I HC QUC GIA TP HCM

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

KHOA MI TRNG
09KMT
----------

SC KHE MI TRNG
NH GIC TC NG CA HOT NG CHN
NUI HEO LN MI TRNG V SC KHE TRC
V SAU KHI C H THNG BIOGAS

GV: ThS. MAI TH THU THO

SV thc hin:
1.

0917067

Hu n n T

2.

0917091

3.

0917175

P m Du Lin

4.

0917384

N u nN

5.

0917075

P m Thi H

nT

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2012

N nH

T uH n
T

MC LC
GII THIU NGNH CHN NUI HEO VIT NAM ............................................................ 1

I.
1.

N n

n nui eo Vit Nam .................................................................................................. 1

2.

Vai tr ca ngnh

n nui eo ................................................................................................... 2

II. CC TC NG CA NGNH CHN NUI .............................................................................. 3

1.

2.

Cc cht thi pht sinh. .................................................................................................................. 3

1.1.

Kh thi...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.

Nc thi................................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.

Cht thi rn .............................................................................................................................. 5

nhi m mi t ng do cht thi

n nui eo.......................................................................... 8

2.1.

nhim mi trng khng kh ................................................................................................. 8

2.2.

nhim mi trng nc ......................................................................................................... 9

2.3.

nhim mi trng t ............................................................................................................ 9

3.

T ng ti sc kho ..................................................................................................................... 9

4.

Mt s bn mi t n

III.
1.

2.

3.

n nui t ng g p ......................................................................... 10

4.1.

Bnh nhim c nm: ............................................................................................................. 10

4.2.

Bnh st thng hn: .............................................................................................................. 11

4.3.

Bnh Leptospirosis:................................................................................................................. 11

4.4.

Bnh sy thai truyn nhim (Brucellosis): .............................................................................. 11

4.5.

Bnh Lin cu khun ln: ....................................................................................................... 12

4.6.

Bnh ln tai xanh (hi chng ri lon h hp v sinh sn):.................................................... 13

GII THIU M HNH BIOGAS ............................................................................................. 14

Gii thiu m hnh biogas ............................................................................................................ 14
1.1.

Thnh phn kh sinh hc ......................................................................................................... 14

1.2.

C s l thuyt ........................................................................................................................ 14

1.3.

Thc tin ................................................................................................................................. 14

Li

t c ............................................................................................................................ 16

2.1.

Hiu qu v kinh t ................................................................................................................. 16

2.2.

Hiu qu v mi trng .......................................................................................................... 17

2.3.

Hiu qu v x hi .................................................................................................................. 18

Mt s khuyt im ....................................................................................................................... 19

IV.
1.

2.

V.

SO SNH TNH TRNG TRC V SAU KHI S DNG H THNG BIOGAS ......... 20
Mi t ng ..................................................................................................................................... 20
1.1.

Trc khi lp t h thng Biogas .......................................................................................... 20

1.2.

Sau khi lp t h thng Biogas .............................................................................................. 21

Sc kho n i dn....................................................................................................................... 21
2.1.

Trc khi lp t h thng Biogas .......................................................................................... 21

2.2.

Sau khi lp t h thng Biogas ............................................................................................. 22

KT LUN ........................................................................................................................................ 23

I.

GII THIU NGNH CHN NUI HEO VIT NAM

1. N

n nui heo Vit Nam

C n nui l mt ngnh quan trng ca nng nghip hin i, nui ln vt nui sn xut
nhng sn phm nh: thc phm, lng, v sc lao ng. Sn phm t chn nui nhm cung cp
li nhun v phc v cho i sng sinh hot ca con ngi. Chn nui xut hin lu i trong
nhiu nn vn ha k t khi loi ngi chuyn i t li sng sn bn hi lm sang nh canh
nh c.
T trc n nay, chn nui lun c vai tr quan trng i vi nn nng nghip nc ta, gi tr
chn nui chim t trng kh, trn 27% c cu ca ton ngnh v tng trng mi nm (giai
on 2001 - 2009) t 7-8%. Theo Tng cc Thng k, nm 2010, tng s u ln t 27,3 triu
con, s lng gia cm hn 300 triu con, sn lng tht t 615 nghn tn.
-

T trng gi tr ngnh chn nui trong ton ngnh nng nghip Vit Nam nm 2010

Ngnh
Trng trt Chn nui Dch v
T trng 73%
25%
2%
-

T trng gi tr chn nui heo trong ngnh chn nui nm 2010

Gi tr
Sn xut tht ln Sn xut tht gia cm Sn xut tht cc gia sc khc
T trng 78%
10%
12%
Gi tr sn xut tht ln chim t trng ln trong ngnh chn nui ca nc ta, iu ny cho thy
mc quan trng ca vic chn nui heo p ng nhu cu thc n cho ngi dn.

2. Vai tr ca ngnh

n nui eo

Ngnh chn nui heo c ngha rt quan trng trong chn nui gia sc:
-

Cung cp thc phm c gi tr cao cho con ngi (100Kg tht ln c 357 Kcal v 22g
protein) [GS.Harr v CS,1956]
Cung cp phn bn cho trng trt (1 con ln tht c th thi 2,5 -4Kh phn/ ngy m).
Cung cp sn phm ph cho cng nghip ch bin cc ph phm chn nui.
Chn nui heo gi vai tr cn bng sinh thi gi cy trng vt nui v con ngi.

Ngoi nhng li ch m ngnh chn nui mang, cc hot ng chn nui cng c nhng mc tiu
cc: cht thi t cc hot ng chn nui c th gy nhim mi trng khng kh, nc ngm,
gy bnh, nh hng n sc khe con ngi cho ngi,

II.

