V mt s dng phng trnh hm a thc

Phng trnh hm a thc l mt dng ton kh, gii c cc phng trnh hm loi ny, chng ta
cn nm r khng nhng cc k thut gii phng trnh hm m cn cc tnh cht v cc c trng c
bn ca a thc (nghim, h s, bc, tnh lin tc, tnh hu hn nghim, tnh kh vi ). Trong bi vit
ny, chng ta s cp n mt s dng phng trnh a thc c s li gii tng t nhau: xy dng
nghim v chng minh cc nghim vt ht tp hp nghim.
1. Phng trnh dng P(f)P(g) = P(h).
Bi ton tng qut: Gi s f ( x), g ( x) v h( x) l cc a thc thuc [ x] cho tho mn iu kin:
deg( f ) + deg( g ) = deg(h) . Tm tt c cc a thc P ( x ) thuc [ x] sao cho:
P[ f ( x )].P[ g ( x)] = P[h( x)] (1), x
Nghim ca phng trnh hm (1) c nhiu tnh cht c bit gip chng ta c th xy dng c tt c
cc nghim ca n t cc nghim bc nh:
Tnh cht 1.1. Nu P, Q l nghim ca (1) th P.Q cng l nghim ca (1).
Chng minh:
( P.Q)[h( x)] =

(P.Q)(h(x)) = (P)(h(x)).Q(h(x)) = P(f(x)).P(g(x)).Q(f(x)).Q(g(x))

= (P.Q)(f(x)).(P.Q)(g(x)).
H qu 1.2. Nu P(x) l nghim ca (1) th Pn(x) cng l nghim ca (1).
Trong kh nhiu trng hp, h qu 1.2 cho php chng ta m t ht cc nghim ca (1). lm iu
ny, ta c nh l quan trng sau y:
nh l 1.3. Nu f, g, h l cc a thc vi h s thc tho mn iu kin deg(f) + deg(g) = deg(h) v
tho mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:
(i)
deg(f) deg(g)
(ii)
deg(f) = deg(g) v f* + g* 0, trong f*, g* l h s cao nht ca cc a thc f v g
tng ng.
Khi vi mi s nguyn dng n tn ti nhiu nht mt a thc P(x) c bc n v tho mn phng
trnh (1).
Chng minh:
Gi s P l a thc bc n tho mn phng trnh (1), deg(f) = f, deg(g) = g, deg(h) = h, cc h s cao
nht ca P, f, g, h tng ng l P*, f*, g*, h*. So snh h s cao nht hai v ca cc a thc trong
phng trnh
P(f(x))P(g(x)) = P(h(x))
Ta c P*(f*)n.P*(g*)n = P*(h*)n t suy ra P* = (h*/f*g*)n.
Nh vy, nu gi s ngc li, tn ti mt a thc Q bc n (khc P) cng tho mn phng trnh (1) th
Q* = P* v ta c
Q(x) = P(x) + R(x) vi 0 r = deg(R) < n
(ta quy c bc ca a thc ng nht 0 bng -, do deg(R) 0 ng ngha R khng ng nht 0)
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Thay vo phng trnh (1), ta c

(P(f) + R(f))(P(g) + R(g)) = P(h) + R(h)

P(f)P(g) + P(f)R(g) + R(f)P(g) + R(f)R(g) = P(h) + R(h)

P(f)R(g) + R(f)P(g) + R(f)R(g) = R(h)

