Axit Sunfuric Ads

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni n
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MC LC
Trang
PHN M U:
Lch s pht trin ca axit sunfuric..3

PHN MT
C S HO L.
I. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG
1. Khi nim chung.....5
2. Vi tnh cht ca axit v lum.......5
3. Tnh cht ca SO
2
v SO
3
......9
4. Bo qun v vn chuyn axit.. ....10
5. Vt liu ch to thit b.....10
II. C S HO L QU TRNH SN XUT H
2
SO
4
.
1. Ch to kh SO
2
..11
2. Tinh ch kh.......12
3. Qa trnh xi ho SO
2
trn xc tc V
2
O
5
.......13
4. Qa trnh hp th19

PHN HAI
CHN V BIN LUN DY TRUYN - THIT B
TON PHN XNG
I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.... .22.
II. Chn cc thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut....23
III. Thuyt minh dy truyn sn xut. ..26

PHN BA
TNH CN BNG CHT
TNH CN BNG NHIT TON H THNG
I. L lp si t pyrit......28
II. Ni hi nhit tha...34
III. Cyclon........36
IV. Lc in kh......38
V. Thp ra I.....41
VI. Thp ra II...47
VII. Lc in t I..52
VIII. Thp tng m..55
IX. Lc in t II......60
Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Quyn Lp cng
ngh v c- k 47
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X. B xung khng kh......62
XI.Thp sy kh........65
XII. Thp tip xc ..68
XIV.Thp hp th lum....82
XIV. Thp hp th mn hydrat.....86
PHN IV
TNH TON THIT B
I. L t qung lp si..90
II. Ni hi nhit tha..94
III. Thp sy....97
IV. Thp chuyn ho SO
2
...102
IV. Thp hp th lum.....117
V. Thp hp th mn hydrat....123
VI. Tnh ton , chn thit b ph....128
PHN V
TNH TON KINH T
I.Xc nh ch lm vic ca nh my..134
II. Tnh ton nhu cu v in134
III. Tnh ton nhu cu v nc .136
IV. Tnh gi thnh sn phm 138
PHN VI
PHN XY DNG
ngh v c- k 47
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PHN M U
LCH S PHT TRIN CA AXIT SUNFURIC
T lu loi ngi bit n axit sunfuric, t th k X ngi ta iu
tr axit sunfuric bng cch chng ct sunfat st nhit cao s thu c
SO
2
v SO
3
. Sau khi lm lnh hn hp kh SO
2
v SO
3
cng vi hi nc s
to thnh H
2
SO
4
, nhng phng php ny c nng sut thp, gi thnh cao.
n cui th k XV ngi ta t Lu hunh v Dim tiu c thm nc
iu ch axit sunfuric cho y hc. Nm 1740 nh my sn xut axit sunfuric
c xy dng Anh. Nguyn tc sn xut, t Lu hunh v Mui nitrat
trong cc bnh kim loi sau hp th kh bay ra bng nc trong bnh thu
tnh. Nm 1796 ngi ta thay th bnh thu tinh bng phng php phng
ch. Qu trnh sn xut gin on, xit Nit thi ra ngoi nh hng n mi
trng. u th k XIX bt u t Lu hunh trong cc l ring, cn cc
xit Nit iu tr bng cch dng axit sunfuric phn hu cc mui Nitrat v
ngi ta t mt s thp trc phng ch tch mt s xit Nit ho tan
trong mt s sn phm v t mt s thp sau phng ch hp th xit Nit
bay theo kh thi. Do , tng c nng sut v gim gi thnh sn phm.
u th k XX ngi ta dng thp m thay cc phng ch. T , phng
php thp c hnh thnh c nng sut ln hn nhiu so vi phng php
phng tr. Nhng phng php ny ch iu ch c axit sunfuric c nng
75% v tinh khit ca sn phm khng cao.
Song song vi phng php thp nm 1931 P.Filit (ngi Anh) ngh
xi ho SO
2
trc tip trn xc tc Pt bng xi khng kh. T hnh thnh
phng php tip xc. Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu, qu trnh xi ho
SO
2
thnh SO
3
c tin hnh trn cc xc tc nh xit st, xit ng
n cui th k XIX u th k XX ngi ta c bin php khc phc
xc tc ng c th phng php tip xc dng sn xut axit sunfuric
ngy cng tng ln khng ngng, u im ca phng php ny: Sn phm
tinh khit, c nng cao. C th sn sut c SO
3
lng v leum, nng
sut sn xut ln nhng gi thnh cao v tn ti h thng tinh ch kh.
Axit sunfuric l mt axit v c mnh , c s dng rng ri . nghnh
phn bn ho hc tiu th nhiu axit nht . sn xut mt tn P
2
O
5
hu
ngh v c- k 47
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hiu trong phn bn cn 1,9 2,5 tn axit, mt tn amn sunfat cn 0,75 tn
axit sunfuric. Axit sunfuric c dng sn xut nhiu loi mui sunfat,
mt s axit v c nh : axit photphoric, axit boric , axit flohidric, mt s bt
mu v c, sn hu c, si visco, tinh ch sn phm du m, cht n, ty g
kim loi, trong luyn mt s kim loi nh nhm, magi, ng , coban.
Niken, vng
nc ta, trong khng chin chng Php ng Phm nh A cng mt s
ngi t chc sn xut axit saunfuric quy m nh theo phng php
phng ch. Nm 1962 xng axit sufuric theo phng php tip xc i t
pirit cng sut 40000 tn /nm Lm Thao bt u hot ng. trong nhng
nm 60 v 70 hai xng axit sunfuric theo phng php tip xc i t S
c xy dng Tn Bnh v Th c. tip l xng axit sunfuric
40000 tn/nm ca nh my supephotphat long thnh. Ti nm 1992 tng
cng sut ca cc xng axit sunfuric nc ta l 240000 tn/nm. Hin
nay ch ring nh my supephotphat v ho cht Lm Thao cng c ti ba
dy chuyn sn xut axit sunfuric theo phng php tip xc i t S vi
cng sut ln ti 240000 tn /nm.
Khai thc ht cng sut thit k, ci tin nhng mt xch yu trong dy
chuyn cng ngh a nng sut ln cao thit k, gim tiu hao vt cht
v chi ph qun l cho mt tn sn phm, m bo cht lng sn phm theo
tiu chun quc t, ci thin iu kin lao ng v mi trng l nhng yu
cu cn thit i vi nhng ngi qun l vn hnh cc dy chuyn sn xut
axit sunfuric nc ta hin nay. nhng nhim v sng to trn i hi phi
nm vng bn cht cc l thuyt v nhng thnh tu mi nht ca cng
ngh, thit b sn xut axit sunfuric.
ngh v c- k 47
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PHN MT
C S HO L
I. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG.
1. Khi nim chung:
Trong k thut, hn hp theo t l bt k ca SO
3
vi H
2
O u gi l
axt sunfuric.
Nu t l SO
3
: H
2
O < 1 gi l dung dch axt sunfuric
SO
3
: H
2
O > 1 gi l dung dch ca SO
3
trong axt sunfuric hay
lum hoc axt bc khi.
Thnh phn ca dung dch axt sunfuric c c trng bng % khi
lng H
2
SO
4
hoc SO
3
2 - Vi tnh cht ca axt sunfuric v lum:
Axt sunfuric khan l cht lng khng mu, snh kt tinh 10,37
o
C p
sut thng (760mmHg) n t
o
= 296,2
o
C axt sunfuric bt u si v b
phn hu cho ti khi to thnh hn hp ng ph chim 98,3 % H
2
SO
4
v 1,7
% H
2
O. Hn hp ng ph ny si 336,5
o
C .
Axt sunfuric c th kt hp vi nc v SO
3
theo t l bt k khi to
thnh mt s hp cht c tnh cht khc nhau.
a. Nhit kt tinh.
Dung dch c nng bt k ca H
2
SO
4
v lum c th xem l hn hp
ca hai trong s cc hp cht khc sau:
H
2
O; H
2
SO
4
.3H
2
O; H
2
SO
4
.2H
2
O; H
2
SO
4
.H
2
O;H
2
SO
4
; H
2
SO
4
.SO
3
;
H
2
SO
4
.2SO
3
; SO
3
.
ng vi nhit kt tinh l :
0
o
C ; - 22,4 ; -39,6 ; 8,48 ; 10,37 ; 35,85 ; 1,2 ; 16,8
o
C
T th biu din quan h gia nhit kt tinh v nng axt
H
2
SO
4

ngh v c- k 47
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% H
2
SO
4
% SO
3
t do
Hnh 1: th kt tinh ca h nc v SO
3
Ta thy rng:
Nhit kt tinh ca dung dch axt sunfuric v lum tng i cao,
thm ch ngay c nhit vi chc .
V vy, ngi ta qui nh rt nghim ngt nng axt sunfuric v
lum sao cho chng khng b kt tinh trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo
qun.
T tnh cht ny gip cho ta la chn thnh phn axt sn xut ra phi
gn vi im cc tiu trn th kt tinh.
b. Nhit si v p sut hi:
Quan h gia nhit si v nng axt biu din trn th sau:

% H
2
SO
4
% SO
3

Hnh 2: Nhit si ca axit sunfuric v oleum 760 mmHg
Qua th ta thy rng:
ngh v c- k 47
6
N
h
i
,

o
C
N
h
i
,

o
C

A
4
D
5
E
6
H G
7
8
2
3
C B
1
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Khi tng nng th nhit si ca dung dch axt sunfuric tng t
cc i ( 336,5
o
C ) 98,3 % H
2
SO
4
sau li gim.
Khi tng hm lng SO
3
t do th nhit si ca lum gim t
296,2
o
C ( 0% SO
3
t do) xung 44,7
o
C ( 100%SO
3
).
Khi tng nng p sut hi trn dung dch a xt gim t cc tiu
98,3 % H
2
SO
4
sau li tng. p sut hi trn lum tng khi tng hm
lng SO
3
t do.
C th tnh p sut hi trn dung dch axt sunfuric v lum theo cng
thc sau:

T
B
A P lg
Trong :
P: p sut hi mmHg.
A, B : H s ph thuc vo nng axt v lum.
p sut hi ring phn ca H
2
SO
4
trn dung dch axt sunfuric t
o
khc
nhau c th tch theo cng thc trn nhng gi tr A,B c khc i.
Ni chung hi trn dung dch axt sunfuric v lum c thnh phn khc
vi thnh phn pha lng. Ch trn dung dch 98,3 % H
2
SO
4
th thnh phn
pha hi nc mi bng thnh phn pha lng.
c.T trng:
Khi tng nng , t trng ca dung dch axt sunfuric tng, t cc i
98,3% H
2
SO
4
sau gim.
Khi tng hm lng SO
3
t do t trng ca lum cng tng t cc i
62% SO
3
t do sau li gim.
ngh v c- k 47
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Hnh 3: Khi lng ring ca axit sunfuric v oleum 20
0
C
Khi tng nhit , t trng ca axt sunfuric v lum gim. p dng tnh
cht ny trong k thut sn xut ngi ta xc nh nng ca dung dch
axt sunfuric c nng thp di 95% bng t trng ca trng k.
d. Nhit dung:
Khi tng nng , nhit dung ca dung dch axt sunfuric gim. Ngc
li, khi tng hm lng SO
3
nhit dung ca lum li tng. Khi tng nhit
, nhit dung ca axt v lum tng.

% H
2
SO
4
% SO
3

Hnh 4: Nhit dung ca a xit sunfuric v oleum 20
o
C
e. nht:
nht ca axt sunfuric v lum c nh hng rt ln n tr lc ca
axt khi chy trong ng ng, mng dn, n tc truyn nhit khi un
ngh v c- k 47
8
% H
2
SO
4
% SO
3

K
h
i

l
n
g

r
i
m
g
,

g
/
c
m
3

N
h
i
t

d
u
n
g
,

c
a
l
/
g
.
o
C

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nng hoc lm lnh axt, tc ho tan ca cc mui. V vy gi tr nht
c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton k thut.
nht ca axt sunfuric v lum c gi tr cc i nng 84,5%
H
2
SO
4
; 100% H
2
SO
4
; 50-55% SO
3
t do.

Hnh 5: nht ca a xit sunfuric v oleum 20
o
C
Khi tng nhit , nht ca axt gim kh nhanh.
g. Nhit to thnh:
Nhit to thnh axt sunfuric nng khc nhau (tc l lng nhit to
ra khi thm nc vo 1 kg SO
3
to thnh dung dch axt ).
C th tnh gn ng theo cng thc thc nghim sau:

062 , 0 M
) 15 t .( M . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 M
M . 2113
H
+
+
+

Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axit sunfuric, kJ/kg SO
3

M: Lng nc trong axit, kg/kg SO
3

C
C 100
M

C: Hm lng SO
3
trong axit, %
(Mun chuyn nhit to thnh t kJ/kg SO
3
sang kJ/kg H
2
SO
4
th chia
kt qu cho 1,225).
h. Nhit pha long v nhit hn hp:
Nhit pha long l lng nhit to ra khi thm nc vo a xt.
Nhit pha long dung dch axt sunfuric t nng ban u C
1
xung
nng C
2
c th tnh nh hiu ca nhit to thnh cc a xt :
ngh v c- k 47
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% H
2
SO
4
% SO
3
t do

n
h
t

(
c
p
)
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Q
f
= = H
2
- H
1
Nhit hn hp:
L nhit lng to ra khi hn hp cc a xt c nng khc nhau. Nhit
hn hp c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
h
= H
3
+ 2113 - H
1
- H
2
( KJ/ kgSO
3
)
Trong :
H
1
, H
2
, H
3
: Nhit to thnh cc a xt ban u c nng C
1
, C
2
v axt cui nng C
3
.
3. Tnh cht ca SO
2
v SO
3
:
3.1. Anhydric Sunfur : SO
2

SO
2
nhit thng l cht kh khng mu, c mi xc c trng,
kch thch mnh mt v c quan h hp.
SO
2
d ho lng ( p sut thng t
o
ho lng SO
2
l - 10,1
o
C )
SO
2
ho tan nhiu trong nc : 20
o
C : 1 th tch nc ho tan 40 th
tch SO
2
. ho tan ca SO
2
trong axt nh hn trong nc. Khi tng
nng axt u tin ho tan SO
2
gim; t cc tiu 85% H
2
SO
4
sau
li tng.
Khi tc dng vi nc, SO
2
to thnh axt sunfur:
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3

Axt sunfur ch tn ti trong dung dch.
3.2. Anhydrit Sun furic: SO
3

SO
3
iu kin thng l cht kh khng mu, trong khng kh n phn
ng mnh vi hi nc v to nn nhng git axt nh bay l lng gi l
m.
SO
3k
+ H
2
O
l
= H
2
SO
4l
+ 131,1 KJ
SO
3
lng hn hp vi SO
2
theo t l bt k
SO
3
rn ho tan trong SO
2
lng nhng khng to thnh hp cht ho hc
SO
3
kh tc dng vi HCl to thnh axt Closunfonic: SO
2
(OH)Cl
nhit t
o
= - 44,75
0
C th kh SO
3
bin thnh cht lng khng mu.
4. Bo qun v vn chuyn axit.
4.1. Bo qun.
Sn xut axit sunfuric l qu trnh lin tc, v vy sn phm lin tc a
v kho. kho axt c cha trong cc thng cha ln kn trnh bi.
Thng cha axt c hnh tr t ng lm bng thp, c dung tch ln
m bo cha c lng a xt do dy chuyn sn xut ra trong ngy. Mi
ngh v c- k 47
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kho bao gm vi thng cha tin cho vic lm v sinh, sa cha. Thng
cha axt tinh khit v axt lng phi lt gch chu axt bn trong.
4.2 Vn chuyn.
vn chuyn khi lng ln axt i xa thng dng cc toa hng
ng st. Khi vn chuyn lng nh v gn thng dng t xi tc ng
can nha chu axt, chai thu tinh.
5. Vt liu ch to thit b.
Trong dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuric nng axt khc nhau. Tc
n mn thit b ph thuc ch yu vo nng axt v nhit ca n.
Chn c vt liu thch hp ch to thit b c nh hng ln n ch
tiu kinh t, k thut. Khi chn ch cc yu cu sau:
Chu c mi trng n mn v nhit cao, c bn c hc ln, d
gia cng, c, hn v r tin.
Mt s vt liu cn quan tm:
5.1. Thp khng g.
Thp khng g c cha cc kim loi : Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, Ti...chu c
axt c nhit cao nn thng ch to cc thit b vi phun, ng ng
trong thp sy v Mnhydrat.
5.2 Ch.
Ch bn trong mi trng axt long v trn b mt ca n to thnh lp
ch sunfat khng tan trong axt long. Ch thng dng lm hoc lt thit
b, ng ng c tip xc vi axt long(nh khu ra kh trong s c in
); a xt c nng 65-75% trong sn xut axt cho iu ch Supephotphat.
5.3. Gang.
Trong mi trng axt sunfuric gang bn hn thp li r tin, d gia cng
nn c dng nhiu lm ng ng dn, dn lm lnh, van, bm axt. Gang
khng chu c tc dng lu di ca lum v SO
3
v trong mi trng
d rn nt.
Ngoi ra cn mt s vt liu v c chu axt nh m snh s, vt liu
hu c nh faolit ...
II. C s ho l ca qu trnh sn xut H
2
SO
4
Ta chn phng php sn xut axits theo phng php tip xc, theo
phng php ny th sn xut axits qua cc giai an sau :
Ch to kh SO
2
.
Tinh ch kh SO
2
.
Oxi ho SO
2
thnh SO
3
.
ngh v c- k 47
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Hp th kh SO
3
to thnh axt H
2
SO
4
.
1. Ch to kh SO
2
1.1. Phn ng chy ca qung Pyrt.
Khi t qung Pyrt c cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
2FeS
2
2FeS + S
2
724,8 kJ.
S
2
+ 2O
2
= 2SO
2
+ 724,8 kJ.
4Fe + 7O
2
= 2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4SO
2
.
3FeS + 5O
2
= Fe
3
O
4
+ 6SO
2
+ 2.438,2 kJ.
Trong qu trnh t qung pyrt sn phm chnh l kh l c cha SO
2
v
x qungl Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, v 1 lng nh kh SO
3
. Trong hn hp kh l nng
ca oxi, SO
2
, SO
3
c lin quan mt thit vi nhau qua phng trnh:
3 2 2
Cso .
100
) 5 , 0 m .( n
. 5 , 0 m Cso .
100
) 1 m .( n
m n Co

,
_
,
_

Trong :
n: Hm lng O
2
trong khng kh a vo l t
m: T l gia s phn t O
2
tham gia phn ng vi s phn t
anhydrit sunfur to thnh.
CO
2
, CSO
2
, CSO
3
: Nng ca O
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
trong kh l, % th tch.
Thc t dng khng kh t nn n = 21 v theo phn ng chy th m = 1.
1.2. Lng v thnh phn x to thnh trong qu trnh chy pyrt.
Lng x to thnh khi t qung:

S
x
S
q
C 160
C 160
X

Trong :
X l lng x to thnh.
C
s
q, C
s
x
:
l hm lng lu hunh trong qung kh v trong x
%.
1.3. Nhit chy v nhit bc chy ca nguyn liu.
Nhit chy phc thuc vo dng nguyn liu v mc chy ca lng
hunh trong , c tnh theo cng thc:
100
Cs . q
Q
y ch

Trong :
q: L nhit to ra khi chy hon ton 1 kg s trong nguyn
liu.
C
s
chy
L hm lng lu hunh thc t chy.
ngh v c- k 47
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C
s
chy
= C
s
q - x.C
s
x
.
Nhit bc chy ca pyrt 170 n 260
o
C xy ra qu trnh oxi ho
chm FeS
2
thnh SO
2
. Nhit chy ca cc loi qung pyrt khc nhau n
phc thuc vo thnh phn khong v mn ca qung, cc loi tp cht c
trong qung.
1.4. Tc chy.
Tc chy ca qung pyrt phc thuc vo cc yu t nh : nhit ,
kch thc ht qung, nng oxi .... V vy, cn phi khng ch cc iu
kin k thut hp l t c tc chy tiu chun, tng c b mt
tip xc gia pha rn vi pha kh, trnh c hin tng kt khi.
2- Tinh ch kh.
Qu trnh lm sch kh:
Khi t qung pyrt kh l thu c c ln mt s tp cht c hi cho
qu trnh sn xut axt nh l bi x, As
2
O
3
, HF, SiF
4
, SO
3
, H
2
O hi....., do
vy cn phi lm sch cc tp cht c hi trc khi hn hpkh n my tip
xc.
Hn hp kh sau khi b phn ra ( lm sch kh ) trong hn hp kh c
mang theo mt lng hi nc bo ho ln, vi lng hi nc ny nu
khng hp th ht s gy hin tng ngng t v gy n mn cc thit b. V
vy cn phi lm sch lng hi nc ny bng cch cho hn hp kh i qua
axt H
2
SO
4
, do tnh cht ho nc ca axt sunfurc kh i qua c mang theo
hi nc s b axt hp th hi nc v lm kh hn hp kh ny, qu trnh
gi l sy kh.
Qu trnh sy kh bng axt sunfuric v thc cht n l qu trnh chuyn
cht t pha kh vo pha lng. Cc phn t khi b hp th s khuch tn t
pha kh ny qua mng kh n b mt phn chia pha, sau li tip tc
khuch tn qua mng lng vo pha lng.
Tc ca qu trnh hp th ph thuc vo tc ca qu trnh no
chm nht ( qu trnh khuch tn qua mng kh, qu trnh khuch tn qua
mng lng, qu trnh phn ng ho hc trong pha lng ). Khi sy kh th tc
hp th hi nc do tc khuch tn n qua mng kh quyt nh :
Lng hi nc khuch tn qua mng kh c xc nh bng cng thc:
Q = k.F. P [kg / h]
Trong :
k: H s hp th ( kg/m
2
h.mmHg )
F: B mt tip xc pha ( m
2
)
P: ng lc qu trnh hp th (mmHg )
ngh v c- k 47
13
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( ) ( )
l
'
k
'
l k
l
'
k
'
l k
P P
P P
ln
p P P P
P

Trong :
Pk, Pk

: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong pha kh trc v
sau khi sy [mmHg].
Pl, Pl

: p sut bo ho ca hi nc trn dung dch axt sunfuric
trc v sau khi hp th [mmHg].
qu trnh sy nhanh v trit c th p dng cc bin php sau
(nhm mc ch tng Q).
Tng b mt m F nhng khng tng v hn c v lm tng kch
thc thp, tr lc v u t xy dng.
Tng h s hp th k:
k = ko.
m
Trong :
ko : Hng s.
: Tc gi ca kh trong thp rng [m/s]
m : h s ph thuc ch chuyn ng ca dng kh.
C th tng k bng 2 cch:
Tng tc kh:
Khi tng th nng sut thp tng, song tr lc v tia bn axt cng
tng. Tr lc tng bnh phng vi vn tc kh.
Tng hng s k:
Khng ph thuc vo nng axt sy. Nng a xt sy tng th tng
Ko, v tng ng lc ca qu trnh (do gim p sut hi nc bo ho trn
axt ) nhng tn tht SO
2
trong a xt b xung s nhiu ln.
3. Qa trnh xi ho SO
2
trn xc tc V
2
O
5
.
3.1. Phn ng.
a. Cn bng ca phn ng.
SO
2
+ 0,5 O
2
SO
3
+ Q
( 2-1)
Phn ng l to nhit v gim th tch, hng s cn bng ca phn ng :

5 , 0
SO SO
SO
p
3 2
3
P . P
P
K

(2-2)
Trong :
ngh v c- k 47
14
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PSO
3 ,
PSO
2 ,
PO
2
: p sut ring phn ca cc cu t trng
thi cn bng.
Hng s cn bng ph thuc vo nhit theo phng trnh VanHof :
dlnKp/ dt = - Qp/ RT
2

Qp : Nhit phn ng p sut khng i.
Nhit phn ng ph thuc vo nhit theo nh lut KiecKhop:
dQp/ dt = - Cp
Cp : l hiu nhit dung ca sn phm v cc cht ban u:
Cp = CpSO
3
- CpSO
2
- 0,5 CpO
2
Trong thc t cho n gin tnh ton trong khong t
o
= 400 - 700oC
th c th tnh Kp, Qp theo phng trnh thc nghim sau:
Qp = 101420 - 9,26T [J/mol]
(2-3) 6455 , 4
T
5 , 4905
K lg
P

(2-4
Khi nhit tng th Qp v Kp u gim.
b. Mc chuyn ho.
Mc chuyn ho l t l gia lng SO
2
b xy ho thnh SO
3
v
tng lng SO
2
ban u.
2 3
3
SO SO
SO
P P
P
x
+

Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng th mc chuyn ho t gi tr cc
i, gi l mc chuyn ho cn bng Xc

v ta c cng thc sau:

2 3
3
SO SO
SO
P P
P
x
+
cn bng
( 2 5)
Gi P: L p sut chung ca hn hp kh
a,b : Nng ban u ca SO
2
v SO
3
( %V)
Kt hp (2-2) v (2-5) ta c:
C
C
p
P
C
X . a . 5 , 0 b ( P
X . a . 5 , 0 100
K
K
X

(2-6)
Do phn ng xy ho SO
2
l phn ng to nhit v gim th tch nn khi
tng p sut v gim nhit th mc chuyn ho cn bng s tng ln.
ngh v c- k 47
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Ngoi ra mc chuyn ho cn bng cn ph thuc vo t l SO
2
/ SO
3
trong
kh l tc l ph thuc vo dng nguyn liu v lng khng kh vo l t.
Nu nng SO
2
thp, hm lng O
2
cng cao th Xc cng ln.
c. Tc phn ng.
Trong sn xut, tc xy ho SO
2
c ngha rt ln, n quyt nh
lng SO
2
xy ho c trong 1 n v thi gian trn 1 n v th tch xc
tc. Do n quyt nh lng xc tc cn dng, kch thc thp v cc ch
tiu kinh t k thut.
Tc phn ng c c trng bi hng s tc K:
k = k
0
. e
- E/RT
Trong :
k
0
: H s thc nghim c trng cho cht xc tc v
khng ph thuc vo nhit .
E: Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng (J/mol).
Khi tng nhit v gim E th hng s vn tc tng. Khi khng c xc
tc th phn ng xy ho SO
2
c nng lng hot ho ln l v phi tiu tn
nng lng ph v lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t O
2
, do
tc phn ng rt nh. Khi c mt cht xc tc rn th nng lng hot ho
gim nhiu do tc phn ng tng ln rt nhiu.
3.2. Cht xc tc dng xy ho SO
2
.
C th chia cc cht xc tc cho qu trnh chuyn ho SO
2
thnh hai
loi: Xc tc kim loi v phi kim loi.
a. Xc tc kim loi.
Xc tc platin c hot tnh rt cao, nhit hot tnh thp ( 375-400oC)
nhng rt d b nhim c bi Asen v rt t. Ngoi ra cc kim loi khc
trong nhm platin hoc hp kim ca vng, bc platin, molip en chng c
hot tnh cao nhng nhn chung khng n nh do sau mt thi gian lm vic
chng d chuyn thnh dng sunfat hay oxyt.
b. Xc tc phi kim loi.
u tin l oxyt st ( x qung ) c u im r tin, d kim, t nhy c
vi tp cht trong kh l song do nhit hot tnh cao nn mc chuyn ho
thp ( khng qu 0,5).
Sau ngi ta pht hin ra oxyt Vanai phi hp vi hp cht kim loi
kim v SiO
2
to ra xc tc Vanai : y l loi xc tc c hot tnh cao,
nhit

hot tnh thp (430-440oC) bn nhit ln. V
2
O
5
l thnh phn
hot tnh ca xc tc, chim t 5-12%, SiO
2
lm cht mang dng xp, cc
cht kim loi kim lm cht kch ng.
ngh v c- k 47
16
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Cho n ngy nay xc tc Vanani vn c s dng rng ri trong sn
xut axit sunfuric do tnh u vit ca n l hot tnh cao ( mc d km
platin) v r tin. Xu hng ca cng ngh l nghin cu ch to xc tc
Vanai c nhit hot tnh thp xp x nhit hot tnh ca platin.
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu nc sn xut xc tc Vanai cc dng
vin, vng khc nhau nh : Nga, Anh, M, an mch, Trung Quc....
h bin dy chuyn sn xut axt ca Vit Nam l xc tc ca Nga.
3.3. C ch ca phn ng gia O
2
v SO
2
trn b mt xc tc rn.
Tc dng ca cht xc tc rn khi oxy ho SO
2
l lm gim nng lng
hot ho so vi nng lng hot ho ca phn ng trong pha kh. Vic gim
nng lng hot ho l do phn ng xy ra theo mt con ng mi, nh c
tc dng ho hc trung gian gia cc cht tham gia phn ng vi cht xc
tc. Hp cht trung gian to thnh trong qu trnh oxy ho SO
2
l hp cht
b mt v khng lm thay i cu trc tinh th ca xc tc. Phn ng gm 4
giai on:
Hp ph SO
2
ln b mt xc tc.
Oxyho SO
2
bng xy trong cc phn t oxyt kim loi (xc tc) nm
ngay trn b mt xc tc.
Nh SO
3
ra khi b mt xc tc.
Hp ph xy trong pha kh vo xc tc v hon nguyn xc tc.
V
2
O
5
+ SO
2
= V
2
O
4
+ SO
3

V
2
O
4
+ 1/ 2O
2
= V
2
O
5
3.4. ng hc qu trnh oxy ho SO
2
trn xc tc Vanai.
Khi hiu bit c ng hc ca qu trnh mi gii quyt c cc vn
thc t sn xut nh xc nh c ng nhit thch hp, nng SO
2
thch hp, thit lp phng php hp l tnh ton thit b.
Ngi ta tm c ra phng trnh ng hc sau:
( )
1
1
1
]
1
'
2
x . a
b
2
x . a
1
.
x 1 . k
x
1
x . 2 , 0 1
x 1
.
2
x . a
1
2
x . a
b
.
a
P . k
dt
dx
2
P
(2-
7)
Trong :