CC TC NG CA NGNH CHN NUI

1. Cc cht thi pht sinh.

1.1. Kh thi.

Ngun pht sinh kh thi:

Bi do vn chuyn, bc xp nguyn liu, thnh phm.

Mi hi pht sinh do qu trnh phn hu ca cht thi trong hot ng chn nui.

Thnh phn cc cht nhi m trong kh thi:

Kh thi v mi sinh ra trong hot ng chn nui heo bao gm bi v cc hp cht hu c

gy mi.
Cc hp cht hu c ny c to thnh t s phn hu cc thnh phn c trong phn heo,

nc tiu, thc n d tha, nc thi trong chung tri v khu vc cha phn v nc
thi. Chng thay i tu thuc v tr, quy m, loi hnh chn nui, phng thc sn xut,
thnh phn v ch dinh dng, ma, nhit , thi gian trong ngy, tc gi v hng
gi.
Mi do phn gy ra l chnh. Mi pht sinh t phn ti thng t kh chu hn mi pht

sinh sau qu trnh phn hu k kh ngay c trong qu trnh x l.

Cc nghin cu cho thy c trn 168 hp cht ho hc c trong khng kh khu vc chn

nui heo. Trong , cc hp cht chnh l amonia, amine, hp cht cha S, acid bo bay hi,
indole, skatole, phenol, ru carbonyl.
Hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm pht

sinh bi, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC,gy nhim khng kh.

1.2. Nc thi

Ngun p t sin nc thi

Nc thi t qu trnh chn nui: nc tiu heo, nc v sinh chung tri, nc tm heo

Nc ma chy trn qua mt bng tri chn nui ko theo cn, t ct, rc v cc tp cht
ri vi trn mt t xung ngun nc.
Nc thi sinh hot.

Thnh phn cc cht nhi m t on nc thi

3

Nc tiu:

Nc tiu l cht thi qua qu trnh trao i cht bng vic hp thu cc dinh dng trong

thc n gia sc tiu ho ho tan vo mu, sau qu trnh trao i cht c bi tit ra
ngoi di dng nc.
Thnh phn nc tiu tng i n gin ch yu l nc (chim ti 90% tng khi lng

nc tiu) trong nit (phn ln di dng ur) v photpho chim mt khi lng ln.
Ur trong nc rt d phn hu trong iu kin khng c oxy, cho nn khi bi tit ra khi c
th chng s phn hu to thnh amoniac gy mi kh chu.
Thnh phn nc tiu tu thuc vo iu kin dinh dng v kh hu nhng nhn chung l

giu m, kali, hm lng ln t hoc khng ng k. Tuy nhin so vi cc loi gia sc khc
th nc tiu heo cha t m hn.

Bng 1: Thnh phn ho hc ca nc tiu heo t 70-100 kg

c tnh
n v
Gi tr
pH
6.77 8.19
Vt cht kh
g/kg
30.9 35.9
NH4-N
g/kg
0.13 0.40
Ntng
g/kg
4.90 6.63
Tro
g/kg
8.50 16.3
Cht x
g/kg
123 196
Cacbonates
g/kg
0.11 0.19
Cc axit bo mch
g/kg
3.83 4.47
ngn

Nc thi

n nui eo:

L hn hp nc t cc ng phn chy ra, phn ln l nc tiu ho ln vi nhiu cht ho

tan ca phn, thm mt lng ln nc tm heo, nc v sinh chung tri.
Bng 2: Tnh cht nc thi chn nui heo
c tnh
n v
mu
Pt - Co
c
mg/L
BOD
mg/L
COD
mg/L
SS
mg/L
Ptng
mg/L
4

Gi tr
350 870
420 - 550
3500 8900
5000 12000
680 1200
36 72

Ntng
Du m

220 460
5 - 58

mg/L
mg/L

Loi nc thi ny rt giu cht dinh dng, d tiu v c gi tr ln v mt phn bn.

Trong nc thi, hp cht hu c chim 70-80% gm cellulose, protit, axit amin, cht bo,
hydrat cacbon v cc dn xut ca chng. Hu ht cc cht hu c d phn hu, cc cht v
c chim 20-30% gm ct, t, ure, amonium, mui clorua, SO42-, v.v.. Qu trnh phn hu
cc cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh s cho cc sn phm CO2, H2O, NO2-, NO3-. Cn
trong qu trnh k kh l CH4, N2, NH3, H2S, v.v
Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi chn nui tu thuc vo s lng heo, tui,

thc n, ch dinh dng, lng nc s dng, mc tch v thu gom cc cht thi
khc, quy trinh chm sc vo ma ma hay ma kh, v.v...
Ngoi cc cht v c, hu c k trn, nc thi chn nui heo cn cha hm lng ln cc

loi vi trng, virus v trng u trng giun sn gy bnh.

Nc thi sinh hot:

Nc thi sinh hot: ch yu cha cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc h cht hu c

(BOD/COD) v cc cht dinh dng (N,P) v vi sinh.
1.3. Cht thi rn

Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn

Ti tri chn nui bao gm:

-

Cht thi rn do chn nui nh phn, thc n tha, cht n, lt,

Cht thi rn sinh hot ch yu l rc hu c, bao nilon, giy vn

Cht thi rn nguy hi: hot ng chn nui hu nh khng pht thi cht thi rn nguy hi.

Thnh phn cht thi rn

Phn chung:

Phn chung l dng cht thi thc n gia sc ( cht thi rn ) khi qua c quan tiu ho
khng c tiu ho mt cch trit v c bi thi ra ngoi c th gia sc.

Thnh phn v khi lng ca phn thay i tu thuc vo ging, tui, trng lng,
thnh phn n, khu phn thc n ca heo.