(2)
By gi ta xt cc trng hp
i)
deg(f) deg(g). Gi s f > g. Khi bc ca cc a thc v tri (2) ln lt l nf + rg, rf +
ng, rf + rg, v do nf + rg > rf + ng > rf + rg nn v tri c bc l nf + rg. Trong khi v phi
c bc l rh = r(f+g) < nf + rg. Mu thun.
ii)
deg(f) = deg(g). Khi , hai a thc u tin v tri ca (2) cng c bc l nf + rg = ng + rf
v c th xy ra s trit tiu khi thc hin php cng. Tuy nhin, xt h s cao nht ca hai
a thc ny, ta c h s ca xnf + rg trong a thc th nht v th hai ln lt bng
P*(f*)nR*(g*)r, R*(f*)rP*(g*)n. Nh th, bc ca xnf+rg trong tng hai a thc bng
P*R*f*rg*r(f*(n-r)+g*(n-r)) 0 do f* + g* 0. Nh vy, bc ca v tri ca (2) vn l nf + rg,
trong khi bc ca v phi l rh = rf + rg < nf + rg. Mu thun.
nh l c chng minh hon ton.
p dng nh l 1.3 v h qu 1.2, ta thy rng nu P0(x) l mt a thc bc nht tho mn phng
trnh (1) vi f, g, h l cc a thc tho mn iu kin ca nh l 1.3 th tt c cc nghim ca (1) s c
dng: P(x) 0, P(x) 1, P(x) = (P0(x))n.
Sau y, chng ta s xem xt mt s v d p dng ca cc tnh cht ni trn.
V d 1. Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) vi h s thc tho mn phng trnh
P(x2) = P2(x)
(3)
vi mi x thuc R.
Li gii: Ta c cc hm f(x) = x, g(x) = x, h(x) = x2 tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l 1.3, v hm P(x)
= x l hm bc nht tho mn (3) do cc hm P(x) 0, P(x) 1, P(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, l tt c
cc nghim ca (3).
V d 2. (Vietnam 2006) Hy xc nh tt c cc a thc P(x) vi h s thc, tho mn h thc sau:
P(x2) + x(3P(x) + P(-x)) = (P(x))2 + 2x2 (4)
vi mi s thc x.
Li gii: Thay x = - x vo (4), ta c
P(x2) x(3P(-x) + P(x)) = (P(-x))2 + 2x2 (5)
Tr (4) cho (5), ta c
4x(P(x) + P(-x)) = P2(x) P2(-x)

(P(x) + P(-x))(P(x) P(x) 4x) = 0

(6)
(6) ng vi mi x thuc R, do ta phi c
+ Hoc P(x) + P(-x) = 0 ng vi v s cc gi tr x
+ Hoc (P(x) P(x) 4x = 0 ng vi v s cc gi tr x
Do P l a thc nn t y ta suy ra
+ Hoc P(x) + P(-x) = 0 ng vi mi x
+ Hoc (P(x) P(x) 4x = 0 ng vi mi x
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Ta xt cc trng hp:
+ P(x) + P(-x) = 0
Khi ta c phng trnh
P(x2) + 2xP(x) = (P(x))2 + 2x2

P(x2) x2 = (P(x) x)2

t Q(x) = P(x) x th Q(x2) = Q2(x). Theo v d 1 th Q(x) 0, Q(x) 1, Q(x) = xn. T P(x) = x,
P(x) = x+1, P(x) = xn + x. So snh vi iu kin P(x) + P(-x) = 0, ta ch nhn cc nghim: P(x) = x v
P(x) = x2k+1 + x, k = 0, 1, 2
+ P(x) P(-x) 4x = 0
Khi ta c phng trnh
P(x2) + x(4P(x) 4x) = P2(x) + 2x2

P(x2) 2x2 = (P(x) 2x)2

t Q(x) = P(x) 2x th Q(x2) = Q2(x) v nh th Q(x) 0, Q(x) 1, Q(x) = xn. T P(x) = 2x, P(x)
= 2x+1, P(x) = xn + 2x. So snh vi iu kin P(x) P(-x) 4x = 0, ta ch nhn cc nghim: P(x) = 2x,
P(x) = 2x+1 v P(x) = x2k + 2x, k = 1, 2, 3
Tng hp hai trng hp, ta c tt c nghim ca (4) l cc a thc
P(x) = x, P(x) = 2x, P(x) = 2x+1, P(x) = x2k+1 + x, P(x) = x2k + 2x vi k = 2, 3,
V d 3. Tm tt c cc a thc vi h s thc P(x) tho mn ng thc sau vi mi s thc x
P(x)P(2x2) = P(2x3+x)
(7)
2
3
Li gii: Cc a thc x, 2x , 2x +x tho mn iu kin nh l 1.3, do ta s i tm nghim khng
ng nht hng s vi bc nh nht ca (7).
Xt trng hp P(x) c bc nht, P(x) = ax + b. Thay vo (7), ta c
(ax + b)(2ax2+b) = a(2x3+x) + b
So snh h s ca cc n thc hai v, ta c h
a3 = 2a, 2ba2 = 0, ab = a, b2 = b
H ny v nghim (do a 0) nn ta c th kt lun: khng tn ti a thc bc nht tho mn (7).
Tip tc xt trng hp P(x) c bc 2, P(x) = ax2 + bx + c. Thay vo (7), ta c
(ax2 + bx + c)(4ax4+2bx2+c) = a(2x3+x)2 + b(2x3+x) + c

