Bi 11 : Xc nh cation v anion trong dd mui v c Mc tiu : - Trnh by trnh t xc nh cation v anion trong dd mui v c - Nm c k thut phn tch I/.

Cc th nghim m u : 1/. c tnh ca mu : dung dch trong sut : phn tch trc tip dng rn : * kim tra tnh tan + trong nc (nng hay lnh) + trong HCl + trong HNO3 Bng 1 : Tnh tan mt s loi mui trong nc Anion Nitrat (NO3-) Clorua (Cl-) Bromua (Br-) Iodua (I-) Sunfat (SO42-) Carbonat (CO32-) Hydroxyt (OH-) Sunfua (S2-) Cc cation tan Hu ht ion Hu ht cc ion Hu ht cc ion Hu ht cc ion Hu ht cc ion Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, NH4+ Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ Cation khng tan Khng c Ag+, Hg+, Pb2+ Ag+, Hg+, Pb2+ Ag+, Hg+, Pb2+ Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Ag+, Hu ht ion Hu ht ion Hu ht ion -

* mu ca mu th Bng 2 : Mu mt s mui khng tan Ag+ BrIClCO32C2O42PO43CrO42SO42S2SO32OHNH4+ Vng rt nht Vng nht Trng Trng Trng Vng nht cam m en Trng Huyn ph mu xm ng nu Huyn ph mu xm ng nu, d NH4+ thnh dd khng mu Pb2+ Trng Vng sng Trng Trng Cu2+ Nu Xanh nht Xanh nht Nu hi cam en Trng Xanh nht Xanh nht, d NH4+, thnh dd xanh m Nu bn Xanh l cy nht Xanh l cy nht, d NH4+ thnh dd xanh Trng Trng Trng, dng keo Vng nht Trng en en Xanh l cy Ba2+ Fe3+ Ni2+

Vng nht Trng

2/. Ha tan mu (nu mu dng rn) * Nguyn tc chung : Ty theo bn cht mu m la chn dung mi thch hp, iu kin thc hin ha tan mu hon ton nht, nhanh nht v bo m yu cu ca qu trnh phn tch. - Lng dung mi s dng ti thiu - Mu cng mn cng tan nhanh - Mt s mu tan nhiu hn nhit cao * Cc dung mi thng s dng - Nc l dung mi thng c s dng nht - Axit mnh : HCl, HNO3 , H2SO4, HClO4 + nu c kh bay ra : c th c CO32-, S2-, SO32+ dd i mu nu c CrO42- (mu vng thnh mu cam) + khi tc dng vi HCl m c nu c mi clorin bay ra th mu th c th c cht oxy ha nh NO3-, CrO4- Baz mnh : NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 - Cht oxy ha mnh 3/. Quan st mu sc dung dch to thnh Bng 3 : Bng mu dung dch phn tch Mu dd u Xanh lam Hng /trong H+ Lc/nc Vng Xanh xm en C th c Cu Co2+ Ni 2+, Fe2+ Fe3+, CrO42Cr3+
2+

Mu dd u Lc /dd H Tm cam mu
+

C th c Cu , Co , Cr MnO4Cr2O7 Fe3+, SCN2+ 2+ 3+

Mu dd u Mu khc Khng mu

C th c Nhiu hn 2 ion c mu trong s trn Khng th c Cu2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Ni 2+, CrO4, Cr2O7 CdO, Fe2O3, PbO2, CuCrO4

MnO, MnO2, FeO, CuO, Co3O4, Ni2O3; mui sunfua ca Ag+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Hg2+

Nu m

Mun bit mu ca anion hay cation c th th s b nh sau : un si dd vi Na2CO3 bo ha, ly tm tch ta. Nc ly tm c mu : mu ca anion Ta c mu : mu ca cation Nu mu mt i, c th ca Cl-, Br-, I4/. Mi ca dd - da vo mi ca dung dch nhit thng Bng 4 : Lin h gia mi c trng ca dd v ion hin din Mi C th c Dm CH3COO-, CH3COOH Khai NH3, NH4+ Thi S2Dim sinh chy HSO3-

- un nng : khi un nng nu c kh bay ra th ghi nhn mu v mi. Nitrat, carbonat v sunfua c th b nhit phn theo phng trnh phn ng

2 Pb(NO3)2 + Q 2 PbO + O2 + 4 NO2(mu nu, mi kh chu) CaCO3 + Q CaO + CO2(khng mu, khng mi, lm c nc vi trong) CaSO3 + Q CaO + SO2(khng mu, mi gt) Bromua v Iodua b nhit phn to Br2 (kh mu cam mu nu), I2(mu tm) 5/. Th pH ca dd - o pH : biu th nng ion H+ ca dung dch nc Bng 5 : Lin h gia pH v c im ca dung dch pH Trung tnh Axit Kim c im dung dch khng c cc ion d b thy phn nh Sn2-, Sn4+, Bi3+, Hg2+ khng c cc ion d b hy mi trng axit nh CO32-, SO32-, S2O32C th c cc mui cho phn ng kim nh : NaHCO3, K2CO3, khng c ng thi cc ion c th phn ng vi nhau trong mi trng kim nh Mn2+ v Ag+