Phn heo c xp vo loi phn lng hoc hi lng. Phn heo cha 56 83% nc, phn
cn li l cht kh gm cc cht hu c, hp cht NPK di dng cc hp cht v c.
Lng mui trong phn heo kh cao v hu nh tt c mui m heo n vo u c thi ra
di dng ny hoc dng khc. 75% mui c thi qua nc tiu, 25% qua phn.

Thnh phn ca phn heo bao gm:

Nhng cht khng tiu ho c hay nhng cht thot khi s tiu ho ca vi sinh
vt hay cc men tiu ho (cht x, protein khng tiu ho c).

Cc khong cht c th khng s dng c nh K2O (1.37%), P2O5 (1.76%), CaO,

MgO, v.v

Cc cht cn b ca dch tiu ho.

Cc m trc ra t nim mc ca ng tiu ho v cht nhn theo phn thi ra ngoi.

Cc vi sinh vt b nhim trong thc n hay trong rut: virus, vi trng, u trng, trng
giun sn, v.v
Bng 3: Thnh phn ho ho ca phn heo t 70-100 kg

c tnh

n v

Gi tr

pH

6.47 - 6.95

Vt cht kh

g/kg

213 -342

NH4-N

g/kg

0.66 - 0.76

Ntng

g/kg

7.99 - 9.32

Tro

g/kg

32.5 - 93.3

Cht x

g/kg

151 - 261

Cacbonates

g/kg

0.23 - 2.11

Cc axit bo mch ngn

g/kg

3.83 4.47

Hai thnh phn chnh to mi hi trong phn heo l P v N, c bit l N v n c mt trong

thnh phn ammoniac. Theo Reese v Koelsch (2000), lng N v P thi ra di dng cht
thi b nh hng bi 3 yu t:
6

Lng N v P tiu th.

T l N v P c tiu th v c dng cho pht trin v sinh sn.

Lng N v P hin din t cht tit, t bo cht v vi khun trong ng rut.

Kh nng gy mi hi ca phn heo thay i tu theo khu phn thc n, v N l thnh

phn chnh ca amoniac v nhiu hp cht mi hi khc nn lng N trong phn heo cng
cao th mi hi cng cao.
Tuy nhin, phn heo vn c cc nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu tn dng do hm
lng cc cht dinh dng trong phn kh cao, c bit l N. y l ngun dinh dng rt c gi
tr cho cy trng v gp phn lm tng mu m ca t. Chnh v th, phn heo thng c
dng bn cho cy trng va tn dng c ngun dinh dng va x l c cht thi.
Ngoi ra phn heo cng cha nhiu loi mui khong khc nhau, cc mui chnh bao gm
canxi, magi, mui sunfua, st, mui ng v cc khng sinh.
Bn cnh phn heo cn cha cc loi virus, vi khun, trng giun sn, v.v Chng c
th tn ti mt thi gian di trong mi trng gy ra nhng ri ro cao cho sc kho con ngi v
gia sc. Mt s nghin cu cho thy trong 1kg phn c th cha 2100-5000 trng giun sn, trong
nhiu loi virus gy bnh c o thi qua phn v sng st t 5-15 ngy trong phn v t.

Th n t a:

Thc n tha trong thc n gia sc, thnh phn ch yu l protein th, calcium, photpho,
cc amino axit, vitamin, cc khong vi lng, v.v c cung cp di dng cm hn
hp, bt c, bt tht, xng, v.v l nhng cht hu c d phn hu. Trong qu trnh chn
nui, d c tnh ton k nhng khng th trnh c lng thc n d tha, nhng cht
ny nu khng c thu gom v x l s phn hu sinh ra mi kh chu, nh hng n
mi trng xung quanh.

lt:

lt dng trong chn nui heo c th l cc loi rm r, vi, g, dng d lt chung, che
chn, gi m cho heo, sau mt thi gian s dng s b thi b. Nhng cht ny c th
mang theo phn, nc tiu v vi sinh vt gy bnh v th chng cn phi c thu gom, x
l trnh thi ra mi trng.
7

Xc sc vt cht:

Xc heo cht, c bit l cht do bnh l mt ngun gy nhim nguy him cn phi c

x l nghim tc v trit , trnh ly nhim cho ngi v cc vt nui khc v chng mang
rt nhiu mm bnh gy hi. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi pht sinh trong hot ng th y nh:
cc l thuc, kim tim, cc dng c khc, v.v c s dng khi khm cha bnh cho
bnh cho heo cng l loi cht thi cn c quan tm x l.

2. nhi m mi t ng do cht thi

n nui eo

2.1. nhi m mi t ng khng kh

T chc nng lng th gii (FAO) va tha nhn, chn nui ang c coi l mt ngnh
gy nhim khng kh ln, thm ch ln hn mc gy nhim ca ngnh vn ti.
Pht thi kh nh knh t hot ng chn nui ch yu t 2 ngun:
-

T phn chung: trong kh Methane thot ra di cc iu kin lu tr k kh v kh Nit

oxit (N2O) di s kt hp ca cc iu kin k kh v hiu kh (nitrat ho kh nitrat): 37%
lng kh CH4 (kh c kh nng hp thu nhit cao gp 23 ln kh CO2), 9% lng kh CO2
ton cu.

T qu trnh ln men ng rut: nhng ch yu l ng vt nhai li (nh b, cu, d).

Chn nui gia sc cn ng gp ti 64% kh amoniac (NH3) th phm ca nhng trn ma

axit.
Bn cnh khng kh xung quanh khu vc cn b nhim do mi phn heo v nc tiu heo.
Cc kh gy mi kh ch yu l NH3, CH4 v H2S. Trong iu kin t nhin t 3-5 ngy u, vi
sinh vt cha kp phn hu cc cht thi nn mi hi t sinh ra, sau mt thi gian di s to thnh
mi hi rt kh chu. H2S c mi trng thi c trng , khin cho ngi ngi vo bun nn,
chong, nhc u. NH3 kch thch mt v ng h hp trn, gy ngt nng cao, dn n t
vong.