4a2x6 + 4abx5 + (4ac + 2ab)x4 + 2b2x3 + (ac + 2bc)x2 + bcx + c2 =

4ax6 + 4ax4 + 2bx3 + ax2 + bx + c
So snh h s cc n thc hai v, ta c h
4a2 = 4a, 4ab = 0, 4ac + 2ab = 4a, 2b2 = 2b, ac + 2bc = a, bc = b, c2 = c.
H ny c nghim a = c = 1, b = 0. Nh vy, P(x) = x2 + 1 l a thc bc 2 tho mn (7). T h qu 1.2
v nh l 1.3, ta suy ra (x2+1)k l tt c cc a thc bc chn (khng ng nht hng s) tho mn (7).
Th cn cc nghim ca (7) c bc l? R rng a thc x2 + 1 khng sinh ra c cc nghim bc l.
Rt may mn, ta c th chng minh cc a thc bc l khng th l nghim ca (7). chng minh
iu ny, da vo tnh cht mi a thc bc l u c t nht mt nghim thc, ta ch cn chng minh
nu P(x) l mt a thc khng ng nht hng s tho mn (7) th P(x) khng c nghim thc (y
chnh l ni dung bi Vietnam MO 1990).
Tht vy, gi s l nghim thc ca P(x), khi 23 + cng l nghim ca P(x). Nu > 0 th ta c
, + 23, + 23 + 2( + 23)3, l dy tng v tt c u l nghim ca P(x), mu thun. Tng t,

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nu < 0 th dy ni trn l dy gim v ta cng c P(x) c v s nghim. Nu = 0, t P(x) = xkQ(x)

vi Q(0) 0, thay vo phng trnh, ta c
xkQ(x)(2x2)kQ(2x2) = (2x3+x)kQ(2x3+x)
=>
Q(x)(2x2)kQ(2x2) = (2x2+1)kQ(2x3+x)
Thay x = 0 vo ta c 0 = Q(0), mu thun.
Vy P(x) khng c nghim thc, c ngha l P(x) khng th c bc l. Ni cch khc, bi ton c
gii quyt hon ton.
Nh ni phn cui ca bi trc, phng trnh dng P(f)P(g) = P(h) cn c th gii bng cch xt
cc nghim (c th l phc) ca a thc P(x) = 0. Sau y chng ta xt mt v d nh vy:
V d 4: Tm tt c cc a thc khng hng s P(x) sao cho
P(x)P(x+1) = P(x2+x+1)
(8)
2
Li gii: Gi s a l mt nghim ca P(x) = 0. Khi a + a + 1cng l nghim. Thay x bng x - 1, ta c
P(x)P(x-1) = P(x2 x + 1)
V P(a) = 0 nn ta cng suy ra a2 a + 1 cng l nghim ca P(x) = 0.
Chn a l nghim c modul ln nht (nu c mt vi nghim nh th th ta chn 1 trong chng). T
cch chn ta suy ra |a2 + a + 1| | a | v |a2 a + 1| | a |
p dng bt ng thc v modul, ta c
| 2a | | a2 + a + 1| + | a2 + a 1| | a | + | a | = | 2a|.
Nh vy du bng phi xy ra cc ng thc trn, suy ra vi
(a2+a+1) = s(-a2+a-1) vi s l mt s dng no .
Nu |a2 + a + 1| < | a2 a + 1| th 2| a2 a + 1| > | a2 a + 1| + | a2 + a + 1| | 2a |, suy ra |a2 a + 1| > | a
|. Tng t t |a2 + a + 1| > | a2 a + 1|, cng suy ra | a2 + a + 1| > | a |, mu thun vi cch chn a.
Vy |a2 + a + 1| = | a2 a + 1|. T s = 1 v ta c (a2 + a + 1) = (a2 + a 1)
suy ra a2 + 1 = 0, suy ra a = i v nh vy x2 + 1 l tha s ca P(x). T y P(x) = (x2 + 1)mQ(x),
trong Q(x) l a thc khng chia ht cho x2 + 1. Thay vo (8), ta c Q(x) cng tha mn (8).
Nu nh phng trnh Q(x) = 0 c nghim th lm tng t nh trn, nghim c modul ln nht phi l
i. Nhng iu ny khng th v x2 + 1 khng chia ht Q(x). Ta i n kt lun rng Q(x) l hng s,
gi s l c. Thay vo phng trnh, ta c c = 1.
Nh vy tt c cc nghim khng hng ca phng trnh (8) c dng (x2 + 1)m vi m l s nguyn
dng.
Ch rng kt lun ca nh l khng cn ng nu f v g l hai a thc cng bc v c h s cao nht
i nhau.
V d vi phng trnh hm a thc P(x)P(-x) = P(x2-1) (9) c th tm c rng c 2 a thc bc nht,
4 a thc bc 2 tha mn phng trnh. Bi ton m t tt c cc nghim ca (9) hin nay, theo
chng ti, vn cn l mt bi ton m.
Bi tp:

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1. (Bulgaria 1976) Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) tho mn iu kin

P(x2 2x) = (P(x-2))2
vi mi x thuc R.
2. (TH&TT 7/2006) Tm tt c cc a thc c h s thc tho mn
P(x)P(x+1) = P(x2+2) vi mi x R.
3. (Bulgaria 1988) Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) khng phi hng s sao cho P(x3+1) = P3(x+1) vi mi x.
4. Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) ch c nghim thc tha mn phng trnh (9).
5. Tm t nht mt a thc khng c nghim thc tha mn phng trnh bi ton (9).
Phng trnh dng P(f)P(g) = P(h) + Q.
By gi chng ta xt n phng trnh dng
P(f)P(g) = P(h) + Q (1)
( tin theo di v khng qu rc ri trong k hiu, ta nh s li cc cng thc t 1)
trong f, g, h, Q l cc a thc cho, deg(f) + deg(g) = deg(h).
Vi phng trnh (1), nu Q khng ng nht 0 th ta s khng cn tnh cht "nhn tnh" nh dng 1. V
th, vic xy dng nghim tr nn kh khn. y chnh l khc bit c bn ca dng 2 vi dng 1.
Tuy nhin, ta vn c th chng minh c nh l duy nht, c pht biu nh sau:
nh l: Cho f, g, h l cc a thc khng hng tha mn iu kin deg(f) + deg(g) = deg(h), Q l mt
a thc cho trc. Khi , vi mi s nguyn dng n v s thc a, tn ti nhiu nht mt a thc P
tha
mn
ng
thi
cc
iu
kin
sau:
i) deg(P) = n, ii) P* = a iii) P(f)P(g) = P(h) + Q
Php chng minh nh l ny hon ton tng t vi php chng minh nh l c chng minh
phn 1.
1. Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) tha mn phng trnh
P2(x) P(x2) = 2x4
2. Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) tha mn phng trnh
P(x2-1) = P2(x) - 1
3. Tm tt c cc b (a, P, Q) trong a l hng s thc, P, Q l cc a thc sao cho:
P2(x)/Q2(x) = a + P(x2)/Q(x2)
3. Mt s bi tp tng hp
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1. P(3x) = P(x)P(x)P(x)
2. P(x) thuc R[x]: P(x2) = P(x)P(x-1) (Ireland 1994)
3. P(x2) = P(x)P(x+1)
4. P(x) thuc Z[x] 16P(x2) = [P(2x)]2 (Nam T 1982)
5. Tm cc a thc f(x) tho mn: f(f(x)) = f(x)m vi m > 1 nguyn cho trc (Hng Cng 1999)
6. Cho a thc P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 0. Chng minh rng vi s n thuc N tu khng tn ti
nhiu hn mt a thc Q(x) tho mn ng nht:
Q(P(x)) = P(Q(x)) vi mi x thuc R (Hungary 1979)
7. (x-1)P(x-1) = (x+2)P(x) (New York 1976)
8. 2P(x) = P(x+1) + P(x-1) (New York 1975)
9. P(u2 v2) = P(u+v)P(u-v)
10. Nhng a thc h s thc no c P l c ca P?
11. P(x2) = P(x)P(x+1)
12. Tm P v Q trong R[x] sao cho: P2 = 1 + (x2-1)Q2.
13. P(x+P(x)) = P(x) + P(P(x))
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn Vn Mu, a thc i s v phn thc hu t, NXB Gio dc 2002.
2. L Honh Ph, Chuyn kho v a thc, Nh xut bn HQG Tp H Ch Minh, 2003.
3. B.J. Venkatachala, Functional Equations - A problem Solving Approach, PRISM 2002.
4. Christian Leboeuf, Jean Guegand, Algebre, Ellipses 1992.
5. Shkliarsky D.O, Chentsov N.N., Yaglom I.M., Selected Problems and Theorems in Elementary
Mathematics, Mir Publishers, Moscow 1979.
6. Conhiagghin , Cc v ch Ton cc nc, Nh xut bn Hi phng 1993.
7. Prasolov V.V, Polynomials, MCCME, Moscow 2003.
8. Cc tp ch Kvant, Ton hc v tui tr, t liu Internet.

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