K: Hng s tc phn ng ( s
-1
.at
-1
)
Kp: Hng s cn bng.
a,b: Nng ban u ca SO
2
v O
2
.
P: p sut chung ca hn hp kh ( at).
ngh v c- k 47
17
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x: Mc chuyn ho.
3.5. iu kin xy ho trn xc tc Vanai.
Qu trnh oxyho SO
2
l mt giai on quan trng trong sn xut axt
sunfuric. V vy cn phi nghin cu nhng iu kin thch hp tin hnh
qu trnh t nng sut cao, gi thnh h ...
Rc ht hy xt tc phn ng xy ho SO
2
v n quyt inh thi
gian cn thit tip xc gia hn hp kh v xc tc do quyt nh lng
xc tc cn dng, kch thc thit b.
Rong iu kin sn xut, p sut lm vic P v nng ban u a,b l
quy nh v coi nh khng i. Nh vy ti 1 mc chuyn ho xc nh th
tc phn ng oxy ha SO
2
ch ph thuc vo K v Kp ( theo phng trnh
2-7). Khi nhit tng, hng s vn tc K tng, cn hng s cn bng Kp
gim.
Xt s thay i ca vn tc phn ng theo nhit :
Khi tng nhit xt nh hng ca gi tr K v Kp ti tc phn ng
ta c th bn. Nh vy tc phn ng t khi tng n lc bng 0 ( h
t trng thi cn bng ) th phi qua mt gitr cc i. Kt lun ny c
ngha quan trng trong vic chn ch nhit lm vic cho thp.
a. Nhit thch hp.
Nhit :
( ) 937 , 4
x . a . 5 , 0 100
x . a . 5 , 0 b
. x 1
x
lg
4905
T
th
+

(2-8
ngh v c- k 47
18
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N
h
i

t
h
c
h

h
C
420
75
580
500
90 80 85 100 95
380
460
540
Mc chuyn ho: %
2
1
4
3
Hnh6 : nh hng ca thnh phn hn hp kh v mc chuyn ho SO
2
n
nhit thch hp
Trn hnh v ta thy khi mc chuyn ho SO
2
tng th nhit thch hp
gim. Do , giai on cui ca qu trnh xi ho SO
2
phi tin hnh nhit
thp va tng mc chuyn ho cn bng, va tng tc phn ng.
b. Nng thch hp.
Nng SO
2
thch hp ng vi mi mc chuyn ho nht nh l nng
ti nng sut thp tip xc t gi tr cc i.
ng vi nng thch hp th tr lc cc lp xc tc trong my t gi
tr cc tiu. Khi nguyn liu ban u thay i ( tc s mol xy tiu tn
to thnh 1 mol SO
2
thay i ) th nng SO
2
thch hp cng b thay i.
ngh v c- k 47
19
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N
n
g

s
u
t

t
h
p

t
i
p

x
c
,

n

v

q
u
y

c
1,4
5
1,8
1,6
2,0
10 7 9 6 8
2,2
2,4
92%
94%
96%
97%
Nng SO
2
Hnh7: nh hng ca nng SO
2
n nng sut thp tit xc.
Khi t SO
2
: m=1, % SO
2
thch hp l 8,5%. Khi nng SO
2
thch
hp thay i th nng sut thp tip xc cng ch thay i t, do trong
thc t sn xut ngi ta c th s dng nng SO
2
ln hn nng thch
hp tng nng sut cc thit b khc ca dy chuyn sn xut v gim
in nng tiu hao cho vn chuyn kh.
4. Qa trnh hp th.
4.1. Qu trnh hp th SO
3
.
u tin SO
3
ho tan vo axt sunfuric, sau phn ng vi nc trong
axt:
n SO
3
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
+ ( n - 1) SO
3

Tu theo t l gia lng SO
3
v H
2
O m nng a xt thu c s khc
nhau:
Khi n > 1 : Sn phm l l um
Khi n = 1 : Sn phm l mn hydrat
Khi n < 1 : Sn phm l a xt long
C ch ca qu trnh hp th SO
3
cng tng t nh qu trnh sy kh.
Do ta cng c cng thc:
Q = k.F. p
ngh v c- k 47
20
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Trong :
Q: lng SO
3
hp th c ( kg/h).
k: h s hp th kg/m
2
. h.mmHg.
p: ng lc ca qu trnh hp th ( mmHg).
Vi k = k
0
.
0,8
Trong :
k
0
: h s ph thuc vo nhit v nng ca a xt
: tc gi ca kh trong thp ( m/s)
Qu trnh hp th SO
3
bng axit sunfuric ph thuc vo nng v nhit
, qu trnh hp th SO
3
tt nht l nhit thp v nng axit ti l
98,3% H
2
SO
4
v ti c hiu sut hp th v tc hp th u t gi tr
cc i.
Khi nng axit nh hn 98,3% th hi trn dung dch axit gm c hi
nc v hi axit khi ti axit ny ln hn hp kh SO
3
th ng thi vi qu
trnh hp th SO
3
trong pha lng cn c qu trnh to thnh hi axit H
2
SO
4
trong pha kh so SO
3
tc dng vi hi nc. Do vy, p sut ring phn ca
hi axit rt ln hi axit H
2
SO
4
to thnh cng nhiu s xy ra hin tng to
m. Do , hiu sut hp th SO
3
v gy tn tht SO
3
theo kh thi ra ngoi.
Nu dng axit c nng ln hn 98,3% th hi trn dung dch c c
SO
3
. Nng axit cng ln th sut ring phn ca SO
3
cng ln. Do ,
ng lc hp th v tc hp th gim. Mt khc, p sut ring phn ca
SO
3
sau khi hp th tng lm tn tht SO
3
theo pha kh tng v hiu sut hp
th gim.
Nhit cng cao th p sut ring phn ca SO
3
cng ln. V vy, hiu
sut v tc cng nh.
nh hng ca nhit v nng axit ti n tc hp th v hiu
sut hp th SO
3
.
ngh v c- k 47
21
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1- 40C
2- 60C
3- 80C
4- 100C
0,94
0,96
0,98
1,00
96 97 98 99 100
M
c

h
p

t
h
Nng H
2
SO
4
tnh theo %
Hnh 8: nh hng ca nng v nhit axit n hiu sut hp th SO
3
0,7
92
1,0
0,8
1,2
1- 30C
2- 60C
20 96 100
0,9
1,1
0,6
94 98 10 30
1
2
%H
2
SO
4
%SO
3
Hnh 9: nh hng ca nng v nhit axit n tc hp th SO
3
T hai th trn ta thy qu trnh hp th SO
3
tt nht l nhit
thp v nng axit ti l 98,3 % H
2
SO
4
v ti tc hp th v hiu
sut hp th u t gi tr cc i.

ngh v c- k 47
22
tt nghip

PHN HAI
CHN V BIN LUN DY TRUYN - THIT B
TON PHN XNG
I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.
Do nguyn liu ta s dng l qung Pyrt, do vy c kh nguyn liu
sch n b phn oxi ho cn phi l sch hn hp kh ny. lm sch hn
hp kh chng ta s dng dy chuyn c in gm c 1 s thit b ch yu sau :
1. B phn kho cha nguyn liu.
- Cu trc gu ngom.
- My nghin qung.
- Sng rung.
- Thng sy qung.
- Bng ti vn chuyn qung ln l t.
2. B phn l t qung.
- L t qung, ta chn l lp si.
ngh v c- k 47
23
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- Ni hi thu nhit tha.
- Xiclon
- Lc in kh.
- H thng vn chuyn x qung.
3. B phn lm sch kh.
- Thp ra 1.
- Thp ra 2.
- Lc in t cp 1 v cp 2.
- Thp tng m.
4. B phn sy-tip xc-hp th.
- Thp sy 1.
- Tch tia bn .
- My thi kh.
- Thp tip xc.
- Trao i nhit ngoi tip xc.
- Thp lm lnh SO
3
.
- Thp hp th lum.
- Thp hp th Mn.
- Thp x l kh thi.
- ng khi kh thi.
5. B phn kho axt.
- Thng cha axt c.
- Thng trn.
- Thng ch axt 76%.
II. Chn cc thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut.
1. L t nguyn liu.
Ta chn l t kiu lp si v n c nhng u im ni bt nh sau:
Pha rn b o trn mnh lit do nhit v nng trong lp si
ng u, trnh cho cc ht cht rn khi b qu nhit cc b.
H s truyn dn nhit t lp si n b mt trao i nhit ( v ngc li
) rt ln v th gim c b mt truyn nhit v th tch ca thit b.
C kh nng s dng cc ht qung nh do gim c khuch tn
khng ch nng cao nng sut thit b.
Do lp si rt linh ng cho nn c th lin tc cho qung vo v lin
tc ly sn phm ra.
Tr lc ca lp si khng ln lm v trong gii hn ca lp si th
khng ph thuc vo tc thi kh.
Cu to thit b tng i n gin nn d c kh ho v t ng ho.
ngh v c- k 47
24
tt nghip
2. Thit b lm sch kh.
Thp ra 1 s dng thp ra kiu rng, ti nng axt tng i thp.
Cc tp cht trong hn hp kh phn ln c tch b thp ny, mt cc
tp cht cn li cng nh lng m c sinh ra s c tch cc thp ra
2-tng m v 2 cp lc in t. Thp sy kh vi mc ch hp th hi
nc trong hn hp kh, s dng loi thp m v vi loi thp ny c din
tch b mt m ln nn c b mt tip xc pha gia pha lng v pha kh
ln, kh lu li trong thp lu nn kh nng hp th hi nc trit .
3. Thp chuyn ho.
C nhiu loi thp chuyn ho:
a. Thp chuyn ho kiu tng si.
Hn hp kh thi t di ln ln lt qua cc li phn phi kh, trn
c xc tc. rt nhin liu phn ng ngi ta t cc b phn lm lnh
bng nc trong lp xc tc.
Loi thp ny c u im sau:
Do xo trn mnh gia kh v xc tc nn tng cng c qu trnh
khuch tn SO
2
v O
2
n b mt xc tc.
H s truyn nhit t lp si n b phn lm lnh ln, do c th tin
hnh xy ha hn hp kh c nng SO
2
ln m khng s xc tc qu
nng.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, ch iu chnh vn hnh nghim ngt.
b. Thp chuyn ho kiu truyn nhit trung gian.
Loi ny dng cc ng trao i nhit sau mi lp xc tc h nhit
kh vo lp xc tc sau v nng nhit hn hp kh nguyn liu vo lp 1.
Loi ny c u im l d khng ch ch k thut.
Nhc im:
Cu to tng i phc tp.
Nu kh cha nhiu hi nc th khi vo b phn truyn nhit s ngng
t hi a xt gy n mn ng ng.
c. Thp chuyn ho kiu b xung khng kh v c truyn nhit ngoi.
Khng ch nhit vo cc lp xc tc bng b xung khng kh lnh
kh v rt nhit trao i nhit ngoi. Loi ny c cu to n gin, v do
t trao i nhit ngoi nn vic sa cha thay th thit b thun tin d
dng.
Nhc im:
Chim nhiu din tch mt bng xy dng.
ngh v c- k 47
25
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Qua xem xt cc loi thp chuyn ho trn y ti chn loi thp chuyn
ho kiu truyn nhit trung gian v c trao i nhit ngoi v n c nhiu u
im ph hp.
4. Thp hp th.
hp th kh SO
3
c mt s loi thp nh sau :
a. Thp m.
L loi thp dng kh ph bin, cu to tng t thp sy : hnh tr,v
thp trong xy lt bng gch chu a xt. C xp cc loi m bng snh s.
Trn nc thp l h thng thit b ti a xt xung, kh i t di y thp
ln.
Loi ny c cu to n gin, nng sut ln.
Nhc im:
Tr lc thp tng i ln.
b. Thp hp th si bt kiu a l hay a chp.
Loi ny c hiu sut hp th cao, cu to n gin song tr lc ca thp
ln.N gm 4-8 tng a, tit din t do ca cc l chim khong 15% tit
din trong ton thp. Lm lnh trc tip a xt trn tng tng a.
c. Thp hp th lm lnh.
Loi thp ny c cu to nh bnh lm lnh lum gm c : cc ng
truyn nhit bng thp khng g. Hn hp kh thi t di ln i gia khe h
ca cc ng. Axt c ti t trn xung bn ngoi ng to thnh ci
mng hp th SO
3
. Nhit to ra trong qu trnh hp th c nc lm lnh
i trong ng thp khng g ly i.
u im:
Lm lnh ngay c axt nn hiu sut hp th ln.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, kh sa cha thay th
Sau khi xem xt cc loi thp hp th trn y ti chn loi thp sy
hn hp kh v hp th kh SO
3
l loi thp c xp m cho cc thp sy 1 -
2, thp lum v thp Monohydrat.
5. Tch tia bn.
Sau thp sy v thp hp th Monohydrat trc khi phng khng, hn
hp kh c a qua cc b phn tch tia bn gi li cc tia bn axt
ko theo.
6. Thit b lm lnh axt.
lm lnh axt ca cc b phn nh : ra v hp th SO
3
hoc sy hn
hp kh, ta c th dng cc thit b kiu tm - dn ti - ng chm - ng
lng ng - ng xon rut g.
ngh v c- k 47
26
tt nghip
Thit b lm lnh kiu gin ti:
Gm c cc dn ng bng vt liu chng n mn ph hp u vo v
ra dn c ng gp, a xt i trong ng, nc lm lnh c ti bn ngoi
ng. H s truyn nhit K ph thuc nhiu vo tc chuyn ng ca axt
trong ng lm lnh.
k = A.
0,765

Trong :
: Tc a xt chy [m/s].
A : H s ph thuc vo kiu lm lnh.
Tnh ton tng hp cc yu t nh hng ca vic tng ti tng h s
k, tng tr lc ca thit b, tng tc n mn. Ngi ta thy rng tc
thch hp ca a xt trong ng dn lm lnh l = 0,5- 0,7 [m/s].
Nhc im:
Hiu sut s dng nc lm lnh thp do khi ti 1 phn nc b vng
ra ngoi khng ti vo ng lm lnh tng di. khc phc hin tng
ny c th treo cc tm rng ca di mi hng ng.
Nhc im na l loi dn ti sinh ra nhiu hi nc lm m khng
kh xung quanh lm tng tc n mn cc thit b v cng trnh xung
quanh.
u im:
D ch to, d kim tra, d sa cha thay th.
Thit b lm lnh kiu ng chm:
Gm c v bng thp hnh tr,trong l cc ng trao i nhit c lp ghi 2
u v cc tm ngn gia, nc lm lnh i trong ng, a xt i bn ngoi
ng.
u im:
Din tch b mt trao i nhit ln, thit b gn gng, h s truyn nhit
ln.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, kh sa cha thay th khi b hng ng trao i nhit
Thit b lm lnh kiu ng xon:
Cu to l cc ng c gia cng qun li theo cc bc nht nh, cc
dn ng xon c t vo trong cc b ( hoc thng cha ) nc lm lnh
i trong ng axt i ngoi ng.
Thit b c u im hiu sut truyn nhit ln, d gia cng ch to, d
sa cha.
Nhc im thit b cng knh, kh kim tra.
ngh v c- k 47
27
tt nghip
Qua phn tch xem xt cc kiu lm lnh axt trn y ti chn kiu lm
lnh gin ti cho axt s, lum v axt monohydrat ca dy chuyn sn
xut. Chn thit b kiu ng xon cho b phn ra.
III. Thuyt minh dy truyn sn xut.
Qung c gia cng t yu cu ( 6 mm ) c chuyn ln l t, ti
y qung pyrt b t to thnh kh SO
2
v x qung l oxt st. X qung
c tho ra ngoi qua h thng thi x v a ra bi thi. Kh SO
2
c
my thi kh ca h thng ht theo ng cng ngh n cc b phn trong dy
chuyn nh qua Xiclon lng bi, qua ni hi h nhit sau qua b
phn lc in kh - ra 1 - 2 - tng m - lc in t tinh ch kh lc b
bi x v cc tp cht cng nh cc kh c hi cho xc tc.
Hn hp kh ra khi b phn tinh ch kh n b phn sy kh sau
n my thi kh, t my thi kh hn hp kh c a n trao i nhit
ngoi sau qua cc trao i nhit trung gian ri n cc lp tip xc, qua
lm ngui SO
3
sau qua thp hp th lum-mn qua x l kh ri theo
ng khi kh thi ra ngoi.
Axt ra khi thp sy v hp th c nhit tng ln do nhit hp th to
ra, axt hi lu v thng cha ri dng bm, bm ln qua cc thit b lm
lnh h t
o
.
Axt ri ti vo trong thp.
Trong qu trnh lm vic th nng a xt sy gim dn do hp th hi
H
2
O c trong hn hp kh, nng a xt lum v Monohydrat tng dn do
hp th SO
3
, ngi ta b tr ng ng cng ngh b xung cho nhau duy
tr nng theo quy nh, ng thi gi n nh nng axt trong ton
dy chuyn ta lp t ng ng nc b xung vo thng cha monohydrat.
Lng a xt d trong dy truyn c a v kho cha, ti y axt 76%
c a vo 1 thng sau c bm cp cho xng sn xut supe pht
pht. Cn axt 95% c a vo 1 thng xut axt thng phm, nu cn
d th c a qua h thng trn, trn vi axt ra 1 gim nng
xung cn 76% cp cho sn xut supe.
Do hiu sut chuyn ho kh SO
2
SO
3
t 98,0% v mc hp th t
99,90%, nn kh thi cn cha mt lng SO
2
v SO
3
theo ng khi kh thi
ra ngoi gy nhim mi trng. V vy cn phi x l kh thi trc khi
phng khng ra ngoi mi trng.
ngh v c- k 47
28
tt nghip

PHN BA

TNH CN BNG CHT
TNH CN BNG NHIT TON H THNG
ngh v c- k 47
29
tt nghip
*. Cc s liu cho:
- Nng sut : 60000 tn/nm.
- Nguyn liu : Qung pirit
+ Hm lng S trong qung : 40%
+ m : 4%.
* Cc s liu t chn:
- Nhit trung bnh nm : 25
o
C.
- Hiu sut s dng S ca c dy chuyn : 90%.
- Khng kh:
+ cha 79% N
2
theo th tch.
+ Cha 21% O
2
theo th tch
+ m trung bnh nm : 85%.
I.L lp si t pyrit
A. cc s liu ban u :
Nng SO
2
trong kh l :14%.theo th tch
Theo quan h gia nng SO
2
v SO
3
ta c nng SO
3

trong kh l l 0,1%
Hm lng S trong bi v trong x : 0,7%.
Nhit pyrit vo : 25
o
C.
Nhit ca lp si : 830
o
C
Nhit ca kh ra khi l : 820
o
C
Nhit ca x ra khi lp si : 820
o
C
Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh: 3%.
Trong tnh ton cc k hiu bng ch ca cc i lng c ghi ch s bn
tri pha trn c ngha nh sau:
1. lu hunh a vo theo pyrit.
2. pyrit m.
3. pyrit kh.
4. khng kh
5. SO
2
trong kh l kh
6. SO
3
trong kh l kh
7. kh l kh
8. kh l m
9. bi trong kh l
10.x qua ng tho
11.tn tht nhit vo mi trng xung quanh
12. nhit c ly i bi lm lnh.
B. Tnh ton cn bng vt liu:
ngh v c- k 47
30
tt nghip
Vi cc gi thit:
S ngy lm vic trong nm : 330 ngy
Hiu sut s dng S ca c dy chuyn : 90%.
Vi nng sut 60000 tn /nm ta tnh c lng S c trong axit sn phm:

717 , 2473
98 . 24 . 330
32 . 1000 . 60000
(kg/h)
Lng S a vo theo pyrit:

1
m =
574 , 2748
90
100
. 717 , 2473
(kg/h)
1. Tiu hao pyrit kh:
435 , 6871
40
100 . 574 , 2748
40
100 .
1
3

m
m (kg/h)
2.Tiu hao pyrit m:

745 , 7147
4 100
100 . 435 , 6871
100
100 .
2
2
3
2
O H
C
m
m
(kg/h)
3. Lng S trong pirit:
574 , 2748
100
40 . 435 , 6871
100
.
3 3
3 2

s
S S
c m
m m (kg/h)
4. Tinh lng x to thnh:
Trong iu kin lp si ,phn ng xy ra:
2FeS
2
+
2
11
O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ 4SO
2

Lng x to thnh t 1 kg pirit:
x =
753 , 0
7 , 0 160
40 160
160
160
9
3
S
S
C
C

T ta c tng lng x to thnh:

204 , 5174 753 , 0 . 435 , 6871 .
3 10 9
+ x m m m
(kg/h)
5.Tn tht s theo x:
m =
194 , 36
100
7 , 0 . 204 , 5174
(kg/h)
6. Lu hunh trong pirit chy to SO
2
v SO
3

380 , 2712 194 , 36 574 , 2748
6 5
+
S S
m m
(kg/h)
7. SO
2
v SO
3
to thnh theo th tch:

041 , 1852
066 , 32
895 , 21 . 380 , 2712
). (
2
6 5
6 5

+
+
S
so S S
A
v m m
v v
(m
3
/h)
y v
so
2
l th tch mol SO
2
(m
3
/kmol).
A
S
l khi lng mol nguyn t S (kg/kmol)
ngh v c- k 47
31
tt nghip
8. SO
3
to thnh theo th tch:

135 , 13
1 , 0 14
1 , 0 . 041 , 1852
).
3 2
3
7 7
7 6 5
6
+
+
SO SO
SO
C C
C V V
V
(m
3
/h)
Theo khi lng:

916 , 46
416 , 22
066 , 80 . 135 , 13
6
m
(kg/h)
Trong 22,4 l th tch mol SO
3

Lu hunh c trong SO
3
l:
m = 18,789 (kg/h)
9. Lu hunh to thnh SO
2
:

591 , 2693 789 , 18 380 , 2712
5

S
m
(kg/h)
10. Lng SO
2
c to thnh :

638 , 5381
066 , 32
066 , 64 . 591 , 2693
.
2
5
5

S
SO s
A
M m
m
(kg/h)

619 , 1838
927 , 2
638 , 5381
5
V
(m
3
/h)
Trong 2,927 l khi lng ring ca SO
2

11. Th tch kh l kh thu c

993 , 13132
14
100 . 619 , 1838 100 .
2
7
5
7

SO
C
v
v
(m
3
/h)
12. Nng O
2
trong kh l:

3 2 2
0
).
100
) 5 , 0 (
. 5 , 0 ( ).
100
) 1 .(
(
S SO O
C
m n
m C
m n
m n C

+

N: nng oxi trong khng kh thi vo l t: 21%.
M t l gia s phn t O
2
tham gia phn ng v s phn t SO
2
to thnh
Theo phng trnh chy m = 1,375

1 , 0 ).
100
) 5 , 0 375 , 1 ( 21
. 5 , 0 375 , 1 ( 14 ).
100
) 1 375 , 1 .( 21
375 , 1 ( 21
2

O
C

= 2,710 %
13. Lng O
2
trong kh l :

904 , 335
100
710 , 2 . 13132
2
7

o
v
(m
3
/h)

007 , 480 429 , 1 . 904 , 335
2
7

O
m
(kg/h)
14. Th tch kh N
2
trong kh l:

) 904 , 335 135 , 13 619 , 1838 ( 335 , 13132 ) (
2 3 2 2
0
7
0
7
0
7 7 7
+ + + + v v v v v
S S N (m
3
/h)
= 10945,335 (m
3
/h)
ngh v c- k 47
32
tt nghip

286 , 13758 257 , 1 . 335 , 10945
2
7

N
m
(kg/h)
15. Tiu hao khng kh kh kh chy ;

854 , 13854
21 100
100 . 335 , 10945
100
100 .
2
2
7
4
O
N
kkk
C
v
v
(m
3
/h)

036 , 17942 295 , 1 . 854 , 13854
4

kkk
m
(kg/h)
16. Lng m vo theo khng kh
T s liu chn t
o
= 25
o
C , = 85% ta c
d = 17.10
-3
(kg/kgkkk) (bng XV) [ 1 205]

015 , 305 10 . 17 . 036 , 17942 .
3 4 4
2

d m m
O H (kg/h)
17. Lng khng kh m
m = 17942,036+305,015 = 18247,051 (kg/h)
v = 13854,854 +
804 , 0
015 , 305
= 14234,226 (m
3
/h)
vi 0,804 l khi lng ring ca hi nc iu kin tiu chun
18. Lng hi nc trong kh l :
m = 7157,745.0,04 + 305,015 = 591,325 (kg/h)
v =
479 , 735
804 , 0
325 , 591
(m
3
/h)
19. Lng tng cng kh l:
m = 5381,638+46,916+480,007+13758,286+591,325
= 20258,172 (kg/h)
V = 13132,993 + 735,479 = 13868,472 (m
3
/h)
20. Lng bi v x thu c:
Tha nhn 90% x b cun theo kh :
a) Lng x b cun theo kh :
m = 0,9.5174,204 = 4656,784 (kg/h)
b) Lng x to ht ln :
m = 5174,204 -4656,784 = 517,420 (kg/h)

Bng 1 : Cn bng cht l lp si:
ngh v c- k 47
33
tt nghip
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn Kg/h m
3
/h Thnh phn Kg/h m
3
/h %v
Pirit
m
Pirit kh 6817 Kh
l
SO
2
5381 1838 13,3
m 340 SO
3
46 13 0,1
tng 7157 O
2
480 335 2,4
Khng
kh
m
Kk kh 17942 13854 N
2
13758 10945 78,9
m 305 380 H
2
O 591 735 5,3
Tng 18247 14234 Tng 20256 13868 100,0
x Bi 4656
Ht ln 517
Tng 5172
Tng 25404 14234 Tng 25429 13868 100,0
C. Tnh ton cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo:
1.1 Nhit do pirit kh mang vo:
Q = C.m.t

3
m = 6871,435
Nhit dung ca qung 25
o
C
C
FeS
2
= 14,84 (cal/mol. ) (bng XVII) [ 1 - 208]
Hay C = 5,018 (kJ/kg. )

3
Q = 6871,435.0,518.25 = 88985,083 (kJ/h)
1.2.Nhit do nc trong pirit mang vo:
Q = m.i
H
2
O

Ta c i = 104,8( kJ/kg) (bng I.249) [ 2 - 310]
2
Q
3
Q = (7157,745 -6871,435).104,8
= 30005,288 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit do pirit m:

2
Q =
3
Q + (
2
Q
3
Q )
= 88985,083+30005,288 = 118990,371 (kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit vt l ca khng kh:
Nhit hm ca khng kh m i = 16,53 (kcal/kg kkk)
(bng XV) [ 1 - 205]
hay i = 69,211 (kj/kg)

4
Q = 69,211.17942,036 = 1241786,254 (kJ/h)
1.5. Nhit do pirit chy:
ngh v c- k 47
34
tt nghip
4 FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
+ 3415,7 KJ
nhit to ra khi t chy 1 kg S l :
q =
1000 .
32 . 2 . 4
7 , 3415
= 13342,578 (kJ)
5
Q = 2693,591.13342,578 = 35939448,020 (kJ/h)
1.6. Nhit do phn ng oxi ho to ra :
SO
2
+ 0,5 O
2
SO
3
+ q
Theo phng trnh 3-19 [ 1- 96] ta c
q = 101420 9,26 .T (kJ/mol)
q = 101420 9,26.1103 = 91206,220
= 7296,497 (kJ/kg SO
3
)

6
Q = 7296,497.46,916 = 342322,452 (kJ/h)
1.7 Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
=
2
Q+
4
Q+
5
Q+
6
Q
= 118990,371 +1241786,254+35939448,020+342322,453
= 37612571,780 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra :
2.1. Nhit do kh l mang ra :
Ti 820
o
c ta tra c C
p
ca cc kh
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
SO
3
H
2
O (i )
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,2034 0,2633 0,2804 0,2502 1004,2
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,852 1,102 1,174 1,055 4205,585
BngX [1-193]
1
R
Q = ( 5381,638.0,852+480,007.1,102+13758,286.1,174+46,916.1,055).820
+591,325.4205,585
= 19965862,405 (kJ/h).
2.2 . Nhit do x mang ra :
a) Nhit ca x theo kh l :
Q = C.m.t
Ta c nhit dung ca x 820
o
C :
C = 33,65 (cal/mol. ) (bng XIX) [ 1 - 209]
Hay C = 0,881 (kJ/kg. )
Q = 4656,784.0,881.820 = 3364153,897 (kJ/h)
b) nhit ca x qua ng tho:
Q = 517,420.0,881.820 = 373794,556 (kJ/h)
Tng nhit theo x :
Q
2
R
= 3737984,453 (kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
35
tt nghip
2.3. Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh :
Q
3
R
= 0,03.Q
V
= 0,03.37612571,780
= 1128377,153 (kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit ly ra khi lp si :
Q = Q
V
( Q
1
R
+ Q
2
R
+ Q
3
R
)
= 37612,571,780 (19965862,405 +3737984,453 +1128377,153)
= 12780383,770 (kJ/h)
Bng 2 . Cn bng nhit l lp si

Nhit vo Nhit vo
Thnh phn kJ/h % Thnh phn kJ/h %
Theo pirit 89015 0,24 Theo kh l 19965862 53,08
Theo khng kh 1241786 3,30 bi theo kh 3364153 8,94
Do pirit chy SO
2
35939448 95,55 X ht ln 373794 0,1
Do pirit chy SO
3
342322 0,91 Trao i nhit 12780383 33,98
Tn tht 1128377 3,90
Tng 37612571 100,0
0
Tng 37612569 100,00
II. Ni hi nhit tha.
A. iu kin lm vic:
Nhit hn hp kh vo : 820
o
C.
Nhit hn hp kh ra : 400
o
C.
Nhit x thi : 400
o
C.
Hiu sut lc bi : 20% (theo tng x).
Nhit tn tht : 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1- Lng vo.
Lng cc cht vo ni hi bao gm:
SO
2
: 5381,638 (kg/h)
SO
3
: 46,916 (kg/h)
O
2
: 480,007 (kg/h)
N
2
: 13758,286 (kg/h)
Hi nc : 591,325 (kg/h)
X kh l : 4656,784 (kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
36
tt nghip
Tng : 24914,956 (kg/h)
t m
kh
= m
SO
2
+ m
O
2
+ m
N
2

= 5381,638+46,916+480,007 = 19619,931 (kg/h).
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Lng x lng .
Ta thit k ni hi c khng gian lng 20% bi x theo kh.