2.2. nhi m mi t n nc

Nc thi chn nui heo cha ch yu l cc cht hu c, giu nit v photpho. Do , khi
ngun nhim ny c thi trc tip vo mi trng s tp iu kin cho cc loi to pht
trin, gy ra hin tng ph dng ho nh hng n i sng cc loi thu sinh trong ngun
tip nhn, ng thi gy mt m quan khu vc.
Ngoi ra, cc cht nhim trong ngun nc thi t chn nui heo c th thm xung t i
vo mch nc ngm gy nhim ngun nc ngm. c bit, nit trong phn v nc thi khi
gp iu kin thch hp s chuyn ho thnh dng nitrat, nitrit lan truyn trong ngun nc mt
ri thm thu xung mch nc ngm nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi khi s
dng ngun nc ny vo cc sinh hot hng ngy c bit l n ung.
2.3. nhi m mi t n t

Do cht thi chn nui cha lng ln cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc v cc cht dinh
dng nit, photpho cho nn y c xem l ngun phn bn rt tt cho cy trng. Tuy nhin,
khi bn trc tip qu nhiu cy trng khng hp th c ht, chng s tch t li trong t lm
bo ho cht dinh dng trong t, gy mt cn bng sinh thi t, thoi ho t, lm gim sn
lng cy, lm cht cy.
t c bn phn heo trong nhiu nm lng cao c th b nhim nhng kim loi nng
nh Cu, Zn v nhng cht ny thng c trn trong thc n gia sc kch thch tiu ho v
phng nga dch bnh. V lu di, nhng cht ny c th gy hi cho cy trng, vt nui v c
con ngi.
Ngoi ra, cht thi chn nui cng cha nhiu loi vi trng, u trng, trng giun sn, chng c
th tn ti lu trong t cho nn khi dng phn ti bn cy, nht l cc loi rau th nguy c
nhim bnh cho ngi v gia sc cng tng ln.
3. T ng ti sc kho
Chn nui c th l mt ngun truyn bnh cho con ngi v sinh vt. Ngy nay cc bnh mi
trng do chn nui ang l mt thch thc ln lm gim gi tr kinh t sn xut ngnh chn
nui. Vit Nam, bnh cm gia cm lm chm ng k tc pht trin ca n gia cm
trong giai on 2002-2006 v e do sc kho ca con ngi. Nhiu trang tri chn nui b ph
sn do gia sc b ly nhim cc bnh truyn nhim nh bnh ln tai xanh, l mm long mng
tru b hay bnh cm gia cm Nhng i dch bnh gia sc, gia cm khng khip lm
9

chm s tng trng nn kinh t ca t nc, tc ng n an ninh thc phm v tm l ngi

tiu dng.
Hu ht cc bnh dch u xut pht t h thng chn nui v lan truyn qua cc yu t trung
gian nh mi trng khng kh, ngun nc, qu trnh s dng cht thi gia sc nh phn bn
trn ng rung hay lm thc n cho c. T cc mm bnh lan truyn v pht trin trong mi
trng, c th lan truyn v gy t vong ngi thng qua chui thc n hay qu trnh tch lu
sinh hc.
Bnh t gia sc, gia cm c th ly lan qua ngi theo hai con ng chnh nh sau:
- Do qu trnh s dng cc sn phm chn nui (tht, trng, sa) t gia sc, gia cm b
nhim bnh.
- Do s pht tn cc mm bnh t con vt, chung tri chn nui, t qu trnh thu gom, vn
chuyn, lu tr v s dng cht tho chn nui, thng qua mi trng t, nc ,khng kh
v cc yu t trung gian truyn bnh.
Trong chui thc n ca h thng sinh thi, cc sn phm chn nui v cc cht thi chn nui t
h thng thiu an ton c th l mt ngun tim tng ca s ly nhim bnh cho gia sc, gia cm
trong cc trang tri hay ly truyn bnh cho c con ngi phm vi khu vc. quc gia hay c
trn phm vi ton cu.

4. Mt s bn mi t n

n nui t ng g p

Cc bnh do vi sinh vt:

4.1. Bnh nhi m c nm:
Bnh nhim c nm in hnh nht l c t Aflatoxine do mt s loi nm mc nh
Aspergillus flavus v A.parasiticus sinh ra.
Con n p i n i m: loi c t ny nhim nhiu trong kh du phng, kh du da, bp,
cm, tm nn khi n cc thc n ny gia sc b nhim nm v tch t trong cc sn phm v
sau l thc n cho ngi.
Tc hi : Chng c th gy ra cc bnh l nguy him cho con ngi nh lm thay i khc
thng chc nng gan, thn, mt, lm gim kh nng sinh sn, kh nng khng v ph hu b
gen(Darawany v Marai, 1994). Ngi b nhim Aflatoxine d b tn thng gan, thn, mt v
ng tiu ho, gim kh nng min dch v c th pht sinh bnh ung th ni quan. Theo t
10

chc v bnh Ung th Quc t aflatoxin c xp vo danh sch nhng tc nhn gy ung th
cho ngi.
4.2. Bnh st t n

n:

Bnh st thng hn y l mt bnh mi trng c bit nhng vng pht trin chn nui c
iu kin v sinh mi trng km. Bnh do vi khun Samonella gy nn, l mt bnh c th gp
cc loi gia sc, gia cm khc nhau k c ng vt hoang d.
Con n p i n i m: vi khun xm nhp gia sc qua con ng thc n v c th lan truyn
d dng trong mi trng. Chng c th thm nhp vo con ngi qua con ng thc n hoc
nc ung. Ngoi ra, cc ng vt t do nh chim, cn trng, chut c th l ngun trung gian
pht tn Samonella trn din rng.
Thi gian bnh: vi khun Samonella c th tn ti trong phn gia cm trong thi gian 2 nm,
280 ngy khi c chn ct trong t, 115 ngy trong nc my (Davies v Wray, 1994).
Tc hi: lm tn thng h tiu ho v gy nn hi chng st thng hn ngi. Trong trng
hp bnh nng c th gy t vong.
4.3. Bnh Leptospirosis:
Bnh Leptospirosis: tn thng gi l bnh Lp t, bnh c th gp tt c cc loi gia sc,
gia cm v c th ly cho ngi.
Con n p i n i m: ch yu do s dng thc phm t con vt b bnh, ngoi ra cn c th
truyn bnh khi con ngi tip xc vi mi trng t, nc do tip nhn nc tiu ca gia sc,
gia cm b bnh; hay lan truyn thng qua tip xc vi mng nhy, tinh dch, da, mt
Tc hi: gy ri lon cc ni quan nh lch, thn, gan v c th gy t vong.
4.4. Bnh sy thai truyn nhi m (Brucellosis):
Bnh sy thai truyn nhim (Brucellosis) l bnh do vi khun Brucella gy ra cho tt c cc loi
gia sc, gia cm.
11

Con n p i n i m: c th ly truyn cho ngi khi tip xc trc tip vi con vt b bnh
hay xc sc vt cht. Ly truyn gin tip qua hai con ng: qua s dng cc sn phm chn
nui c bit l sa v cc sn phm t sa; qua tip xc vi mi trng t v nc, ni b
phi nhim cht thi chn nui gia sc b bnh.
Tc hi: lm ri lon h sinh dc, tn thng c nng v hot ng ni tit sinh dc gy nn cc
bnh sy thai, cht thai truyn nhim, lm gim kh nng sinh sn ngi.
4.5. Bnh Lin cu khun ln:
Bnh Lin cu khun ln do vi khun Streptococcus suis (S.suis) gy nn, c th ly sang ngi
nn c xp vo nhm B trong Lut Phng, chng bnh truyn nhim. ln vi khun c th
thng c tr ng h hp trn c bit l xoang mi v hch hnh nhn, c trong ng tiu
ha v ng sinh dc.
Thi gian bnh: ngn, ch t vi gi n 3 ngy.
Thi k ly truyn: Hin nay cha c bit y . Kh nng khi ln b bnh, vi khun S.suis
bin i v tng c tnh mi ly nhim cho ngi. Cha thy c s ly truyn bnh t ngi
sang ngi.
Con n p i n i m: c th ly truyn qua ngi khi tip xc vi ln bnh hay ln mang vi
khun qua cc tn thng nh, try xc trn da ca nhng ngi git m, ch bin v n tht
ln bnh hay ln mang vi khun nu khng chn.
Phn, cht n chung, cc loi thc n v nc ung trong chung nui c th tr thnh ngun
bnh th cp. Cc ng vt khc c kh nng truyn bnh bao gm rui, gin, chut.
Tc hi: Biu hin lm sng chnh l: vim mng no, xut huyt, vim phi, vim c tim v
vim khp. Nhng ngi b bnh nng c th t vong do c t vi khun gy sc nhim khun,
vim ni tm mc, suy a ph tng, nhim khun huyt v.v. T l cht c th ti 7%.

12

4.6. Bnh ln tai xanh (hi chng ri lon h hp v sinh sn):

Bnh ln tai xanh (hi chng ri lon h hp v sinh sn) l bnh do vi rt Nidovirales, h
Arteviridae gy ra. Bnh thng kt hp vi nhim vi khun Streptococcus suis (S.suis), l loi
bnh lin cu khun rt d ly cho ngi.
Con n p i n i m: mm bnh c th lan truyn qua gi, bi, thng qua s pht tn ca
cht thi ca ln b bnh trong mi trng.
Tc hi: n nay, vn cha c bng chng vi rt gy bnh ln tai xanh c kh nng ly lan v
gy bnh ngi. ta ch k n tc hi ca bnh ln ln l lm ri lon sinh sn v cc biu
hin ri lon h hp i vi ln mi la tui.

13

III.

GII THIU M HNH BIOGAS

1. Gii thiu m hnh biogas

1.1. Thnh phn kh sinh hc
Biogas hay kh sinh hc c ti to t qu trnh phn hy nhng cht thi ca con ngi v
ng vt trong iu kin hm kn. N l hn hp kh methane (CH4) v mt s kh khc pht sinh
t s phn hu cc vt cht hu c.
Thnh phn chnh ca Biogas l CH4(50-60%) v CO2 (>30%) cn li l cc cht khc nh
hi nc N2, O2, H2S, CO c thu phn trong mi trng ym kh, xc tc nh nhit t
20 - 40oC.
1.2. C s l thuyt
Cc cht thi c phn hy nh cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin han ton khng c oxy.
Qu trnh ny c phn thnh 2 giai on:
-

Giai on 1: Cc cht hu c cao phn t c vi sinh vt cc cht c trng lng thp hn

axit hu c, ng, glyxerin,(gi l cc hydrat carbon).

Giai on 2: l giai on pht trin mnh ca cc loi vi khun methane chuyn hu nh

ton b cc cht hydratcacbon thnh CH4 v CO2.
u tin l s to thnh cc axit hu c nn pH gim xung r rt ln men axit.
Cc axit hu c v hp cht cha nit tip tc phn hu to thnh cc hp cht khc nhau v

cc kh nh CO2, N2, H2, CH4 bt u ln men methane.