6/. Cc phn ng nhn din s b - nhn din s khi cc ion : khi c phn ng xy ra cn ghi r s thay i mu sc, c kh thot ra khng (mu, mi ca kh), nu c to kt ta th cn ghi nhn ta mu g, tan trong thuc th g ? Bng 6 : Thuc th HCl long c im C th c Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ CO32-, NO3-, Br- Pb2+, Ba2+ Ni(NH3)62+ Cu(NH3)42+ Zn(NH3)62+, Ag(NH3)2+, Cd(NH3)42+ Fe3+ Fe2+, Mn2+ Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ Ag+ Hg 2+ Sb2+, Al3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ Al3+,Zn2+, Pb2+, Sn2+

To ta C kh bay ra H2SO4 long Kt ta Cc ion to phc amoniacat NH4OH n d Tm xanh Khng mu Cc ion to thnh hydroxyt t tan NaOH 0,5N tng git kt ta mu st r (nu ) kt ta mu trng ha nu dn kt ta xanh kt ta xm en kt ta vng kt ta trng Ban u to kt ta, tan dn trong NaOH d cc ion c tnh oxy ha hay kh 1 git HCl + 1 git DD nu r dd KI 0,5N 1 git KMnO4 0,1N dd c mu tm phai hay mt hn mu ca ngn la

c t nht 1 ion c tnh oxy ha (chuyn I- thnh I2) c t nht 1 ion c tnh kh : chuyn Mn7+ thnh Mn4+ hoc Mn2+)

Bng 7 Nguyn t Mu ngn la Na Vng sng K Tm Ba Lc Ca gch Sr thm

II/. Trnh t xc nh anion v cation trong dd mui 1/. Phn tch anion : - Nn phn tch cc anion trc v mt s anion cn tr cc phn ng nh tnh cation. Vd : nu c PO43- s gy kh khn cho nh tnh nhm 2 do khi kim ha s to ta phosphat ca Ba, Ca - Bit c anion c th gip loi tr mt s cation Vd: c I-, Cl-, Br- khng c cation nhm 1 nh Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ C SO42-+ s khng c cation nhm 2 nh Ba2+, Sr2+ - do trong dd phn tch c th c cc cation gy nhiu phn ng nhm, cn loi cc cation trc khi phn tch anion bng cch chuyn dd thnh nc soda (cc cation nh kim loi kim th s b kt ta). Thc hin : un 1 th tch dd phn tch (vi ml) vi 1 th tch Na2CO3 bo ha vi git NaOH c. Nu xut hin ta th ly tm. Dung dch trong sut cn li phn tch gi l nc soda a/. Anion nhm 1 Th nghim Mui + H2SO4 + KMnO4 Kt qu Dung dch si bt, kh bay ra c mu hoc khng mu Kh khng mu c mi hng, lm xanh giy tm KI v h tinh bt Kh mu nu lm giy tm fluorescein chuyn t mu vng sang hng Kh bay ra lm giy tm h tinh bt chuyn mu tm xanh Kt ta trng, tan trong NH4OH long Kt ta mu kem tan trong NH4OH c Ta mu vng khng tan trong NH4OH C th c C anion nhm 1 C ClC BrC IC ClC Br-

Mui + vi git HNO3 long (phn ng vi CO32- nu c) + vi git AgNO3 Thc hin tip cc phn ng xc nhn Cl-, Br-, Ib/. Anion nhm 2 : Th nghim Mui + Ba(NO3)2 Ha tan ta trong HNO3 Dd mui + HCl long Dd mui + amoni molypdat trong mi trng axit c/. Anion nhm 3 Th nghim

Kt qu To ta mu trng Nu cn tn ti ta khng tan Dd si bt, kh bay ra lm c nc vi trong Ta mu vng

C th c Anion nhm 2 C SO42C CO32C PO43-

Kt qu

C th c

Dd mui + H2SO4 long DD mui +HCl Dd mui + H2SO4 + v bo ng Dd mui + FeCl3 Cch nhn bit cc loi kh Kh CO2 NH3 Trng thi

Dd si bt, kh mu nu bay ra DD si bt, xut hin kh mu nu C kh bay ra mu nu, dd chuyn sang mu xanh Xut hin mu mu, pha long , un si to ta

C NO2C NO3acetat

Th nghim Cho hi i qua dd nc vi trong (Ca(OH)2) - t ming giy qu t pha trn ming ng nghim - t chai HCl c gn ming ng nghim t chai NH3 gn ming ng nghim t ming giy qu t ln ming ng nghim, t ming giy tm KI v h tinh bt ln ming ng nghim t ming giy tm h tinh bt ln ming ng nghim t ming giy qu t ln ming ng nghim,

Kt qu Nc vi trong ha c - giy qu ha xanh - xut hin lp khi trng ca NH4Cl xut hin lp khi trng ca NH4Cl, NH4Br Giy qu xanh ha sau thnh trng (b ty mu) Giy trng ng mu xanh en

