1

MC LC

Danh mc t vit tt ..................................................................................................... 3
Danh mc bng ............................................................................................................ 4
Danh mc hnh ............................................................................................................. 6
M U ...................................................................................................................... 7
CHNG I. TNG QUAN ........................................................................................ 9
1.1 Tnh hnh chn nui Vit Nam ........................................................................ 9
1.1.1. Hin trng chn nui ln ............................................................................ 9
1.1.2. nh hng pht trin chn nui ln ti Vit Nam .................................. 10
1.1.3. Hin trng nhim mi trng do chn nui ln .................................... 11
1.1.4. nh hng ca nhim mi trng n nng sut chn nui ................. 13
1.1.5. Tnh hnh dch bnh trong ngnh chn nui ln v thit hi kinh t ........ 14
1.2. Tng quan v cht thi chn nui ln v hin trng qun l cht thi chn
nui ln Vit Nam ............................................................................................... 14
1.2.1. c im cht thi chn nui ln ............................................................. 14
1.2.2. Tnh hnh v qun l cht thi chn nui ln ti Vit Nam ...................... 19
1.2.3. Tng quan v qun l cht thi chn nui ln trn th gii ..................... 21
CHNG II. C S L THUYT V XUT CNG NGH X L NC
THI CHN NUI LN PH HP VI IU KIN CA VIT NAM ............ 24
2.1. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php c hc v ha l ............... 24
2.1.1. X l c hc .............................................................................................. 24
2.1.2. X l ha l .............................................................................................. 24
2.2. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc k kh ................ 24
2.2.1. C s l thuyt qu trnh x l k kh ...................................................... 24
2.2.2. Cc cng trnh k kh c trin vng p dng cho XLNT chn nui ........ 27
2.3. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh ............. 37
2.3.1. Cc qu trnh trong qu trnh hiu kh ...................................................... 37
2.3.2. Cc cng trnh hiu kh c trin vng p dng cho XLNT chn nui ...... 37
2.4. X l N, P trong nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc .......... 41
2.4.1. C s l thuyt loi b hp cht N trong nc thi ................................. 43
2.4.2. Cc dy chuyn x l N, P trong nc thi .............................................. 48
2.4.3. Qu trnh mi x l Nit trong nc thi ................................................. 51
2.4.4. Phng php x l P trong nc thi ....................................................... 54
2.4.5. Loi b hp cht N, P trong nc thi bng thc vt thy sinh: .............. 56
2.5. xut v la chn s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui
ln tp trung ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam ....................................................... 56
CHNG III. KT QU V THO LUN ........................................................... 60
CHNG III. KT QU V THO LUN ........................................................... 61
3.1. Kt qu x l theo s DCCN s 1 .............................................................. 61
3.1.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh .................................................................... 61
3.1.2. Kch thc cc cng trnh ......................................................................... 61
3.1.3. Kt qu v tho lun ................................................................................. 62
3.2. Kt qu x l theo s DCCN s 2 .............................................................. 69


2
3.2.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh .................................................................... 70
3.2.2. Vn hnh cng trnh .................................................................................. 71
3.2.3. Kt qu v nhn xt .................................................................................. 71
3.3. C s l thuyt v tnh ton cc cng trnh theo s DCCN s 3................ 74
3.3.1. B Biogas .................................................................................................. 75
3.3.2. B UASB .................................................................................................. 77
3.3.3. Mng oxy ha: ........................................................................................ 82
3.3.4. B lng 2 ................................................................................................... 83
3.3.5. H sinh hc ............................................................................................... 83
3.4. So snh la chn cng ngh ti u cho x l nc thi chn nui ln .......... 84
CHNG IV. KT LUN ....................................................................................... 90
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 91
PH LC ................................................................................................................... 95
Ph lc 1: Mt s hnh nh v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 1 ....................... 95
Ph lc 2: Mt s hnh nh v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 2 ....................... 97
Ph lc 3: Mt s hnh nh v bn v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 3 ............ 99


3
Danh mc t vit tt

K hiu Ting Anh Ting Vit
ADP: Adenozin Diphotphat
ATP: Adenozin Triphotphat
BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc
DO: Dissolved Oxygen Oxy ha tan
F/M Food / Microorganisms T l thc n / vi sinh vt
IFPRI: Vin nghin cu chnh sch lng
thc quc t
MARD: B nng nghip v pht trin nng
thn Vit Nam
SBR: Sequencing Batch Reactor B phn ng hot ng gin on
SVI: Sludge Volume Index Ch s bn th tch 1g bn chim
ch trng thi lng
TKN Tng Nit Kjehdahl
TCVN Tiu chun Vit Nam
TVTS Thc vt thy sinh
VFA Volatile Faty acid Axit bo d bay hi
VLL Vt liu lc
VSV Vi sinh vt
UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge
Blanket
B vi lp bn k kh dng hng
ln
XLNT X l nc thi



4
Danh mc bng

Bng 1.1. S lng trang tri chn nui tnh n ht nm 2006................................. 9
Bng 1.2. Tc tng trng nng nghip hng nm ................................................ 9
Bng 1.3. Cc bnh in hnh lin quan n cht thi chn nui ............................. 13
Bng 1.4. Khi lng phn v nc tiu ca gia sc thi ra trong 1 ngy m ....... 15
Bng 1.5. Lng cht thi chn nui c tnh nm 2008 ......................................... 16
Bng 1.6. Thnh phn (%) ca phn gia sc gia cm ............................................... 16
Bng 1.7. Mt s thnh phn vi sinh vt trong cht thi rn chn nui ln ............. 17
Bng 1.8. Thnh phn trung bnh ca nc tiu cc lai gia sc ............................. 17
Bng 1.9. Cht lng nc thi theo iu tra ti cc tri chn nui tp trung ......... 18
Bng 1.10. Phng php x l v s dng cht lng ti cc h thng ..................... 21
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn kh trong hn hp kh Biogas ............................................... 27
Bng 2.2. Lng kh Biogas c sinh ra t cht thi ng vt v cc cht thi
trong nng nghip ............................................................................................. 28
Bng 2.3. Nng sut kh sinh hc t qu trnh ln men cc loi nguyn liu ........... 29
Bng 2.4. T l C/N trong phn gia sc gia cm ...................................................... 29
Bng 2.5. nh hng ca nhit v thi gian lu n hiu qu sinh kh .............. 30
Bng 2.6. Cc thng s k thut i vi cc cng trnh x l k kh ....................... 34
Bng 2.7. Mt s loi thu sinh vt tiu biu ........................................................... 41
Bng 2.8. Hiu qu x l N bng cc cng trnh x l thng thng ...................... 42
Bng 2.9. nh hng ca t l BOD/TKN n (%) VSV t dng trong h hiu kh
........................................................................................................................... 43
Bng 2.10. nh hng ca nhit n tc sinh trng ca VSV nitrat ha .... 44
Bng 2.11. Hp cht Photpho v kh nng chuyn ha............................................ 54
Bng 2.12. c im nc thi chn nui ln .......................................................... 57
Bng 3.1: Kt qu phn tch mu nc thi sau b Biogas....................................... 62
Bng 3.2: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 2 (sau b thiu kh) .... 63
Bng 3.3: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 3 (sau b lc SH) ........ 64
Bng 3.4: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 2 (tun hon 20%) ...... 65


5
Bng 3.5: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 3 (tun hon 20%) ...... 65
Bng 3.6: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 4 (Sau h sinh hc) .... 67
Bng 3.7: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 4 (tun hon 20%) ...... 67
Bng 3.8: nh gi tng hp hiu qu x l v kt qu sau cc qu trnh ............... 68
Bng 3.9. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi trc v sau Biogas ................... 70
Bng 3.10:Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 6 ............................................ 72
Bng 3.11:Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 7 ............................................ 72
Bng 3.12. Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 8 ........................................... 73
Bng 3.13. Tnh ton lng thi v xc nh dung tch b Biogas ........................... 75
Bng 3.14. Cc loi bn nui cy ban u b UASB ............................................... 81
Bng 3.15. Cc thng s thit k h sinh hc ........................................................... 83
Bng 3.16. So snh cc s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui ln
........................................................................................................................... 85