357 , 931 784 , 4656 . 2 , 0
1

R
m
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng x theo kh sang cycln .

427 , 3725 357 , 931 784 , 4656
2

R
m

(kg/h)
2.3. Lng kh ra.

O H N O SO SO
R
3
2 2 2 3 2
m m m m m m + + + +
= 19619,931+46,916+591,325
= 20258,172 (kg/h).
Bng 3. Cn bng cht ni hi nhit tha
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn kg/h % Thnh phn kg/h %
Kh l . 20258 82,45 Kh l 20258 82,40
X theo kh 4656 17,55 X theo kh 3725 13,60
X lng 931 4,00
Cng 24914 100,00 Cng 24914 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
Nhit ca kh l: 19965862,405 (kJ/h). (theo bng 2)
Nhit ca bi trong kh: 3364153,897 (kJ/h). (theo bng 2)
Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 19965862,405+3364153,897=23330016,302 (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra.
2.1 Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Ti 400
0
c ta tra c C
p
ca cc kh
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
SO
3
H
2
O (i )
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1870 0,2445 0,2584 0,2200 782,6
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,783 1,023 1,082 0,921 3276,746
ngh v c- k 47
37
tt nghip
BngX [1-193]
1
R
Q
= ( 5381,638.0,783+480,007.10,23+13758,286.1,082+46,916.0,921).400
+591,325.3276,746
= 9791439,750 (kJ/h).
2.2 Nhit do x theo kh mang ra.
Khi lng x theo kh: m = 3725,427 (kg/h)
Nhit dung ca x ti 400
o
C : C
p
= 35,215 cal/mol. (bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay C
p
= 0,921 ( kJ/kg.)

307 , 1372447 400 . 921 , 0 . 427 , 3725
2

R
Q

(kJ/h).
2.3Nhit do x lng mang ra:
Theo gi thit nhit ca x lng l 400
o
C ta c:

(kJ/h). 919 , 343111 400 . 921 , 0 . 357 , 931
3

R
Q
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly 3% tng nhit vo.
489 , 699900 302 , 23330016 . 03 , 0
TT
Q

(kJ/h).
2.5. Tng lng nhit ra.

TT
R
3
R
2
R
1 R
Q Q Q Q Q + + +
= 9791439,750+1372447,307+343111,919+699900,489
= 12206899,470 (kJ/h).

2.6. Nhit sn xut hi nc.( nhit rt)
Q = 23330016,302-12206899,470= 11123116,832 (kJ/h)
Bng 4: Bng cn bng nhit ni hi nhit tha.
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Kh l 19965862 85,58 Kh l 9791439 41,97
X theo kh 3364153 14,42 X theo kh 1372447 5,88
X lng 343111 1,47
Tn tht 699900 3,00
Sn xut hi nc 11123116 47,68
Tng 2333001
5
100,00 Tng 2333001
3
100,00

III. Cyclon
ngh v c- k 47
38
tt nghip
A. iu kin lm vic:
Hn hp kh vo : 400
o
C
Hn hp kh ra : 385
o
C (gi thit)
Nhit bi lng : 380
o
C
Hiu sut lng bi : 90%
B. Cn bng vt cht cyclon.
1.Lng vo:
1.1. Hn hp kh .
m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h).
m
SO
3

= 46,916

(kg/h).

m
hi nc
= 591,325 (kg/h).
Tng lng kh v hi nc:
m = 19619,931+46,916+591,325 =20258,172 (kg/h).
1.2. Bi theo kh:
m = 3725,427 (kg/h)
2.Lng ra
2.1.Kh v hi nc ra:
lng kh ra khi cyclon ging nh kh vo:
m = 20258,172 (kg/h)
2.2. Bi ra theo kh:
m = 0,1.3725,427=372,452 (kg/h)
2.3.Bi lng :
m = 3725,427- 372,452 = 3352,975 (kg/h)
Bng 5. Cn bng cht cyclon
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn Kg/h % Thnh phn Kg/h %
Kh l 20258 84,47 Kh l 20258 84,47
X theo kh 3725 15,53 X theo kh 372 1,55
X lng 3352 13,98
ngh v c- k 47
39
tt nghip
Cng 23983 100,00 Cng 23982 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit cyclon.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang vo:
Bng nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra khi ni hi:
Q
1
V
=9791439,750 (kJ/h)
1.2 Nhit do bi mang vo:
Q
2
V
= 1372447,307 (kJ/h)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
= 9791439,750+1372447,307 = 11163887,067 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra mang ra.
Gi thit nhit kh ra bng 385
0
C
Ti 385
o
C ta c nhit dung ca cc kh: ( bng X ) [1-193]
Kh (i) SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i )
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1860 0,2190 0,2435 0,2576 775,175
C
P
(kJ/kg. ) 0,778 0,917 1,019 1,078 3245,658
m (kg/h) 5381,638 46,916 480,007 13758.28
6
591.325

658 , 3245 . 325 , 591 ). 078 , 1 . 283 , 13758 019 , 1 . 007 , 480 917 , 0 . 916 , 46 778 , 0 . 638 , 5381 (
1
+ + + +
R R
t Q

= 19550,493.t
R
+1919238,717 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do x theo kh mang ra.
Nhit gi thit 385
o
C.
Nhit dung ca x 385
o
C :
C
p
= 35,002 (cal/mol.)
(bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay C
p
= 0,916 (kJ/kg.)
Q
2
R
= 372,452.0,916.t
R
= 341,151.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.3.Nhit do x lng mang ra
Gi thit nhit x lng l 380
o
C.

Nhit dung ca x 380
o
C :
ngh v c- k 47
40
tt nghip
C
p
= 34,730 (cal/mol.)
(bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay C
p
= 0,909 (kJ/kg.)
Q
3
R
= 3352,975.0,909.380 = 1158184,625 (kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly = 4% nhit vo
Q
TT
= 0,04.11163887,067 = 466555,482 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
R V
Q Q
19550,493.t
R
+1919238,717+341,151.t
R
+1158184,625+466555,482
=11163887,067
hay 19891,644.t
R
= 7691908,236 t
R
= 386,6
o
C
Tnh:

(kJ/h) 522 , 9446178 717 , 1919238 385 . 493 , 19550
1
+
R
Q

(kJ/h) 135 , 131343 385 . 141 , 341
2

R
Q
Bng 6. Cn bng nhit xyclon
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Thnh phn KJ/h % Thnh phn KJ/h %
Kh l 9791439 87,71 Kh l 9446178 84,47
X theo kh 1372447 12,29 X theo kh 131343 1,17
X lng 1158184 10,35
Tn tht 446555 4,01
Tng 11163886 100,0
0
Tng 11182260 100,00
Sai s:
% 16 , 0 100 .
11163886
11182260 11163886
IV.Lc in kh
A. iu kin lm vic.
o
C
o
C ( gi thit)
Nhit x lng : 370
o
C
ngh v c- k 47
41
tt nghip
B.Cn bng vt cht .
1. Lng vo.
1.1 Lng hn hp kh v hi nc vo :
m = 20258,172 (kg/h)
1.2 Lng x theo kh vo :
m = 372,543 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
2.1.Kh v hi nc ra:
m = 20258,172 (kg/h)
2.2. Lng x theo hn hp kh.
Sau lc in, yu cu lng bi trong kh phi
0,1(g/m
3
). Ta c:
Lng kh sau lc in kh:
V = 13868,472 (m
3
/h). ( theo bng 1)
Lng bi trong kh ra :
m = 0,1.10
-3
.13868,472 =1,387 (kg/h)
2.3.Lng x lng
m = 372,543-1,387 =371,156 (kg/h)
Bng 7. Cn bng cht lc in kh
Lng vo Lng ra
Hn hp kh 20258 98,19 Hn hp kh 20258 98,19
X theo kh 372 1,81 X theo kh 1 --
X lng 371 1,81
Cng 20630 100,00 Cng 20630 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit lc in kh.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo :
Q
1
V
=9446178,522 (kJ/h) (theo bng 6)
1.2 Nhit do x theo kh mang vo :
Q
2
V
= 131343,135 (kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
42
tt nghip
1.3. Tng nhit vo :
Q
V
= 9446178,522 +131343,135 = 9577521,657 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Ga thit nhit hn hp kh ra l 375
o
C, ta c nhit dung ring C
p

ca cc kh.
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i )
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1852 0,2157 0,2420 0,2565 770,25
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,775 0,903 1,013 1,074 3225,036
m (kg/h) 5381,638 46,916 480,007 13758,286 591,325
(Bng X ) [ 1- 192]
Q
1
R
= (5381,638.0,775+46,916.0,903+480,007.1,013+13758,286.1,074).t
R
+591,325.3225,036 (kJ/h)
= 19475,781.t
R
+ 1907044,856 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do x lng mang ra.

Gi thit nhit x lng l 370
o
C.

Nhit dung ca x 370
o
C :
C
p
= 34,370 (cal/mol.) (bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay C
p
= 0,899 (kJ/kg.)
Q
2
R
= 371,156.0,899.370 = 123457,620 (kJ/h)
2.3. Bi theo kh mang ra 375
0
C.
Nhit gi thit 375
0
C.
Nhit dung ca x 375
o
C :
C
p
= 35,576 (cal/mol.) (bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay C
p
= 0,905 (kJ/kg.)
Q
3
R
= 1,387.0,905.t
R
= 1,255.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht. (
R
4
Q
)
Nhit tn tht ly bng 3% tng lng nhit vo.
Q
tt
= 0,03.9577521,657 =287325,649 (kJ/h).
3. Xt cn bng nhit. :

Q
V
= Q
R

19475,781.t
R
+1907044,856 +123457,620+1,255.t
R
+28325,649
=9577521,657
ngh v c- k 47
43
tt nghip
19477,036.t
R
= 7259693,532 (kJ/h)
t
R
=373
o
C
Nhit mang ra do hn hp kh:
Q = 19475,781.375 =7303417,875 (kJ/h)
Nhit mang ra do hi nc:
Q = 1907044,856 (kJ/h)
Bng 8. Cn bng nhit lc in kh
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 9446178 98,63 Hn hp kh 9210462 95,73
X theo kh 131343 1,37 X lng 123457 1,28
Bi theo kh 470 --
Tn tht 287325 2,99
Cng 9577521 100,00 Cng 9621714 100,00
Sai s
% 46 , 0 100 .
9577521
9621714 9577521
V.Thp ra I
A. iu kin lm vic.
o
C
Nhit kh ra yu cu : 80
o
C
Nhit a xt ti : 40
o
C
Nng a xt ti : 40%H
2
SO
4
Hiu sut hp th SO
3

: 20%
Nhit axit chy : 58
o
C (gi thit)
B. Cn bng vt cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Kh vo.
SO
2
: 5381,638 (kg/ h)
SO
3
: 46,916 (kg/ h)
ngh v c- k 47
44
tt nghip
O
2
: 480,007 (kg/ h)
N
2
: 13758,286 (kg/ h)
H
2
O : 591,325 (kg/ h)
Lng kh kh :
m
kh
= 5381,638 + 480,007 + 13758,286 = 19619,931 (kg/ h)
m
1
v = m
kh
+ m
H
2
O
+ m
SO
3

= 19619,931 + 591,325 + 46,916= 20258,172 (kg/ h)
1.2 Lng bi theo kh:
m
2
v
= 1,387 (kg/h).
1.3. Lng axt ti vo thp.
Chn lu lng ti i vi thp rng lu lng ti t 2- 4m
3
/1000m
3
kh iu kin tiu chun. [ 2 - 491]
Ta c :
Th tch kh vo V = 13868,472 (m
3
/h) (theo bng 1)
Chn lu lng ti: 4 m
3
/1000m
3
kh

474 , 55
1000
472 , 13868 . 4

axt
v

(m
3
/h)
iu kin 40%H
2
SO
4
, nhit 40
0
c ta c
d
H
2
SO
4
= 1,3028 (g/cm
3
). (Bng I) [ 1 - 177]
527 , 72271 474 , 55 . 1000 . 3028 , 1
3

v
m

(kg/h).
Lng SO
3
c trong a xt ti vo thp l:

866 , 23598
98 . 100
527 , 72271 . 80 . 40
3

SO
m
(kg/h).
Lng nc trong axit ti: m = 72271,527- 23598,866
= 48672,661 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
2.1.Lng SO
3
to m, lng m.
Ton b lng SO
3
cn li s tc dng vi hi nc bay ra trong axit
ti v to thnh m axit.
Lng SO
3
to m axt:
533 , 37 383 , 9 916 , 46
3

SO
m

(kg/h)
Lng m a xt to thnh:
ng vi nng ht m: 40%H
2
SO
4
.
% 65 , 32
98
80
. 40 SO %
3

ngh v c- k 47
45
tt nghip
Lng m ra:
955 , 114
65 , 32
100
. 533 , 37
1

R
m

(kg/h)
Trong c:
m
H
2
O
= 114,955- 37,533= 74,422 (kg/h)
2.2. Tnh lng nc bay hi.
Da vo quan h gia th tch v p xut ta lp ra cng thc sau:
O H
O H k hoi
O H
P P P
P v
v
2
2
2
Trong :
v
k
: L th tch kh kh
O H
2
P
: p sut ring phn ca nc trn dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
P : Chnh lch p sut trong thp.
P : p sut kh quyn = 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
858 , 13119 ) (
2 2 2
+ +
N O SO K
v v v v

(m
3
/h)
chn khng trc thp: 120 mmH
2
O
chn khng sau thp : 150 mmH
2
O
135
2
120 150
2

+
s T
P P
P
( mmH
2
O)
Hay P =
10330
135 . 760
= 9,93 (mmHg)
P
H
2
O
= 87,3 (mmHg) (Bng IV) [1 - 183]
V
Hoi
O H
2
=
93 , 9 3 , 87 760
3 , 87 . 858 , 13119

= 1728,146 (m
3
/h)
m
H
2
O
= m
2
R =
4 , 22
18 . 146 , 1728
= 1388,689 (kg/h)
2.3. Bi ra.
Sau thp ra I c th ci lng bi cn li s ra theo axit chy:
387 , 1
3
R
m
(kg/h)
2.4. Lng axt ra khi thp.
Lng SO
3
ra trong axit chy (
R
SO
3
m
)
Ta c:
Lng SO
3
trong kh c hp th :
383 , 9
100
20
916 , 46
3

HT
SO
m

(kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
46
tt nghip
Lng SO
3
trong axit chy:
249 , 23608 383 , 9 866 , 23598
3 3 3
+ +
HT
SO
V
SO
R
SO
m m m (kg/h)
Lng nc:
Lng nc trong axit ti: 48672,661 (kg/h).
Lng hi nc trong kh ra: 1388,689 (kg/h).
Lng nc to m: 74,422 (kg/h).
Lng hi nc c sn trong kh: 591,325 (kg/h).
) m m ( ) m m ( m
hoi
O H
max
O H
k
w
axt
O H
R
O H
2 2 2 2
+ +
= 48672,661+ 591,325 74,422- 1388,689= 47800,875 (kg/h).

Lng axit chy :
m
4
R
= 23608,249 + 47800,875 = 71409,124 (kg/h)
Nng SO
3
trong axit chy:
% 06 , 33 100 .
124 , 71409
249 , 23608

% 5 , 40
80
98
. 06 , 33 %
4 2
SO H
2.5. Kh ra.
2 2 2
5
N O SO R
m m m m + +

= 19619,931 (kg/h)
Bng 9: Cn bng cht thp ra I
Lng vo Lng ra
Hn hp kh 19667 21,25 Hn hp kh 19619 21,20
Hi nc 591 0,64 Hi nc 1388 1,50
A xt ti 72271 78,11 A xt chy ra 71409 77,17
M axit 114 0,13
Bi 1 --
Cng 92529 100,0
0
Cng 92531 100,00
Sai s :
92530
92531 92529
.100 0,00%.
C. Cn bng nhit thp ra I.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
ngh v c- k 47
47
tt nghip
Bui K V
Q Q Q +
1

= 9210462,731+470,625 = 9210933,356 (kJ/h) (Bng 8)
1.2. Nhit do a xt ti mang vo.
Theo iu kin lm vic ca thp yu cu nhit a xt ti vo ca
thp l t = 40
0
C.
Ta c nhit dung ring ca a xt 40%H
2
SO
4
40
0
C l:
4 2
SO H
C
= 0,683 (kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [1-181].
hay C = 2,860 (kJ/kg.)
Nhit do axt ti vo thp:
Q
2
V
= 72271,527.2,860.40 =8267862,689 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra do to m a xt.
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
SO
3K
+H
2
O
(H)
H
2
SO
4 (H)
+ 124,988 (kJ)
H
2
SO
4 (H
H
2
SO
4 (L)
+50,196 (kJ)
Ta thy rng c 1mol SO
3K
cho 1mol H
2
SO
4L
to ra mt nhit lng
l: 124,988 + 50,196 = 175,184 (kJ).
Ta c:
(kJ/h) 184 , 175 . 10 .
3 3
3
3
SO
SO
V
M
m
Q

657 , 102736 184 , 175 . 10 .
80
916 , 46
3 3

V
Q

(kJ/h)
1.4 Nhit pha long a xt t 100% xung 40% H
2
SO
4
.
T cng thc

062 , 0 M
) 15 t .( M . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 M
M . 2113
H
+
+
+
Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axt (kJ/kg SO
3
).
M: Lng nc trong a xt (kg/kgSO
3
).
3
3
100
SO
SO
C
C
M

C: Hm lng SO
3
trong a xt.
Vi : H
2
SO
4
= 100% %SO
3
=81,63%
H
2
SO
4
= 40% %SO
3
=32,65%

225 , 0
63 , 81
63 , 81 100
100

M
ngh v c- k 47
48
tt nghip

060 , 2
65 , 32
65 , 32 100
40

M
Gi thit khi pha long axt nhit m axt ra bng nhit kh ra t = 80
0
C
60
2
80 40
2

+
R V
t t
t
(
0
C)
SO3). (kJ/kg 735 , 1220
062 , 0 225 , 0
) 15 60 .( 225 , 0 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 225 , 0
225 , 0 . 2113
SO3). (kJ/kg 535 , 2055
062 , 0 06 , 2
) 15 60 .( 06 , 2 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 06 , 2
06 , 2 . 2113
100
40
+
+
+
+
H
H
800 , 834 735 , 1220 535 , 2055
100 40
H H H
(kJ/kgSO
3
)
477 , 39165 800 , 834 . 916 , 46 .
3
4
H m Q
SO (kJ/h)
1.5 Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 9210933,356 + 8267862,689 + 102736, 657 + 39165,477
= 17620698,180 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang ra 80
0
C.
Ta c nhit hn hp kh ra khi thp ra I l t = 80
0
C, ta tra c
nhit dung ring ca cc kh ti ph lc
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
C
p
(kcal /kg. ) 0,1554 0,2221 0,2467 631,14
C
p
(kj/kg.

) 0,651 0,930 1,033 2642,416
(Bng X) [1 - 192]
Q
kh
= (m.c.t)
kh

= ( 5381,638.0,651+ 480,007.0,930 + 13758,286.1,033). 80
= 1452972,983
Q
Hi
= 1388,689. 2642,416 =3669494,033
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 5122467,016 (kJ/h)

2.2. Nhit do m axt mang ra nhit l t = 80
0
C.
Ta c:
m
m
= 114,955 (kg/h) (bng 9)
Nhit dung ca axit 40% nhit 80
o
C
ngh v c- k 47
49
tt nghip
C = 0,685 (kcal/kg.) (bng II) [1 181]
hay C = 2,868 ( kj/kg.)
Q
2
R
=m.c.t = 114,955.2,868.80 = 26375,275
2.3 Nhit do axt chy mang ra.
Gi thit nhit a xt chy ra l t = 58
0
C.
Ta c:
Nhit dung ca axit chy:
C = 0,684 (kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [ 1-181]
Hay C = 2,868 (kj/kg.

)
m
axchy
= 71409,124 (kg/h)
r r r SO H ax
R
t t t C m Q . 367 , 204801 . 868 , 2 . 124 , 71409 . .
4 2
3

(kg/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly 3% tng nhit vo.
945 , 528620 180 , 17620698 . 03 , 0
4

R
Q

(kJ/h)
2.5 Nhit do bi mang ra :
m
bi
= 1,387 kg/h
Nhit ca bi bng 60
o
C
C
bi
= 26,87 cal/mol.

(Bng XIX) [1 -209]
Hay C = 0,703 kj/kg.

504 , 58 58 . 703 , 0 . 387 , 1
5

R
Q

(kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
R V
Q Q
504 , 58 945 , 528620 . 367 , 204801 275 , 26375 016 , 5122467 + + + +
R r
t Q
204801,367.t
r
= 11943167,440
t
r
= 58,3
o
C
ngh v c- k 47
50
tt nghip
Bng10: Cn bng nhit thp ra I
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh . 7303888 41,45 Hn hp kh. 1452972 8,28
Hi nc 1907044 10,82 Hi nc 3669494 20,90
A xt ti. 8267862 46,92 A xt chy. 11878479 67,66
Nhit pha long 39165 0,22 M axt 26375 0,15
Nhit to m 102736 0,59 Bi 58 --
Tn tht. 528620 3,01
Cng 1762069
5
100,00 Cng 17555998 100,00
Sai s:
% 36 , 0 100 .
17620695
17555998 17620695
VI. Thp ra II.

A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit kh hn hp kh vo : 80
o
C
Nhit kh ra thp : 40
o
C
Nhit axt ti : 35
o
C
Nhit axt chy : 44,5
o
C (gi thit)
Nng axit ti : 20% H
2
SO
4
Hiu sut hp th m axit: Thm 10% tng lng SO
3
u.
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng hn hp kh vo.
Lng hn hp kh vo thp ra II bng lng hn hp kh ra thp ra I

m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h)
m
m
= 114,955 (kg/h)
m
hi
= 1388,689 (kg/h) (Theo bng 9)

575 , 21123 689 , 1388 955 , 114 931 , 19619
1
+ +
V
m

(kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
51
tt nghip
1.2. Axit ti.
Lu lng ti i vi thp m:
V
ax
= 10
15 (m
3
/m
2
h) (Bng IX) [2-487]
Vi vn tc kh trong thp: 0,8
1 (m/s)
Chn
= 0,8 [m/s]

O H N O SO V
V V V V V
2 2 2 2
+ + +
= 13119,858 +580,856 = 13700,714 (m
3
/h)
(Theo bng 1 v bng 9)
Ta c:
76 , 4
3600 8 , 0
714 , 13700
3600 8 , 0

khi
thap
v
F

) (
2
m
Chn lu lng ti bng 13 (m
3
/m
2
h)
V
axti
= 13.4,76 = 61,88 (m
3
/h)
Khi lng ring ca axit 20% ti 35
o
C
d = 1139,4 (kG/m
3
) (Bng I) [1 -177]
072 , 70506 4 , 1139 . 88 , 61
2

V
m

(kg/h)
Vi nng 20% H
2
SO
4
%SO
3
= 20.
98
80
= 16,33% SO
3
Lng SO
3
trong axit ti:
489 , 11492 072 , 70506 . 163 , 0
3

SO
m

(kg/h)
Lng H
2
O trong axit ti:
m
H
2
O
= 70506,072-11492,489=59013,583 (kg/h).
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Lng hn hp kh ra.
Lng hn hp kh ra thp ra II bao gm:
931 , 19619
2 2 2
1
+ +
N O SO
R
m m m m

(kg/h)
(Theo bng 1)
2.2. Lng hi nc ra.
Da vo quan h gia th tch v p xut ta lp ra cng thc sau:
O H
O H k hoi
O H
P P P
P v
v
2
2
2

ngh v c- k 47
52
tt nghip
Trong :
v
k
: L th tch kh kh
O H
2
P
2
SO
4
.
P : Chnh lch p sut trong thp.
P : p sut kh quyn = 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
858 , 13119 ) (
2 2 2
+ +
N O SO K
v v v v

(m
3
/h)
chn khng trc thp: 150 mmH
2
O
chn khng sau thp : 220 mmH
2
O
185
2
220 150
2

+
s T
P P
P
( mmH
2
O)
Hay P =
10330
185 . 760
= 13,61 (mmHg)
P
H
2
O
= 40,3 (mmHg) (Bng IV) [1 - 183]
V
Hoi
O H
2
=
61 , 13 3 , 40 760
3 , 40 . 858 , 13119

= 748,804 (m
3
/h)
m
H
2
O
= m
2
R =
4 , 22
18 . 804 , 748
= 601,717 (kg/h)
2.3. Lng m axt ra.
Gi thit thp ra II m a xt hp th thm 10% SO
3
. Nh vy, lng
SO
3
cn li to m ra nh thp l 70% SO
3
u.
m
SO
3
= 0,7. 46,916 = 32,841 (kg/h)
ng vi nng dung dch a xt 20% H
2
SO
4
ta c % SO
3
= 16,326% ta
c lng m ra khi thp:
(kg/h) 159 , 201
326 , 16
100
. 841 , 32
3

R
m
Lng nc trong m a xt: 201,159 32,814 = 168,345 (kg/h)
2.4. Lng a xt chy ra.
Lng SO
3
trong axit chy:

3
SO
m
= 11492,489 + 0,1.46,916 = 11496,781 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong a xt ti vo : 59013,583 (kg/h)
Lng m vo : 1388,689 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong m a xt vo : 74,422 (kg/h)
Lng m ra : 601,717 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong m ra : 168,345 (kg/h)

R
O H
V
O H O H
m m m
2 2 2

ngh v c- k 47
53
tt nghip
= 59013,583 + 1388,689 + 74,422- 601,717 -168,345
= 59706,632 (kg/h).
Lng a xt chy ra.
% 78 , 19
80
98
. 15 , 16
80
98
. % %
% 15 , 16 100 .
413 , 71203
781 , 11496
%
(kg/h) 413 , 71203 632 , 59706 781 , 11496
3 4 2
3
0
4
2 3

+ +
SO SO H
SO
m m m
ch
ax
ch
ax
H SO R
Bng11: Cn bng cht thp ra II
Lng vo Lng ra
Hn hp kh 19619 21,41 Hn hp kh 19619 24,41
Hi nc 1388 1,51 Hi nc 601 0,65
M axt 114 0,12 M axt 201 0,22
A xit ti 70506 76,96 A xt chy 71203 74,72
Cng 91627 100,00 Cng 91624 100,00

C. Cn bng nhit thp ra II.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh,hi nc ,m axit mang vo.
Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo:
Q
kh
= 1452972,983 (kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
54
tt nghip
Q
hi
= 3669494,033 (kJ/h)
Q
m
= 26375,275 (kJ/h)
Q
1
V
= 1452972,983+366949,033+26375,275 = 5148842,291 (kJ/h)
1.2. Axt ti mang vo.
Nhit dung ca axit 20% ti 35
o
C :
C = 0,842 (kcal/kg.) (bng II) [1 - 181]
Hay C = 3,525 kJ/kg.
m
axti
= 70506,072 (kg/h)

(kJ/h) 633 , 8698686 35 . 525 , 3 . 072 , 70506 . .
2
t C m Q
V
1.3. Nhit pha long a xt t 40% xung 20%.
T cng thc:
062 , 0
) 15 ( 99 , 2
2013 , 0
2113
+
+
+
M
t M
M
M
H

C
C
M

100
Trong :
H: nhit to thnh a xt (kJ/kg SO
3
).
M: lng nc trong a xt (kg/kgSO
3
)
C: hm lng SO
3
trong a xt.
Vi: H
2
SO
4
= 40% %SO
3
=32,65%
H
2
SO
4
= 20% %SO
3
=16,33%

06 , 2
65 , 32
65 , 32 100
40

M

12 , 5
33 , 16
33 , 16 100
20

M
t
V
= 35
0
C, t
mr
= 40
0
C
t
TB
= 37,5
0
C

Thay s vo cng thc trn ta c:
SO3). (kJ/kg 537 , 2099
062 , 0 12 , 5
) 15 5 , 37 .( 12 , 5 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 12 , 5
12 , 5 . 2113
20

+
+
+
H
SO3). (kJ/kg 211 , 1990
062 , 0 06 , 2
) 15 5 , 37 .( 06 , 2 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 06 , 2
06 , 2 . 2113
40

+
+
+
H
SO3). (kJ/kg 326 , 109 211 , 1990 537 , 2099
40 20
H H H
375 , 3590 326 , 109 . 841 , 32 .
3
3
H m Q
SO V (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1- Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
ngh v c- k 47
55
tt nghip
Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 40
0
C
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1502 0,2203 0,2464 613,5
C
P
( kJ/ kg.