Cc VSV k kh pht trin mnh cn cc VSV hiu kh b tiu dit. Cc vi khun methane
pht trin rt mnh v chuyn ho rt nhanh to thnh CO2 v CH4 ln men kim.
1.3. Thc ti n
Trc tin, phn heo c trn vi nc (thng l nc ra chung hay nc v sinh cho heo)
ri dn vo thn ca hm gas qua h thu. Ngay khi c cha trong hm, phn s phn hy
14

sinh ra biogas, kh sinh ra s c cha di np hm. Trong sut qu trnh to gas, nu khng
un, p lc gas di np s tng v s p ln b mt hn hp phn v nc y nc cng
phn c phn hy ra ngoi b iu p. V vy khi quan st b iu p, thnh thong ta thy
cc bong bng ni ln. Cc bong bng ny cho thy phn ang c phn hy sinh ra gas (kh
sinh hc).
Hin ti, Vit Nam ph bin 3 loi hm biogas ph bin nht.

Mt l hm sinh kh kiu vm c nh.

Loi th hai, l hm sinh kh c np lu ng.

Loi th 3, hm sinh kh kiu ti

15

2. Li

t c

Theo s liu ca Cc Chn nui, hin c nc c khong 220 triu con gia cm, 8,5 triu con
b, 27 triu con heo. Mi nm, ngnh chn nui thi ra mi trng trn 73 triu tn cht thi rn
v 30 triu khi cht thi lng, trong c khong 50% cht thi rn v 80% cht thi lng c
x thng ra t nhin hoc khng thng qua x l, t gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Do vy, khc phc vn nhim mi trng trong chn nui ni chung v nui heo ni ring,
cc nh chuyn mn ch trng n vn x l phn v cht thi. Trong , gii php xy
dng hm biogas c xem l thit thc v hiu qu pht trin chn nui bn vng.
2.1. Hiu qu v kinh t
-

Tit kim c 80.000 ng/h/thng v tin in thp sng: thp sng phi dng n mng,
n mng c th t sng tng ng n in si tc 60W, tiu th kh 70-120 lt/gi
p sut 40cm ct nc. sng ca n tng khi p sut tng. Ngoi ra, vic s dng kh cn
gip tit kim nhin liu chy cc my cng tc nh my bm nc, my xay xt, my
pht in S liu cc nc cho thy lng kh tiu th khong 0.45 0.54 m3/m lc gi
hoc 0.6 0.75 m3/kWh in.

Tit kim in trong cc hot ng nng nghip khc nh sy ch, p trng, si m g con,
nui tm: vd Trung Quc sn xut nhng l p trng cng sut 3800 trng, tiu th
0.06 m3/gi v ma ng v 0.018 m3/gi v ma h; n KSH c dng chiu sng

16

nui tm v n to ra nh sng v nhit thch hp vi s pht trin ca tm kn c

hnh thnh sm hn 4-6 ngy, cht lng kn tt hn, nng sut tng khong 30%.
-

Tit kim khong 100.000 120.000 ng/h/thng v tin mua ci un nu: un nu

bng kh gas ny bp t hiu sut 50-60%. V nhit lng hu ch: 1m3 KSH (60% metan)
c th thay th cho 5.2 kWh in, 0.76 lt du = 2.38kg CO2, 4.8kg ci = 9.6kg CO2, 8.6kg
rm r. T 10kg phn ln hng ngy c th sn xut c 400-500 lt kh, nu 3 ba cho
gia nh 3-4 ngi.

Gim 70.000 90.000 ng/h/v v chi ph mua phn bn cho cy trng

2.2. Hiu qu v mi t ng

Gim thiu c cc mi hi thi do phn thi ra trong chn nui: do phn v nc thi t
chung tri c a trc tip vo h thng KSH phn hu nn hn ch c s phn hu
trong mi trng h sinh mi hi thi v nhiu vi trng, rui nhng. Trong mi trng b
phn hu, do nhng iu kin khng thun li nn vi trng gy bnh v trng giun sn b tiu
dit gn nh hon ton sau qu trnh phn hu di ngy.

Hn ch vic s dng cc loi phn ho hc, s dng b thi sau khi phn hu trong trng
trt gip:

Tng nng sut cy trng: bn cho la tng nng sut 6.1 19.2% so vi phn
cng nguyn liu ban u, cng s lng v cht lng. Phun trc tip ln l ca la
nc cng cho hiu qu cao hn so vi m ur: nng sut tng 9.7% so vi khng
bn l v 5.6% so vi m ur.

Hn ch su bnh v c di: phn KSH c tc dng c ch mt s vi khun gy bnh

kh vn la, bnh m nu la m, bnh thi mn c khoai lang. Vi la nc:
bn phn KSH hn ch r rt su c thn, b ry xanh, b ry nu, su cun l,
bnh kh vn, bnh m nu, bnh m than.

Ci to t: t bn phn KSH lin tc vi nm c trng lng th tch nh hn, ti

xp hn, mn cao hn.

Hn ch nhim ngun nc, c bit l vo ma ma do phn theo cc dng nc chy vo

sng sui,ao h: vd Trung Quc: kt qu xt nghim trong 3 nm vi 132 mu/lng cho

17

thy s lng mu t tiu chun v sinh lng s dng h thng KSH l 56.06%, lng i
chng l 32.56%.