6
Danh mc hnh

Hnh 1.1. Mc ch s dng phn trong qu trnh chn nui ln theo iu tra ti mt
s huyn thuc TP. H Ch Minh ..................................................................... 19
Hnh 1.2. Mc ch s dng nc thi trong qu trnh chn nui ln theo iu tra ti
mt s huyn thuc TP. H Ch Minh .............................................................. 20
Hnh 1.3. M hnh qun l cht thi rn chn nui trn th gii .............................. 22
Hnh 2.1. S phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin ym kh. S liu ch %COD
trong tng giai on .......................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.2. S cu to b UASB............................................................................. 33
Hnh 2.3. Cc qu trnh sinh ha XLNT trong h sinh hc ...................................... 39
Hnh 2.4. S qu trnh kh hp cht N ................................................................ 43
Hnh 2.5. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh A2/O ..................................... 48
Hnh 2.6. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh Bardenpho 5 giai on ......... 49
Hnh 2.7. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh UCT ...................................... 49
Hnh 2.8. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh VIP ....................................... 50
Hnh 2.9. S hot ng ca b SBR ..................................................................... 50
Hnh 2.10. S cng ngh x l N, P trong mng oxy ha ................................. 51
Hnh 2.11: S qu trnh x l N-NH4
+
................................................................ 52
Hnh 2.12. S x l P bng phng php sinh hc s dng vt liu bm dnh
ct st (Fe) khng c bn hot tnh tun hon .................................................. 56
Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh nghin cu theo dy chuyn s 1 .................................. 61
Hnh 3.2. Nng cc cht nhim ti tng giai on thi gian ............................ 68
Hnh 3.3. S cng ngh nghin cu theo dy chuyn s 2 .................................. 70
Hnh 3.4. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti b thiu kh .................... 73
Hnh 3.5. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti b aerotenk .................... 74
Hnh 3.6. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti ao sinh hc .................... 74
Hnh 3.7. Cu to b UASB ...................................................................................... 78
Hnh 3.8. Tm chn kh trong b UASB ................................................................... 79
Hnh 3.9. Tm hng dng trong b UASB ............................................................. 80



7

M U

Chn nui l mt trong hai lnh vc quan trng trong nn nng nghip (chn
nui, trng trt), n khng nhng p ng nhu cu thc phm cho tiu dng hng
ngy ca mi ngi dn trong x hi m cn l ngun thu nhp quan trng ca hng
triu ngi dn hin nay. c bit nng nghip li c ngha quan trng i vi
nc ta khi c ti hn 70% dn c sng da vo nng nghip.
S gia tng ca cc sn phm nng nghip kt hp vi nhu cu v thc phm
ngy cng cao ca cuc sng thc y ngnh chn nui pht trin mnh m. S
pht trin bng n ca ngnh chn nui p ng cc nhu cu l mt tt yu.
Cng nghip ha chn nui c th l h qu tt yu ca chui thc phm lin kt
theo chiu dc v cung ng cho cc ca hng bn l ln, nhng cng c th xy ra
mt cch c lp.
Khi cc nc tin hnh cng nghip ha h i theo m hnh t chc vng
chuyn canh. Chn nui truyn thng da vo ngun thc n sn c ca a phng
nh ng c t nhin v ph phm cy trng. Nhng ngun thc n sn c trn, gii
thch s phn b ca ngnh chn nui gia sc nhai li. Trong lc phn b chn
nui ln v gia cm li st vi dn c v chng chuyn ha cc vt ph thi thnh
tht v trng. V d, Vit Nam, nc mi bt u cng nghip ha 90% m hnh
chn nui gia cm u gn vi phn b dn c (Gerber v cng s - 2005).
Khi cn chn nui nh l, kt hp vi vic s dng cht thi t chn nui cho
hot ng sn xut nng nghip th cht thi chn nui t cc h gia nh gn nh
khng phi l mt mi him ha i vi mi trng.
Pht trin chn nui bn vng, nht l chn nui ln hng ha nh th no
trong hon cnh cuc sng ca phn ln cc h nng dn cn cht vt kh khn, i
b phn' ngi dn chn nui theo kinh nghim; thiu kin thc chuyn mn, t
quan tm v thng tin th trng, nu c th thiu c th; hiu bit v sn xut hng
ha cha tr thnh tim thc; kinh t pht trin cha ng u gia cc vng,... l
nhng ro cn trong pht trin chn nui ln hng ha hin nay.


8
Khi cng nghip ha chn nui cng vi s gia tng mnh m v s lng n
gia sc th cht thi t hot ng chn nui ca cc trang tri, gia tri lm cho
mi trng chn nui c bit l mi trng xung quanh b nhim trm trng, n
gy nn mt ln sng mi phn i cc trang tri chn nui t pha ngi dn
gn cc trang tri. Theo bo co tng kt ca vin chn nui [1], hu ht cc h
chn nui u nc thi chy t do ra mi trng xung quanh gy mi hi thi
nng nc, c bit l vo nhng ngy oi bc. Nng kh H
2
S v NH
3
cao hn mc
cho php khong 30-40 ln [2]. Tng s VSV v bo t nm cng cao hn mc cho
php rt nhiu ln. Ngoi ra nc thi chn nui cn c cha coliform, e.coli,
COD..., v trng giun sn cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php.
Hin nay vi s hi nhp quc t km vi n l s gia tng nhng quy nh v
bo v mi trng, thc ngy cng c nng cao ca cng ng v cc vn
mi trng th vn mi trng ni chung v mi trng chn nui ni ring
nhn c nhiu s quan tm ca cng ng. Trn th gii mi trng chn nui
c nh gi mt cch kh ton din, mt trong s l cc nghin cu v x l
cht thi chn nui.Ti Vit Nam, mc d phn no cm nhn c tc hi v
mi trng do chn nui gy ra xong gn nh cha c mt nghin cu y no
v qun l, x l cht thi chn nui.
Trong khun kh lun vn thc s ngnh ha mi trng tc gi xin a ra:
Gii php cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc
ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam vi mc ch la chn cng ngh ti u x l
trit cht thi lng trong qu trnh chn nui ln Vit Nam. m bo nc thi
sau x l t tiu chun quy nh, nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng ng thi
gp phn tng nng sut v cht lng chn nui ln theo nh hng pht trin
kinh t v bo v mi trng.


9
CHNG I. TNG QUAN
1.1 Tnh hnh chn nui Vit Nam
1.1.1. Hin trng chn nui ln
Theo nh gi ca T chc Nng Lng Th gii (FAO): Chu s tr thnh
khu vc sn xut v tiu dng cc sn phm chn nui ln nht. Chn nui Vit
Nam, ging nh cc nc trong khu vc phi duy tr mc tng trng cao nhm p
ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v tng bc hng ti xut khu. Trong thi
gian qua, ngnh chn nui ca nc ta pht trin vi tc nhanh (Bnh qun giai
on 2001-2006 t 8,9%).
Bng 1.1. S lng trang tri chn nui tnh n ht nm 2006
Min S trang
tri ln
S trang
tri gia
cm
S trang
tri b
S trang
tri tru
S trang
tri d
Tng s
C nc 7.475 2.837 6.405 247 757 17.721
Min Bc 3.069 1.274 1.547 222 201 6.313
Min
Nam
4.406 1.563 4.858 25 556 11.408

Bng 1.2. Tc tng trng nng nghip hng nm
(n v: %)
Nm
Ngnh
1986-1990 1990-1996 1997-2005 1986-2005 2006-2010
nng nghip
khc
3,4 6,0 5,5 5,2 4,1
trng trt 3,4 6,1 5,4 5,2 5,5
chn nui 3,4 5,8 6,7 5,6 8,5
dch v 4,1 4,6 2,3 3,6 4,2
Ngun: tctk- vin kinh t nng nghip vit nam-2009
Trong nhng nm gn y xu hng chn nui nh l gim i ng k. T
l s h nui 1 con ln gim i r rt t 45% nm 1994 xung di 30% nm 2001.