) 0,629 0,922 1,032 2568,724
(Bng X) [1-192]
Q
kh
=(m.c.t)
kh

= ( 5381,638.0,629+ 480,007.0,922 + 13758,286.1,032). 40
= 721046,716
Q
Hi
= 601,717. 2568,724 =1545645,200
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 2266691,916 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do a xt chy mang ra.
Gi thit nhit a xt chy ra t = 44,5
o
C ta c C
P
ca a xt l
C
P
= 0,842 ( kcal/kg. ) (Bng II) [ 1- 181]
Hay C
p
= 3,525 kJ/kg.
m
axch
= 71203,413 (kg/h)
R P
ch
ax R
t t C m Q . 525 , 3 . 413 , 71203 . .
2

= 250992,031.t
R
. (kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit do m axt mang ra.
Ta c: m
m ax
= 201,159 (kg/h)
Nhit m a xt ra bng nhit hn hp kh ra: t = 40
0
C
(kJ/h) 419 , 28363 40 . 525 . 3 . 159 , 201 . .
3
t C m Q
p ax mu R

2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly bng 3% tng nhit vo.
(kJ/h) 579 , 415533 300 , 13851119 . 03 , 0 . 03 , 0
4

V
R
Q Q
3.Xt cn bng nhit:
R v
Q Q
2266691,916+28363,419+415533,579+250992,031.t
R
=13851119,300
250992,031.t
R
= 11140530,39

t
r
= 44,4
0
C

Bng 12: Cn bng nhit thp ra II.
Nhit vo Nhit ra
ngh v c- k 47
56
tt nghip
Hn hp kh 1452972 10,49 Hn hp kh 721046 5,19
Hi nc 3669949 26,49 Hi nc 1545645 11,34
M axit 26375 0,19 M axit 28363 0,20
Axit ti 8698686 67,80 Axit chy 11169145 80,47
Nhit pha long 3590 0,03 Tn tht 415533 3,00
Cng 1385157
2
100,00 Cng 13879732 100,00
Sai s =
% 20 , 0 100 .
13851572
13879732 13851572
VII. Lc in t I.
A. iu kin lm vic.
o
C
Nhit kh ra : 37
o
C (gi thit)
Hiu sut lc m : 90% m
Nhit m lng : 35
o
C
B. Cn bng vt cht.
1 Lng vo
Lng kh vo
m
k
= m
SO
2
+ m
O
2
+ m
N
2
= 19619,931 (kg/h).
Lng hi nc vo:
m
H
2
O
= 601,717 (kg/h).
Ta c:
m
1
V
= 19619,931 + 601,717 = 20221,648 (kg/h).
1.2. M vo.
m
2
V
= 201,159 (kg/h).
2. Lng ra
2.1 Lng kh v hi nc ra
m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h)
m
hi
= 601,717 (kg/h)
m
1
R
= m
kh
+ m
hi
= 20221,648 (kg/h)

ngh v c- k 47
57
tt nghip
2.2. Lng m lng.
Theo gi thit lng m cn li theo kh bng 10% lng m . Lng
m lng l
m
m
= 0,9.201,159 =181,043 (kg/h)
2.3. Lng m theo hn hp kh ra.
m = 201,159 181,043 = 20,116 (kg/h)
Trong m
SO3
= 20,116.0,163 = 3,279 (kg/h)
m
nc
= 20,116 3,279 = 16,837 (kg/h)
Bng 13: Cn bng cht lc in t I.
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn Kg/h % Thnh phn Kg /h %
Hn hp kh vo 19619 96,07 Hn hp kh 19619 96,07
Hi nc 601 2,94 Hi nc 601 2,94
M axt 201 0,99 M axt lng 181 0,89
M axt theo kh 20 0,1
Cng 20421 100,00 Cng 20421 100,00
Sai s :
% 00 , 0 100 .
20421
20421 20421
C. Cn bng nhit lc in t I.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do kh v hi nc mang vo;
Nhit do kh mang vo:
Q
kh
= 721046,716 (kJ/h) (theo bng 12)
Nhit do hi nc mang vo:
Q
hi
= 1545645,200 (kJ/h)
Q
1
V
= 721046,716 + 1545645,200 = 2266692,432 (kJ/h)
1.2 Nhit do m axit mang vo:
Q
2
V
= 28363,419 (kJ/h) (Theo bng 12)
1.3 Tng nhit vo
Q
V
= 2266692,432 + 28363,149 = 2295055,581 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra :
ngh v c- k 47
58
tt nghip
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra lc in t t = 37
o
C .Ta c nhit dung ca
cc kh 37
o
C

Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
C
p
(kcal /kg.

) 0,1498 0,2202 0,2463 613,05
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,627 0,922 1,031 2566,840
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q
kh
=(m.c.t)
kh

= (5381,638.0,627+480,007.0,922+13758,286.1,031).t
R
= 18001,646.t
R

Q
Hi
= 601,717.2566,840 =1544511,475 (kJ/h)
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 18001,646.t
R
+ 1544511,475 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do m lng mang ra.
Gi thit m lng 35
0
C v 20%H
2
SO
4

Nhit dung ca m lng C
p
= 0,842 kcal/kg. (bng II)[ 1- 181]
hay C
p
= 3,525 kJ/kg.
180 , 22336 35 . 525 , 3 . 043 , 181 . .
2
t C m Q
i
lang
mu R

(kJ/h)
2.3 Nhit do m theo kh :
Ta c nhit dung ca axit 37
o
C l :
C
p
= 3,525 kJ/kg.

3
R
Q = 20,116.3,525. t
R
= 70,909.t
R
( kJ/h)
2.4. Tn tht.
Tn tht nhit ly bng 3% Q
V
:
667 , 68851 581 , 2295055 . 03 , 0 . 03 , 0
4

V R
Q Q

(kJ/h)

1.5 . Tng nhit ra :
Q
R
= 18001,646.t
R
+ 1544511,475 + 22336,180+ 70,909.t
R
+68851,667
= 18072,555.t
R
+ 1635699,322 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.

R V
Q Q
18072,555.t
R
+ 1635699,322 =2295055,581
(kJ/h)
18072,555.t
R
=659356,259
ngh v c- k 47
59
tt nghip
t
R
= 36,5
o
C
So snh gia nhit gi thit v nhit tnh ton mc chnh lch v
nhit dung khng ln vy nn chp nhn ly nhit kh ra = 37
o
C
Bng 14: Cn bng nhit lc in t I
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 721046 Hn hp kh 666060 28,90
Hi nc 1545645 Hi nc 1544511 67,02
M axt 28363 M theo kh 2623 0,11
M lng 22336 0,97
Tn tht 68851 3,00
Cng 2295054 100,00 Cng 2304381 100,00
Sai s =
% 40 , 0 100 .
2295054
2295054 2304381
VIII. Thp tng m.

A. iu kin lm vic.
o
C
o
C.
Nhit a xt ti : 30
o
C.
Nhit a xt chy : 30,5
o
C.(gi thit)
Nng a xt ti : Dng axt 5% H
2
SO
4
.
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng hn hp kh v hi nc vo.
Lng hn hp kh vo :
m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
60
tt nghip
m
H
2
O
= 601,717 (kg/h)
m
m
= 20,116. (kg/h)
m
1
V
= 19619,931+ 601,717+ 20,116 = 20241,764 (kg/h)
1.2. Lng axt ti.
Lu lng ti i vi thp tng m : 8-10 m
3
/m
2
.h (bng IX) [2 - 487]
Chn lu lng ti: V = 8,0 [m
3
/m
2
.h]
Chn tc kh i trong thp: = 0,8 (m/s)
Lu lng kh vo thp tng m l:
v = v
kh
+ v
hi nc
= 13119,858 +748,804 = 13868,62 (m
3
/h).
Ta c din tch tit din thp: (m
2
)
) ( 81 , 4
3600 . 8 , 0
662 , 13868
3600 . 8 , 0
2
m
v
F
thap

V
ax
= 8,0. 4,81 = 38,48 ( m
3
/h)
Khi lng ring ca axit 5% :
d = 1031,7 ( kg/m
3
) (Bng I) [1-177]

(kg/h) 816 , 39699 48 , 38 . 7 , 1031
2

V
m

vi nng 5% ta c
%SO
3
= 4,08 %
Trong c:
(kg/h) 752 , 1619
100
08 , 4 . 816 , 39699
3

SO
m
Lng nc trong axit ti:
39699,816-1619, 752 = 38080,064 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng hn hp kh ra:
m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h).
2.2. Lng hi nc ra.
Tnh th tch hi nc theo cng thc

O H
O H k hoi
O H
P P P
P v
v
2
2
2

Trong :
K
V
: L th tch kh .
ngh v c- k 47
61
tt nghip
O H
2
P
2
SO
4
.
P: Chnh lch p xut trong thp.
P: p sut kh quyn 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
858 , 13119 ) (
2 2 2
+ +
N O SO K
v v v v
/h) (m
3
P
H
2
O
= 35,57 mmHg
p sut trc thp : 310 (mmH
2
O)
p sut sau thp: 350 (mmH
2
O )
28 , 24 ) ( 330
2
350 310
2

+
P O mmH P
Tb
(mmH2O)
/h) m ( 607 , 535
4 , 22
18
. 533 , 666
/h) m ( 533 , 666
28 , 24 57 , 35 760
57 , 35 . 858 , 13119
3
2
3
2

R
hoi
O H
m
V
2.3. Lng m axt ra.
Ta c lng SO
3
vo thp :
m
SO
3
= 3,279 (kg/h).
Lng m a xt ng vi nng H
2
SO
4
trong ht m = 5% l:
368 , 80
08 , 4
100
. 279 , 3
3

R
m (kg/h)
Trong c:
m
nc
= 80,368 30279 =77,088 (kg/h)
2.4. Lng axt chy.
Lng SO
3
trong axit chy:
m
SO
3
= 1619,752 (kg/h).
Lng nc:
Lng nc trong axt ti vo thp : 38080,064 (kg/h).
Lng nc trong m axt vo thp : 16,837 (kg/h).
Lng nc trong m vo thp : 601,717 (kg/h).
Lng nc trong m axt ra : 77,088 (kg/h).
Lng m ra : 535,607 (kg/h).
Lng nc trong axit chy:
m
nc
= 38080,064+16,837+601,717-77,088-535,607
=38085,923 (kg/h).
ngh v c- k 47
62
tt nghip
Lng axt chy ra:
m
4
R
= 38085,923 +1619,752 = 39705,675
(kg/h).
Nng axit chy:
% 00 , 5
80
98
08 , 4
80
98
. % %
% 08 , 4 100 .
675 , 39705
752 , 1619
%
3 4 2
3

SO SO H
SO
Bng 15: Cn bng cht thp tng m
Lng vo Lng ra
Hn hp kh 19619 32,73 Hn hp kh 19619 32,73
Hi nc 601 1,00 Hi nc 535 0,89
M axit 20 0,03 M axit 80 0,13
A xt ti 39699 66,23 A xt chy 39705 66,25
Tng 59939 100,00 Tng 59939 100,00
Sai s
% 00 , 0
59939
59939 59939
C. Cn bng nhit thp tng m.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo.
Q
k +hi
= 702064,194 + 1544511,475 =2246575,669 ( kJ/h).
Q
m
= 2694,542 ( kJ/h).

kJ/h). ( 211 , 2249270 542 , 2694 669 , 2246575
1
+
V
Q
1.2. Nhit do a xt ti mang vo.
Nhit dung ca axit ti vi nng axt = 5%, nhit = 30
0
C
957 , 0 C
4 2
SO H

(kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [1-181]
Hay C = 4,007 (kJ/kg.)

kJ/h). ( 881 , 4772314 30 . 007 , 4 . 816 , 39699 ) . . (
2

axittuoi V
t c m Q
1.3. Nhit to ra do pha long m a xt t 20% xung 5%.
T cng thc:

ngh v c- k 47
63
tt nghip

C
C 100
M
062 , 0 M
) 15 t ( M 99 , 2
2013 , 0 M
M 2113
H
+
+
Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axt (kJ/kg SO
3
).
M: Lng nc trong a xt (kg/kgSO
3
)
C: Hm lng SO
3
trong a xt.
Vi : H
2
SO
4
= 20% %SO
3
=16,326%
H
2
SO
4
= 5% %SO
3
= 4,08%

51 , 23
08 , 4
08 , 4 100
125 , 5
326 , 16
326 , 16 100
5
20
M
M
Gi thit khi pha long axt nhit m axt ra bng nhit kh ra l
35
o
C, nhit axit ti l 30
0
C.
t
Tb
= 32,5
0
C
) / ( 814 , 292 407 , 62 . 692 , 4 .
SO3). (kJ/kg 407 , 62 841 , 2084 248 , 2147
SO3). (kJ/kg 248 , 2147
062 , 0 51 , 23
) 15 5 , 32 .( 51 , 23 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 51 , 23
51 , 23 . 2113
SO3). (kJ/kg 841 , 2084
062 , 0 125 , 5
) 15 5 , 32 .( 125 , 5 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0 125 , 5
125 , 5 . 2113
SO3). (kJ/kg
062 , 0
) 15 5 , 32 .( 125 , 5 . 99 , 2
2013 , 0
. 2113
3
3
5
20
20 20
20
20
h kJ H m Q
H
H
H
M M
M
H
SO V

+
+
+
+
+
+
1.4. Tng nhit vo:

Q
V
= 2249270,211+4772314,881+292,814=7021877,906 (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang ra.
Ta gi thit rng nhit hn hp kh ra thp tng m l: 35
o
C, ta c
nhit dung ca cc kh
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
ngh v c- k 47
64
tt nghip
C
p
(kcal/kg.) 0,1495 0,2200 0,2463 611,2
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,626 0,921 1,031 2559,094
m (kg/h) 5381,638 480,007 13758,28
6
535,607
( Bng X) [1-192]

Q
kh
= (m.c.t)
kh

= (5381,638.0,626+480,007.0,921+13758,286.1,031).35
= 629852,464 (kJ/h)
Q
Hi
= 535,607.2559,094 = 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 629852,464 + 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
= 2000521,124 (kJ/h).
2.2 Nhit do m axit mang ra :
Nhit dung ca axit 5% 35
o
C l: 0,957 kcal/kg. (Bng II) [1-181].
Hay C = 4,007 (kJ/kg. )

210 , 11271 35 . 007 , 4 . 368 , 80
2

R
Q
( kJ/h).
2.3. Nhit do axt chy mang ra.
Theo gi thit nhit a xt chy ra = 30,5
0
C.
Ta c C
p
ca a xt 5,0% = 0,957 (kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [1 - 181]
hay C = 4,007 (kJ/kg. )
Q
3
R
= 39075,675.4,007.t
R
= 156576,229.t
R

2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Q
tt
= 0,03.7021877,906= 210656,337 (kJ/h)
3. Tnh li nhit a xt chy.
Xt cn bng nhit:

r v
Q Q
156576,229.t
R
+2000521,124+11271,210+210656,337 = 7021877,906
156576,229.t
R
= 4799429,235
t
R
= 30,6
o
C
Bng 16: Cn bng nhit thp tng m
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 702064 10,00 Hn hp kh 629852 9,01
ngh v c- k 47
65
tt nghip
Hi nc 154451
1
22,00 Hi nc 1370668 19,62
A xt ti 4772314 68,00 Axt chy 4775574 68,35
Pha long 292 -- Tn tht 210656 3,02
Cng 701918
1
100,0
0
Cng 6986750 100,00
Sai s :
% 46 , 0 100 .
7019181
6986750 7019181
IX. Lc in t II.
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit hn hp kh vo: 35
o
C
o
C (ga thit)
Hiu sut lc m axt : 100%
1. Lng vo.
1.1 Kh kh vo:
m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h) (bng 15)
1.2. M v hi nc:
m
m
= 80,368 (kg/h) (bng 15)
m
hi
= 535,607 (kg/h) (bng 15)
1.3. Tng lng vo:
m
V
= 19619,931 + 80,368 + 535,607 = 20235,906 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Kh kh : m
kh
= 19619,931 (kg/h)
2.2. Lng m ra.
m
hi
= 535,607 (kg/h)
c. Lng m axit ng.
m
m
= 80,368 (kg/h)
Bng 17: Cn bng vt cht lc in t II.
Lng vo Lng ra
ngh v c- k 47
66
tt nghip
Hn hp kh 19619 96,96 Hn hp kh 19619 96,96
Hi nc 535 2,64 Hi nc 535 2,64
M vo 80 0,40 M lng 80 0,40
Cng 20234 100,0 Cng 20234 100,0
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo
Q
kh
= 629852,464 (kJ/h) (theo bng 16)
Q
hi
= 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do m axit mang vo:
Q
m
= 11271,210 (kJ/h) (Bng 16)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
= 629852,464 +1370668,660+11271,210
=2011792,334 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra lc in t t = 33
o
C .Ta c nhit dung ca
cc kh 33
o
C
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1496 0,2200 0,2463 610,05
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,626 0,921 1,031 2554,279
m ( kg/h) 5381,638 480,007 13758,286 535,607
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q
kh
=(m.c.t)
kh

= (5381,638.0,626+480,007.0,921+13758,286.1,031).t
R
= 17995,785.t
R

Q
Hi
= 535,607.2554,279 = 1368089,712 (kJ/h)
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 17995,785.t
R
+ 1368089,712 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do m lng mang ra.
Gi thit m lng 33
o
C
Nhit dung ca m lng C
p
= 0,957 kcal/kg. (bng II)[ 1- 181]
hay C
p
= 4,007 kJ/kg.
ngh v c- k 47
67
tt nghip

(kJ/h) 032 , 10627 33 . 368 , 80 . 007 , 4 . .
2
t m C Q
R

2.3. Tn tht nhit.
Nhit tn tht ly bng 2% tng lng nhit vo.
Q
tt
= 0,02.2011792,334 = 40235,847 (kJ/h)
Xt cn bng nhit.
R v
Q Q
17995,785.t
R
+1368089,712+10627,032+40235,847 =2011792,334
17995,785.t
R
= 592839,743
t
R
= 32,95
o
C
Nh vy nhit tnh ton v gi thit chnh lch khng ln do vy chp
nhn ly nhit kh ra: t = 33
o
C.
Nh vy nhit do kh mang ra :
Q = 17995,785.33 = 593860,905 ( kJ/h)

Bng18: Cn bng nhit lc in t II

Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 629852 31,31 Hn hp kh 593860 29,66
Hi nc 137066
8
68,13 Hi nc 1368089 68,33
M vo 11271 0,56 M lng 40235 2,01
Cng 201179
2
100,0 Cng 2002184 100,0
Sai s
% 48 , 0 100 .
2011792
2002184 2011792
3. Kim tra nng SO

2
trong kh l
B qua lng m trong hn hp kh:
% 14 100 .
858 , 13119
619 , 1838
%
2 2 2
2
2

+ +
N O SO
SO
v v v
v
SO
ngh v c- k 47
68
tt nghip
X. B sung khng kh (Pha long nng SO
2
)
hiu sut chuyn ho SO
2
thnh SO
3
t cc i th nng SO
2
yu
cu t 7% n 7,5%, do vy phi b sung khng kh. Tuy nhin nu ta b
sung ngay t l t th kch thc thit b tng, tn thm cng vn chuyn.
Do vy phi b sung khng kh sau thp lc in t II trc thp sy kh
(v trong khng kh b sung c mt lng m nht nh) bng cch m 1 van
trn ng ng dn kh vo thp sy.
A. Cn bng cht.
Theo cng thc :
C
SO
2

=
kk kh
SO
V V
V
+
2
.100
V
KK
=
2
2
100 .
SO
SO
C
V
- V
kh
Trong :
C
SO
2
:L nng SO
2
cn khng ch. Chn C
SO
2
=7%
V
SO
2
:Th tch kh SO
2
sau lc in t 2.
V
KK
: Th tch khng kh b sung.
Ta coi nh thnh phn khng kh ch bao gm O
2
v N
2
b qua cc thnh
phn khc nh Co
2
; H
2
vv. V lng ca chng trong khng kh nh.
Thnh phn khng kh cn b sung:
V
kk
=
7
619 , 1838
.100 13119,858 = 13146,128 (m
3
/h)
Lng kh nit b sung. Coi nit trong khng kh chim 79% cn li
xi chim 21%.
Lng nit trong kh b xung.
V
N
2
= 0,79.13146,128 = 10385,441 (m
3
/h)
m
N
2
=
4 , 22
441 , 10385
.28 = 12981,801 (kg/h)
Lng xi b xung
V
O
2
= 0,21.13146,128 = 2760,686 (m
3
/h)
m
O
2
=
4 , 22
686 , 2760
.32 = 3943,838 (kg/h)
Lng m theo vo khng kh b sung:
Vi m khng kh = 85% , nhit 25
o
C ta c
d = 16,29 (gH
2
O/m
3
kk)
ngh v c- k 47
69
tt nghip
Lng m vo theo khng kh l:
m
H
2
O
= 16,29.10
-3
. 13146,128 = 214,150 (kg/h)
V
H
2
O
=
4 , 22 .
18
150 , 214
= 266,498 (m
3
/h)
Bng 19: Tng kt lng kh vo thp sy.
Thnh
phn
Lng sau lc in
t II
Lng b sung Lng vo thp
sy
Kg/h m
3
/h Kg/h m
3
/h Kg/h m
3
/h
SO
2
5381 1838 0 0 5381 1838
O
2
480 335 3943 2760 4423 3096
N
2
13758 10945 12981 10385 26740 21330
Hi nc 535 666 214 266 749 933
Cng 20154 13784 17138 13411 37293 27197
B.Cn bng nhit .
1.Nhit vo:
1.1 Nhit do kh v hi nc t lc in sang:
Q
kh
= 593860,905 (kJ/h)
Q
hi
= 1368089,712 (kJ/h)
Q
1
= 593860,905 + 1368089,712 = 1961950,617 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do khng kh b xung mang vo:
Q = (3943,838.0,2196.4,187+12981,802.0,2463.4,187).25
+ 214,150.2539,834 = 969250,707 (kJ/h)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 1961950,617 + 969250,707 = 2931201,325 (kJ/h)
2.Nht ra:
2.1. Nhit do hi nc mang ra:
Ga thit nhit ca hn hp ra l : 29
o
C
Nhit hm ca hi nc 29
o
C : i = 608,0 kcal/kg. (bng I.250) [ 2 - 312]
Hay i = 2545,696 ( kJ/kg )
ngh v c- k 47
70
tt nghip
Q
Hoi
= 749,757.2545,696 = 1908653,396 (kJ/h)
2.2 Nhit do kh mang ra:
Nhit dung ca cc kh:
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2

C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1489 0,2198 0,2463
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,623 0,920 1,031
m ( kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Nhit do kh mang ra :
Q
kh
= (5381,638.0,623+4423,845.0,920+1,031.26740,087).t
R

= 34991,727.t
R

3.Xt cn bng nhit:
Q
V
= Q
R

34991,727.t
R
+ 1908653,396 = 2931201,325
t
R
= 29,2
o
C
Vy nhit do kh mang ra:
Q
kh
= 34991,727.29 = 1014760,083 (kJ/h)
Tng nhit ra:
Q
R
= 1014760,083 + 1908653,396 = 2923413,479 (kJ/h)
Sai s:
% 26 , 0 100 .
2931201
2923413 2931201

Bng 20 . Tng kt nhit vo thp sy

ngh v c- k 47
71
tt nghip
Thnh
phn
Nhit sau lc
in t II
(kJ/h)
Nhit do khng
kh b sung
(kJ/h)
Nhit vo
thp sy
(kJ/h)
Kh 593860 425345 1019205
Hi nc 1368089 543905 1911994
Cng 1961949 969250 2931199

XI.Thp sy kh.
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit axit ti: 40
o
C
Nhit axit chy : 51
o
C (gi thit)
Nhit kh ra : 40
o
C
Nng axit ti: 95% H
2
SO
4

Nng axt chy yu cu: 94% H
2
SO
4

B. Cn bng vt cht thp sy.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng kh vo thp sy kh bao gm hn hp kh: SO
2
, O
2
, N
2
570 , 36545 087 , 26740 845 , 4423 638 , 5381
1
+ +
V
m

(kg/h) (theo bng 19)
1.2. Lng hi nc vo thp sy.
757 , 749
2
V
m
(kg/h) (Theo bng 19)
1.3. Lng a xt ti vo thp.
Gi lng axit ti l m
3
V
(kg/h)
Ta c lng nc trong axit ti l 0,05.m
3
V
(kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
570 , 36545
1 1

V R
m m

(kg/h)
2.2. Lng hi nc theo kh ra.
Yu cu lng m sau khi sy phi 0,01% theo th tch
th tch hi nc ra:
V
hi
= 0,0001.26265,985 = 2,626 (m
3
/h)

110 , 2 18 .
4 , 22
626 , 2

hoi
m

(kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
72
tt nghip
2.3. Lng axt chy ra.
647 , 747 ) 110 , 2 757 , 749 (
3 3 3
+ +
V V R
m m m
(kg/h)
Nng H
2
O trong axit 94% H
2
SO
4

Lng H
2
O trong axit chy bng 0,06 .(
647 , 747
3
+
V
m
) (kg/h)
Mt khc, lng H
2
O trong axit chy bng lng H
2
O trong axit ti +
lng m trong kh hp th c.
Lng nc trong axit chy bng: 0,05.
757 , 749
3
+
V
m
(kg/h)
Xt cn bng H
2
O trong axit chy:
Ta c:
757 , 749 . 05 , 0 ) 647 , 747 .( 06 , 0
3 3
+ +
V V
m m
818 , 70489
3
V
m
(kg/h)
465 , 71237 647 , 747 818 , 70489
3
+
R
m
(kg/h)
Vi % 95 SO H
4 2
d
= 1833,7 (kg/m
3
)
Lu lng ti:
441 , 38
7 , 1833
818 , 70489
7 , 1833
3

V
T
m
V
(m
3
/h)
Bng 21: Cn bng cht thp sy.
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn kg/h % Lng ra kg/h %
Hn hp kh. 36545 33,91 Hn hp kh. 36545 33,91
Hi nc. 749 0,69 Hi nc. 2 --
A xt ti 70489 65,40 A xt chy 71237 66,09
Cng 107783 100,0 Cng 107784 100,0
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc t lc in mang vo.
a. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
905 , 593860
1
V
Q
(kJ/h) (bng 18)
b. Nhit do hi nc mang vo.

712 , 1368089
2
V
Q

(kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do khng kh mang vo.
a. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
256 , 425345
3
V
Q
(kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
73
tt nghip
b. Nhit do hi nc mang vo.

451 , 543905
4
V
Q

(kJ/h)
1.3. Axit ti mang vo.
Nhit dung ca axit 95% , nhit 40
o
C
C
P
= 0,364 (kcal/kg.) (bng II)[ 1 - 181]
hay C = 1,524 (kJ/kg.)
m
axti
= 70489,818 (kg/h) (Bng 20)
Q = 70489,818.1,524.40 = 4297059,305 (kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit pha long a xt t 95% xung 94% H
2
SO
4
.