Gim pht thi kh nh knh: trong iu kin t nhin: 1 tn methane sinh ra tng ng 21
tn CO2 v hiu ng nh knh. Nu cc cht thi hu c ny phn hu k kh trong thit b
KSH th CH4 sinh ra s c thu li lm nhin liu. Khi t chy 1 tn CH4 s sinh ra 2.75
tn CO2. Nh vy tc ng v hiu ng nh knh s gim i 21/2.75 = 7.6 ln.
Ngoi ra, s dng KSH thay th than, du s gim pht thi KNK do qu trnh t. Dng

KSH thay ci s gip bo v rng ngun hp th kh CO2, cng gp phn gim pht thi KNK.
2.3. Hiu qu v x hi
-

Gim thiu cc bnh v ng tiu ho: kt qu iu tra trong 3 nm 1984-1986 ca Trung

Quc ti nhng lng ng dng cng ngh KSH t nm 1981 cho thy:

V vi sinh vt: phn tch 99 mu u vo v u ra ca b phn hu cho thy

E.Coli u vo l 10-6 10-9, u ra 26 mu l 10-3, 49 mu l 10-4, 15 mu l
10-5, 8 mu l 10-6 v 1 mu l 10-7 trong 75 mu (75.76%) t tiu chun v
sinh.

S lng trng giun a u ra c 87% t tiu chun v sinh.

Mt rui: trong 3 nm theo di, ti mi lng s ln t by l 50 ln/nm ti 5

im, kt qu cho thy s rui by c lng KSH l gim r rt (2640, 561,
1214).

Mc nhim k sinh trng ng rut: tng kim tra sc kho vo t3/1984 v

t10/1984 ngi dn lng s dng KSH v ngi dn lng i chng, kt qu t l
ngi nhim k sinh trng ng rut mi lng tng ng nh sau: 56.99% v
32.84% lng KSH, 69.58% v 49.52% lng i chng.

Mc nhim bnh ng rut: t l ngi nhim bnh ng rut hng nm (t

1984 1986) lng s dng KSH: 5.13%, 4.13%, 2.73% v lng i chng:
13.68%, 13.85%, 12.31%.

Gip ph n c nhiu thi gian hn chm lo cuc sng gia nh: s dng KSH un nu
gip ph n hn ch c cng vic bp nc nng nc, khi bi nh dng ci, tit kim thi

18

gian kim cht t. Lm cho cuc sng nng dn vn mnh hn, tin nghi hn, rt ngn s
cch bit gia nng thn v thnh th.

Gip cc h c th pht trin c chn nui trong cc khu dn c: do chu trnh khp kn nn
cc kh c mi hi thi khng b thot ra ngoi gy kh chu cho ngi dn xung quanh c
bit l nhng ni gn nh dn.

To thm nhiu vic lm nh m rng qui m chn nui:

C th s dng b thi nui trng thu sn. Khi b thi c a vo cc ao nui trng
thu sn, cc cht dinh dng kch thch s pht trin ca to v cc ng vt ph du (thu tc,
gip xc,) l ngun thc n chnh cho c. Nui c bng phn KSH c ln nhanh v t bnh
hn.

3. Mt s khuyt im
Lng kh sn sinh ra phi m bo s dng ht hng ngy, nu khng s dng ht v lng kh
tha qu nhiu s y phn sau khi phn hu phun mnh ln trn:
-

Lm bn khu vc xung quanh tuy khng gy mi hi.

Kh thot ra lm gia tng kh nh knh.

Kt hp vi ni nc trong kh quyn to thnh sng axit n mn kim loi (thng l

cc vt liu lm chung heo: mi nh, ctbng st).

19

IV.

SO SNH TNH TRNG TRC V SAU KHI S DNG H

THNG BIOGAS

Nc thi chn nui heo c c trng nhim hu c cao, giu Nit, vi sinh vt..kh
nng gy nhim mi trng cao. Nu khng c x l thch hp th n s e do cc thnh
phn mi trng khc v nh hng ti sc kho cng ng.

1. Mi t ng
1.1. T c khi lp t h thng Biogas

Cht thi chn nui l nguyn nhn gy nhim ln cho mi trng t nhin do lng ln cc
kh thi v cht thi t vt nui.
Vi quy m chn nui trang tri th vic x l cht thi c coi trng hn, cn ti cc h chn
nui nh l gn vi sn xut nng nghip, cht thi chn nui ch yu c vn chuyn trc tip
t chung nui ra ngoi ng bn cho cy trng, s lng c x l rt t.
Hng ngy trang tri chn nui heo thi ra mt lng ln cht thi khng c x l v trc
tip vo h thng thot nc, rung gn nh, knh mngtrong vng lm nhiu h dn khng c
nc sinh hot hoc nc sinh hot b nhim bn (nc ging trong vng c vng, mi hi tanh),
ma ma snh ly, hi thi nh hng n cc h xung quanh.
Phn, nc tiu, ph phm chn nui c thi ra ao, h gn gy nhim ngun nc mt.
Mt d ngi dn s dng ngun nc ti tiu, trng trt trn rung ti s dng
cht thi chn nui, th nhng mi hi thi th khng kim sot c, gy ra bnh v ng h
hp. Mi hi xut pht t trong chung tri, vi khng gian m, nn mi hi c phn tn khp
ni. Sau khi cho gia sc n thc n chn nui, th phn ca chng cng c nhng ho cht trong
thc n, gy mi hi thi nng n hn so vi cc h cho n bng thc n t nhin.
Phn v nc tiu theo ng dn ra ngoi, gy nh hng ti nc mt, v nghim trng hn l
thm xung mch nc ngm. Cc cht trong phn heo, v nc tiu ngm xung tng nc
ngm, gy nhim, v c ngi dn bm ln s dng, gy ra nhng cn bnh v da.
Mi trng t ca khu vc xung quanh cng b thay i do thnh phn trong t c cung cp
mt lng ln cc cht hu c c trong phn heo, v cc cht c trong thc n chn nui, k c
nhng ho cht m con ngi tim vo heo c th theo ng nc tiu thot ra ngoi.
Cht thi khng ch gy mt cnh quang mi trng m cn tc ng bt li n h sinh vt c
ch trong nc, t, cc loi ng vt thy sinh thn mm b nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc
ho cht tn d, kim loi nng.