10
tuy nhin, t l s h nui 2 con ln nm 2001 vn chim 67% tng s h (so vi
82% nm 1994) [21]. Quy m pht trin chn nui ca cc h ln hn nhng vn
cn nh, tnh chuyn mn ho cha cao.
Trong xu th chuyn mn ha sn xut, hnh thc chn nui tp trung ngy
cng ph bin Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii. Hin nay, s lng tri
chn nui quy m ln ngy cng tng. Cc tri chn nui ln tp trung c trn 400 -
500 u ln c mt thng xuyn trong chung nui. Tnh n nm 2006 c nc
c: 17.721 trang tri, cha k cc trang tri chn nui cc loi vt nui khc nh
th, ln rng, nhm v cc loi ng vt sng trong nc (c su,... ). Trong : c
7.475 trang tri chn nui ln, (min Bc: 3.069, min Nam: 4.406); vi 2.990 trang
tri nui ln ni. S trang tri chn nui gia cm l 2.837, min Bc: 1.274, min
Nam: 1.564); S trang tri chn nui b l 6.405, trong c 2.011 trang tri chn
nui b sa (min Bc: 3.069. min Nam: 4.406); S trang tri chn nui tru l:
247 min Bc: 222, min Nam: 27); S trang tri chn nui d l: 757 min Bc:
201, min Nam: 556).
Hnh 1.1. Tc tng trng bnh qun hng nm v s u con
3.80
3.20
2.60
2.30
2.40
0.80
6.00
4.60
7.20
9.30
3.50
5.90
6.70
9.10
7.60
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2000-2003 2003-2005
Gia sc L n Gia cm

1.1.2. nh hng pht trin chn nui ln ti Vit Nam
Trong s cc nc thuc khi asean, Vit Nam l nc chu p lc v t ai
ln nht. Tc tng dn s v qu trnh th ha lm gim din tch t nng
nghip. m bo an ton v lng thc v thc phm, bin php duy nht l


11
thm canh chn nui trong chn nui ln l mt thnh phn quan trng trong
nh hng pht trin.
Theo quyt inh s 10/2008/Q-TTg ngy 16 thng 1 nm 2008 ca Th
tng chnh ph v vic ph duyt chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020
th:
+ n nm 2020 ngnh chn nui c bn chuyn sang sn xut phng thc
trang tri, cng nghip, p ng phn ln nhu cu thc phm m bo cht lng
cho tiu dng v xut khu;
+ T trng chn nui trong nng nghip n nm 2020 t trn 42%, trong
nm 2010 t khong 32% v nm 2015 t 38%;
+ m bo an ton dch bnh v v sinh an ton thc phm, khng ch c hiu
qu cc bnh nguy him trong chn nui;
+ Cc c s chn nui, nht l chn nui theo phng thc trang tri, cng
nghip v c s git m, ch bin gia sc, gia cm phi c h thng x l cht thi,
bo v v gim nhim mi trng.
+ Mc tng trng bnh qun: giai on 2008-2010 t khong 8-9% nm;
giai on 2010-2015 t khong 6-7% nm v giai on 2015-2020 t khong 5-
6% nm
1.1.3. Hin trng nhim mi trng do chn nui ln
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh chn nui ln pht trin vi tc rt nhanh
nhng ch yu l t pht v cha p ng c cc tiu chun k thut v chung
tri v k thut chn nui. Do nng sut chn nui thp v gy nhim mi
trng mt cch trm trng. nhim mi trng khng nhng nh hng n sc
khe vt nui, nng sut chn nui m cn nh hng rt ln n sc khe con
ngi v mi trng sng xung quanh. Mi nm ngnh chn nui gia sc gia cm
thi ra khong 75-85 triu tn phn, vi phng thc s dng phn chung khng
qua x l n nh v nc thi khng qua x l x trc tip ra mi trng gy
nhim nghim trng.
Cht thi chn nui tc ng n mi trng v sc khe con ngi trn nhiu
kha cnh: gy nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm, mi trng kh, mi trng


12
t v cc sn phm nng nghip. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu cn bnh
v h hp, tiu ho, do trong cht thi cha nhiu VSV gy bnh, trng giun. t
chc y t th gii (WHO) cnh bo: nu khng c bin php thu gom v x l
cht thi chn nui mt cch tha ng s nh hng rt ln n sc khe con
ngi, vt nui v gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. c bit l cc virus bin
th t cc dch bnh nh l mm long mng, dch bnh tai xanh ln c th ly lan
nhanh chng v c th cp i sinh mng ca rt nhiu ngi.
Cho n nay, cha c mt bo co no nh gi chi tit v y v nhim
mi trng do ngnh chn nui gy ra. Theo bo co tng kt ca vin chn nui
[1], hu ht cc h chn nui u nc thi chy t do ra mi trng xung quanh
gy mi hi thi nng nc, c bit l vo nhng ngy oi bc. Nng kh H
2
S v
NH
3
cao hn mc cho php khong 30-40 ln [2]. Tng s VSV v bo t nm
cng cao hn mc cho php rt nhiu ln. Ngoi ra nc thi chn nui cn c cha
Coliform, E.coli, COD..., v trng giun sn cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun
cho php.
nhim mi trng khu vc tri chn nui do s phn hu cc cht hu c c
mt trong phn v nc thi ca ln. Sau khi cht thi ra khi c th ca ln th cc
cht kh lp tc bay ln, kh thi chn nui bao gm hn hp nhiu loi kh trong
c trn 40 loi gy mi, ch yu l H
2
S v NH
3
. Trong iu kin k kh cng vi
s c mt ca vi khun trong phn v nc thi xy ra qu trnh kh cc ion
sunpht (SO
4
2-
) thnh sunphua (S
2-
). Trong iu kin bnh thng th H
2
S l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc vn v mu v mi. Nng S
2-
ti h thu
nc thi chn nui ln c th ln n 330 mg/l cao hn rt nhiu so vi tiu chun
(theo TCVN 5945-2005 ct C nng sunfua l 1,0mg/l) [2].
Vic kim sot cht thi chn nui l mt ni dung cp bch cn c cc cp
qun l, cc nh sn xut v cng ng dn c bt buc quan tm : hn ch
nhim mi trng, bo v sc khe ca con ngi, cnh quan khu dn c cng nh
khng km hm s pht trin ca ngnh.


13
1.1.4. nh hng ca nhim mi trng n nng sut chn nui
Tnh hnh dch bnh bng pht trn quy m rng ngy cng tng, dch bnh c
nhiu nguyn nhn v t nhiu ngun khc nhau: do vius, vi khun, k sinh trng.
V vy hn ch cc nguyn nhn gy bnh trn, nhim mi trng chung nui
l vn cp bch cn gii quyt hin nay.
Bnh v cc loi vi khun gy bnh trn ln: bnh tiu ha do vi khun E.coli
gy ra a chy ln con, bnh do k sinh trng gy ra lm ln chm ln, ci cc...
bn cnh cht lng khng kh trong chung nui cng rt quan trng, gia sc
ht vo phi nhng cht c hi gy vim nhim ng h hp lm nh hng n
s tng trng. Phn v nc thi khng c thu gom x l s phn hy gy
nhim mi trng khng kh nh hng n nng sut chn nui, mi trng chn
nui bao gm cc yu t: kh amoniac, hyro sunfua, nhit , m, bi v cc kh
gy mi hi thi khc.
Bng 1.3. Cc bnh in hnh lin quan n cht thi chn nui
Tn mm bnh Loi ng
nhim
Gy bnh
ntp* vt nui ngi
e. coli vi trng nc, thc n + + +
salmonella vi trng nc, thc n + + +
leptospira vi trng nc, thc n - + +
dch t ln virut nc, thc n - + -
ascarissuum k sinh trng nc, thc n - + +
bnh ngoi da nm, kst nc, thc n.
da nim mc
- + +
c. parium kst nc, thc n - + +
(*ntp: ng c thc phm)
Theo nghin cu ca vin chn nui [26] v nh hng ca mi trng ti
nng sut chn nui cho thy, nu ln c chn nui trong mt mi trng khng
nhim c th tng trng cao hn nui trong mi trng nhim bnh qun
34g/ngy/con (tng 7% so vi chung nui b nhim), t l ln mc bnh
chung nhim cng cao hn 7% so vi chung khng nhim. iu cho thy


14
mi trng c ngha rt ln n nng sut chn nui v cng tc kim sot dch
bnh i vi vt nui.
1.1.5. Tnh hnh dch bnh trong ngnh chn nui ln v thit hi kinh t
Dch l mm long mng (LMLM): cc triu chng in hnh nh tru, b, ln
chy nhiu nc bt, lot nim mc li, l mm v tt mng. nc ta bnh
LMLM xut hin dai dng trong nhiu nm qua v kh tiu tr, bin php duy
nht l tiu hu gia sc trong khu vc dch bnh. n thng 2 nm 2007 dch ny
vn xut hin nhiu tnh v phi thc hin tiu hu hng ngn con ln, b [29].
Dch bnh tai xanh ca ln (ri lon h hp v sinh sn - hi chng PRRS)
triu chng: b n, st, tai chuyn mu xanh v cht. bnh tai xanh do virus lelytad
tn cng v ph hy i thc bo (c quan c chc nng tiu dit vi khun), nn ln
rt d cht v b bi nhim do vi khun gy bnh t, t huyt trng, hen suynmt
s bnh tch thng gp: no sung huyt, phi vim xut huyt, gan sng... Vit
Nam, bnh xut hin ti min nam nhiu nm trc y, vo thng 3/2007 ti
Hi Dng xut hin dch bnh tai xanh, sau c thm gn 30.000 con ln ti
mt s tnh ng bng Bc b b nhim bnh. Vo thng 3-4/2008 dch bnh tai
xanh li bng pht 11 tnh thnh c 3 min trong c nc, s ln mc bnh phi
tiu hy l 26.300 con [29]. cha tr bnh tai xanh cho ln c th s dng thuc
khng sinh cho ln, tuy nhin xy ra hin tng nhn thuc. Bin php ti u
nht ngn chn s ly lan dch bnh l khoanh vng dch v tiu hy ln bnh.
Dch bnh i vi vt nui nc ta my nm gn y lin tc bng pht, ht
dch bnh ny n dch bnh khc, gy tn tht ln cho nn kinh t v nhiu ch tri
chn nui b ph sn. Cc dch bnh sau khi c ngn chn c nguy c bng pht
tr li rt cao, mc d cc cp cc ngnh v nhn dn mt nhiu cng sc v tin
ca phng dch v dp dch. Tuy nhin m bo pht trin bn vng lu di,
cn phi t cng tc mi trng chung tri chn nui ln hng u.
1.2. Tng quan v cht thi chn nui ln v hin trng qun l cht thi chn
nui ln Vit Nam
1.2.1. c im cht thi chn nui ln
Cht thi chn nui chia ra thnh 3 nhm:


15
+ Cht thi rn: Phn, cht n, lng, cht hu c ti cc l m...
+ Cht thi lng: nc tiu, nc ra chung, tm ra gia sc, v sinh l m,
cc dng c
+ Cht thi kh: CO
2
, NH
3
, CH
4

Cht thi rn v nc thi. Cht thi rn ch yu l phn, rc, thc n tha ca
vt nui.... Cht thi rn chn nui ln c m t 56-83%, t l N, P, K cao, cha
nhiu hp cht ha c, v c v mt lng ln cc vi sinh vt, trng cc k sinh
trng c th gy bnh cho ngi v vt nui.
Ty theo c im chung nui v hnh thc thu gom cht thi, cht thi chn
nui ln bao gm: cht thi rn, nc tiu, nc thi chn nui (hn hp phn, nc
tiu, nc ra chung..).
1.2.1.1. Cht thi rn - Phn
L nhng thnh phn t thc n nc ung m c th gia sc khng hp th
c v thi ra ngoi c th. Phn gm nhng thnh phn:
- Nhng dng cht khng tiu ha c ca qu trnh tiu ha vi sinh.
- Cc cht cn b ca dch tiu ha (trypsin, pepsin ), cc m trc ra t cc
nim mc ca ng tiu ha v cht nhn theo phn ra ngoi.
- Cc loi vi sinh vt trong thc n, rut b thi ra ngoi theo phn.
a. Lng phn:
Lng phn thi ra trong mt ngy m ty thuc vo ging, loi, tui v
khu phn n. Lng phn ln thi ra mi ngy c th c tnh 6-8% trng lng
ca vt nui [2]. Lng phn thi trung bnh ca ln trong 24 gi c th hin
di bng sau:
Bng 1.4. Khi lng phn v nc tiu ca gia sc thi ra trong 1 ngy m
Loi gia sc Lng phn (kg/ngy) Nc tiu (kg/ngy)
Tru b ln 20-25 10-15
Ln (<10kg) 0,5-1 0,3-0,7
Ln (15-45kg) 1-3 0,7-2,0
Ln (45-100kg) 3-5 2-4



16
Bng 1.5. Lng cht thi chn nui c tnh nm 2008
TT Loi vt
nui
Tng s u con
nm 2008
(1.000.000 con)
Cht thi rn bnh
qun (kg/con/ngy)
Tng cht thi rn/
nm (tr tn)
1 B 6.33 10 23.13
2 Tru 2.89 15 15.86
3 Ln 26.70 2 19.49
4 Gia cm 247.32 0.2 18.05
5 D 1.34 1.5 0.73
6 Cu 0.08 1.5 0.04
7 Nga 0.12 4 0.17
8 Hu, nai 0.04 2.5 0.03
9 Ch 8.07 1 2.95
Tng cng 80.45

b. Thnh phn trong phn ln
Thnh phn cc cht trong phn ln ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
- Thnh phn dng cht ca thc n v nc ung;
- tui ca ln (mi tui s c kh nng tiu ha khc nhau);
- Tnh trng sc khe vt nui v nhu cu c th: nu nhu cu c th cao th s
dng dng cht nhiu th lng phn thi s t v ngc li.
Bng 1.6. Thnh phn (%) ca phn gia sc gia cm
Loi phn Nc Nit P
2
O
5
K
2
O CaO MgO
Ln 82.0 0.60 0.41 0.26 0.09 0.10
Tru, b 83.14 0.29 0.17 1.00 0.35 0.13
G 56.0 1.63 0.54 0.85 2.40 0.74

Ngoi ra, trong phn cn c cha nhiu loi vi khun, virus v trng k sinh
trng, trong vi khun thuc h Enterobacteriacea chim a s vi cc ging in
hnh nh Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Klebsiella. Trong 1 kg phn


17
c cha 2000-5000 trng giun sn gm ch yu cc loi: Ascaris suum,
Oesophagostomum, Trichocephalus (Nguyn Th Hoa L, 2004).
Bng 1.7. Mt s thnh phn vi sinh vt trong cht thi rn chn nui ln
Ch tiu n v S lng
Coliform MNP/100g 4.10
6
-10
8

E. Coli MPN/100g 10
5
-10
7

Streptococus MPN/100g 3.10
2
-10
4

Salmonella Vk/25ml 10-10
4

Cl. Perfringens Vk/ml 10-10
2

n bo MNP/10g 0-10
3


1.2.1.2. Nc phn
Nc phn chung l hn hp phn, nc tiu v nc ra chung. V vy
nc phn chung rt giu cht dinh dng v c gi tr ln v mt phn bn.
Trong 1m
3
nc phn c khong: 5-6kg N nguyn cht; 0,1kg P
2
O
5
; 12kg K
2
O
(Bergmann, 1965). Nc phn chung l ngho ln, giu m v rt giu Kali. m
trong nc phn chung tn ti theo 3 dng ch yu l: ur, axit uric v axit
hippuric, khi tip xc vi khng kh mt thi gian hay bn vo t th b VSV
phn gii axit uric v axit hippuric thnh ur v sau chuyn thnh amoni
carbonat.
Bng 1.8. Thnh phn trung bnh ca nc tiu cc lai gia sc
TT Loi gia
sc, gia
cm
Thnh phn trong nc tiu (%)
Nc CHC N P
2
O
5
K
2
O CaO MgO Cl
1 Tru b 92,5 3,0 1,0 0,01 1,5 0,15 0-0,1 0,1
2 Nga 89,0 7,0 1,2 0,05 1,50 0,02 0,24 0,2
3 Ln 94,0 2,5 0,5 0,05 1,0 0-0,2 0-0,1 0,1



18
1.2.1.3. Nc thi
Nc thi chn nui l mt loi nc thi rt c trng v c kh nng gy
nhim mi trng cao do c cha hm lng cao cc cht hu c, cn l lng, N, P
v VSV gy bnh. Theo kt qu iu tra nh gi hin trng mi trng ca Vin
chn nui (2006) ti cc c s chn nui ln c quy m tp trung thuc H Ni, H
Ty, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh, Qung Nam, Bnh Dng, ng Nai cho thy c im
ca nc thi chn nui [1]:
Cc cht hu c: hp cht hu c chim 7080% bao gm cellulose, protit,
acid amin, cht bo, hidrat carbon v cc dn xut ca chng, thc n tha. Cc cht
v c chim 2030% gm ct, t, mui, ure, ammonium, mui chlorua, SO
4
2-
,
N v P: kh nng hp th N v P ca cc loi gia sc, gia cm rt km, nn
khi n thc n c cha N v P th chng s bi tit ra ngoi theo phn v nc tiu.
Trong nc thi chn nui heo thng cha hm lng N v P rt cao. Hm lng
N-tng = 200 350 mg/l trong N-NH
4
chim khong 80-90%; P_tng = 60-
100mg/l.
Sinh vt gy bnh: Nc thi chn nui cha nhiu loi vi trng, virus v
trng u trng giun sn gy bnh.
Bng 1.9. Cht lng nc thi theo iu tra ti cc tri chn nui tp trung
Ch tiu
kim tra
n v

Tri
an Phung
TTNC Ln
Thy Phng
Tri ln
Tam ip
Tri Cty
Gia Nam
Tri
Hng ip
TBSD
pH 7,15 7,26 7,08 6,78 6,83
7,02
0,24
BOD
5
mg/l