V nhit sinh ra (H) ca axit 94% v 95% khng chnh lch ln nn
H = 94% - 95% l rt nh so vi nhit tn tht do vy b qua.
1.5. Tng nhit vo.
Q
V
= 7228260,629 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra t = 40
o
C .Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 40
o
C
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O (i)
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1502 0,2203 0,2464 613,5
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,629 0,922 1,032 2568,724
m ( kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087 2,110
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q
kh
=(m.c.t)
kh

= (5381,638.0,629+4423,845.0,922+26740,087.1,032).40
= 1402384,207 (kJ/h)
Q
Hi
= 2,110.2568,724 = 5420,007 (kJ/h)
Q
1
R
= Q
kh
+ Q
hi
= 1402384,207 + 5420,007 = 1407804,214 (kJ/h)
Gi thit nhit axt chy t = 51
o
C.
Nhit dung ca axit 94% , nhit 51
o
C
C
P
= 0,374 (kcal/kg. ) (bng II)[ 1 - 181]
hay C = 1,567 (kJ/kg.)
ngh v c- k 47
74
tt nghip
m
ax chy
= 71237,465 (kg/h) (Bng 20)
Q = 71237,465.1,567.t
R
= 111629,108.t
R

2.3. Nhit tn tht.
Q
3
= 0,02.Q
V
= 0,02. 7228260,629 = 144565,213 (kJ/h)
2.4. Tng nhit ra.
Q
R
= 111629,108.t
R
+ 1522369,427 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
Q
v
= Q
R
111629,108.t
R
+ 1522369,427 = 7228260,629 (kJ/h)
t
R
= 51,1
o
C (chp nhn )

Bng 22: Cn bng nhit thp sy.
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 1019206 14,10 Hn hp kh 1402384 19,43
Hi nc 1911992 26,45 Hi nc 5420 0,08
A xt ti 4297059 59,45 A xt chy 5693084 78,90
Tn tht 114565 1,59
Cng 7228257 100,00 Cng 7215453 100,00
Sai s =
% 18 , 0 100 .
7228257
7215456 7228257
XII. Thp tip xc (Thp xi ho SO

2
SO
3
).
tnh ton thp xi ho ta chn mt s thng s k thut thch hp vi
tng lp xc tc theo bng 3-13 [1-117]
Ta c:
Nng SO
2
vo thp: a = 7%
Nng xi vo thp: b =
985 , 26265
590 , 3096
.100 = 11,8%
Chn cc thng s i vi nguyn liu ta c: a = 7%; b = 12%
Bng 23. Bng cc thng s v iu kin lm vic ca thp tip xc.
Lp xc Nhit Nhit X
vo
X
ra
ngh v c- k 47
75
tt nghip
tc
kh vo
thp
kh ra thp
I 440 585 0 0,725
II 463 501 0,725 0,918
III 438 448 0,918 0,970
IV 432 434 0,970 0,980
1. Lp th nht.
1.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th nht:
1.1.1 Lng vo lp th nht bao gm:
m
SO
2
= 5381,638 (kg/h)
m
O
2
= 4423,845 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
1.1.2 Lng ra:
Vi mc chuyn ha 0,725.
Lng SO
2
b oxy ha:
(kg/h) 687 , 3901 638 , 5381 . 725 , 0 .
2 2
x m m
SO SO
oxh
a, Lng SO
2
trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th nht:
(kg/h) 951 , 1479 687 , 3901 638 , 5381
2

SO
m
b, Lng SO
3
c to thnh:
(kg/h) 108 , 4877
64
80
. 687 , 3901 .
2
3
2 3

SO
SO
SO SO
M
M
m m
oxh
c, Lng xi cn li:
Lng oxy lin kt vi SO
2
to thnh SO
3
:
(kg/h) 421 , 975 687 , 3901 108 , 4877
2 3 2

oxh lk
SO SO O
m m m
Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
(kg/h) 424 , 3448 421 , 975 845 , 4423
2

O
m
Bng 24: Cn bng cht lp xc tc 1
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v
SO
3
4877 1365 5,33
SO
2
5381 1838 7,00 SO
2
1479 517 2,02
O
2
4423 3096 11,79 O
2
3448 2413 9,42
ngh v c- k 47
76
tt nghip
N
2
26740 21330 81,21 N
2
26740 21330 83,23
Tng 36544 26264 100,00 Tng 36544 25625 100,00
1.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th nht:
Hn hp kh trc khi vo lp th nht c gia nhit n nhit 440
o
C.
Sau lp th nht nhit ca hn hp kh tnh theo cng thc :
t
r
= t
v
+ .x , t
v
= 440
o
C
H s tng nhit xc nh theo cng thc (3-37) [ 1- 114]
= 2329.0,7
0,91
7,92 = 199
t
r
= 440 + 199.0,725 = 584,3
o
C
1.2.1. Nhit vo:
a) Nhit ca kh vo lp 1:
Nhit kh vo t = 440
o
C .Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 440
o
C
Kh (i) SO
2
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1894 0,2469 0,2607
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,793 1,034 1,091
m ( kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q
kh
= (m.c.t)
kh

= (5381,638.0,793+4423,845.1,034+26740,087.1,091).440
= 16726745,020. (kJ/h)
b) Nhit ta ra khi oxy ha SO
2
: Q
2
V
= q.m
SO2oxh

q: Nhit oxy ha ring nhit trung bnh trong lp:
(440 + 584)/2 = 512
o
C.
Ta c q = 93,978 ( kJ/mol) (bng 3-5) [1 - 95]
Hay q = 1468,406 (kJ/kg)
Q
2
V
= 1468,406.3901,687 = 5729261,576 (kJ/h)
Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 16726745,020 + 5729261,576 = 22456006,600 ( kJ/h).
1.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra: Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 585
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1964 0,2372 0,2545 0,2690
ngh v c- k 47
77
tt nghip
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,822 0,993 1,065 1,126
m (kg/h) 1479,951 4877,10
8
3448,424 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
R SO SO N N O O SO SO R
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (1479,951.0,822+4877,108.0,993+3448,424.1,065+ 26740,087.1,126).585
= 23307217,53 kJ/h.
Hiu gia nhit vo v nhit ra:
Q = 23307217,530 22456006,600 = 874714,93 kJ/h
Hiu ny qu ln .
Ga thit nhit ra l 568
o
C.
Nhit theo kh ra: Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 568
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1957 0,2358 0,2537 0,2681
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,819 0,987 1,062 1,122
m (kg/h) 1479,951 4877,10
8
3448,424 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (1479,951.0,819+4877,108.0,987+3448,424.1,062+ 26740,087.1,122).568
= 22544141,160 kJ/h.
Sai s =
% 39 , 0 100 .
22456006
22544141 22456006

C th chp nhn nhit ra lp 1 l 568
o
C
Bng 25 : Cn bng nhit lp 1

Nhit vo Nhit ra
Kh vo 16726745 74,49 Kh ra 22544141 100,00
Phn ng 5729261 25,51
Tng 22456006 100,00 Tng 22544141 100,00
2. Lp th hai:
ngh v c- k 47
78
tt nghip
2.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th hai:
2.1.1 Lng vo:
m
SO
2
= 1479,951 (kg/h)
m
SO
3
= 4877,108 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3448,424 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
Hn hp kh sau lp th nht c nhit 568
o
C cn c lm lnh xung
463
o
C.
2.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th hai l 0,918 ta c
Lng SO
2
b oxy ha:
(kg/h) 656 , 1038 638 , 5381 ). 725 , 0 918 , 0 ( .
2 2
x m m
SO SO
oxh
a) Lng SO
2
trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th hai:
(kg/h) 295 , 441 656 , 1038 951 , 1479
2

SO
m
b)Lng SO
3
c to thnh:
(kg/h) 320 , 1298
64
80
. 656 , 1038 .
2
3
2 3

SO
SO
SO SO
M
M
m m
oxh
2
to thnh SO
3
:
(kg/h) 664 , 259 656 , 1038 320 , 1298
2 3 2

oxh lk
SO SO O
m m m
Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
(kg/h) 760 , 3188 664 , 259 424 , 3448
2

O
m
Bng 26: cn bng cht lp xc tc th hai.
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v
SO
3
4877 1365 5.31 SO
3
6175 1729 6,78
SO
2
1479 517 2,01 SO
2
441 154 0,60
O
2
3448 2413 9,39 O
2
3188 2231 8,75
N
2
26740 21392 83,29 N
2
26740 21392 83,87
ngh v c- k 47
79
tt nghip
Tng 36544 25687 100,00 Tng 36544 25506 100,00
2.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th hai:
Hn hp kh vo lp th hai nhit l 463
o
C.
Sau lp th hai nhit ca hn hp kh :
t
r
= t
v
+ .x
t
v
= 475
o
C
t
r
= 463 + 199.(0,918-0,725) = 501
o
C.
2.2.1. Nhit vo:
a) Nhit ca kh vo lp hai:
Nhit theo kh vo : Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 463
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1908 0,2263 0,2482 0,2620
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,799 0,947 1,039 1,097
m (kg/h) 1479,951 4877,10
8
3448,424 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
V SO SO N N O O SO SO V
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
+ + +
= (1479,951.0,799+4877,108.0,947+3448,424.1,039+ 26740,087.1,097).463
= 17926383,120 ( kJ/h. )
2
:
Q
2
V
= q.m
SO2oxh
.
(463 + 501)/2 = 482
o
C.
q = 94,4 (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1475,000 (kj/kg)
Q
2
V
= 1475.1038,656 = 1532017,600 ( kJ/h. )
Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 17926383,120 + 1532017,600 = 19458400,720 kJ/h.
2.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1930 0,2300 0,2504 0,2641
ngh v c- k 47
80
tt nghip
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,808 0,963 1,048 1,106
m (kg/h) 441,295 6175,42
8
3188,76
0
26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (441,295.0,808+6175,428.0,963+3188,760.1,048+ 26740,087.1,106).501
= 19649149,970 ( kJ/h.)
Q = 19649149,970 19458400,720 = 190749,250 ( kJ/h.)
Ga thit nhit ra lp 2 l 497
o
C
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1928 0,2296 0,2500 0,2639
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,807 0,961 1,047 1,105
m (kg/h) 441,295 6175,42
8
3188,76
0
26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (441,295.0,807+6175,428.0,961+3188,760.1,047+ 26740,087.1,105).497
= 19471038,200 kJ/h.
Q = 19471038,200 19458400,720 = 12637,476 ( kJ/h.)
Sai s =
% 06 , 0 100 .
19458400
19458400 19471038


Nhit vo Nhit ra
Kh vo 17926383 92,13 Kh ra 19471038 100,00
Phn ng 1532017 7,87
Tng 19458400 100,00 Tng 19471038 100,00
ngh v c- k 47
81
tt nghip
3. Lp th ba
3.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th ba:
3.1.1 Lng vo:
m
SO
2
= 441,295 (kg/h)
m
SO
3
= 6175,428 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3188,760 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
Hn hp kh sau lp th 2 c nhit 497
o
C cn c lm lnh xung
438
o
C.
3.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th ba l 0,970 ta c
Lng SO
2
b oxy ha:
(kg/h) 845 , 279 638 , 5381 ). 918 , 0 970 , 0 ( .
2 2
x m m
SO SO
oxh
a) Lng SO
2
trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th ba:
(kg/h) 450 , 161 845 , 279 295 , 441
2

SO
m
b)Lng SO
3
c to thnh:
(kg/h) 806 , 349
64
80
. 845 , 279 .
2
3
2 3

SO
SO
SO SO
M
M
m m
oxh
2
to thnh SO
3
:
(kg/h) 961 , 69 845 , 279 806 , 349
2 3 2

oxh lk
SO SO O
m m m
c) Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:

(kg/h) 799 , 3118 961 , 69 760 , 3188
2

O
m
d) lng N
2
khng thay i trong qu trnh tip xc
Bng 28 : cn bng cht lp xc tc th 3
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v
SO
3
6175 1729 6,78 SO
3
6525 1827 7,18
SO
2
441 154 0,60 SO
2
161 56 0,22
O
2
3188 2231 8,75 O
2
3118 2182 8,57
N
2
26740 21392 83,87 N
2
26740 21392 84,03
Tng 36544 25506 100,00 Tng 36544 25457 100,00
ngh v c- k 47
82
tt nghip
3.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th ba:
Hn hp kh vo lp th 3 nhit l 438
o
C.
t
r
= t
v
+ .x
t
v
= 438
o
C
t
r
= 438 + 199.(0,970-0,918) = 448,3
o
C.
3.2.1. Nhit vo:
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1892 0,2238 0,2467 0,2605
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,792 0,937 1,033 1,091
m (kg/h) 441,295 6175,42
8
3188,76
0
26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
+ + +
= (441,295.0,792+6175,428.0,937+3188,760.1,033+ 26740,087.1,091).438
= 16908247,880 ( kJ/h. )
2
:
Q
2
V
= q.m
SO2oxh
.
(438 + 448)/2 = 443
o
C.
q = 94,704 (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1479,759 (kj/kg)
Q
2
V
= 1479,759.279,845 = 414103,262 ( kJ/h.)
Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 16908247,880+414103,262 = 17322351,14 (kJ/h.)
3.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1898 0,2248 0,2473 0,2611
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,795 0,941 1,035 1,093
ngh v c- k 47
83
tt nghip
m (kg/h) 161,450 6525,234 3118,799 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (161,450.0,795+6525,234.0,941+3118,799.1,035+26740,087.1,093).448
= 17348114,560 (kJ/h.)
Q = 17348114,56 17322351,14 = 25763,42 (kJ/h.)
Sai s =
% 15 , 0 100 .
14 , 17322351
420 , 25763

Vy ta ly nhit kh ra lp 3 l 448
o
C.


Nhit vo Nhit ra
Kh vo 16908247 97,61 Kh ra 17348114 100,00
Phn ng 414103 2,39
Tng 17322351 100,00 Tng 17348114 100,00

4. Lp th t
4.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th 4:
4.1.1 Lng vo:
m
SO
2
= 161,450 (kg/h)
m
SO
3
= 6525,234 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3118,799 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
Hn hp kh sau lp th ba c nhit 448
o
C cn c lm lnh xung
432
o
C.
4.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th t l 0,980 ta c
Lng SO
2
b oxy ha:
(kg/h) 816 , 53 638 , 5381 ). 970 , 0 980 , 0 ( .
2 2
x m m
SO SO
oxh
a) Lng SO
2
trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th hai:
(kg/h) 634 , 107 816 , 53 450 , 161
2

SO
m
ngh v c- k 47
84
tt nghip
b)Lng SO
3
c to thnh:
(kg/h) 542 , 134
64
80
. 634 , 107 .
2
3
2 3

SO
SO
SO SO
M
M
m m
oxh
2
to thnh SO
3
:
(kg/h) 726 , 80 816 , 53 542 , 134
2 3 2

oxh lk
SO SO O
m m m
c) Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:

(kg/h) 073 , 3038 726 , 80 799 , 3118
2

O
m
d) lng N
2
khng thay i trong qu trnh tip xc
Bng 30 : Cn bng cht lp xc tc th 4
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v Cu t Kg/h m
3
/h % v
SO
3
6525 1827 7,18 SO
3
6659 1864 7,33
SO
2
161 56 0,22 SO
2
107 37 0,14
O
2
3118 2182 8,57 O
2
3038 2126 8,36
N
2
26740 21392 84,03 N
2
26740 21392 84,17
Tng 36544 25457 100,00 Tng 36544 25419 100,00
4.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th t:
Hn hp kh vo lp th 4 nhit l 432
o
C.
t
r
= t
v
+ .x
t
v
= 432
o
C
t
r
= 432 + 199.(0,980-0,970) = 434
o
C.
4.2.1. Nhit vo:
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1889 0,2232 0,2464 0,2602
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,791 0,934 1,032 1,089
m (kg/h) 161,450 6525,234 3118,799 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
ngh v c- k 47
85
tt nghip
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
+ + +
= (161,450.0,791+6525,234.0,934+3118,799.1,032+ 26740,087.1,089).432
= 16658278,910 ( kJ/h. )
2
:
Q
2
V
= q.m
SO2oxh
.
(432 + 434)/2 = 433
o
C.
q = 94,776 (kJ/kmol) (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1480,875 (kJ/kg)
Q
2
V
= 1480,875.53,816 = 79694,769 ( kJ/h. )
Tng nhit vo:
Q
v
= 16658278,910 + 79694,769 = 16737973,679 kJ/h.
4.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
o
C :
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1890 0,2234 0,2465 0,2603
C
P
( kJ/kg.) 0,791 0,935 1,032 1,090
m (kg/h) 107,634 6659,776 3038,073 26740,087
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
t c m c m c m c m Q ). . . . . (
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
= (107,634.0,791+6659,776.0,935+3038,073.1,032+26740,087.1,090).434
= 16749802,610 kJ/h.
Q = 16773973,679 16749802,610 = 24171,060 ( kJ/h. )
Sai s =
% 14 , 0 100 .
167733973
060 , 24171

Vy ta ly nhit kh ra lp 4 l 434
o
C.

Nhit vo Nhit ra
Kh vo 16658278 99,52 Kh ra 16749802 100,00
Phn ng 79694 0,48
ngh v c- k 47
86
tt nghip
Tng 16737973 100,00 Tng 16749802 100,00
XIII. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 1.
1. Nhit vo:
1.1. Nhit do kh sn phm vo :
Q = 22544141,160 (kJ/h).
1.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu vo:
Q = 11719808,590 (kJ/h).
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
= 22544141,160 + 11719808,590 = (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra:
2.1. Nhit do kh sn phm mang ra :
Q = 17926383,120
2.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra:
Ga thit nhit kh nguyn liu ra l: 430
o
C. .
Ta c nhit dung cc kh 430
o
C nh sau:
Kh SO
2
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1888 0,2463 0,2601
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,790 1,031 1,089
m (kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,790+4423,845.1,031+26740,087.1,089).t
R

= 37932,433.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Q
tt
= 0,005.34263949,750 = 171319,745 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
Q
V
= Q
R

34263949,750 = 17926383,120 + 37932,433.t
R
+ 171319,745 (kJ/h)
t
R
= 426,2
o
C
Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra:
Q = 16166246,88 (kJ/h)
XIV. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 2.
ngh v c- k 47
87
tt nghip
1. Nhit vo:
Q = 19471038,200 (kJ/h).
Q = 9295414,785 (kJ/h).
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
= 19471038,200 + 9295414,785 = 28766452,985 (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra:
Q = 16908247,880
o
C. .
o
C nh sau:
Kh SO
2
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1812 0,2395 0,2541
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,759 1,003 1,064
m (kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,759+4423,845.1,003+26740,087.1,064).t
R

= 36971,005.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Q
tt
= 0,005.28755452,985 = 143777,265 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
Q
V
= Q
R

28766452,985 = 16908247,880 + 36971,005.t
R
+ 143777,265 (kJ/h)
t
R
= 316,8
o
C
Q = 11719808,590 (kJ/h)
XV. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 3.
1. Nhit vo:
Q = 17348114,560 (kJ/h).
Q = 8715023,168 (kJ/h).
ngh v c- k 47
88
tt nghip
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
Q
V
= 17348114,560 + 8715023,168 = 26063137,73 (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra:
Q = 16658278,910
o
C. .
o
C nh sau:
Kh SO
2
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1755 0,2342 0,2514
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,735 0,981 1,053
m (kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,735+4423,845.0,981+26740,087.1,053).t
R

= 36452,607.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Q
tt
= 0,5.26063137,73 = 130315,689 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
Q
V
= Q
R

26063137,73 = 16658278,910 + 36452,607.t
R
+ 130315,689 (kJ/h)
t
R
= 254,4
o
C
Q = 9295414,785 (kJ/h)

XVI. Xt cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit ngoi
Thit b ny trao i nhit gia kh nguyn liu ra t my nn (Sau thp
sy) vi kh sn phm ra khi lp tip xc IV.
1. Phn kh nguyn liu i ngoi ng.
Ta c th coi khng c nhit tn tht khi hn hp kh ra thp sy qua
thp tch git, qua my nn, ri vo trao i nhit 1.
1.1. Nhit do kh nguyn liu vo trao i nhit.
Q = 1402384,207 (kJ/h) (bng 21)
1.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra.
Kh nguyn liu ra khi trao i nhit c nhit 240
o
C.
ngh v c- k 47
89
tt nghip
o
C nh sau:
Kh SO
2
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1740 0,2330 0,2507
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,728 0,976 1,050
m (kg/h) 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,728+4423,845.0,976+26740,087.1,05).240
= 8715023,168 (kJ/h)
2. Phn kh sn phm i trong ng.
2.1. Nhit vo.
L lng nhit do kh sn phm mang t lp tip xc IV mang vo .
Q = 16749802,610 (kJ/h)
2.1. Nhit ra.
Gi thit nhit kh sn phm ra c nhit 248
o
C.
o
C
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.

) 0,1748 0,1974 0,2336 0,2510
C
P
(kJ/kg.

) 0,732 0,826 0,978 1,051
m (kg/h) 107,634 6659,776 3038,073 26740,087
Q= (107,634.0,732+6659,776.0,826+3038,073.0,978+26740,087.1,051).t
R
= 36654,43.t
R

3. Nhit tn tht.
Ly nhit tn tht bng 2% tng nhit vo.
Q
V
= 1402384,207 + 16749802,610 = 18152186,817 (kJ/h)
Q
tt
= 0,02.18152186,817 = 363043,736 (kJ/h)
4. Xt cn bng nhit.
Q
V
= Q
R

36654,43.t
R
+ 8715023,168 + 363043,736 = 18152186,817
36654,43.t
R
= 9074119,906
t
R
= 247,6
o
C
5. Tng nhit ra:
Q
R
= 8715023,168+363043,736+9090298,64 = 18168365,540 (kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
90
tt nghip
Sai s:
% 09 , 0 100 .
18152186
18152186 18168365
XVII. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui kh sn phm

1- Kh sn phm.
1.1. Nhit vo.
Q= 9090298,640 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit ra.
Ta khng ch nhit kh vo thp hp th: t = 80
o
C.
Vy ta c nhit dung cc kh 80
o
C
Kh SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1554 0,1650 0,2221 0,2467
C
P
( kJ/kg.

) 0,650 0,691 0,930 1,033
m (kg/h) 107,634 6659,776 3038,073 26740,087
Q
R
= (107,634.0,650+6659,776.0,691+3038,073.0,930+26740,087.1,033).80
= 2809582,806
1.3. Nhit tn tht : ly 2% nhit vo:
Q
tt
= 0,02.9090298,640 = 181805,973 (kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit cn trao i vi khng kh.
Q
TD
= 9090298,640 2809582,806 181805,973
= 6098909,861 (kJ/h)
2. Xt phn khng kh.
XVII.Thp hp th lum.
A.iu kin lm vic.
o
C.
o
C
Nhit axt vo : 40
o
C.
Nhit axt chy ra : 57
o
C (gi thit).
Nng Oleum ti : 20% SO
3
t do.
Nng Oleum chy : 21% SO
3
t do (yu cu).
Hiu sut hp th SO
3
: 40% .
B. Cn bng cht.
ngh v c- k 47
91
tt nghip
1. Lng vo.
m
SO
3
= 6659,776 (kg/h)
m
SO
2
= 107,634 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3038,073 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
Tng lng hn hp kh vo thp hp th Oleum:
m
V
= 36545,570 (kg/h)
1.2. Axit ti vo thp.
Ta c:
Lng SO
3
trong oleum 20%: 0,853 (kg SO
3
/kg Oleum)
Lng SO
3
trong oleum 21% = 0,855 (kg SO
3
/kg Oleum)
Lng SO
3
hp th c thp hp th Oleum :
m
SO
3
= 0,4. 6659,776 = 2663,910 (kg/h)
Gi x l lng oleum ti vo thp ta c :
Lng SO
3
trong oleum ti: 0,853.x (kg/h)
Lng oleum chy ra: (x + 2663,910) (kg/h)
Lng SO
3
trong oleum chy l: 0,855. (x + 2663,910) (kg/h)
Suy ra:
0,855.(x + 2663,910) = 0,853.x+2663,910 (kg/h)
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Lng Oleum ti: m
Oleum
= x = 193133,475 (kg/h)
Vi nng dung dch oleum 20% t do ta c khi lng ring ca
oleum
d

= 1896,8 (kg/m
3
). (bng III) [ 1 - 182]
Th tch Oleum ti vo thp :
V
ti
=
821 , 101
800 , 1896
475 , 193133
(m
3
/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng kh SO
3
cn li:
m
SO
3
= 6659,776 2663,910 = 3995,866 (kg/h)
Cc kh khng thay i:
m
SO
2
= 107,634 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3038,073 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
ngh v c- k 47
92
tt nghip
2.2. Lng oleum chy.
Lng Oleum chy:
m = x+ 2663,910 = 193133,475 = 195797,385 (kg/h)
Lng SO
3
trong Oleum chy:
m = 0,855.195797,385 = 167406,764 (kg/h)
Lng H
2
O trong Oleum chy:
m = 195797,385 167406,764 = 28390,621 (kg/h)
Bng 32: Cn bng cht thp hp th Oleum
Lng vo Lng ra
Thnh phn
kg/h
% Thnh phn kg/h %
SO
3
6660 2,90 SO
3
3996 1,74
Hn hp kh 29885 13,01 Hn hp kh. 29885 13,01
Oleum ti 193133 84,09 Oleum chy 195797 85,25
Cng 229678 100,00 Cng 229678 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo 80
o
C.
Q
1
V
= 2809582,806 (kJ/h) (bng 28)
1.2 Nhit do oleum ti mang vo 40
o
C.
Ta c nhit dung ca oleum 20% SO
3
50
o
C
C = 0,3395 cal/g. (bng III) [ 1- 182]
hay C = 1,421 (kJ/kg.)
m
Oleum ti
= 193133,475 (kg/h)
Q
2
V
= 193133,475.1,421.40 = 10977706,720 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra khi hp th SO
3
.
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
SO
3K
+ H
2
O
L
= H
2
SO
4L
+ 131,105 (kJ )
Ta c s mol SO
3
c hp th =
300 , 33
80
910 , 2663
(kmol)
Q
3
V
= 33,300.10
3
.131,105 = 4365796,500 (kJ/h)
1.4. Tng nhit vo.
QV = 18153086,060 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra 60
o
C.
ngh v c- k 47
93
tt nghip
o
C
Kh (i) SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(cal /g.

) 0,1528 0,1600 0,2212 0,2466
C
P
(kj/kg.

) 0,640 0,670 0,926 1,033
m (kg/h) 107,634 3995,866 3038,073 26740,087
(bng X) [1-192]
Q
1
R
=(107,634.0,640+3995,866.0,670+3038,073.0,926+26740,087.1,033).60
= 1990091,887 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do oleum chy mang ra. ( gi thit 57
o
c)
Ta c nhit dung ca oleum 21% SO
3
57
o
C
C = 0,3395 cal/g. (bng III) [ 1- 182]
hay C = 1,421 (kJ/kg.)
m
Oleum chy
= 195797,385 (kg/h)
Q
2
V
= 195797,385.1,421.t
R
= 278228,084.t
R
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly = 2% nhit vo.
Q
3
R
= 0,02.18153086,03 = 363061,721 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
Q
V
= Q
R

1990091,887 + 363061,721 + 278228,084.t
R
= 18153086,03
278228,084.t
R
= 15799932,42
t
R
= 56,8
o
C
Nh vy nhit oleum chy ra gia tnh ton v gi thit l khng khc xa
nhau nh vy ly nhit oleum chy ra = 66
o
C
Bng 33: Cn bng nhit thp hp th oleum.
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh. 2809582 15,48 Hn hp kh. 1990091 10,93
leum ti 1097770
6
60,47 Oleum. 1585900
0
87,07
Nhit hp th 4365796 24,05 Tn tht. 363061 2,00
ngh v c- k 47
94
tt nghip
Cng 1815308
6
100,0 Cng 1821215
2
100,0
Sai s:
% 33 , 0 100 .
18153086
18153086 18212152
XIX. Thp hp th mn hydrat.

A. iu kin lm vic.
o
C.
o
C.
Nhit axt ti : 40
o
C.
Nhit axit chy : 50
o
C
Nng axt ti : 98,3% H
2
SO
4
Nng axt chy : 98,6% H
2
SO
4
.
Hiu sut hp th SO
3
: 99,99%.
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
m
SO
3
= 3995,866 (kg/h)
m
SO
2
= 107,634 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3038,073 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
Tng lng hn hp kh vo thp hp th Oleum:
m
V
= 33881,660 (kg/h)
1.2. Lng a xt ti vo thp.
Lng SO
3
hp th c thp mn:
m
SO
3
= 0,999.3995,866 = 3991,870 (kg/h)
Nng SO
3
trong a xt 98,3% : 80,24 %
Nng SO
3
trong a xt 98,6% : 80,49%
Gi x l lng axt ti (kg/h)
Lng SO
3
trong axt ti:
m = 0,8024. x (kg/h)
Lng SO
3
trong axt chy ra:
m = 0,8049.x +3991,870 (kg/h)
Mt khc lng SO
3
trong axt chy: 0,8049.( x +3991,870) .
Ta c phng trnh.
0,8024.x + 3991,870 = 0,8049.(x + 3991,870)
ngh v c- k 47
95
tt nghip
x = 311525,535 (kg/h)
Khi lng ring ca axit ti :
d = 1,8358 (g/cm
3
) (bng I) [ 1- 180]
lu lng axit ti:
V =
695 , 169
8 , 1835
535 , 311525
(m
3
/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng kh SO
3
cn li:
m
SO
3
= 3995,866 3991,870 =3,996 (kg/h)
Cc kh khng thay i: m
SO
2
= 107,634 (kg/h)
m
O
2

= 3038,073 (kg/h)
m
N
2
= 26740,087 (kg/h)
2.2. Lng a xt chy ra.
m = 311525,535 + 3991,870 = 315517,405 (kg/h)
Bng 34: Cn bng cht thp hp th mn hydrat.
Lng vo Lng ra
Kh SO
3
3995 1,16 Kh SO
3
4 ---
Kh SO
2
107 0,03 Kh SO
2
107 0,03
Kh O
2
3038 0,88 Kh O
2
3038 0,88
Kh N
2
26740 7,74 Kh N
2
26740 7,74
A xt ti 311525 90,19 Axt chy 315517 91,35
Cng 345405 100,00 Cng 345406 100,0
Bng 35: Tng kt lng kh sau thp mn
Thnh phn m
3
/h %V
Kh SO
3
1,12 0,0047
Kh SO
2
37,45 0,1570
Kh O
2
2426,60 10,1714
Kh N
2
21392,00 89,6669
Tng 23857,17 100,0000
ngh v c- k 47
96
tt nghip
C. Cn bng nhit thp hp th mn.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
Theo bng 30 ta c:
Q
1
V
= 1990091,887 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do axt ti mang vo 40
o
C.
Ta c: Nhit dung ca axit 98,3% , nhit 40
o
C
C
P
= 0,350 (kcal/kg.) (bng II)[ 1 - 181]
Hay C = 1,465 (kJ/kg.)
m
axti
= 311525,535 (kg/h)
Q = 311525,535.1,465.40 = 18255396,350 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra khi hp th SO
3
.
Theo phn ng:
SO
3K
+ H
2
O
L
= H
2
SO
4
+ 131,105 (kJ)
Lng SO
3
hp th l: 3991,870 (kg/h)
Q
3
V
= 131,105.
80
870 , 3991
.1000 = 6541926,454 (kJ/h)
1.4. Tng lng nhit vo.
Q
V
= 26787414,69 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do cc kh mang ra.
Kh ra khi thp hp th Mono c nhit =55
o
C.
Ta c C
P
cc kh 55
o
C.
Kh (i) SO
2
SO
3
O
2
N
2
C
p
(kcal /kg.) 0,1521 0,1587 0,2210 0,2465
C
P
(kJ/kg.) 0,637 0,664 0,925 1,032
m (kg/h) 107,634 0,4 3038,073 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1- 192]
Q
1
R
= (107,634.0,637+0,4.0,664+3038,073.0,925+26740,087.1,032).55
= 1676114,867 (kJ/h)
Gi thit nhit axt chy ra l 53
o
C.
Nhit dung ca axit 98,6% , nhit 53
o
C
C
P
= 0,351 (kcal/kg. ) (bng II) [ 1 - 181]
ngh v c- k 47
97
tt nghip
Hay C = 1,470 (kJ/kg.)
m
ax chy
= 315517,405 (kg/h)
Q = 315517,405.1,470.t
R
= 463810,585.t
R

2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 2% nhit vo
Q
3
R
= 0,02.26787414,690 = 535748,294 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit .
Q
V
= Q
R