20

Cht thi cha c x l thch hp vo t gy ra nhim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, kim loi

nng, nitrate, v cc cht c khc vo nc ngm, t v cy trng. Vi sinh vt gy bnh v k
sinh trng c th tn ti trn hoa mu, c bit l l rau ci khi chng c ti bng nc thi.
1.2. Sau khi lp t h thng Biogas

Cht thi sau qu trnh phn hu bi cc sinh vt k kh th gim c cc thnh phn gy hi

cho mi trng.
Cht thi kh sinh hc l mt loi phn hu c nn n khng nhng c nhng c tnh ca loi
phn hu co truyn thng m cn c nhiu u im khc do kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy k
kh. Trong qu trnh ny cc cht dinh dng v c bn c bo tn trong bi thi ngoi tr mt
s cc nguyn t nh carbon, hydro v oxy c chuyn ha thnh kh CH4 v CO2. Mt s cht
dinh dng d ho tan vn cn li trong cht thi lng, ng thi mt s cht thi rn hu c v
v c trong cht thi phn hy, hp th c mt lng ln cc cht dinh dng hu ch. V
vy, cc cht dinh dng c trong cht thi Biogas cao hn so vi phn chung v phn theo
phng php thng thng, ngoi cc nguyn t dinh dng nh N, P, K cht thi Biogas cn
cha nhiu cht hu c v cc nguyn liu cn thit cho cy trng nh l cc axit Humic,
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, lignin nn n c tc dng ci to t tt hn phn .
Do c nhng c tnh nh trn nn cht thi sau khi x l Biogas c s dng lm phn bn
cho cy trng s mang li hiu qu ln v an ton cho mi trng t v nc.
Mi hi thi cng c gim thiu, do h thng biogas kn, x l ton b cht thi ca tri chn
nui(cht thi chn nui heo l hn hp bao gm phn ti, nc tm v ra chung) nn khng
cn lng d thot ra ngoi gy nhim mi trng.
Nc thi chn nui sau khi i qua b Biogas hm lng BOD, COD... gim ng k, khng gy
nguy hi cho ng vt thu sinh.

2. Sc kho n i dn
2.1. T c khi lp t h thng Biogas
Mm bnh trong cht thi gm vi trng, virus, nm, k sinh v u trng hay trng ca
chng.Cht thi cn ph thuc vo loi heo, heo tht hay heo sa hoc heo ni m thnh phn
thc n khc nhau nn lng phn cho ra cng khc nhau. Nui heo tht th lng phn trong 1
ngy nhiu hn nhiu so vi 2 loi heo cn li, do chng c cho n nhiu hn. Ring con ni
khi nui con phi cho n thc n gip chng ra sa nhiu hn. V vy thnh phn vi khun, mm
bnh, mi hi trong tng loi phn cng khc nhau. Nu trang tri c quy m 300-400 con th
vic nui 3 loi heo ny nh hng rt nhiu n cht lng phn thi ra.
Nc thi khng c x l cha rt nhiu mm bnh : Coliform, E.coli, Clostridium,
Salmonella (+). 100% mu nc thi u khng t TCVN 5945-2005 (ct B) v cc ch tiu c
bn nh COD, BOD, SS, nit tng s, phospho tng s. Lng gy nhim cao gp 1,6 ln n
hng ngn ln so vi tiu chun.

21

Cht thi khng qua x l c mi rt kh chu, ch yu l H2S, NH3 gy cho ngi dn xung
quanh ( c bit l ngi gi, tr em ) cm thy bun nn, khng mun n ung. T l ngi dn
xung quanh b mc bnh tiu chy, mn nga v gh l cao.
Cht thi trong chung, khng qua x l, ng v sau c thi ra ngoi t nhin, cha
nhiu mm bnh, v nhng mm bnh ny c phn tn qua con ng rui nhng c trong
chung.
2.2. Sau khi lp t h thng Biogas
Sau khi cc h chn nui lp t h thng Biogas th tnh hnh cht lng khng kh xung quanh
c ci thin r rt. Ngi dn khng cn nghe thy mi, hoc nu c th ch thoang thong ch
khng nng nc nh lc trc. Tr em, ngi ln gim v cc bnh h hp v da liu.
Do khi p dng phng php biogas kt hp xy chung kn, lp t h thng lm mt, nn mi
hi khng thot ra ngoi, v cng khng xut hin rui nhng ly truyn dch bnh.

22

V.

KT LUN

Tuy cn mt s khuyt im nhng ch yu l do k thut ca ngi thi cng v thit k m

hnh do cn c i ng o to nhng kin thc cn thit cho nhng ngi thi cng.
iu quan trng y l khng th ph nhn nhng u im to ln m h thng ny mang li,
nht l v mt ci thin mi trng xung quang lin quan ti sc kho ngi chn nui v ngi
dn vng ln cn.
Chng trnh KSH rt thnh cng trong vic gii thiu mt cng ngh em li nhiu li ch cho
ngi chn nui, ci thin mi trng v cht lng cuc sng ca ngi s dng. Chng trnh
gp phn gii quyt vn v sinh m cc h chn nui phi i mt, lm gim bt nhim
mi trng trong chn nui cc vng nng thn Vit Nam. ng thi n mang li li ch cho
nng dn bng cch cung cp nng lng sch, thng xuyn v gi r. Chng trnh KSH
nhn c s hng ng cao ca chnh quyn a phng v ngi chn nui.
C th hy vng KSH s l ngun nng lng chnh trong tng lai. S dng cng ngh KSH quy
m gia nh l gii php hu hiu cho php kt hp hi ha gia cung cp nng lng vi gim
thiu nhim mi trng nng thn min ni nc ta..