1339,4 1080,70 882,3 783,4 1221,2
1061,40
278
COD mg/l 3397,6 2224.5 1924,8 1251,6 2824.5
2324,60
1073
TDS mg/l 4812,8 4568.44 3949,56 4012,8 4720.4
4412,80
400
P_tng mg/l 99,4 80.2 69,4 57,4 85.6
78,40
21
N_tng mg/l 332,8 280,1 250,9 204,8 275,4
268,80
64



19
Cht thi lng trong chn nui (nc tiu vt nui, nc tm, nc ra
chung, v sinh dng c, ...) c tnh khong vi chc nghn t m
3
/nm.
1.2.1.3. Kh thi
Cht thi kh: Chn nui pht thi nhiu loi kh thi (CO
2
, NH
3
, CH
4
, H
2
S, ...
thuc cc loi kh nh knh chnh ) do hot ng h hp, tiu ha ca vt nui, do
phn, ch bin thc n, ... c khong vi trm triu tn/ nm.
1.2.2. Tnh hnh v qun l cht thi chn nui ln ti Vit Nam
1.2.2.1. Cht thi rn
Cng tc qun l cht thi trong chn nui ln ang gp nhiu kh khn, vic
s dng phn ln trong nng nghip vn cn b hn ch do phn ln khng ging
phn b hay gia cm khc. Phn ln t v hi thi nn kh thu gom v vn
chuyn, phn ln l phn nng kh s dng, hiu qu khng cao v c th lm
cht hoc mt nng sut cy trng (su ring mt mi, nhn khng ngt...). Theo
iu tra tnh hnh qun l cht thi chn nui mt s huyn thuc TP. HCM v
mt s tnh ln cn [2] ch c 6% s h nui ln c bn phn cho cc i tng s
dng nui c v lm phn bn, khong 29% s h chn nui ln s dng phn
cho b biogas v 9% h dng phn ln nui c.

Hnh 1.1. Mc ch s dng phn trong qu trnh chn nui ln theo iu
tra ti mt s huyn thuc TP. H Ch Minh

Theo kt qu iu tra nh gi hin trng mi trng ca Vin chn nui
(2006) ti cc c s chn nui ln c quy m tp trung H Ni, H Ty, Ninh
Bnh, Nam nh, Qung Nam, Bnh Dng, ng Nai cho thy: Cht thi rn bao
Phn bn
6%
Biogas
29%
B n phn
6%
Khng mc ch
50%
Nui c
9%


20
gm ch yu l phn, cht n chung, thc n tha v i khi l xc gia sc, gia
cm cht. Kt qu iu tra hin trng qun l cht thi chn nui cho thy 100% s
c s chn nui u cha tin hnh x l cht thi rn trc khi chuyn ra ngoi
khu vc chn nui. Cc c s ny ch c khu vc tp trung cht thi v tr cui
tri, cht thi c thu gom v ng bao ti bn cho ngi tiu th lm phn bn
hoc nui c. Cc bao ti ny c ti s dng nhiu ln, khng c v sinh tiu
c nn nguy c gy nhim mi trng v ly nhim lan truyn dch bnh t trang
tri ny sang trang tri khc l rt cao. i vi phng thc nui ln trn sn b
tng pha di l hm thu gom th khng thu c cht thi rn. Ton b cht thi,
bao gm phn, nc tiu, nc ra chung c ha ln v dn v b biogas.
1.2.2.2. Cht thi lng
y l loi cht thi t c s dng v kh qun l do:
- Lng nc thi ln, lng nc s dng cho nhu cu ung, ra chung
v tm cho ln l 30-50 lt nc/1con.ng.
- Nc thi c mi hi thi, kh vn chuyn i xa s dng cho cc mc
ch nng nghip v nui trng thy sn;
- Lng nc thi qu ln, khng th s dng ht cho din tch t canh
tc xung quanh.

Hnh 1.2. Mc ch s dng nc thi trong qu trnh chn nui ln theo iu tra ti
mt s huyn thuc TP. H Ch Minh
Theo kt qu iu tra nh gi hin trng mi trng ca Vin chn nui
(2006) ti cc c s chn nui ln c quy m tp trung thuc H Ni, H Ty, Ninh
X l s b, thi ra
MT
45%
Biogas
40%
T- i cy
15%


21
Bnh, Nam nh, Qung Nam, Bnh Dng, ng Nai cho thy: nc thi ca cc
c s chn nui ln bao gm nc tiu, ra chung, mng n, mng ung v nc
tm ra cho ln. C 10 c s chn nui ln c iu tra u c ch c h thng x
l cht thi lng bng cng ngh biogas. Kt qu iu tra ca cho thy h thng x
l nc thi ti cc trang tri trn l: Nc thi b Biogas h sinh hc thi
ra mi trng, hu ht cc trang tri chn nui ln khc cng c s x l cht
thi nh trn [1].
Nhn chung, vic qun l cht thi chn nui ln ang gp nhiu kh khn.
Nhu cu s dng cht thi chn nui ln trong nng nghip cn rt thp. V vy cn
c nhiu bin php tch cc kt hp gii quyt vn qun l v khc phc s
nhim mi trng do mt lng cht thi chn nui gy ra.
Bng 1.10. Phng php x l v s dng cht lng ti cc h thng
Ch tiu
n
v VAC AC VC C
Cht
thi
c
x l
trang tri
x l bng
biogas
% 42,5 24,39 64,70 73,68
m
3
3,87 5,43 4,411,28 3,731,83 3,98 2,98
trang tri
x l bng
ao lng
% 11,25 - - -
m
3
5,59 2,86 - - -
Cht
thi
khng
c
x l
trang tri
a xung
ao c
% 63,75 75,60 - -
m
3
4,99 1,28 6,584,32 - -
trang tri
ra mi
trng
% 11,25 12,19 57,14 63,15
m
3
2,22 2,23 4,912,95 3,98 5,75 3,505,40

1.2.3. Tng quan v qun l cht thi chn nui ln trn th gii
Vic x l cht thi chn nui ln c nghin cu trin khai cc nc
pht trin t cch y vi chc nm. Cc nghin cu ca cc t chc v cc tc gi


22
nh (Zhang v Felmann, 1997), (Boone v cs., 1993; Smith & Frank, 1988),
(Chynoweth v Pullammanappallil, 1996; Legrand, 1993; Smith v cs., 1988; Smith
v cs., 1992), (Chynoweth, 1987; Chynoweth & Isaacson, 1987)... Cc cng ngh
p dng cho x l nc thi trn th gii ch yu l cc phng php sinh hc.
cc nc pht trin, quy m trang tri hng trm hecta, trong trang tri ngoi chn
nui ln quy m ln (trn 10.000 con ln), phn ln v cht thi ln ch yu lm
phn vi sinh v nng lng Biogas cho my pht in, nc thi chn nui c s
dng cho cc mc ch nng nghip.




















Hnh 1.3. M hnh qun l cht thi rn chn nui trn th gii
Ti cc nc pht trin vic ng dng phng php sinh hc trong x l nc
thi chn nui c nghin cu, ng dng v ci tin trong nhiu nm qua.
Ti H Lan, nc thi chn nui c x l bng cng ngh SBR qua 2 giai
on: giai on hiu kh chuyn ha thnh phn hu c thnh CO
2
, nhit nng v
nc, amoni c nitrat ha thnh nitrit v/hoc kh nit; giai on k kh xy ra
C s chn nui
quy m nh l
Nui th,
chung h
H thng nui
trn sn
Kho cha cht
thi rn
phn compost
B cha, h cha nc
thi, h thng x l ym
kh, b biogas dung tch
ln..
Knh mng
tip nhn nc
thi
Land
Application
Trang tri ln quy m
cng nghip
Dng nc thi
Dng cht thi
rn
Rung, cnh ng


23
qu trnh nitrat thnh kh nit. Phtphat c loi b t pha lng bng nh
lng vi vo b sc kh (Willers et al.,1994).
Ti Ty Ban Nha, mc thi chn nui c x l bng quy trnh
VALPUREN (c cp bng sng ch Ty Ban Nha s P9900761). y l quy
trnh x l kt hp phn hy k kh to hi nc v lm kh bn bng nhit nng
c cp bi h hp kh sinh hc v kh t nhin.
Ti Thi Lan, cng trnh x l nc thi sau Biogas l UASB. y l cng
trnh x l sinh hc k kh ngc dng. Nc thi c a vo t di ln, xuyn
qua lp bn k kh l lng dng cc bng bn mn. Qu trnh khong ha cc cht
hu c din ra khi nc thi tip xc vi cc bng bn ny. Mt phn kh sinh ra
trong qu trnh phn hy k kh (CH
4
, CO
2
v mt s kh khc) s kt dnh vi cc
bng bn v ko cc bng bn ln l lng trong bn, to s khuy trn u gia
bn v nc. Khi ln n nh b, cc bt kh c gii phng vi kh t do v bn
s ri xung. tng tip xc gia nc thi vi cc bng bn, lng kh t do sau
khi thot ra khi b c tun hon tr li h thng.