463810,585.t
R
+ 535748,294 + 1676114,867 = 26787414,690

463810,585.t
R
= 24575551,530

t
R
= 53
o
C
Bng 36: Cn bng nhit thp hp th Mono hydrat
Nhit vo Nhit ra
Hn hp kh 1990091 7,43 Hn hp kh 1676114 6,25
Axt ti 18255396 68,15 A xt chy 2458196
1
91,75
Nhit hp th 6541926 24,42 Tn tht 535748 2,00
Cng 2678741
3
100,00 Cng 2679382
3
100,0
Sai s:
% 02 , 0 100 .
26787413
26787413 26793823

ngh v c- k 47
98
tt nghip
PHN IV
TNH TON THIT B
I. L t qung lp si.
1. Chn cc thng s, ch tiu k thut ban u.
Cng t qung:
Theo li phn phi : k
s
= 8000 (kg/m
2
.24h)
Theo th tch l t : k
v
=1500 (kg/m
3
.24h).
Kch thc ht qung chn:

2. Tnh cc chi tit c bn ca l t qung lp si.
2.1. Lng qung t trong 1 ngy.
Theo phn tnh cn bng vt cht l lp si, ta c lng qung cn t
trong 1 gi l:
m = 6871,435 (kg/h).
Suy ra, lng qung t trong 1 ngy l:
m
q
= 6871,435.24 = 164914,440 (kg/ngy m)
ngh v c- k 47
99
tt nghip
2.2.Tnh din tch li phn phi kh.(F)
614 , 20
8000
440 , 164914

s
q
K
m
F
(m
2
)
Din tch ghi trong bung cp liu: F
dl
thng bng 10% tng din
tch ghi gi
F
1
= 0,1.20,614 = 2,061 (m
2
)
Din tch ghi chnh:
F
2
= 20,614 2,061 = 18,553 (m
2
)
2.3. ng knh phn tr di l:
D =
2
. 4 F
=
553 , 18 . 4
= 4,86 (m)
2.3. Lng gi cung cp ln th nht.
Tng lng gi : Phn cn bng cht l lp si tnh.
V
Gi
= 14234,226 (m
3
/h)
hay V
Gi
= 3,954 (m
3
/s)
Lng gi cung cp ln th nht bng 80% tng lng gi:
V
1
= 0,8.3,954 = 3,163 (m
3
/s).
Lng gi ca ghi cp liu:
v
.l
= 0,2.V
1
= 0,2.3,163 = 0,633 (m
3
/s)
2.4. Tng din tch tit din cc ng gi:
Tc cho php ca khng kh trong cc ng gi : 12,5 (m/s)
F
o.ghi
=
5 , 12
633 , 0
= 0,0506 (m
2
)
2.5. S lng ng ca ghi gi:
i vi ghi gi ta ly cc ng bng thp c ng knh 70mm. Tit din
ca ng l:
F
.ghi
= .
4
2
D
= .
4
7 . 7
= 38,484 (cm
2
)
= 38,484.10
-4
(m
2
)
T ta c s ng :
n =
4
10 . 484 , 38
0506 , 0
= 13,15 (ng)
Ta chn n = 14 ng
2.6 . B rng ca bung np qung:
Ly khong cch gia cc ng bng mt thn ng = 0,07 (m) = 70 (mm).
2 ng st thnh, cch thnh 35 (mm) .
B rng bung np qung:
b= 2.n.D = 2.14.0,07 = 1,96 (m)
ngh v c- k 47
100
tt nghip
Chiu di bung np qung :
L=
b
F
1
=
96 , 1
061 , 2
= 1,052 (m)
2.7. S l trn ng ghi :
Ta ly ng knh l d = 10(mm)
Tc gi cho php trong l : 8(m/s)
n =
72
14 . 8 . 10 . 785 . 0
633 , 0
. .
4
.

ghi o lo
n f
v
(l)
Trong :
L : Chiu di bung np qung.
n : S l trn 1 ng ghi.
Cc l c b tr thnh 2 dy , mi dy 36 l . tha nhn mp l ngoi cng
Cch tng 2mm. khi tng khong cch gia cc l l:
L (n-1).10 2.2 = 1052 10.35 4 = 698 (mm).
khong cch gia cc l :

35
698
= 19,94 (mm) .
Nh vy ta c bc l : 19,94 + 10 = 29,94 (mm).
2.8. Lng gi di ghi chnh:
v = V
1
v
.l
= 3,163 0,633 = 2,53 (m
3
/s) .
2.9. M gi.
Vn tc gi trn l m gi:
l m.gi
= 8 (m/s)
Trn mi m gi khoan 8 l vi d
l
= 7 [mm] = 0,007 [m]
f
l
=
5
2 2
lo
10 86 , 3
4
) 007 , 0 ( 14 , 3
4
d

(m
2
)
S m gi:
n
m gi
=
8 . .
.
f
v
=
8 . 8 10 . 86 , 3
. 53 , 2
5
= 1024 ( m gi)]
V din tch ca ghi khng c l bng 18,553 m
2
, do vy mi m
2
c

553 , 18
1024
= 55,2 m ( lm trn thnh 56 m)
Ton b ghi c : 18,553. 56 = 1039 (m)
Tc trong l gi ca cc m :

n f
v
. 8 .

=
1039 . 8 . 10 . 86 , 3
53 , 2
5
= 7,89 (m/s)
Tc ny l ph hp
Cch b tr m gi theo hnh lc gic tm c mt m . Vi s m l 1038
ta b tr thnh 18 hnh 6 cnh :
ngh v c- k 47
101
tt nghip
Nh vy tng s m trn hnh 6 cnh l:
3.18.(18-1) + 1 = 919 m
Cn li cc m ta b tr trong cc hnh vin phn:
Chn s m dy th nht trong hnh vin phn l 13, dy th hai l 7
Ta c tng s m :
919 + 6.(13+7) = 1039 (m)
2.10. Tnh phn tr trn ca l.
Ly din tch phn tr trn: F
Trn
= 1,5.F
Di
F
Tr
= 1,5.18,553 = 27,829 (m
2
)
D
trn
=
F . 4
=
829 , 27 . 4
= 5,953 (m)
2.11. Tnh th tch , chiu cao l lp si .
Cng t qung tnh theo th tch k
v
= 1500 [kg/m
3
.24h]
Lng qung em t: m
q
= 164914,440 (kg/24h)
Th tch bung t:
V =
1500
440 , 164914
= 109,943 (m
3
)
Chn chiu cao bung np liu h = 3m
Th tch bung np qung :
V
np.qung
= 1,96.1,052.3 = 6,186 (m
3
)
Th tch cn li:
V = 109,943 6,186 = 103,757 (m
3
)
Chiu cao phn tr di :
H =
553 , 18
757 , 103
= 5,592 (m)
Phn hnh cn ( nghing vi gc = 30
0
):
Ta c chiu cao phn hnh cn (H
2
).
H
2
=
30 . 2 tg
D D
D T

=
30 . 2
860 , 4 953 , 5
tg
= 0,947 (m)
Th tch phn hnh cn.
V =
47 , 27 ) 860 , 4 . 953 , 5 953 , 5 86 , 4 .(
1 , 9
947 , 0 .
) . .(
1 , 9
.
2 2 2 2 2
+ + + +

D T D T
D D D D
H
(m
3
)
Tnh th tch phn chm cu nc l.(H
4
)
Ly H
4
= 0,14. D
trn
= 0,14 . 5.953 = 0,833 (m)
Th tch chm cu.
V
ch.cu
=
) 833 , 0 953 , 5 .
4
3
.( 833 , 0 .
6
) .
4
3
.( .
6
2 2 2
4
2
4
+ +

H D H
T
= 11,895 (m
3
)
Phn trn:
ngh v c- k 47
102
tt nghip
V
Tr
= v
0
,
_
+ .
273
t
1 .
Trong :
V
o
: L th tch kh ra iu kin tiu chun, theo bng 1:
V
o
= 13868.472 (m
3
/h) = 3,852 (m
3
/s)
t : Nhit kh l ra = 820
0
c .
: Thi gian lu ca kh trong l.
=
1093 . 226 , 14234
3600 . 273 . 943 , 109
= 6,945 (s)
v
trn
=3,852.(1+
273
820
).6,945 = 107,106 (m
3
)
Nh vy th tch phn tr trn:
V = 107,106 - 27,47 11,895 = 67,741 (m
3
)
Chiu cao phn tr trn (H
4
):
H
3
=
829 , 27
741 , 67
= 2,434 (m).
Tng th tch l t :
V
l
=107,106 + 109,943 = 217,049 (m
3
)
Tng chiu cao l t :
H
l
=5,592 + 0,833+0,947 + 2,434 = 9,806 (m)
Tnh ng knh ng dn kh .
Ta c:
F
ng
=
v
Vi: V = V
o
.(1+
273
t
) = 3,852(1 +
283
820
) = 15,442 (m
3
/s)
Chn tc kh i trong ng = 14 (m/s)
F
ng
=
14
442 , 15
= 1,102 (m
2
)
ng knh ng :
D
ng
=

102 , 1 . 4 . 4
F
= 1,185 (m)
II- Ni hi nhit tha.
1. Chn cc thng s ban u.
m bo b mt truyn nhit tt v an ton cho ni hi ta dng nc
mm cp vo ni hi. Dng ni hi kiu ng nc t bn trong l t .
Cc thng s ban u:
ngh v c- k 47
103
tt nghip
- Nhit nc mm cp cho ni hi : 25
o
C
- Nhit hi ra ni hi : 220
o
C
- Nhit kh ra khi ni hi : 400
o
C
- Hiu sut ni hi : 95%
- p sut hi nc : 23,66 at
- Nhit rt b phn ni hi : 11123116,832 (kJ/h)
- Nhit rt t l lp si : 12780383,770 (kJ/h)
Tng lng nhit em sn xut hi nc :
Q = 11123116,832 + 12780383,770
= 23903500,602 (kJ/h)
2. Lng hi hc sn xut c.
T cng thc:
Q = m.(C
2
t
2
- C
1
t
1
+ q
hh
)

hh 1 1 2 2
lt
q t . C t . C
Q
m
+
Trong :
m: Lng hi nc sn xut c theo l thuyt.
Q: Lng nhit cn sn xut hi nc.
t
1
: Nhit nc mm cp cho ni hi.
t
2
: Nhit hi nc.
C
1
,C
2
: Nhit dung ring ca nc nhit t
1
v t
2
.
C
1
= 0,996 (kcal/kg. ) (bng I.149) [2 - 168]
Hay C
1
= 4,170 (kJ/kg. );
C
2
= 4,518 (kJ/kg. )
q
hh
: nhit ho hi ca nc 220
o
C.
q
hh
= 1860 ( kJ/kg)
Thay cc s liu vo cng thc trn ta c lng hi nc l thuyt sn
xut c:
m
LT
=
1860 25 . 170 , 4 220 . 518 , 4
602 , 23903500
+
= 8950,912 (kg/h)
Lng hi nc thc t sn xut c l:
m
tt
= .m
lt
= 8950,912.0,95 = 8503,367 (kg/h)
Lng nhit cn un nng nc t 25
o
C n 220
o
C (Q
un
).
Q
un
= 8503,367.(4,518.220 4,170.25)
= 7565530,654 (kJ/h)
Lng nhit cn ho hi nc 220
o
C (Q
hh
).
Q
hh
= 8503,367.1860 = 15816262,620 (kJ/h)
3. Xc nh b mt truyn nhit cn thit .
ngh v c- k 47
104
tt nghip
B mt F
1
un nng nc t 25
o
C ln 220
o
C c t ton b trong
ni hi.
Gi F
2
l b mt cn thit ho hi hon ton lng H
2
O 220
o
C, b
mt 2 gm hai phn, F
21
c t trong l t, F
22
c t trong ni hi.
Theo cng thc tnh b mt truyn nhit:
t . k
Q
F
Trong :
F: Din tnh b mt tip xc.
Q: Nhit lng truyn qua F.
K: H s truyn nhit
t: chnh nhit gia hai b mt tip xc.
3.1. Tnh b mt F
1
.
Ta c:
t
max
= 830 220 = 610
o
C
t
min
= 400 25 = 375
o
C
Ta thy rng:

min
max
t
t
=
375
610
= 1,63

) (
2
1
min max
t t t
tb
+

) 375 610 .(
2
1
+
tb
t
= 492,5 (
o
C)
V F
1
t trong ni hi nn ta c: k
1
= 167,48 (kJ/m
2
.h.
o
C)
F
1
=
48 , 167 . 5 , 492
654 , 7565530
= 91,72 (m
2
)
3.2. Tnh b mt F
22
.
Lng nhit trong ni hi dng bc hi nc:
Q = 11123116,832 7565530,654
= 3557586,18 (kJ/h)
ngh v c- k 47
105
830
o
C
220
o
C
25
o
C
400
o
C
820
o
C
220
o
C
220
o
C
400
o
C
tt nghip
Ta c:
t
1
= 820 220 = 600
o
C
t
2
= 400 220 = 180
o
C
Ta thy rng:
33 , 3
180
600
2
1

t
t
>2
Nn:
180
600
lg . 3 , 2
180 600
lg . 3 , 2
2
1
2 1

t
t
t t
t
tb
= 350 (
o
C)
Ta c: k
1
= 167,48
F
22
=
350 . 48 , 167
18 , 3557586
= 60,7 (m
2
)
3.3. Tnh b mt F
21
.
Ta c t
21
= 610
o
C.
B mt F
21
t trong l t nn:
K
21
= 1000 (kJ/m
2
.h.)
F =
610 . 1000
44 , 12258676
= 20,1 (m
2
)
4.Tng b mt truyn nhit trong ni hi:
F
Tr.nh
= F
1
+

F
22
= 60,7 + 91,72 = 152,42 (m
2
)
Cn c vo b mt truyn nhit F
Tr.nh
ta chn loi ni hi sau:
III. Thp sy.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Nng axt ti: 95% H
2
SO
4
- Nng axt chy: 94% H
2
SO
4
- Tc qua ca kh i trong thp: w = 0,8 (m/s)
2. Tnh din tch m.
Theo sch gio trnh axt ta thy din tch m c tnh theo cng thc:
ngh v c- k 47
106
tt nghip
p . k
Q
F
(1- 137)
Trong :
F: B mt tip xc pha (b mt m m
2
)
Q: Lng hi nc hp th c
k: H s hp th.
k = k
o
.w
m
k
o
: Hng s ph thuc nng axt.
Khi axt sy 95% ta c k
0
= 3,8.10
-2
khi p sut tnh bng mmHg
m = 0,8 khi ch dng chy ca kh l chy xoy:
( ) ( )
,
_
1
'
K
'
1 K
1
'
K
'
1 K
P P
P P
ln
P P P P
P
(mmHg)
Trong :
P
k
: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trc khi sy.
P
k
: p sut ring phn ca hi nc sau khi sy.
P
1
: p sut bo ho ca hi nc trn dung dich axt
Sunfuric 95%.
P
1
: p sut bo ho ca hi nc trong dung dich axt
Sunfuric 94%.
P
1
= 0,0015 (mmHg) t
tb
= 40
o
C
P
1
= 0,0066 (mmHg) t
tb
= 40
o
C
p sut m trc thp sy: 360 mm H
2
O
p sut m sau thp sy : 410
Ta ly trung bnh p sut m trong thp sy l:

2
410 360 +
= 385
Hay 28,325 mmHg
P
chung
= 760 - 28,325 = 731,675
P
K
=
675 , 731 .
27197 . 18
4 , 22 . 757 , 749
= 25,101 (mmHg)
P
k
=
675 , 731 .
6 , 26266
626 , 2
= 0,073 (mmHg)
P =
) 0015 , 0 073 , 0 (
) 0066 , 0 101 , 25 (
ln
) 0015 , 0 073 , 0 ( ) 0066 , 0 101 , 25 (

= 4,27 (mmHg)
ngh v c- k 47
107
(25,101) P
k
(0,0066)P
1
(0,0015) P
1
(0,073) P
k
tt nghip

Lng nc hp th c:
Q = 747,647 (kg/h)
Din tch m:
F =
27 , 4 . 8 , 0 . 10 . 8 , 3
647 , 747
8 , 0 2
= 5508,243 (m
2
)
Ly h s d l 1,2.
F
= 5508,243.1,2 = 6609,892 (m
2
)
3. Tnh tit din thp.
Ta c:
F
thp
=
273 . . 3600
) 273 .(
tb O
t V +
(m
2
)
Vi:
V
o
= 27197
t
v
= 29
o
C, t
r
= 40
o
C t
tb
= 34,5
o
C
W = 0,8 (m/sec)
F
Thp
=
273 . 8 , 0 . 3600
) 5 , 34 273 .( 27197 +
= 10,637 (m
2
)
D
thp

=

637 , 10 . 4 . 4
F
= 3,680 (m)
4. Xp m.
Chn s dng 5 loi m v cch xp m nh sau:
Xp ba hng loi m
n
150x150x15 c
1
= 40 (m
2
/m
3
)
h
1
= 0,45 (m);
f
1
= h
1
. F
th
.
1
= 0,45.10,637.40 = 191,466 (m
2
)
Xp ba hng loi m
n
120x120x12 c
2
= 50 (m
2
/m
3
)
h
2
= 0,36 (m);
f
2
= h
2
. F
th
.
2
= 0,36.10,637.50 = 191,466 (m
2
)
Xp ba hng loi m
n
100x100x10 c
3
= 60 (m
2
/m
3
)
h
3
= 0,30 (m);
f
3
= h
3
. F
th
.
3
= 0,30.10,637.60 = 191,466 (m
2
)
Xp ba hng loi m
n
80x80x6 c
4
= 80 (m
2
/m
3
)
ngh v c- k 47
108
tt nghip
h
4
= 0,24 (m);
f
4
= h
4
. F
th
.
4
= 0,24.10,637.80 = 204,230 (m
2
)
Cn li loi m
n
50x50x5 c
5
= 110 (m
2
/m
3
)
f
5
= 6609,892 3.191,466- 204,230
= 5831,264 (m
2
)
h
5
=
984 , 4
110 . 637 , 10
264 , 5831
.
5
5

th
F
f
(m)
5. Chiu cao thp.
- Chiu cao m
H = 4,984 + 0,24 + 0,30 + 0,36 + 0,45 = 6,334 (m)
- Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)
- Chiu cao khong trng trn nh: 3,0 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
H
th
= 6,334 + 2,0+ 3,0 = 11,334 (m)
Kch thc thp:

th
= 3800x12000 (mmxmm)
6.Vn tc kh trong thp:

F
V
t
. 3600

Trong :
V
t
: l lu lng kh qua thp iu kin lm vic
V
t
=
P T
P T V
O
O O
.
. .

Vi :
V
o
= 27197 m
3
/h
P
o
= 760 mmHg
T
o
= 273
o
K
T=
K
O
5 , 307 ) 313 302 (
2
1
+

4 , 31910
96 , 0 . 273
1 . 5 , 307 . 27197

t
V
( m
3
/h )
Tnh tc kh :

78 , 0
34 , 11 . 3600
4 , 31910

(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:
ngh v c- k 47
109
tt nghip

3
2
.
.
8
td
k d k d
V
H
Pk

Trong :
H
= 6,334 m l chiu cao m
K
= 0,78 m /s l tc kh trong thp
V
td
= 0,79 m
3
/ m
3
l th tch t do ca m 50.50.5
17 , 1
4 , 31910
37293

t
K
k
V
m
(kg/m
3
)
: l h s ma st, ph thuc vo chun s Reynol ca kh:
Re =
d k
k k

.
. . 4
K
: l nht ng lc ca hn hp kh, c tnh :
O H O H O H N N N O O O SO SO SO
O H O H O H O H N N N N O O O O SO SO SO SO
k
T M C T M C T M C T M C
T M C T M C T M C T M C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
+ + +
+ + +

Trong :
O H N O SO
C C C C
2 2 2 2
, , ,
l nng phn th tch ca cc thnh phn kh
O H N O SO
M M M M
2 2 2 2
, , ,
l khi lng phn t ca cc cu t
O H N O SO
T T T T
2 2 2 2
, , ,
l nhit ti hn ca cc cu t
O H N O SO
2 2 2 2
, , ,
l nht ng lc ca cc cu t
Ta c:

108 .
5 , 59 .
2 , 70 .
116 .
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
O H O H
N N
O O
SO SO
T M
T M
T M
T M
nhit trung bnh ca kh l
(29 + 40) /2 = 34,5
o
C ta c:
H2Ohi
= 1,05. 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

SO2
= 1,48 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

O2
= 2,27 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

N2
= 1,95 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

C
SO2
= 7 %
C
O2
= 11,4 %
C
N2
= 78,4 %
ngh v c- k 47
110
tt nghip
C
H2O
= 3,2%
108 . 032 , 0 5 , 59 . 784 , 0 2 , 70 . 114 , 0 116 . 07 , 0
108 . 10 . 05 , 1 . 032 , 0 5 , 59 . 10 . 95 , 1 . 784 , 0 2 , 70 . 10 . 27 , 2 . 114 , 0 116 . 10 . 48 , 1 . 07 , 0
5 5 5 5
+ + +
+ + +
= 1,88.10
-5
N/m
2
Vy :
Re =
95 . 10 . 88 , 1
17 , 1 . 78 , 0 . 4
5
= 2043,89
V Re > 40 nn xc nh theo cng thc sau:

5 , 3
89 , 2043
16
Re
16
2 , 0 2 , 0

Vy tr lc ca m kh l

k
=
3
2
79 , 0 . 8
17 , 1 . 95 . 78 , 0 . 334 , 6 . 5 , 3
= 380 ( N/m
2
)
( y ta tnh cho loi m 50.50.5 c tr lc ln nht trong cc loi m
xp trong thp)
7.2. Tr lc t:
= K.
k

Trong K l h s c k n tng tr lc do ti a xt c xc nh nh
sau :
3
) 1 (
1
A
K

Trong :
Vi :
3 , 0
Re
745 , 1
x
b

Re =
X d
X
G
.
. 4

Trong :
G
X
l lu lng axit ti:
G
x
=
73 , 1
34 , 11 . 3600
70489
(kg/m
2
.h)

X
= 12.10
-3
Ns/m
2
l nht ng lc ca a xt 95% H
2
SO
4

ngh v c- k 47
A=
3
3
2
. ) .(
2
. 3
Td X
X
V
G
g
b
111
tt nghip
Re =
07 , 6
10 . 12 . 95
73 , 1 . 4
3

b =
02 , 1
07 , 6
745 , 1
3 , 0

Vy ta c :
06 , 0
79 , 0 . 7 , 1833 . 81 , 9 . 2
95 . 73 , 1 . 02 , 1
. 3
3
3 2
2
A
Vy:
K =
3
) 06 , 0 1 (
1
= 1,204
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P
= 1,204.380 = 457,51 ( N/ m
2
)
Hay P = 47,3 mmH
2
O
III. Thp tip xc.
1. Xy dng ng cn bng v ng nhit thch hp:
Xy dng quan h:
x
cb
= f(t) hoc t = F(x
b
)
Theo cng thc :
) . . 5 , 0 .(
. . 5 , 0 100
Cb
Cb
P
P
Cb
x a b P
x a
K
K
x
(1)
(3 22) [ 1 - 97]
Mt khc, theo cng thc thc nghim (3-20) [ 1 - 96]:
6455 , 4
273
5 , 4905
lg
+
t
K
P
(2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c quan h t
cb
= F(X
cb
) sau:
273
6455 , 4
1
) . . 5 , 0 .(
. . 5 , 0 100
.
lg
5 , 4905
cb
cb
cb
cb
cb
x
x a b P
x a
x
t
(3)
Trong :
x
cb
: Hiu sut chuyn ho cn bng.
t
cb
: Nhit ng vi mc chuyn ho cn bng.
a: Nng SO
2
trong kh. a = 7%.
b: Nng O
2
trong kh. b = 11,8%.
P: p sut lm vic. P = 1 [at].
ngh v c- k 47
112
tt nghip
Theo phng trnh (3-33) [ 1 - 112]:
( )
937 , 4
5 , 0 100
5 , 0
. 1
lg
5 , 4905
+
ax
ax b
x
x
T
th
(4)
ng vi mi nhit s thu c mt hiu sut chuyn ha cn bng.
Tnh theo cng thc (3) ta thu c bng kt qu sau:
t
o
C T
o
K K
p
x
cb
thu c
400 673 440,1 0,993
425 695 258,7 0,987
450 723 137,9 0,976
475 748 81,8 0,960
500 773 50,2 0,937
525 798 31,7 0,904
550 823 20,7 0,862
575 848 13,8 0,807
600 873 9,4 0,743
625 898 6,6 0,672
Nhit thch hp ng vi mi mc chuyn ha cn bng xc nh theo
cng thc (4).
Ta c bng sau:
x
cb
T
cb
T
th
0,993 673 644
0,987 695 667
0,976 723 693
0,960 748 716
0,937 773 739
0,904 798 762
0,862 823 784
0,807 848 807
0,743 873 830
0,672 898 852
T bng s liu trn ta xy dng th t x :
ngh v c- k 47
113
tt nghip

2.Tnh thi gian tip xc, lng cht xc tc:
2.1 Thi gian tip xc:
Vn tc qu trnh oxy ha SO
2
thnh SO
3
trn xc tc vanadi lp tnh
c biu th bi phng trnh:
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
2
2
1
.
) 1 .(
1 .
2 , 0 1
1
.
2
1
2
.
2
ax
b
ax
x K
x
x
x
ax
ax
b
a
kP
d
dx
p
Trong :
: thi gian tip xc,s.
k: hng s vn tc phn ng, s
-1
.at
-1
.
a,b: nng ban u ca SO
2
, O
2
trong hn hp kh
t
2
1
2
ax
ax
b

th phng trnh trn tr thnh:
ngh v c- k 47
114
tt nghip
1
1
]
1
,
_
) 1 .(
.
2 , 0 1
1
.
.
x K
x
x
x
a
P k
d
dx
p

2.2 Lng cht xc tc cn thit:
Lng cht xc tc ph thuc vo thi gian tip xc theo cng thc:
CV
: th tch xc tc,m
3
.
C: h s d tr.
V: th tch kh, m
3
/s.
: thi gian tip xc,s.
Thi gian tip xc tnh theo cng thc:
'
1
1
]
1
2
) 1 .(
). 1 .( .
) 2 , 0 1 (
x K
x
x P k
x a
dx
d
p

n gin trong tnh ton mi lp xc tc chia ra nhiu lp. i vi mi
on coi
dx
d
x

trong : thi gian tip xc trn phn on, s.
x = x
cui
x
u
Do ta c:
2
) 1 .(
.
) 1 .( .
2 , 0 1
1
1
]
1

x K
x
x a
x P k
x
p
(9)
Tng thi gian tip xc: =
3.Tnh ton cho tng lp xc tc :
3.1 Thi gian tip xc v lng cht xc tc lp th nht:
Chia lp th nht ra lm 8 on. Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh
sau: 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,7; 0,725.
+) i vi on 1:
a = 0,07; b = 0,118; x = 0,1; x = 0,15; = 199;
t
r
= 440 + 199.0,1 = 459,9
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 459,9
o
C ta c: k = 1,19 (bng 3-10) [ 1 - 107]
K
p
= 111,63.
ngh v c- k 47
115
tt nghip
115 , 0
2
15 , 0 . 07 , 0
1
2
15 , 0 . 07 , 0
118 , 0
2
1
2

ax
ax
b

( )
s 056 , 0
) 15 , 0 1 .( 81 , 90
15 , 0
113 , 0
15 , 0 . 07 , 0
.
15 , 0 1 . 37 , 1
15 , 0 . 2 , 0 1
2

1
]
1

+) i vi on 2:
a = 0,07; b = 0,11,8; x = 0,2; x = 0,1; = 199;
t
r
= 459,9 + 199.0,1 = 479,8
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 479,8
o
C ta c: k = 1,53
K
p
= 74,13.
= 0,112
= 0,049s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,3; x = 0,10
t
v
= 479,8
o
C
t
r
= 499,7
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 499,7
o
C ta c: k = 1,97
K
p
= 50,47.
= 0,109
= 0,044s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,4; x = 0,10
t
r
= 519,6
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 519,6
o
C ta c: k = 2,50
K
p
= 34,96.
= 0,105
= 0,041s.
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,5; x = 0,1
t
r
= 539,5
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 539,5
o
C ta c: k = 2,79
K
p
= 24,66.
= 0,102
= 0,045s.
+) i vi on 6:
ngh v c- k 47
116
tt nghip
x = 0,6; x = 0,1
t
r
= 559.4
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 559,4
o
C ta c: k = 2,79
K
p
= 17,69.
= 0,099
= 0,06s.
+) i vi on 7:
x = 0,7; x = 0,1
t
r
= 579,3
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 579,3
o
C ta c: k = 2,79
K
p
= 12,89.
= 0,096
= 0,114s.
+) i vi on 8:
x = 0,725; x = 0,025
t
r
= 579,8
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 579,8
o
C ta c: k = 2,79
K
p
= 11,93.
= 0,095
= 0,042s.
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th nht:

1
= 0,056+0,049+0,044+0,041+0,045+0,060+0,114+0,042
= 0,451 ( s )
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th nht:

1
= 4.0,451.27197.
3600
1
= 13,629 m
3

3.2 Thi gian tip xc lp th hai:
Chia lp th hai ra lm 8 on.
Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh sau: .
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,75; x = 0,025
t
r
= 467,975
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 467,975
o
C ta c: k = 1,340
K
p
= 94,37.
= 0,094
= 0,048s.
ngh v c- k 47
117
tt nghip
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,775; x = 0,025
t
r
= 472,95
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 472,95
o
C ta c: k = 1,420
K
p
= 85,20.
= 0,093
= 0,050s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,8; x = 0,025
t
r
= 477,925
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 477,925
o
C ta c: k = 1,50
K
p
= 77,11.
= 0,093
= 0,055s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,825; x = 0,025
t
r
= 482,9
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 482,9
o
C ta c: k = 1,58
K
p
= 69,84.
= 0,092
= 0,061s.
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,850; x = 0,025
t
r
= 487,87
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 487,87
o
C ta c: k = 1,68
K
p
= 63,34.
= 0,091
= 0,069s.
+) i vi on 6
x = 0,875; x = 0,025
t
r
= 492,85
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 492,85
o
C ta c: k = 1,80
K
p
= 57,52.
= 0,09
= 0,085s.
+) i vi on 7:
x = 0,90; x = 0,025
t
r
= 497,825
o
C.
ngh v c- k 47
118
tt nghip
nhit ra t
r
= 497,825
o
C ta c: k = 1,90
K
p
= 52,15.
= 0,089
= 0,127s.
+) i vi on 8:
x = 0,918; x = 0,018
t
r
= 501,4
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 501,4
o
C ta c: k = 2,00
K
p
= 48,71.
= 0,089
= 0,175s.
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th hai:

2
= 0,048+0,05+0,055+0,061+0,069+0,085+0,127+0,175
= 0,67(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th hai:

2
= 2.0,67. 25625.
3600
1
= 9,538 m
3

3.3Thi gian tip xc lp th ba:
Chia lp th ba ra lm 5 on.
Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh sau:
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,930; x = 0,012
t
r
= 440,4
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 440,4
o
C ta c: k = 0,902
K
p
= 170,15.
= 0,088
= 0,132s.
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,940; x = 0,01
t
r
= 442,4
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 442,4
o
C ta c: k = 0,928
K
p
= 162,78.
= 0,087
= 0,130s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,950; x = 0,01
ngh v c- k 47
119
tt nghip
t
r
= 444,38
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 444,38
o
C ta c: k = 0,955
K
p
= 155,77.
= 0,087
= 0,163s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,96; x = 0,01
t
r
= 446,37
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 446,37
o
C ta c: k = 0,981
K
p
= 149,16.
= 0,087
= 0,235s
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,970; x = 0,010
t
r
= 448,36
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 448,36
o
C ta c: k = 1,008
K
p
= 142,84.
= 0,087
= 0,522s
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th ba:

3
= 0,132+0,130+0,163+0,235+,0522 = 1,182(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th ba:

3
= 1,3.1,182.25506,95.
3600
1
= 10,887(m
3
)
3.4. Thi gian tip xc lp th t:
Chia lp th t ra lm 5 on.
Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh sau:
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,972; x = 0,002
t
r
= 432,4
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 432,4
o
C ta c: k = 0,578
K
p
= 203,58.
= 0,087
= 0,120s.
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,974; x = 0,002
t
r
=432.8
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 432,8
o
C ta c: k = 0,595
ngh v c- k 47
120
tt nghip
K
p
= 201,74.
= 0,087
= 0,139s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,976; x = 0,002
t
r
= 433 + 199.0,005 = 433,2
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 433,2
o
C ta c: k = 0,612
K
p
= 199,92.
= 0,087
= 0,331s
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,978; x = 0,002
t
r
= 433,6
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 433,6
o
C ta c: k = 0,629
K
p
= 198,12.
= 0,087
= 0,224s
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,978; x = 0,002
t
r
= 434
o
C.
nhit ra t
r
= 434
o
C ta c: k = 0,646
K
p
= 196,33.
= 0,087
= 0,357s
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th t:

3
= 0,12+0,139+0,331+0,224+0,357= 1,171(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th t:
4
= 1,35.1,171. 25457,95.
3600
1
= 11,179( m
3
)
3.5 Tng th tch xc tc ton thp:
V = 13,629+9,538+10,887+11,179 = 45,251 (m
3
)
4.Tnh ton kch thc ch yu ca thit b
4.1 ng knh ca thp:
Din tch mi lp xc tc tnh theo cng thc:
w
V
F
. 3600

ngh v c- k 47
121
tt nghip
F: din tch, m
2
V: th tch hn hp kh, m3/s.
w: vn tc kh trong lp, m/s.
Nu coi th tch kh khng i khi qua mi lp v chn w = 0,3 m/s ta c:
) m ( 727 , 23
3 , 0 . 3600
25625
2
4 3 2 1
F F F F
ng knh trong ca thp:
) ( 5 , 5
14 , 3
727 , 23 . 4 . 4
m
F
D
4.2 Chiu cao cc lp xc tc:

F
V
h
h: chiu cao, m
V: th tch lp xc tc, m
3
F: din tch lp xc tc, m
2

Chiu cao lp xc tc th nht:
h
1
=
727 , 23
629 , 13
= 0,574 ( m)
Chiu cao lp xc tc th hai:
h
2
=
727 , 23
538 , 9
= 0,402 ( m)
Chiu cao lp xc tc th ba:
h
3
=
727 , 23
887 , 10
= 0,459 ( m)
Chiu cao lp xc tc th t:
h
4
=
727 , 23
179 , 11
= 0,471 ( m)
Tng chiu cao cc lp xc tc:
h = 0,574 + 0,402 + 0,459 + 0,471 = 1,906 ( m)
4.3. Tnh tc kh :
4.3.1. Tc kh qua lp I:
ngh v c- k 47
122
tt nghip
P T D
P T V
D
Vt
I I

0
2
1
0 1 0
2
1
1
3600
4
3600
4

Trong :
Vt
I
l th tch kh iu kin lm vic qua lp I

P T
P T V
Vt
I
.
. .
0
0 1 0

Vi :
V
o
: th tch kh iu kin tiu chun c ly trong bng cn bng
cht ca cc lp xc tc (m
3
/h)
P
o
= 1 at
T
o
= 273
o
K
P = 1,16 at l p sut lm vic ca my tip xc
T
1
: l nhit lm vic trung bnh ca lp xc tc I

778 ) 843 713 (
2
1
) (
2
1
1
+ +
R V
T T T
V
o
= 26264 m
3
/h

16 , 1 . 273 . 3600 . 5 , 5 .
1 . 778 . 26264 . 4
2
1

= 0,75 m / s
4.3.2. Tc kh qua lp II:
P T D
P T V
D
Vt
II II

0
2
1
0 2 0
2
1
2
3600
4
3600
4

5 , 754 ) 773 736 (
2
1
2
+ T

16 , 1 . 273 . 3600 . 5 , 5 .
1 . 5 , 754 . 25687 . 4
2
2

= 0,71 m / s
4.3.3. Tc kh qua lp III :
P T D
P T V
D
Vt
III III

0
2
1
0 3 0
2
2
3
3600
4
3600
4

K T
O
716 ) 721 711 (
2
1
3
+

16 , 1 . 273 . 3600 . 5 , 5 .
1 . 716 . 25507 . 4
2
3

= 0,67 m/s
ngh v c- k 47
123
tt nghip
4.3.4. Tc kh qua lp IV:
P T D
P T V
IV

0
2
2
0 4 0
4
3600
4

K T
O
706
4

16 , 1 . 273 . 3600 . 5 , 5 .
1 . 706 . 25457 . 4
2
4

= 0,66 ( m/s)
4.4. Tr lc trong thp tip xc:
Tr lc ca cc lp xc tc c tnh nh sau:
P = 9,8 . A .
i
1,74
.
i
. h
i
(N/m
2
) (3-39 ) [ 1 - 121]
Trong :
i
: tc ca kh trong lp xc tc th i
i
: khi lng ring ca kh vo lp xc tc i
i
=
0
0
0
TP
P T
V
m
h
i
: chiu cao lp xc tc th i (m)
A: h s ph thuc vo dng v kch thc ht xc tc, ly kch thc
trung bnh ca ht xc tc l 6 mm th A = 420.
4.4.1. Tr lc lp I:
1
= 0,75 m/s
h
1
= 0,574 m
1
=
1 . 778 . 26264
16 , 1 . 273 . 36544
= 0,566 (kg/m
3
)
P
1
= 9,8 . 420 . 0,75
1,74
. 0,566. 0,574
= 810,607 N/m
2
4.4.2. Tr lc lp II:
2
= 0,71 m/s
h
2
= 0,402 m

2
=
1 . 5 , 754 . 25687
16 , 1 . 273 . 36544
= 0,597

2
= 9,8 . 420 . 0,71
1,74
. 0,597 . 0,402
= 544,33 N/m
2

4.4.3. Tr lc lp III:
3
= 0,67 m/s
h
3
= 0,459 m
ngh v c- k 47
124
tt nghip

3
=
1 . 716 . 25506
16 , 1 . 273 . 36544
= 0,634
3
= 9,8 . 420 . 0,67
1,74
. 0,459 . 0,634
= 596,69 N/m
2

4.4.4.Tr lc lp IV:
4
= 0,66 m/s
h
4
= 0,471 m

4
=
1 . 706 . 25457
16 , 1 . 273 . 36544
= 0,644

4
= 9,8 . 420 . 0,66
1,74
. 0,644 . 0,471
= 605,88 N/m
2
Tr lc ton thp :
= 810,607 + 544,33 + 596,69 + 605,88
= 2557,507 ( N/m
2
)
5. Tnh v chn thit b trao i nhit trong thp :
5.1 B phn trao i nhit sau lp 1:
Tc dng: t nng kh nguyn liu trc khi vo thp tip xc, ng
thi lm ngui hn hp kh sau lp xc tc th nht.
Cu to: L b phn trao i nhit ng chm, bng thp, t bn trong thp
tip xc. Kh nng i trong ng t trn xung, kh lnh i trong khng gian
gia cc ng t di ln.
Tnh b mt truyn nhit:
Tng lng nhit trao i :
Q = 4617758,040 (kJ/h)
Nhit hn hp kh nng: 569
o
C
463
o
C
Nhit hn hp kh lnh: 425
o
C
317
o
C
144 146
Hiu s nhit trung bnh:
t
tb
=
2
1
(144+ 146) = 145
o
C
H s truyn nhit: K = 40 Kcal/ m
2
. .h
= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
) ( 152 , 190
145 . 48 , 167
040 , 4617758
2
m
t K
Q
F
tb

Ly h s an ton 1,2 ta c b mt truyn nhit:

ngh v c- k 47
125
tt nghip
F = 228,182 (m
2
)
Chn ng truyn nhit : d = 75 mm
h = 1500 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.1,5 = 0,3532 (m
2
)
Tng s ng l :
N =
3532 , 0
182 , 228
= 646,04 (ng)
Ta b tr cc ng thnh hnh 6 cnh .
S hnh 6 cnh l : 14
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 29.
Khong cch gia 2 ng l 112,5 mm( 1,5 d
ng
)
5.2. B phn trao i nhit sau lp 2:
Q = 2562790,32 (kJ/h)
o
C
438
o
C
o
C
225
o
C
180 213
t
tb
=
2
1
(180+ 213) = 196,5
o
C
2
. .h
= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
) ( 87 , 77
5 , 196 . 48 , 167
32 , 2562790
2
m
t K
Q
F
tb


F = 93,45 (m
2
)
h = 800 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.0.8 = 0,1884 (m2)
Tng s ng l :
N =
1884 , 0
45 , 93
= 496,1
ngh v c- k 47
126
tt nghip
ly n = 497 ng
S hnh 6 cnh l : 12
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 25
Khong cch gia hai ng l : 140 mm.
5.3. B phn trao i nhit sau lp 3:
Q = 689835,650 (kJ/h)
o
C
432
o
C
o
C
240
o
C
193 192
t
tb
=
2
1
(193+ 192) = 192,5
o
C
2
. .h
= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
) ( 4 , 21
5 , 192 . 48 , 167
65 , 689835
2
m
t K
Q
F
tb


F = 25,68 (m
2
)
h = 500 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.0,5 = 0,11775 (m
2
)
Tng s ng l :
N =
11775 , 0
68 , 25
= 219 ( ng )
S hnh 6 cnh l : 8
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 17
6. Tng chiu cao thp:
- V bng thp dy 10mm
- Hai lp gch chu nhit: 114 + 114 mm
- Lp lt aming tm dy 5mm
ngh v c- k 47
127
tt nghip
- Lp bo n bng bng thu tinh dy 150 mm
- Lp va aming bt trt ngoi dy 30 mm
- Khong trng di y thp: 1,50 m
- Khong trng trn nh thp: 1,50 m
- Khong trng trn cc lp xc tc I, II, III, IV l 1,5 m
- Tng chiu cao xc tc k c lp thch anh l 3,0 m
- Tng chiu cao ca cc khung gi di cc lp xc tc l:
0,3 m x4lp = 1,2 m
- Chiu cao khung v lp trn cng trc khi vo lp I l: 0,6 m.
- Chiu cao b trao i nhit 2,8.m .
Vy: Tng chiu cao ca my tip xc l:
H = 1,5 + 1,5 + 1,5.4 + 3 + 1,2 + 2,8 = 16,0( m).
IV. Thp hp th lum.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Kh vo: 80
o
C.
- Kh ra: 60
o
C.
- Nhit Oleum ti: 40
o
C
- Nhit Oleum chy: 57
o
C
- Nng Oleum ti : 20% SO
3
t do.
- Nng Oleum chy : 21% SO
3
t do.
- Hiu sut hp th: 40%
2. Tnh ton.
2.1. Tnh din tch m.
Theo cng thc:
F

=
TB
P K
m
.
Trong :
m : Lng SO
3
hp th c. (kg/h)
k : H s hp th (kg/m
2
.h.mmHg)
k = k
o
.
0,8
k
o
: H s ph thuc nng v nhit axt .
Theo s liu thc nghim k
o
= 0,026
chn tc kh : 0,5 m/s
k = 0,026.0,5
0,8
= 0,015 (kg/m
2
.h.mmHg)
P
tb
: ng lc hp th.
Ta c:
ngh v c- k 47
128
tt nghip

'
2
'
1
P P ' P

'
1
P
: p sut ring phn ca SO
3
trong hn hp kh.

'
2
P
: p sut cn bng ca SO
3
trn b mt Oleum ti 20%
C:

'
1
P
= y.P
Trong :
y: Nng SO
3
u.
P = 760 (mmHg)
y =
% 33 , 7 100 .
25419
1864
3

K
SO
V
V
(Theo bng )
P
'
1
= 0,0733.760 = 55,708 (mmHg)

'
2
P
= 3,3 (mmHg.) (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]

408 , 52 300 , 3 708 , 55
'
2
'
1
'
P P P
(mmHg).
Ta c:
' '
2
' '
1
P P ' ' P

' '
1
P
3
trong kh ra.
P
' '
2
p sut cn bng ca SO
3
trn b mt Oleum 21%
Nng SO
3
trong kh ra thp hp th lum:
y =
045 , 0
842 , 24673
842 , 1118

P
' '
1
= 0,045.760 = 34,462 (mmHg).
P
' '
2
= 14 (mmHg). (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
P
= 34,462- 14 = 30,462 (mmHg)

(mmHg). 435 , 41 ) 408 , 52 462 , 30 .(
2
1
+
TB
P
B mt m :
F

=
(m2) 294 , 4305
435 , 41 . 015 , 0
910 , 2663

Ly h s bo m l 1,2 th ta c:
F
m
= 4305,294.1,2 = 5166,353 (m
2
)
2.2. Tnh tit din m.
Tit din m cng chnh l tit din thp:

k
p th
V
F
Trong :
ngh v c- k 47
129
tt nghip
V
k
: Th tch kh vo (bng ).
V
K
= 25419 (m
3
/h)
: Tc gi ca kh i trong thp.
= 0,5(m/s)
F =
12 , 14
3600 . 5 , 0
25419
(m
2
)
ng knh thp :
D = (m) 240 , 4
12 , 14 . 4
2.3. Xp m.
Cng chn s dng 5 loi m nh thp sy:
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 150x150x15 c = 40 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
1
= 0,45 (m);
f
1
= h
1
.F
thp
. = 0,45.14,12.40 = 254,16 (m
2
)
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 120x120x12 c = 50 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
2
= 0,36 (m);
f
2
= h
2
.F
thp
. = 0,36.14,12.50 = 254,16 (m
2
)
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 100x100x10 c = 60 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
3
= 0,3 (m);
f
3
= h
3
.F
thp
. = 0,3.14,12.60 = 254,16 (m
2
)
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 80x80x8 c = 80 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
4
= 0,24 [m];
f
4
= h
4
.F
thp
. = 0,24.14,12.80 = 271,104 (m
2
)
Cn li loi m
n
= 50x50x5 c = 110 (m
2
/m
3
).
f
5
= 5166,353 3.254,16- 271,104
= 4132,769 (m
2
)
h
5
=
661 , 2
110 . 12 , 14
769 , 4132
(m)
2.4. Thp.
Tng chiu cao m:
H
m
= 2,661 + 0,45 + 0,36 + 0,3 + 0,24 = 4,011 (m)
Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)
Ly chiu cao khong trng nh thp: 3,5 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
H
thp
= 4,011 + 2,0+ 3,5 = 9,511 (m)
Kch thc thp: 4250x10000 (mm)
ngh v c- k 47
130
tt nghip

F
V
t
. 3600

Trong :
V
t
V
t
=
P T
P T V
O
O O
.
. .

Vi :
V
o
= 25420,5 m
3
/h
P
o
= 760 mmHg
T
o
= 273
o
K
T=
K
O
343 ) 333 353 (
2
1
+

4 , 32589
98 , 0 . 273
1 . 343 . 25420

t
V
( m
3
/h )
Tnh tc kh :

64 , 0
12 , 14 . 3600
4 , 32589

(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:

3
2
.
.
8
td
k d k d
V
H
Pk

Trong :
H
K
V
td
= 0,79 m
3
/ m
3
12 , 1
4 , 32589
36545

t
K
k
V
m
(kg/m
3
)
Re =
d k
k k

.
. . 4
K
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
N N N O O O SO SO SO
N N N N O O O O SO SO SO SO
k
T M C T M C T M C
T M C T M C T M C
+ +
+ +

Trong :
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
C C C
ngh v c- k 47
131
tt nghip
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
M M M
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
T T T

2 2 3
, ,
N O SO

Ta c:

5 , 59 .
2 , 70 .
116 .
2 2
2 2
3 3
N N
O O
SO SO
T M
T M
T M
(80 + 60) /2 = 70
o
C ta c:

SO3
= 1,50 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

O2
= 2,30 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

N2
= 1,95 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

C
SO3
= 7,33 %
C
O2
= 8,36 %
C
N2
= 84,15 %

5 , 59 . 842 , 0 2 , 70 . 836 , 0 116 . 073 , 0
5 , 59 . 10 . 95 , 1 . 842 , 0 2 , 70 . 10 . 30 , 2 . 836 , 0 116 . 10 . 5 , 1 . 073 , 0
5 5 5
+ +
+ +
= 1,92.10
-5
N/m
2
Vy :
Re =
110 . 10 . 92 , 1
12 , 1 . 64 , 0 . 4
5
= 1357,57

78 , 3
57 , 1357
16
Re
16
2 , 0 2 , 0

Vy tr lc ca m kh l

k
=
3
2
79 , 0 . 8
12 , 1 . 110 . 64 , 0 . 011 , 4 . 78 , 3
= 153,24 ( N/m
2
)
xp trong thp)
7.2. Tr lc t:
= K.
k

sau :
ngh v c- k 47
132
tt nghip
3
) 1 (
1
A
K

Trong :
Vi : b= 3 , 0
Re
745 , 1
x
Re =
X d
X
G
.
. 4

Trong :
G
X
l lu lng axit ti:
G
x
=
8 , 3
12 , 14 . 3600
193133
(kg/m
2
.h)

X
= 20.10
-3
Ns/m
2
l nht ng lc ca lum 20% SO
3

Re =
9 , 6
10 . 20 . 110
8 , 3 . 4
3

b =
98 , 0
9 , 6
745 , 1
3 , 0

Vy ta c :
106 , 0
79 , 0 . 1897 . 81 , 9 . 2
110 . 8 , 3 . 98 , 0
. 3
3
3 2
2
A
Vy:
K =
3
) 106 , 0 1 (
1
= 1,4
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P
= 1,4.153,24 = 214,5 ( N/ m
2
)
Hay P = 22,1 mmH
2
O
V. Thp hp th mn.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Kh vo: 60
o
C
- Kh ra : 55
o
C
- Axt ti: 40
o
C
- Axt chy : 50
o
C
- Axt ti: 98,3 % H
2
SO
4
ngh v c- k 47
A=
3
3
2
. ) .(
2
. 3
Td X
X
V
G
g
b
133
tt nghip
- Axt chy : 98,6 % H
2
SO
4
- Hiu sut hp th SO
3
: 99,9 %
2. Tnh ton.
2.1. Tnh din tch m.
Theo cng thc:
F

=
TB
P K
m
.
Trong :
m : Lng SO
3
hp th c. (kg/h)
k : H s hp th (kg/m
2
.h.mmHg)
k = k
o
.
0,8
k
o
: H s ph thuc nng v nhit axt .
Theo s liu thc nghim k
o
= 0,175
chn tc kh : 0,5 m/s
k = 0,175.0,5
0,8
= 0,1 (kg/m
2
.h.mmHg)
P
tb
: ng lc hp th.
Ta c:

'
2
'
1
P P ' P

'
1
P
3
trong hn hp kh.

'
2
P
: p sut cn bng ca SO
3
trn b mt axit ti
C:

'
1
P
= y.P
Trong :
y: Nng SO
3
vo thp .
P = 760 (mmHg)
y =
% 5 , 4 100 .
842 , 24673
842 , 1118
3

K
SO
V
V
(Theo bng )
P
'
1
= 0,045.760 = 34,462 (mmHg)

'
2
P
= 0,001 (mmHg.) (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]

461 , 34 001 , 0 462 , 34
'
2
'
1
'
P P P
(mmHg).
Ta c:
' '
2
' '
1
P P ' ' P

' '
1
P
3
trong kh ra.
P
' '
2
p sut cn bng ca SO
3
trn b mt axit chy.
Nng SO
3
trong kh ra thp hp th mno:
ngh v c- k 47
134
tt nghip
y =
5
10 . 75 , 4
12 , 23556
12 , 1

P
' '
1
= 4,75.10
-5
.760 = 0,036 (mmHg).
P
' '
2
= 0,005 (mmHg). (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
P
= 0,036- 0,005 = 0,029 (mmHg)

87 , 4
029 , 0
461 , 34
lg . 3 , 2
029 , 0 461 , 34

TB
P
(mmHg)
F

=
177 , 8155
87 , 4 . 1 , 0
870 , 3991
(m
2
)
Ly h s bo m l 1,2 th ta c:
F
m
= 8455,177.1,2 = 9786,212 (m
2
)
2.2. Tnh tit din m.
tit din m cng chnh l tit din thp:

k
p th
V
F
Trong :
V
k
: Th tch kh vo (bng ).
V
K
= 24673,842 (m
3
/h)
: Tc gi ca kh i trong thp.
= 0,5(m/s)
F =
708 , 13
3600 . 5 , 0
842 , 24673
(m
2
)
ng knh thp :
D = (m) 18 , 4
708 , 13 . 4
2.3. Xp m.
Cng chn s dng 5 loi m nh thp sy:
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 150x150x15 c = 40 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
1
= 0,45 (m);
f
1
= h
1
.F
thp
. = 0,45.13,708.40 = 246,744 (m
2
)
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 120x120x12 c = 50 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
2
= 0,36 (m);
f
2
= h
2
.F
thp
. = 0,36.13,708.50 = 246,744 (m
2
)
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 100x100x10 c = 60 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
3
= 0,3 (m);
f
3
= h
3
.F
thp
. = 0,3.13,708.60 = 246,744 (m
2
)
ngh v c- k 47
135
tt nghip
Xp 3 hng loi m
n
= 80x80x8 c = 80 (m
2
/m
3
).
h
4
= 0,24 [m];
f
4
= h
4
.F
thp
. = 0,24.13,708.80 = 263,194 (m
2
)
Cn li loi m
n
= 50x50x5 c = 110 (m
2
/m
3
).
f
5
= 9786,212 3.246,744- 263,194
= 8782,786 (m
2
)
h
5
=
826 , 5
110 . 708 , 13
786 , 8782
(m)
2.4. Thp.
Tng chiu cao m:
H
m
= 5,826 + 0,45 + 0,36 + 0,3 + 0,24 = 7,17 (m)
Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)
Ly chiu cao khong trng nh thp: 3,5 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
H
thp
= 7,17 + 2,0+ 3,5 = 12,675 (m)
Kch thc thp: 4220x13000 (mm)

F
V
t
. 3600

Trong :
V
t
V
t
=
P T
P T V
O
O O
.
. .

Vi :
V
o
= 24673 m
3
/h
P
o
= 760 mmHg
T
o
= 273
o
K
T=
K
O
5 , 330 ) 328 333 (
2
1
+

7 , 29869
1 . 273
1 . 5 , 330 . 24673

t
V
( m
3
/h )
Tnh tc kh :

60 , 0
708 , 13 . 3600
7 , 29869

(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:
ngh v c- k 47
136
tt nghip

3
2
.
.
8
td
k d k d
V
H
Pk

Trong :
H
K
V
td
= 0,79 m
3
/ m
3
13 , 1
7 , 29869
33881

t
K
k
V
m
(kg/m
3
)
Re =
d k
k k

.
. . 4
K
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
N N N O O O SO SO SO
N N N N O O O O SO SO SO SO
k
T M C T M C T M C
T M C T M C T M C
+ +
+ +

Trong :
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
C C C
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
M M M
2 2 3
, ,
N O SO
T T T

2 2 3
, ,
N O SO

Ta c:

5 , 59 .
2 , 70 .
116 .
2 2
2 2
3 3
N N
O O
SO SO
T M
T M
T M
(60 + 55) /2 = 57,50
o
C ta c:

SO3
= 1,45 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

O2
= 2,25 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

N2
= 1,90 x 10
- 5
Ns/m
2

C
SO3
= 4,54 %
C
O2
= 8,63 %
C
N2
= 86,83 %

5 , 59 . 8683 , 0 2 , 70 . 0863 , 0 116 . 0454 , 0
5 , 59 . 10 . 90 , 1 . 8683 , 0 2 , 70 . 10 . 25 , 2 . 0863 , 0 116 . 10 . 45 , 1 . 0454 , 0
5 5 5
+ +
+ +

ngh v c- k 47
137
tt nghip
= 1,89.10
-5
N/m
2
Vy :
Re =
110 . 10 . 89 , 1
13 , 1 . 6 , 0 . 4
5
= 1304,47

8 , 3
47 , 1304
16
Re
16
2 , 0 2 , 0

Vy tr lc ca m kh l

k
=
3
2
79 , 0 . 8
13 , 1 . 110 . 6 , 0 . 17 , 7 . 8 , 3
= 309,1 ( N/m
2
)
xp trong thp)
7.2. Tr lc t:
= K.
k

sau :
3
) 1 (
1
A
K

Trong :
Vi : b= 3 , 0
Re
745 , 1
x
Re =
X d
X
G
.
. 4

Trong :
G
X
l lu lng axit ti:
G
x
=
3 , 6
708 , 13 . 3600
311525
(kg/m
2
.h)

X
= 12.10
-3
Ns/m
2
l nht ng lc ca axit 98.3%
Re =
1 , 19
10 . 12 . 110
3 , 6 . 4
3


ngh v c- k 47
A=
3
3
2
. ) .(
2
. 3
Td X
X
V
G
g
b
138
tt nghip
b =
72 , 0
1 , 19
745 , 1
3 , 0