Khng mu, khng mi Khng mu, mi khai

HCl, HBr, HI Cl2 Br2

I2 NO2

Kh khng mu, mi hc Kh mu xanh nht hoc vng, mi thuc st trng Kh mu nu, c th ngng t thnh dng lng, mi thuc kh trng Khi mu tm, c th chuyn thnh dng rn mu en Kh mu nu , mi hc

Giy trng ng mu xanh en Giy qu xanh ha sau thnh trng

Trnh t phn tch anion

Kh bay ra khng mu, khng mi lm c nc vi trong : CO32_ Kh mu nu, mi hc : NO2-

Dd u + HNO3

DD va tm CO32- + Ba(NO3)2

Ta anion nhm 2

Nc ly tm ClNc ly tm + AgNO3 ly tm Ta anion nhm 1 + (NH4)2CO3 Ta I-, Br-

Nc ly tm nhm 3

2/. Phn tch cation : Xc nhn cation NH4+ : th nghim ny cn tin hnh u tin, trc khi phn tch cc cation khc Th nghim Mui + NaOH, un Dd mui + thuc th Nessler a/. Cation nhm 1 Th nghim Dd mui +HCl long Lc ra ta (1), thm nc vo ta, un nng Dd mui + NH4OH d Dd mui + K2CrO4 Kt qu Ta trng (1) Ta tan trong nc nng Ta khng tan trong nc nng Ta tan, xut hin ta khi axit ha dd Ta trng ri chuyn sang mu en Ta mu vng, tan trong NaOH, axit v c Ta mu nu, tan trong NH4OH v axit v c Ta mu gch khng tan NaOH v HNO3 C th c Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ C Pb2+ C Ag+, Hg22+ C Ag+ C Hg22+ C Pb2+ C Ag+ C Hg22+ Kt qu Kh bay ra lm xanh giy qu Dd hay kt ta mu nu NH4+ NH4+ C th c

b/. Cation nhm 2

Th nghim Dd mui + H2SO4 + Ethanol un nhiu ln ta (2) vi Na2CO3, chuyn ta sunfat thnh carbonat, ha tan trong axit acetic , chia thnh 2 phn Phn 1+ K2CrO4/mi trng axit Nc lc (1) + CaSO4 bo ha Phn 2 + oxalat amoni c/. Cation nhm 3 Th nghim Dd mui + NaOH d DD mui + alizarin DD mui + NH4OH Dd mui + H2O2/OHd/. Cation nhm 4 Th nghim Dd mui + NaOH DD mui + KSCN DD mui + thioure Dd mui + NH4Cl d + Na2HPO4 e/. Cation nhm 5 Th nghim Dd mui + NH4OH d Dd mui + NH4SCN f/. Cation nhm 6 Th nghim Dd mui + Na3[Co(NO2)6] Dd mui +
Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO),CH3COOH lm xc tc

Kt qu Ta mu trng (2)

C th c Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+

Ta mu vng, lc ta, c nc lc (1) Ta mu trng Ta mu trng khng tan trong axit acetic

Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+

Kt qu To ta trng lc u, tan trong NaOH d Ta mu xanh xm, nu c NH4Cl, ta tan to dd c mu tm Dd c mu Ta mu trng, tan trong NH4OH d Dd mu xanh chuyn sang mu vng cam

C th c Al3+, Zn2+ Cr3+ Al3+ Zn2+ Cr3+

Kt qu Ta mu nu bn Ta mu trng Ta dng keo trng, khng to ta nu c NH4Cl Dd c mu mu To phc mu vng Ta trng

C th c Fe3+ Bi3+ Mg2+ Fe3+ Bi3+ Mg2+

Kt qu To ta mu xanh, tan trong NH4OH d to dd mu xanh thm To ta trng, tan dn trong NH4OH d Ta mu en Ta mu trng Cu2+ Hg2+ Cu2+ Hg2+

C th c

Kt qu Ta mu vng Tinh th vng nht K+ Na+

C th c

Trnh t phn tch cc cation

Dd phn tch + HCl, ly tm Dd phn tch nhm 6

Ta nhm 1

Nc ly tm + H2SO4/EtOH

Nc ly tm + NaOH d +H2O2

Ta nhm 2

Nc ly tm (AlO2-, ZnO2-, CrO42-

Ta nhm 4, nhm 5 + HNO3

Nc ly tm phc amoni ca nhm 5 Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Cd2+

DD + Na2CO3 thong c + NH4OH , ly tm

Ta nhm 4

3/. Nhn xt kt qu : Cc ion tm c c thc s tn ti trong cng dd u hay khng. V d : khng th c cng ion Ba2+ v SO42- ; Ag+ v Cl-, Fe3+ v I- Ion tm thy dng no trong dd V d : trong mi trng pH> 7, Al v Zn tn ti dng AlO2- v ZnO22- ch khng th dng 3+ Al , hay Zn2+ - i chiu kt qu vi cc nhn xt v kt qu th s b ban u xem c mu thun khng. Nu khng hp l cn phn tch li