24
CHNG II. C S L THUYT V XUT CNG NGH X L NC
THI CHN NUI LN PH HP VI IU KIN CA VIT NAM

i vi nc thi chn nui, c th p dng cc phng php x l sau:
- Phng php x l c hc.
- Phng php x l ha l.
- Phng php x l sinh hc.
Trong cc phng php trn, x l sinh hc l phng php chnh, cc cng
trnh x l sinh hc thng c t sau cc cng trnh x l c hc, ha l.
2.1. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php c hc v ha l
2.1.1. X l c hc
Mc ch l tch cn rn v phn ra khi hn hp nc thi bng cch thu
gom, lng cn. C th dng song chn rc, b lng... loi b cn d lng to iu
kin x l v gim khi tch cc cng trnh pha sau.
2.1.2. X l ha l
Sau khi x l c hc, nc thi cn cha nhiu cn hu c v v c c kch
thc nh, c th dng phng php keo t loi b chng. Theo nghin cu ca
Trng Thanh Cnh (2001) vi nc thi chn nui ln: phng php c hc v
keo t c th tch c 80-90% hm lng cn trong nc thi chn nui ln. Tuy
nhin phng php ny i hi chi ph cao khng ph hp vi cc c s chn nui.
Ngoi ra tuyn ni cng l mt phng php loi b cn trong nc thi chn
nui ln, tuy nhin chi ph u t v vn hnh cao nn khng ph hp vi cc c s
chn nui.
2.2. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc k kh
2.2.1. C s l thuyt qu trnh x l k kh
Vo nhng nm 19 qu trnh phn hy k kh c ng dng rng ri trong x
l bn thi v phn, sau phng php ny c p dng cho XLNT nh c
nhng u im sau:
- Kh nng chu ti trng cao so vi qu trnh x l hiu kh;
- Thi gian lu bn khng ph thuc vo thi gian lu nc. Mt lng sinh
khi ln c gi li trong b;


25
- Chi ph x l thp (khng phi cung cp oxy nh qu trnh x l hiu kh);
- To ra mt ngun nng lng mi c th s dng (kh sinh hc Biogas);
- H thng cng trnh x l a dng: UASB, lc k kh, k kh xo trn hon
ton, k kh tip xc...
Bn cnh cc u im trn, qu trnh x l k kh c mt s nhc im sau:
- Nhy cm vi mi trng (t
o
, pH, nng kim loi nng);
- Pht sinh mi;
- Tc pht trin sinh khi chm.
Trong cng ngh k kh cn lu 2 yu t quan trng:
- Duy tr sinh khi cng nhiu cng tt;
- To tip xc gia nc thi v sinh khi vi khun.
Qu trnh phn hy k kh cc hp cht hu c l qu trnh sinh ha phc tp,
bao gm hng trm phn ng v hp cht trung gian, mi phn ng c xc tc
bi nhng enzym c bit. S biu din tng qut qu trnh x l k kh [41]:















Hnh 2.1. S phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin ym kh. S liu ch %COD trong
tng giai on
Cht hu c khng tan,
protein, hydrat carbon, lipit
Acid amin,
-ng
Acid bo
21 40
34
5
39
Hp cht trung
gian (propionat,
butyrat,)
Acetate Hydro
66
20
11 11
12 8
34
11
23
Methane
70 30


26
Giai on 1- (giai on thy phn): Nc thi chn nui ln c cha nhiu
polyme hu c phc tp v khng tan trong nc (protein, cht bo, carbon hydrat,
cellulose, ligin..). Trong giai on thy phn nhng polyme hu c b b gy bi
cc enzym ngoi bo do VSV thy phn sinh ra to thnh cc hp cht hu c
n gin hn. Phn ng thy phn s chuyn ha protein thnh acid amin, carbon
hydrat thnh ng n v cht bo thnh acid hu c mch di v glyxerin. Nhng
phn ng thy phn cellulose v cc cht hu c phc tp thnh cc cht hu c
n gin xy ra chm hn rt nhiu trong giai on 1 v cc giai on sau, yu t
ny cng s hn ch tc qu trnh phn hy k kh.
Tc ca qu trnh thy phn ph thuc vo nng cht nn, lng vi khun v
cc yu t mi trng khc (tc thy phn xy ra rt chm khi nhit <20
0
C)...
Giai on 2 - giai on acid ha: cc hp cht hu c n gin t qu trnh
thy phn c cc vi khun acetogenic chuyn ha thnh acid acetic, H
2
v CO
2
.
Giai on 3 - giai on acetate ha: Sn phm ca qu trnh acid ha c
tip tc chuyn ha thnh nguyn liu trc tip cho qu trnh methane ha. Trong s
3.1 cho thy 70%COD ca ngun c chuyn thnh acid acetic v 30%COD
cn li ng vai tr l cht cho in t v c chuyn ha thnh CO
2
v H
2
.
Giai on 4 - giai on methane ha: l giai on chm nht trong qu trnh
x l ym kh. Kh methane hnh thnh t phn ng ca acid acetic hoc kh CO
2
v
H
2
. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bi loi VK acetotrophic v hydrogenotrophic.
CH
3
COOH --> CH
4
+ CO
2
; 4H
2
+ CO
2
--> CH
4
+ H
2
O
Vi sinh vt to methane t hydro v carbonic (hydrogenotrophic) c tc
pht trin nhanh hn nn ng vai tr quyt nh trong qu trnh ny. Song song vi
qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c l qu trnh tng hp t bo ca tt c cc nhm
vi sinh c mt trong qu trnh x l.
T c ch phn hy cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh cho thy:
- Theo s 3.1 qu trnh hnh thnh methane COD chuyn thnh H
2
ch
l 30% thng qua nhm vi khun hydrogenotrophic. V vy, t hiu qu x l
COD cao cn to iu kin cho nhm vi khun ny pht trin.


27
- Trong giai on acid ha, pH ca mi trng b gim do hnh thnh acid
bo v cc sn phm trung gian c tnh acid. Mt khc chng loi vi sinh to
methane ch pht trin thun li trong mi trng trung tnh. khc phc hin
tng chua cn to th cn bng gia hai qu trnh acid ha v methane ha bng
cch thc y hot tnh ca VSV methane ha v duy tr iu kin m (h m l
HCO
3
-
- CO
3
2-
).
Bin php x l k kh cho cht lng nc u ra cn cha nhiu hp cht c
mi hi, v vy chng ch c coi l mt bc tin x l trong h thng x l.
2.2.2. Cc cng trnh k kh c trin vng p dng cho XLNT chn nui
a. B Biogas: y l phng php x l k kh kh n gin, thy hu ht cc c
s chn nui quy m trang tri, k c quy m h gia nh. u im ca b Biogas l
c th sn xut c ngun nng lng kh sinh hc thay th c mt phn cc
ngun nng lng khc.
Trong b Biogas cc cht hu c c phn hy mt phn, do sau Biogas
nc thi c hm lng cht hu c thp v t mi hn. Bn cn trong b biogas c
th s dng ci to t nng nghip. Cng vi vic c ngun nng lng mi s
dng, cn gp phn gim thiu hin tng cht ph rng v bo v mi trng. Kh
Biogas l mt ngun nng lng c trin vng trong tng lai ng thi gp phn
bo v mi trng v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin.
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn kh trong hn hp kh Biogas
Loi kh Thnh phn kh
CH
4
55-65%
CO
2
35-45%
N
2
0-3%
H
2
0-1%
H
2
S 0-1%

Khi t chy 1m
3
hn hp kh biogas sinh ra nhit lng khong 4.500-6.000
calo/m
3
tng ng vi 1 lt cn, 0,8 lt xng, 0,6 lt du th, 1,4 kg than hoa hay
2,2 kW in [21].


