc chu chuyn ca t bn, t l nghch vi thi gian chu chuyn ca mt vng. Mun y nhanh tc chu chuyn ca t bn, nhm thu c gi tr thng d cao, cc nh t bn phi y nhanh thi gian sn xut v thi gian lu thng ca t bn.

c. T bn c nh v t bn lu ng
Trong qu trnh sn xut, cc b phn t bn chu chuyn khng ging nhau, cn c vo tnh cht chuyn gi tr ca cc b phn t bn vo trong sn phm mi Marx chia t bn thnh hai b phn l t bn c nh v t bn lu ng.

T bn c nh:
- L b phn ca t bn sn xut. - c s dng trong nhiu chu k sn xut. - Gi tr c chuyn dn tng phn vo trong sn phm mi nh: my mc, thit b, nh xng - T bn c nh b hao mn dn trong qu trnh sn xut. C hai loi hao mn t bn c nh l hao mn hu hnh v hao mn v hnh.

T bn c nh:
Hao mn hu hnh l hao mn vt cht sau mt thi gian s dng, cng nh hao mn do my mc b g st, hng hc sau mt thi gian s dng; nh xng xung cp do ma nng. hn ch hao mn hu hnh th phi bo qun tt my mc, khng b nh hng ca mi trng, s dng v bo tr my mc ng quy trnh k thut.

T bn c nh:
Hao mn v hnh: l hao mn thun ty v gi tr do tc ng ca tin b khoa hc k thut, lm cho my mc, thit b gim gi tr trong khi gi tr s dng vn khng i. gim bt hao mn v hnh, cc nh t bn thng tm cch ko di thi gian s dng my mc, thit b trong ngy nh lm 3 ca mt ngy, hoc tng cng lao ng, rt ngn thi gian khu hao, nhanh chng i mi my mc, thit b.

T bn lu ng:
- L mt b phn ca t bn sn xut tn ti di dng nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu ph, sc lao ng - Khi tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut, gi tr ca n c chuyn ngay mt ln v ton b vo trong sn phm mi. - Hay ni cch khc: Gi tr ca t bn lu ng lu thng ton b cng vi sn phm v c hon li ton b cho cc nh t bn sau mi quy trnh sn xut.

T bn lu ng:
T bn lu ng c tc chu chuyn nhanh hn so vi t bn c nh. Vic y nhanh tc chu chuyn ca t bn lu ng ni chung s gp phn tng hiu qu s dng vn t bn, tit kim t bn ng trc, ng thi tng t sut v khi lng gi tr thng d cho nh t bn.

Phn chia t bn c nh v lu ng
Vic phn chia t bn c nh v t bn lu ng ch din ra i vi t bn sn xut. T bn c nh chuyn gi tr dn dn, tng phn vo sn phm mi; t bn lu ng chuyn gi tr ngay mt ln v ton b vo sn phm mi sau qu trnh sn xut. y l cn c xc nh chi ph sn xut.

Phn chia t bn c nh v lu ng
Cn c phn chia t bn c nh v t bn lu ng khc vi phn chia t bn bt bin v t bn kh bin. Vic phn chia t bn bt bin v t bn kh bin l cn c vo vai tr ca cc b phn ny trong qu trnh sn xut gi tr thng d, qua vch r ngun gc ca gi tr thng d l do t bn kh bin to ra.

3. Khng Hong Kinh T Trong CNTB

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn ca khng hong kinh t trong ch ngha t bn.
b. Tnh chu k ca khng hong kinh t trong ch ngha t bn.

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

Bn cht: S pht trin chc nng phng tin thanh ton ca tin t cng vi nn sn xut x hi ha cao ca ch ngha t bn th khng hong l khng th trnh khi. Hnh thc khng hong u tin l:

Khng hong tha

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

- Hng ha tha so vi sc mua c hn ca qun chng lao ng.

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

Nguyn nhn: Mu thun gia trnh x hi ha cao ca lc lng sn xut vi ch s hu t nhn t bn ch ngha v t liu sn xut ch yu ca x hi.

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

Biu hin: - Th nht: Mu thun gia tnh t chc, tnh k hoch trong tng x nghip rt cht ch v khoa hc vi khuynh hng t pht v chnh ph trong ton x hi. - Th hai: Mu thun gia khuynh hng tch ly, m rng khng c gii hn ca t bn vi sc mua ngy cng eo hp ca qun chng do b bn cng ha.

a. Bn cht v nguyn nhn

- Th ba: Mu thun i khng gia giai cp t bn v giai cp lao ng lm thu.

Nhng cuc khng hong trn qui m ton cu m bn bit?

im qua mt vi cuc khng hong

Nm Lnh vc Nc

1819 1825 1836 1848 1857 1929 1973 1987 1999 2007

Ti chnh Chng khon Chng khon Tn dng v ngn hng Tn dng Chng khon Nhin liu Chng khon Ti chnh Tn dng

US Anh Anh, c, H Lan Php v Anh M M Nhiu nc M Chu M

b. Tnh chu kz ca khng hong kinh t

Chu k ca cc cuc khng hong kinh t trong CNTB, c th khi qut thnh 4 giai on c bn: Khng hong tiu iu phc hi hng thnh.

KHNG HONG

TIU IU

PHC HI

HNG THNH

Khng hong trc v sau WW II

-Th nht, khng hong kinh t bt gay gt. - Th hai, vt gi tr nn leo thang trong khng hong.

Khng hong trc v sau WW II

-Th ba, s xut hin ca cc cuc khng hong trung gian, khng hong c cu.

Khng hong trc v sau WWII

Khng hong trung gian l khng hong nh xy ra gia hai cuc khng hong ln.

Khng hong trung gian 1953-1954 gia khng hong 1948-1949 v 1957-1958

Khng hong trung gian 1960-1961 gia khng hong 1957-1958 v 1969-1970.

Khng hong trc v sau WW II

Khng hong c cu l khng hong xy ra trong tng ngnh, tng lnh vc ring bit, nh: khng hong nng lng, nguyn liu, khng hong du m, khng hong tin t. Khng hong du ha: 1973-1974, khng hong 7-2008. Khng hong tin t: 1970, v khng hong 2008 bt ngun t M

Khng hong trc v sau WW II

Nguyn nhn khng hong c cu: Mt l: Tc ng ca cuc cch mng khoa hc cng ngh. Hai l: Ct gim quy m khai thc ti nguyn. Ba l: Tng cng vai tr iu tit ca nh nc t bn vi cc qu trnh kinh t.

Khng hong trc v sau WW II

-Th t, du hiu nhn bit gia tiu iu v phn thnh khng r rng.

WTO

Cm n c v cc bn ch lng nghe!