Vy ta c :
138 , 0
79 , 0 . 1835 . 81 , 9 . 2
110 . 3 , 6 . 72 , 0
. 3
3
3 2
2
A
Vy:
K =
3
) 138 , 0 1 (
1
= 1,56
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P
= 1,56.309,1 = 482,6 ( N/ m
2
)
Hay P = 49,8 mmH
2
O
VI. Tnh ton , chn thit b ph.
1. Qut gi l t qung.
1.1. Lu lng khng kh:
Ta c:
V
K
=V
o
.
273
298
V
o
= 14234 (m
3
/h). Theo bng 1:
V
KK
=
3600
1
.
273
298
. 14234
= 4.3 (m
3
/sec)
1.2. Tnh cng sut qut.
Theo cng thc:
N =
. 1000
. . . H g Q
(Kw)
Trong :
Q = 4,3 m
3
/sec: Nng sut qut.
= 0,8: Hiu sut qut.
H : p sut ton phn ca qut:
Chn p sut ti ch ht: P
1
= 50 mmH
2
O.
Chn p sut ti ch kh ra: P
2
= 1000 mm H
2
O.
B qua tn tht p sut khc phc lc ma st, tn tht ti ch t thu, t
m trong qut v ly b cng sut qut.
H = P
2
- (-P
1
) = 1000 + 50 = 1050 mm H
2
O
N=
8 , 0 . 1000
1050 . 29 , 1 . 81 , 9 . 3 , 4
= 71,42 KW
ngh v c- k 47
139
tt nghip
Cng sut ng c:
N = 1,5. 71,42 = 107,13 KW
Cn c vo nng sut qut v cng sut qut, ta chn qut nh sau:
K hiu: BM: 50/1000 - 15.
c im: Nng sut qut : 30000 m
3
/h.
p sut kh ra: 1050mm H
2
O.
Cng sut ng c: 200 KW.
S lng: 2 ci.
2. Qut gi ton h thng.
y l b phn to nn ng lc chnh cho kh I t l n tn ng khi.
2.1. Lu lng kh.
3600
1
).
273
t
1 .( V V
0 k
+ (m
3
/sec).
V
o
= 27197 ( m
3
/h)
t = 30
o
C
V =
3600
1
).
273
30
1 .( 27197 +
= 8,38 (m
3
/sec).
2.2. Tnh cng sut qut.
Theo cng thc:
N =
. 1000
. . . H g Q
(Kw)
Vi:
=
27197
37293
= 1,37 (kg/m
3
)
Tnh H: Tr lc ca ton b h thng: Bao gm tr lc t cc thit b t
ni hi n thp hp th mono ni phn tnh thit b chnh.
Ni hi 18 mm H
2
O.
Lc in kh: 25 mm H
2
O.
Ra I: 50 mm H
2
O.
Ra II: 50 mm H
2
O.
Tng m: 20 mm H
2
O.
Lc in t: 25 mm H
2
O
Sy kh: 50 mm Hg.
Thp tip xc: 263 mm H
2
O
Thp Oleum: 30 mm H.
Thp Mono: 50 mm H.
Tr lc cc Trao i nhit, cc thp tch git, ng ng ly: 500
mm H
2
O.
ngh v c- k 47
140
tt nghip
H = 1080 (mm H
2
O).
= 0,8: Hiu sut ng c.
N =
8 , 0 . 1000
1080 . 81 , 9 . 37 , 1 . 38 , 8
= 152,04 (KW).
Cng sut ng c in :
N = 1,5.152,04 = 228,065 (KW)
Vi 1,5 : h s d tr ca ng c in.
2.3. Chn qut.
Cn c vo nng sut qut v cng sut ng c ta chn qut
c k hiu 700 11 2.
c im:
Nng sut qut: 700 (m
3
/pht).
p sut: 1900 (mm H
2
O).
S vng quay: 2975.
Cng sut ng c: 350 (kW/h).
Khi lng : 8,4 tn
S lng: 2 chic.
3. Cc bm axit.
chn cc bm ny, ta cn c vo lu lng ti cc thp v cao
cc thp.
3.1. Lu lng ti cc thp.
Thp ra I: 55,5 (m
3
/h).
Thp ra II: 61,88 (m
3
/h).
Thp tng m: 38,48 (m
3
/h).
Thp sy: 38,44 (m
3
/h).
Thp Oleum: 101,8 (m
3
/h).
Thp Mono: 169,7 (m
3
/h).
3.2. Chn bm.
a. Cc thp ra, tng m dng bm c k hiu 5X 18.
c im bm chm:
S vng quay: 2900 vng/pht.
Cng sut ng c: 11 KW/h.
Chiu cao y: 24 m.
Nng sut: 90 m
3
/h.
S lng: 2 chic, mt d phng.
b. Thp sy:
Dng cc loi bm c c im:
ngh v c- k 47
141
tt nghip
Nng sut bm: 90 m
3
/h.
Chiu cao y: 49 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
b. Thp lum:
Dng cc loi bm 5x9 E - 7 c c im:
Nng sut bm: 160 m
3
/h.
Chiu cao y: 29 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
b. Thp mn:
Dng cc loi bm c c im:
Nng sut bm: 280 m
3
/h.
Chiu cao y: 42 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
4. Bng ti.
Chiu di bng ti: 50 (m).
Chiu rng bng ti: 0,5 (m)
Tc chuyn ti: 0,5 (m/sec).
Nng sut : 8 tn/h.
Cng sut: 4,5 KW
5. Cu trc.
Trng ti cu trc: 10 tn.
Cng sut ng c: 14 KW.
Dung tch gu: 2 m
3

Tc cu: 100 m /pht
Tc gu : 32 m/pht.
S lng: 1 chic.
6. Chn l sy.
Cn c vo nng sut l ta chn loi my sy thng quay. Yu cu:
m qung sau sy: 5%.
Dng than t lm tc nhn sy.
Kch thc thng quay: = 2,4 (m),
ngh v c- k 47
142
tt nghip
L
Lm vic
= 7,2 (m).
S vng quay: n
1
= 13,6 (vng/pht)
n
2
= 18 (vng/pht)
n
3
= 23,4 (vng/pht).
Cng sut ng c: 28 (KW) (C ba cp tc ).
7. Chn sng qung.
Cn c vo kch thc ht yu cu v nng sut l ta chn loi
sng phn 4 loi.
Lt ry cui c kch thc ht: 0 0,21 (mm).
Lt ry gia c kch thc ht: 0,21 0,25 (mm).
Lt ry trn cng c kch thc ht: 0,25 6 (mm).
Khng lt ry trn cng c d > 6 mm cho quay li nghin
8. Cc gin ti.
8.1. Vt liu ch to.
i vi gin lm ngui axit ti cho cc thp ra tng m do nng
axit long, tnh n mn cao nn chn vt liu lm ng dn axit l Graphit.
Cc gin cho thp sy v thp hp th chn vt liu gang v thp.
8.2. Chn gin ti.
Cn c vo b mt truyn nhit, ta chn s gin lm lnh cho cc thp:
Chn kch thc ng: 100 [mm].
ng knh ng: 9 [m].
Chiu cao gin: 4,4 [m].
S ng/1 gin: 36 [ng].
B mt truyn nhit ca mt gin: 102 [m
2
].
Chn s gin:
Thp ra I: 4 gin.
Thp ra II: 4 gin.
Thp tng m: 6 gin.
Thp sy: 3 gin.
Thp hp th Oleum: 5 gin.
Thp hp th Mono: 5 gin.
9. Cc thng cha.
9.1.Thng cha thp ra 1 , 2 v tng m:
Dung tch : 60 m
3

Loi b : Hnh tr t nm ngang, bn trong c lt ch.
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di : L = 12 m
ngh v c- k 47
143
tt nghip
9.2 Thng cha olum v mn:
a) Thng lum.
Dung tch : 60 m
3

Loi b : hnh tr t nm ngang, v thng ch to bng thp
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di: L = 12 m
b) Thng cha mn:
Dung tch : 80 m
3
Loi b : hnh tr t nm ngang, v thng ch to bng thp
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di: L = 16 m
9.3 . Kho cha sn phm:
Thng cha lum : Loi hnh tr , dung tch 600 m3
ng knh : 10m
Chiu cao : 8m
Thng cha axit : Dng 2 thng loi hnh tr , dung tch 600 m3
ng knh : 10m
Chiu cao : 8m

ngh v c- k 47
144
tt nghip
PHN TH NM
KINH T
Mc ch:
Tnh ton kinh t l mt phn quan trng, n phn nh c cu t chc
sn xut, vn u t, cc yu t to nn gi thnh sn phm. Qua bit
c s hp l hay khng ca gi thnh, bit c hiu qu ca vic u t
xy dng nh my thit k.
Ni dung:
I- Xc nh ch lm vic ca nh my:
Phn xng sn xut axt sunfuric nng sut 60000 T/nm lm vic
theo ch lin tc 3 ca /ngy, khng ngh ch nht ngy l. Thi gian 1 ca
l 8h. S gi ngy lm vic trong nm l :
Tlv = 330.3.8 = 7920 gi
II- Tnh ton nhu cu v in:
1) in dng cho thp sng:
Ngoi nh sng t nhin ban ngy, v ban m cn in chiu sng
m bo cho lm vic (thi gian 12h/1ngy)
S bng in thp sng cho sn xut c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:

.
.
W
E S
n
Trong :
n : s bng in
S : din tch nh cn chiu sng (m
2
)
E : chiu sng yu cu (W/m
2
)
ngh v c- k 47
145
tt nghip
W : cng sut 1 bng n chn (W)
: h s s dng n chiu sng = 0,7
Cn c vo cng thc trn v chiu sng yu cu ca tng
cng trnh, ta c kt qu bng tnh ton sau:
STT Tn nh xng Din
tch
(m
2
)
E
W/m
2
Cng sut
1bng
(W)
S
bng
Tng
(W)
01 Nh d qung pyrt 144 5 200 6 1200
02 Kho cha, gia cng
qung
1440 10 200 103 20600
03 Nh t qung 648 10 200 48 9600
04 Nh qut thi kh 432 10 200 32 6400
05 Nh tip xc 432 10 200 16 3200
06 Nh ra - sy - hp th 648 10 200 48 9600
07 Kho axt v bm 432 10 200 32 6400
08 Phn xng C-in 648 10 200 48 9600
09 Phn xng Mc-N 648 10 100 93 9300
10 Phn xng Nc-Hi 648 10 100 93 9300
11 Trm bin th in 144 10 100 22 2200
12 Nh th nghim trung
tm
432 10 75 83 6225
13 Nh xe 432 5 100 33 3300
14 Hi trng 432 10 100 63 6300
15 Nh hnh chnh 432 5 75 42 3150
16 Nh y t 432 10 100 33 3300
17 Nh cu ho 288 10 100 42 4200
18 Trm gc 36 5 100 3 300
19 Trm s l nc thi 216 10 75 42 3150
20 Nh n gia ca 648 5 75 63 4725
21 Nh dch v bn hng
v gii thiu sn phm
288 5 75 29 2175
ngh v c- k 47
146
tt nghip
Cng 9990
Tng cng sut:
W = 124225 (W)
Tng cng sut cc bng n chiu sng ng i li ly bng 5%
tng cng sut chiu sng trong nh:
0,05 . 124225 = 6211,25 ( W )
Tng cng sut chung l:
124225 + 6211,25 = 130436,25 ( W)
Cng sut n chiu sng tiu th trong 1 nm l:
130436,25 . 12 . 330 = 516527550( W)
hay 516527 (KW )
2) Nhu cu in ng lc:
Nhu cu in nng cho cc ng c thit b cc b phn lm vic
c cn c vo cng sut cc ng c chn. Cng sut chung thc t
lm vic thng ly bng 75% cng sut ng c. Ta c bng sau:
Stt Tn thit b Cng sut
/c (KW)
Cng sut
thc t (KW)
01 Cu trc 10 tn 14 10,5
02 Bng ti cp liu 13,5 10
03 Qut l t 200 150
04 lc in kh 15 11,25
05 Thp ra 1 11 8,25
06 Thp ra 2 11 8,25
07 Lc in t 1 15 11,25
08 Lc in t 2 15 11,25
09 Tng m 11 8,25
10 Sy 40 30
11 Qut h thng 350 262,5
12 Qut lm ngui 150 112,5
13 Thp lum 55 41,25
14 Thp mn 100 37,5
15 Cc dn lm ngui 50 75
16 Bm axit kho 28 21
ngh v c- k 47
147
tt nghip
17 in cho lc nc 18 13,5
18 in cho trung tm k 6 4,5
Cng 826,75
Tng cng sut in ng lc tiu th trong 1 nm l:
826,75 x 24 x 330 = 6547860 (KW)
III- Tnh ton nhu cu v nc:
1) Nc lm lnh cho dn sy:
Axt chy ra khi thp trc khi ti ln thp tun hon tr li cn
phi lm lnh, rt i mt lng nhit l:
Q
tc
= Q
axc
Q
axt

Q
tc
= 5693084-4297059 = 1396025 (kJ/h)
Ngoi ra a xt sy thng cha c nng 94% H
2
SO
4
c b xung
thm mt lng axt t thp Mono sang nng nng ln 95 % H
2
SO
4
.
Khi n to ra mt lng nhit, chp nhn gn ng bng 5% Q
tc
.
Q
hh
= 5% .1396025 = 69801 (kJ/h )
Vy lng nhit cn rt ra dn lm lnh a xt l:
Qr = 1396025+ 69801 = 1465826 (kJ/h )
Ta c phng trnh:
Qr = C
H2O
. m
H2O
. (t
c
t
t
)
Vi C
H2O
= 4,187 (kJ/kg.
t
c
= 35
o
C l nhit chy ca nc
t
t
= 25
o
C l nhit ti ca nc .
Ta c :
1465826 = 4,187 . m .( 35 25 )
m
H2O
= 35009 kg/h
V
H2O
= 35,009 m
3
/h
2) Nc lm lnh dn lum
Nhit cn rt:
Qr = 15859000-10977706 = 4881294
Ta c :
4881294 = 4,187. m
H2O
( 35-25 )
m
H2O
= 116582 (Kg/h )
V
H2O
= 116,582 ( m
3
/h )
3) Nc lm lnh dn Mono:
ngh v c- k 47
148
tt nghip
Nhit rt t axt ti chy l:
Q
tc
= Q
axc
Q
axt

Q
tc
= 24581961- 18255396 = 6326565 (kj/h)
Nhit hn hp khi b xung a xt sy vo thng cha Mono h nng
axt sau hp th chp nhn gn ng bng 5% Q
tc
.
Q
hh
= 5% . 6326565 = 316328 (kj/h)
Vy nhit cn rt l:
Qr = 6326565 + 316328 = 6642893
Ta c :
6642893 = 4,187 . m
H2O
(35 25 )
m
H2O
= 158655 (kg/h )
V
H2O
= 158,655 ( m
3
/h )
Tng cng lng nc cho cc dn lm lnh a xt trong dy chuyn l:
V
H2O
= 305 (m
3
/h)
Lng nc cn trong mt nm l:
305 . 24 . 330 = 2415600 ( m
3
/nm )
Hiu sut s dng nc trn dn ti l 95% . Do thc t nc phi ti
l:
95 , 0
2415600
= 2542737 (m
3
/nm )
4) Nc trong dng cho sn xut:
Chp nhn l 2 m
3
/h . Trong 1 nm cn dng l:
2 . 24 . 330 = 15840 (m
3
/nm )
5) Nc trong dng cho sinh hot :
Chp nhn l 2 m
3
/h . Trong 1 nm cn dng l:
2 . 24 . 330 = 15840 (m
3
/nm )
6) Nc mm cho ni hi :
Theo s liu phn cn bng cht ni hi nc cp cho ni hi
l: 8,503 (m
3
/h)
Trong 1 nm l: 8,503. 24 . 330 = 67343 ( m
3
/nm )
7). Lng nc tng cng l:
V = 2542737 + 15840 + 15840 + 67343
= 2641760 (m
3
/nm)
IV- Ga thnh sn phm:
1) Chi ph nguyn liu:
ngh v c- k 47
149
tt nghip
Ga nguyn liu : 600 /kg pyrit:
Chi ph cho nguyn liu trong 1 nm :
600.7147,745.24.330 = 33966084240 (ng)
Hay 33966,084 triu ng
2) Chi ph xc tc:
Thi gian thay xc tc l 3 nm . Ta c tiu tn xc tc cho mt tn sn
phm:
m =
60000 . 3
500 . 251 , 45
= 0,1256 (kg/tn axit)
hay 125,6 g/tn axit
Lng xc tc cho 1 nm sn xut l:
0,1256 . 60000 = 7536 kg
n gi: 280000/1kg xc tc (Tnh trung bnh cho 2 loi xc tc)
Chi ph : 280000 . 7536 = 2110,08. 10
6
ng
hay 2110,08 ( triu ng )
3) Chi ph in:
n gi in sn xut kinh doanh: 800/1KW
7064387.800 = 5651509600 ng
hay 5651,51 triu ng
4) Chi ph nc:
n gi : - Nc lm lnh a xt 500/1m3
- Nc trong 1000/1m3
- Nc mm 2000/1m3
Tng chi ph v nc l :
(500.2542737) + (1000.31680) + (2000.67343) = 1437734500 ng
Hay1437,734 triu ng.
5) Chi ph lng cng nhn:
D kin lng bnh qun ca c x nghip l 1200.000 ng
cho 1 ngi /thng.
Tng chi ph tin lng mt nm l :
160 . 1200000 . 12 = 2304000000 ng
hay 2304 triu ng
6) Chi ph bo him x hi: Bng 6% tng qu lng
ngh v c- k 47
150
tt nghip
0,06.2304 = 138,24 triu ng
7) Chi ph bo h lao ng:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1.2304 = 230,4 triu ng
8) Ph qun l x nghip:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1.2304 = 230,4 triu ng
9) Chi ph bn hng, qung co, tip th:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1. 2304 = 230,4 triu ng
10) Chi ph sa cha my mc thit b,sa cha cng trnh , khu
hao ti sn c nh: 25000 (triu ng )
Tng chi ph:
Gsp = 71298,848 ( triu ng )
Gi thnh 1 n v sn phm l
100 . 60000
10 . 848 , 71298
6
= 1188,314 (ng/kg)
Stt Thnh phn Gi
(/1kgH
2
SO
4
)
%
01 Nguyn liu 636,267 53,54
02 Xc tc 35,168 2,96
03 in nng 94,2 7,93
04 Nc 23,96 2,02
05 Lng cng nhn 38,4 3,23
06 Cc chi ph khc 360,319 30,32
07 Cng 1188,314 100,00
ngh v c- k 47
151
tt nghip
PHN VI
PHN XY DNG
1. H v tn : Nguyn Vn Quyn
2. Lp : Cng ngh v c K 47 .
3. Tn ti :
Thit k phn xng sn xut axit sunfuric nng sut 60.000 tn/nm .
Nguyn liu : Qung pyrit .
4. Cn b hng dn phn cng ngh:
T.S. Bnh.
5. a im xy dng nh my:
Phn xng nm trong tng th nh my sn xut phn bn ho hc
c xy dng ti a im x Cao mi huyn Lm thao tnh Ph Th vi
tng din tch phn xng l 40.000 m
2
(160m x 250m) trn nn t phi
nng nghip cch thnh ph Vit tr 15 km v pha ng nam, cch th x
Ph Th 8 km v pha Bc, cch sng Hng 1,5 km v pha Ty, cnh nh
my l quc l 32 C.
ngh v c- k 47
152
tt nghip
Khu vc c kh hu nhit i gi ma, hng gi ch o l ng
nam, m trung bnh 85%.
5.1.Phn tch yu cu chung ca khu t xy dng.
a) Vic b tr mt bng :
t phn xng ti a im ny l hon ton ph hp vi quy hoch
khu cng nghip nng ca Trung ng, quy hoch dn c ca a phng.
b) Tng i gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu:
Trong tnh c m Pirit Thanh sn dng cho dy chuyn axt 2, c
ngun qung aptt vn chuyn theo tuyn ng st Lo cai H ni v.
Vic tiu th sn phm cng thun tin: sn phm ca dy chuyn axt
ch yu cung cp ti ch cho phn xng sn xut phn bn trong lin hp
cng nghip, sn phm phn bn phc v cho nng dn cc vng ln cn v
trn min Bc.
c) V ngun nng lng:
C li in quc gia H ni Thc b i qua vi 2 mng li in
110KV v 35KV rt thun li v hon ton ch ng v in nng cho nh
my hot ng sn xut lin tc
d) V cp v thot nc:
- Cp nc lm mt cng nghip: a im ny gn sng Hng nn c
th dng trm bm ly nc sng Hng v dng ti lm lnh cho h thng
dn ti.
- Cp nc sch cho cng nghip v sinh hot: Nc sng Hng c
bm v s l lng lc v ho cht cung cp nc sch cho sn xut v
sinh hot ca ton b nh my rt thun li. Ngoi ra cn ngun nc ngm
n nh chiu su 6-7 m nh h thng ging khoan.
- V thot nc: Do khu t l cao ro, dc 1% nn ton b nc
thi ca qu trnh sn xut cng nh nc ma u c nhanh chng thi
theo ng cng ngm ra pha h lu sng Hng, khng gy ng nc
trong mt bng nh my.
e ) V mt giao thng vn ti rt thun tin:
- ng thu: Nh my cch sng Hng 1,5 km
- ng b: Con ng quc l 32C tri nha rng 10m i qua trc
mt nh my, ni lin khu m Pyrit Thanh sn vi nh my v quc l 2 i
Vit tr.
ngh v c- k 47
153
tt nghip
- ng st: C tuyn ng st t ga Lm Thao cnh nh my i ra
ga Tin kin ni lin vi tuyn ng Lo cai H ni v t H ni i khp
mi min ca t nc.
V mt giao thng rt thun tin cho vic vn chuyn vt t, thit b khi
xy dng nh my cng nh vn chuyn nguyn liu, tiu th sn phm
trong qu trnh sn xut
g) Ngun vt liu xy dng ti ch sn c:
Nh x nghip gch ngi sng Thao, nh my xi mng Tin kin, x
nghip ct si sng L, cn cc vt liu khc cng vn chuyn v mt cch
d dng, m bo khi xy dng nh my thun li v gim bt c vn u
t XDCB (do gim chi ph vn chuyn).
h) Khu vc p ng c ngun nhn cng cho xy dng cng trnh v cho
vn hnh sn xut:
Khu vc ny c nhiu dn sinh sng v c 2 trng o to cng nhn v
cn b k thut v ngnh Ho cht cu B cng nghip. Do vy m bo p
ng v nhn lc c sc kho trnh cho nh my t khi xy dng
n khi sn xut.
5.2 Yu cu v khu t xy dng
a) a hnh:
Khu t nm trn vng t phi nng nghip ca x, canh tc cy t c
hiu qu nh c, da .... Khu t tng i bng phng nn vic san i l t.
C hnh dng hnh ch nht thun tin cho b tr mt bng
dc trung bnh ca khu t l 1%
Din tch khu t 40.000m
2
m bo thoi mi cho b tr mt bng dy
truyn cng ngh nh xng.
b) a cht:
Khu t l thuc vng t i trung du kh nng chu lc ca t tt, cng
trung bnh ca t l R
t
= 2KG/cm
2
, v a cht n nh v khng phi
l vng c khong sn.
5.3 Y u cu v v sinh cng nghip:
- Khu t xy dng nh my cch vng dn c ca x v ln cn sinh
sng l 1000m m bo c khong cch ly hp l i vi dy chuyn sn
xut ho cht l H
2
SO
4

- Khu t nm gn st vi sng Hng v khu sn xut l nm cui
hng gi ch o l gi ng nam do vy t nh hng ti mi trng dn
sinh sng.
ngh v c- k 47
154
tt nghip
- Nc thi ca sn xut c s l trit bng ho cht, khi thi ra
sng Hng v pha h lu v ming ch cng thi cch khu dn c sinh sng
> 500m m bo yu cu khong cch quy nh.
6. S khi dy chuyn sn xut:

Qung

V kho

7. c im sn xut ca nh my:
- Qu trnh sn xut l lin tc, c tin hnh hu ht trong cc thit b
kn, trng thi hi nh l t, ni hi, tip xc, v cc trng thi lng
nh hp th.
- Ch lm vic 3 ca, s lng cng nhn t, cng nhn lm vic ch yu
l kim tra, quan st, iu chnh t ng v bn t ng.
- Nh my c nhiu cht c hi gy hin tng n mn kt cu nh v
thit b nh H
2
SO
4
, SO
3
, SO
2
. . .
- B phn l t nhit cao 800
o
C
8. S cn b cng nhn vin :
Vi c im ca dy chuyn sn xut c s t ng ho cao, ni lm
vic c nhiu bi v kh c, cng nhn lm vic ch yu l iu khin dy
chuyn sn xut v kim tra ch lm vic. Do vy vi nng sut l 60.000
tn /nm, nhng ta ch b tr 160 cng nhn vin lm vic l . Ta chia ra 4
kp , mi kp 40 ngi , ngy lm vic 3 ca.
9. Cc ch tiu:
Tiu hao nguyn liu :
ngh v c- k 47
155
L t ni hi
Thp
mn
Thp sy lc in
t 2
lc in
t 1
Thp tip
xc
Thp tng
m
lc in
kh
Thp
lum
Thp ra
mt
Thp ra
hai
cyclon
tt nghip
Vi nng sut 60000 tn / nm , mt nm nh my lm vic trong 330 ngy
Lng sn phm cn sn xut trong 1 gi:
m =
.
24 . 330
60000
= 7,576 (tn /gi) .
Lng qung pyrit tiu hao:
m = 7,147 (tn /gi )
Tiu hao nguyn liu:
m =
576 , 7
147 , 7
= 0,943 (tn / tn sp).
Tiu hao khng kh:
Ta c tiu hao khng kh l : 14234 (m
3
/h)
Tnh cho mt tn sp:
V =
576 , 7
14234
= 1878,83 (m
3
/tn sp).
Tiu hao nc :
V = 44,03 (m
3
/tn sp)
10. Cc hng mc trong nh my :
Stt Tn cng trnh Kch thc Din tch
( m
2
)
S
tng
Ghi
ch
Di rng cao
01 Nh d qung pyrt 12 12 144 1
02 Kho cha, gia cng qung 60 24 1440 1
03 Nh t qung 36 18 648
04 Nh qut thi kh 24 18 432
05 Nh tip xc 24 18 432
06 Nh ra - sy - hp th 36 18 648
07 Kho axt v bm 24 18 432
08 Phn xng C-in 42 18 648
09 Phn xng Mc-N 42 18 648
10 Phn xng Nc-Hi 36 18 648
11 Trm bin th in 12 12 144
12 Nh th nghim trung tm 36 12 432
13 Nh xe 42 12 432
14 Hi trng 36 18 432
15 Nh hnh chnh 36 12 432 2
16 Nh y t 36 12 432 1
17 Nh cu ho 24 12 288 1
ngh v c- k 47
156
tt nghip
18 Trm gc 6 6 36 1
19 Trm s l nc thi 18 12 216 1
20 Nh n gia ca 42 18 648
21 Nh dch v bn hng v
gii thiu sn phm
24 12 288
22 Khu t m rng sn xut 8000
23
27
Cng : 9900
11.Phn tch vic thit k tng mt bng:
Ton b khu t ca nh my nm trn khu t bng phng c cao
trung bnh 21-22m so vi mt nc bin. Cn c vo yu cu thit k tng
mt bng ca nh my ho cht ta b tr theo nguyn tc phn vng. C th
gm 4 vng nh sau:
11.1. Vng sn xut:
Gm cc phn xng chnh, c b tr gia nh my. Vng ny rt
quan trng , c lin h mt thit cc vng khc. Trong vng ny ta chia ra
cc nhm nh c tnh cht cng ngh sn xut khc nhau nh phn xng
sn xut H
2
SO
4
ring, phn xng sn xut Supe ring.
11.2.Vng nng lng ph tr:
Gm cc phn xng: in, nc, c in, vn ti . . .v.v. c b tr
xung quanh bn cnh vng sn xut m bo vic i li vi nhau l tin li
nht, phc v sn xut tt nht.
11.3. Vng kho - Thit b vn chuyn:
Gm cc kho vt t, thit b, kho thnh phm bn cnh vng ph tr
m bo thun tin cho cng tc lnh vt t thay th.
11.4. Vng nh phc v, sinh hot:
Vng ny c b tr trc nh my gm cc nh hnh chnh, th
nghim, nh n ca. Vng ny kin trc p to nn cnh quan mi trng tt
cho CBCNV trong gi lm vic v ngh ngi. Vic b tr vng ny va m
bo u hng gi va m bo khong cch i li t ni sn xut n khu
phc v nh hn 800m.
ngh v c- k 47
157
tt nghip
Vic b tr tng mt bng theo nguyn tc phn vng c nhng u
nhc im sau:
u im:
- D qun l theo cc xng sn xut
- H thng ng giao thng b tr c mt cch d dng v thun
li trong qu trnh i li ni b, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, sn phm
gia kho cng ty v ni sn xut.
- Khu hnh chnh phc v ni cui hng gi ch o nn cng
m bo mi trng tt.
- Trong mt bng d b tr c vn hoa - cy xanh - thm c khng
ch khu hnh chnh m c khu sn xut bn ng i li, to nn cnh
quan p gp phn iu ho kh hu nh lm gim nhit ma h cho
khng kh, lm gim ting n, chng bi, cn gi nng.
- Vic thng gi, chiu sng cho cc nh sn xut rt thun tin.
- Vic pht trin m rng nh my d dng do b tr khu t d tr
gn xng sn xut chnh.
Nhc im:
ng sn xut di, tn kinh ph xy dng. H thng ng ng k
thut nh ng nc, hi, kh nn, ng dn nhin liu . . . ko di theo dy
chuyn sn xut nn chi ph u t tng hn, h s xy dng thp.
Qua cc phn tch trn y ta thy rng v c bn mt bng p ng
c yu cu, tuy u t xy dng ban u c cao hn cht t song c th
chp nhn c.
12. Cc ch tiu thit k tng mt bng :
Tng din tch ton nh my : 40000 m
2

Din tch xy dng : 9900 m
2

Din tch sn bi : 2000 m
2

Din tch ng giao thng : 9000 m
2

Din tch h : 1500 m
2

Ta c :
KXD =
F
B A+
Trong :
KXD : l h s xy dng
A : Din tch xy dng nh , cng trnh
B : Din tch kho bi ,bi l thin.
ngh v c- k 47
158
tt nghip
F : din tch ton Phn xng
K
XD
=
40000
2000 9900 +
= 0,2975

- H s s dng c tnh theo cng thc:
K
SD
=
F
C B A + +
C : din tch dnh cho giao thng, h thng x l nc thi
K
SD
=
40000
1500 9000 2000 9900 + + +
= 0,56
13. Nh sn xut:
S sn xut:

Cc thit b trong nh sn xut xy ho gm : thp xy ho, trao i
nhit ngoi, thp lm ngui SO
3
.
Thp xy ho 5,5 (m) H = 16 (m) (l thit b c kch thc ln nht)
Chn mt bng hnh ch nht c kch thc 18 24 m ; mt bng n
gin d s dng din tch v d b tr thit b.
Vic b tr dy truyn cng ngh cc ng ng k thut gia thp tip
xc v cc trao i nhit d dng.Vn thng gi, chiu sng, v sinh cng
nghip d.
Chn gii php thit k : khung thep Zamil, xung quanh nh trng cho
nh c thng thong, trong nh ch b tr 3 thit b , khng c phng lm
vic.
ngh v c- k 47
159
Lm
ngui
Tip xc un nng

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Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni n

VI. Thp ra II.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Quyn Lp cng

VIII. Thp tng m.

C. Cn bng nhit thp tng m.

1.4. Tng nhit vo:

3. Kim tra nng SO

XII. Thp tip xc (Thp xi ho SO

XVII. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui kh sn phm

XIX. Thp hp th mn hydrat.

= 6,334 m l chiu cao m

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Quyn Lp cng

4.2 Chiu cao cc lp xc tc:

Ly h s an ton 1,2 ta c b mt truyn nhit:

Ly h s an ton 1,2 ta c b mt truyn nhit:

Ly h s an ton 1,2 ta c b mt truyn nhit:

= 34,462- 14 = 30,462 (mmHg)

= 4,011 m l chiu cao m

= 0,036- 0,005 = 0,029 (mmHg)

= 7,17 m l chiu cao m

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Quyn Lp cng

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Quyn Lp cng

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