28
Ty thuc vo thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi chn nui, thi gian lu
nc, ti trng cht hu c, nhit m lng kh sinh ra l khc nhau.
Bng 2.2. Lng kh Biogas c sinh ra t cht thi ng vt v cc cht thi trong
nng nghip
ng vt Kh c sn sinh
(l/kg cht thi rn)
Thc vt Kh c sn sinh
(l/kg cht thi rn)
Ln 340-500 C 90-130
G 310-620 Rm 105
B 280-550 Bo ty 375

Cc qu trnh sinh ha trong b Biogas:
C 2 nhm vi khun tham gia trong b biogas nh sau: Nhm vi khun bin
dng cellulose v nhm vi khun sinh kh metan.
+ Nhm vi khun bin dng cellulose: Nhng vi khun ny u c enzym
cellulosase v nm ri rc trong cc h khc nhau, hu ht cc trc trng, c bo t.
Theo A.R.Prevot, chng c mt trong cc h: Clostridium, Plectridium, Caduceus,
Endosponus, Terminosponus. Trong iu kin ym kh chng phn hy to ra: CO
2
,
H
2
v mt s cht tan trong nc nh formandehit, acetat, ancol methylic.. Cc cht
ny u c dng dinh dng hoc tc cht cho nhm vi khun sinh kh metan.
+ Nhm vi khun sinh kh metan: Nhm ny rt chuyn bit v c
nghin cu k lng bi W.E.Balch v cs.., 1997 M, c xp thnh 3 b, 4 h,
17 loi. Mi loi vi khun metan ch c th s dng mt s cht nht nh. Do
vic ln men k kh bt buc phi s dng nhiu loi vi khun metan, nh vy qu
trnh ln men mi m bo trit . iu kin cho cc vi khun metan pht trin cn
c lng CO
2
trong mi trng, ngun nit (khong 3,5 mg/g bn lng), t l
C/N = 20:1. Trong qu trnh ln men k kh cc loi VSV gy bnh b tiu dit
khng phi do nhit m do tc ng tng hp ca nhiu yu t khc nhau, trong
c mc k kh, tc ng ca cc sn phm trao i cht, tc ng cnh tranh
dinh dng, Mc tiu dit cc VSV gy bnh trong qu trnh k kh t 80 n
100%.


29
Cc yu t nh hng v duy tr h thng Biogas:
- Nguyn liu a vo: cn phi b sung hng ngy khi lng phn y ,
nu qu nhiu hoc qu t phn u c th sn sinh ra t kh hoc khng c kh. Do
cn phi duy tr s cn bng gia cc nhm vi khun trn, nu d cc cht hu
c nhm sinh vt th nht sn sinh ra nhiu acid gy c ch s pht trin v hot
ng ca nhm vi khun th hai. Cng thc pha trn chung l: 1,5kg phn t nhin
+ 30 lt nc = hn hp bn lng c nng cn l lng 5%. Sn phm kh to ra
0,35-0,40m
3
kh/1kg cn l lng, thi gian lu nc trong b Biogas i vi phn
ln l 10-15 ngy [29].
Bng 2.3. Nng sut kh sinh hc t qu trnh ln men cc loi nguyn liu
STT Nguyn liu Lng kh sinh
hc/1kg cht kh
(m
3
/kg)
%CH
4
trong
kh sinh hc
Thi gian
ln men
(ngy)
1 Phn tru b 0,33 58 10
2 Phn gia sc khc 0,23-0,50 58 10
3 Phn tru 0,86-1,11 57 10
4 Phn g 0,31-0,54 60 30
5 Phn ln 0,69-0,76 58-60 10-15
6 Phn Cu 0,37-0,61 64 20

- nh hng ca t l C/N: qu trnh phn hu k kh tt nht nu nguyn
liu a vo m bo t l C/N=30/1 [29].
Bng 2.4. T l C/N trong phn gia sc gia cm
Vt nui Thnh phn
Cht tan (%) N(%) P(%) C/N
B sa 7,33 0,38 0,10 25,30
B tht 9,53 0,70 0,20 26,30
Ln 21,50 1,00 0,30 25,50
G 16,60 1,20 1,20 15,00
Tru 10,20 0,31


30
Cht lng nguyn liu v t l hn hp phn/nc: dung dch ln men phi
m bo hm lng cht kh 2-4%, vi cht d tiu khong 7%. Thng thng t l
phn/nc=1/1-1/5.
- Qu trnh khuy trn: phi thng xuyn thc hin ph lp vng ni trong
b Biogas to iu kin cho kh thot ln vm b v thc y qu trnh sinh kh.
ng thi trong cc vi khun sinh kh c loi th ng c loi nng ng, do cn
khuy trn cung cp thc n cho loi vi khun th ng.
- Ho cht, cc c t: cc ha cht nh thuc khng sinh hoc cc sn phm
ho hc khc c th gy c ch cho qu trnh pht trin ca VSV. Vi sinh vt c th
ngng lm vic v hiu qu sinh kh thp, v vy cn hn ch s c mt ca cc cht
ho hc trong b Biogas.
- pH: ti u khong 7-8,5.
- p sut: Vi khun to kh methane rt nhy cm vi p sut, chng ch hot
ng bnh thng trong iu kin p sut <40mm ct nc [29].
- Nhit : l tng l 35
0

C, tuy nhin qu trnh phn hu vn xy ra nhit
15-20
0
C. Nu nhit thp hn th VSV kh pht trin, di 10
0
C th gn nh
qu trnh sinh kh khng din ra. Theo Mignotte lng kh sinh ra trn 1 tn phn
cc nhit khc nhau trong khong thi gian khc nhau c th hin trong bng
sau:
Bng 2.5. nh hng ca nhit v thi gian lu n hiu qu sinh kh
Nhit (
0
C) Kh sinh ra (m
3
/ngy) Thi gian (thng)
15 0,15 12
20 0,3 6
25 0.6 3
30 1.0 2
35 2,0 1

Theo nghin cu ca Nguyn Th Hoa L (1994) nc thi sau khi qua b Biogas,
BOD gim 79-87%, Coliform gim 98-99,7%, trng giun sn gim 95,6-97%.


31
b. H k kh: Chiu su h khong 3-5m, lp nc trong h c khuy o nh
cc bt kh sinh ra t qu trnh k kh y v cc yu t khc nh gi, chuyn
ng i lu... Hiu qu x l ca h k kh ph thuc vo thi gian lu v ti
lng cht hu c, mi quan h gia hiu qu x l v thi gian lu c th hin
qua cng thc [2]: E(%) = 1 2,4. u
0,5
Ti trng BOD ca h k kh tng i cao, t 200-500 kgBOD/ha.ngy. Hiu
qu kh BOD t 50-85%. Hm lng cht l lng khi ra khi h 80-160 mg/l [21].
c. Qu trnh lc sinh hc k kh: K thut lc ym kh c s dng trong thc t
ln u tin vo nm 1969, k thut trn ph hp vi nc thi c hm lng cht
hu c cao. Ti lng cht hu c ca b lc ym kh c th t ti 1-20
kgBOD/m
3
.ng [2].
Qu trnh lc k kh dnh bm, s dng gi th mang vi sinh nh si, , vng
nha tng hp, tm nha, x da.. x l nc thi trong iu kin khng c oxy.
B lc k kh c dng chy hng ln hoc dng chy ngang. Nc thi i qua v
tip xc vi ton b lp vt liu lc. Sinh khi dnh bm trn b mt lp vt liu lc
c nh do sinh khi c gi li trong b vi thi gian lu hn thi gian lu
nc (thi gian lu nc l 8h, thi gian lu bn c th ln n 100 ngy).
Quy trnh ny c nhiu u im:
- n gin trong vn hnh;
- Chu c bin ng ln v ti lng nhim; vn hnh ti trng cao;
- Khng phi kim sot lng bn ni nh trong b UASB;
- C kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c phn hy chm;
- Thi gian lu bn rt cao (khong 100 ngy) [9].
Tuy nhin c nhc im l khng iu khin c sinh khi ca b lc ny.
S dng qu trnh mng VSV k kh cng nh hiu kh XLNT chn nui ngoi
vic loi b cc hp cht hu c cn c th loi b mt lng ln cc cht l lng,
trng giun sn, vi khun... nh c ch hp ph. Tuy nhin khi XLNT chn nui cn
lu s tch ly cn trong lp VLL v hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi l kh
ln. S tch ly cn s lm tc lp VLL to ra cc vng cht hoc xy ra hin tng


32
nh thng lp VLL lm cho dng chy ngn v phn b khng u dn n gim
hiu qu x l. V vy cn loi b cn l lng trc khi i vo cng trnh.
S pht trin ca m hnh ng hc phn hy ym kh hin cha t ti mc
cho php thit lp cc thng s thit k cho mt h x l hoc cn ti qu nhiu
cc thng s nhng tnh c trng v n nh ca chng thp, v vy thit k h lc
ym kh ch yu da trn kinh nghim hoc t kt qu nghin cu t th nghim
pilot [2].
Trn c s cc th nghim v thc nghim vi h lc s dng vt liu mang
khc nhau, mc d s liu kh tn mn nhng ngi ta xc lp c mi quan h
[2]:
lg(Se/Si) = -A lgu + B; E = 1- Se/Si = 1 B. (u)
-A
(3-1)
Trong : Si, Se : nng c cht u vo v u ra khi h
A, B : hng s kinh nghim
E: hiu qu x l
u: thi gian lu (gi)
Theo cc s v B=0,87, nu thi gian lu tnh theo gi th hiu qu x l c
xc nh theo cng thc: E = 1 0,87.u
-0,5
[2].
Theo [1] tng hp cc kt qu nghin cu v lc k kh trn th gii cho thy
b lc k kh. i vi nc thi sau Biogas trong i tng nghin cu c COD
khong 1500mg/l tng ng vi hiu sut x l COD khong E=65% tng ng
vi thi gian lu nc qua b lc k kh l 8gi. Kt qu trn cng ph hp vi
cng thc tng hp ca L Vn Ct (E = 1 0,87.u
-0,5
).
d. Qu trnh k kh trong UASB: H thng ny c nghin cu v ng dng bi
Gatze Lettinga v cc cng s ca trng i hc Wageningen H Lan t nhng
nm 1970, n thch hp cho vic x l nc thi c hm lng cht hu c t thp
ti cao ti cc vng nhit i. Trong qu trnh x l, UASB lm gim hm lng
cht hu c trong nc thi v sinh ra mt lng kh Biogas ng k.
Nc thi c a t di ln qua lp bn k kh l lng dng ht. Qu
trnh sinh ha din ra khi nc thi tip xc vi lp ht bn ny. Kh sinh ra s ko
cc bng bn ln l lng trong b to ra s khuy trn u gia bn v nc. Khi


33
ln n nh cc bt kh s va chm vi cc tm chn nghing, cc bt kh c gii
phng t do cn bn c ri xung theo trng lc. Tm chn c t nghing
trong vng tch pha tng tit din, tit din dng chy tng do lm gim tc
lng ca pha rn ti vng ny, bn c tch t trn b mt tm chn nghing khi
ln tch ra v ri xung vng lng.












Hnh 2.2. S cu to b UASB

Hiu qu x l ca b UASB c tch pha v khng tch pha khc nhau [35].
Trng hp khng tch pha: E = 1 1,53. u
-0,64
Trng hp c tch pha: E = 1 0,68. u
-0,64

Theo G. Lettinga, 2002:
lg(Se/Si) = -A lgu + B; E = 1- Se/Si = 1 B. (u)
-A
(3-1)
Trong : Si, Se : nng c cht u vo v u ra khi h
A, B : hng s kinh nghim
E: hiu qu x l
u: thi gian lu (gi)
Cc hng s kinh nghim A, B trong cng thc (3-1) c th hin trong bng sau:

N-c thi
vo
H thng
phn phi
n-c
Tng bn l
lng
N-c thi
sau b UASB
Kh Biogas
Mng thu
n-c
quanh b
Tng pha
n-c, pha
kh

Vch ngn tch
kh


34
Bng 2.6. Cc thng s k thut i vi cc cng trnh x l k kh
H thng x l ym kh A B u i vi
E=80% (gi)
UASB tiu chun 0,68 0,68 5,5
Lu th gin n 0,60 0,56 5,5
Lc sinh hc 0,50 0,87 20,0
H ym kh 0,50 2,40 144,0
So snh vi cc k thut x l ym kh khc, trn nhiu phng din cho thy k
thut UASB l phng n tt nht. Thng thng thi gian lu l 6 ngy cho vng
kh hu nhit i, chiu cao b 4-6m, vn tc nc dng v

= 0,6-0,9 m/h [3].
Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca b UASB:
- Nhit : UASB c th hot ng nhit m (30 35
0
C) hoc nng (50
55
0
C). Nhit ti u cho qu trnh hot ng ca b UASB l 35
0
C. Khi
nhit di 10
0
C vi khun to methane hu nh khng hot ng.
- pH: pH ti u cho qu trnh hot ng ca b UASB l t 6,5-7,5. Nu pH
gim th ngng np nguyn liu, v nu tip tc np nguyn liu th hm lng
acid tng ln dn n lm cht cc vi khun to CH
4
. Phi duy tr kim
trong nc thi khong 1.000-1.500mg/l lm dung dch m khng cho
pH<6,3.
- Hm lng cht hu c: khi COD < 100mg/l, x l bng USAB khng thch
hp. Khi COD>50.000mg/l, cn pha long nc thi [2].
- Kh nng phn hu sinh hc ca cc cht hu c: c th xc nh bng cch
cho mt lng COD nh lng trc vo m hnh tnh v theo di lng
kh methane sinh ra hoc lng COD cn li trong thi gian khong 40 ngy.
- Cht dinh dng: nhu cu dinh dng cho s sinh trng ca vi khun k kh
thng thp hn so vi vi khun hiu kh. Hm lng ti thiu ca cc nguyn
t dinh dng xc nh theo t l (COD/Y) : N : P : S = (50/Y : 5 : 1 : 1).
Trong Y l h s sn lng t bo ph thuc vo nc thi. Nc thi
khng d acid ha c Y = 0,15; nc thi d acid ha c Y = 0,03.


35
- Hm lng cn l lng: UASB khng thch hp i vi nc thi c hm
lng cn l lng ln > 3000mg/l. Cn kh c th phn hy sinh hc c, do
cn s tch ly dn trong b gy tr ngi cho qu trnh x l nc thi.
+ u im:
- Theo nghin cu XLNT tri chn nui ln Vnh An (CEFINA-Trung tm
Cng ngh qun l mi trng) trn m hnh k kh UASB cho thy: ti
lng 2-5 kgCOD/m
3
.ngy, hiu sut x l t 70-72% cn ti trng 5-
6kgCOD/m
3
.ngy th hiu qu l 48% [19]. H thng UASB c u im ni
bt l kh nng chu ti trng COD ln v c chu c s thay i t ngt
COD trong nc thi.
- Trong b UASB cc loi bn c mt vi sinh rt cao v tc lng vt xa
so vi bn hot tnh hiu kh dng l lng. Lng bn sinh ra trong qu trnh
x l UASB ch bng khong 1/5 so vi phng php hiu kh [34,36,38].
- C ba qu trnh: phn hy, lng bn, tch kh c xy dng, lp t trong
cng mt cng trnh v c kh nng thu hi kh Methane;
- Tn t nng lng cho qu trnh vn hnh, lng bn d t nn gim chi ph
x l bn, bn sinh ra sau h thng d tch nc.
- C kh nng hot ng theo ma v bn k kh c th phc hi v hot ng
tr li sau mt thi gian ngng np nhin liu.
+ Nhc im: Kh khn khi kim sot hin tng bn ni, tc l phi m bo s
tip xc tt nht gia bn v nc thi duy tr hiu qu x l ca b.
Mt s thng s k thut khi thit k b UASB:
- Vn tc nc thi a vo b duy tr trong khong 0,6-0,9m/h;
- pH duy tr trong khong 6,6-7,6 (pH<6,2 th vi khun chuyn ha methane
hot ng km), cn duy tr dung dch m kim cn duy tr 1000-
1500mg/l);
- Chu trnh sinh trng ca VSV acid ha ngn hn rt nhiu so vi VSV
acetate ha (2-3 gi, so vi 2-3 ngy). Do trong qu trnh vn hnh ban u
ti trng cht hu c khng c qu cao v VSV acid ha s to ra cc acid
bo d bay hi vi tc nhanh hn rt nhiu ln so vi tc chuyn ha cc


36
acid ny thnh acetate di tc dng ca vi khun acetate. Do Vit Nam
cha c loi bn ht nn qu trnh vn hnh ban u ti trng COD khong 3kg
COD/m
3
.ng, khi h thng hot ng n nh c th tng ln n 15-20
kgCOD/m
3
.ng (thi gian ny ko di khong 3-4 thng) [16].
e. B EGSB (Expanded Granular Slugde Bed): Mt trong nhng yu t quan
trng ca h UASB l dng tp hp sinh khi, sinh khi keo t thnh ht bn: kch
thc 1-5mm, khi lng ring ln, bn c hc cao, tc sa lng ln v hot
tnh methane ha cao. Mt h UASB thng thng khng c kh nng to ra cc
ht bn c tnh cht nh trn mc d c hiu qu x l cao, chng t chng khng
phi l iu kin tin quyt cho hiu qu x l ca h, chnh t quan im trn
ngi ta bin th h UASB thnh h EGSB. Nm 1983 Lettinga v cs, pht
minh ra h thng EGSB - Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (lp bn ht m rng).
Dng nc thi i vo h thng theo chiu t di ln, qua mt lp bn ht
m rng, cha nhng vi sinh vt k kh phn hu cht hu c cha trong bn
thi. Vn tc dng ln ca h thng c th t trn 9 m/h, cao hn nhiu h thng
UASB (0,6 - 0,9m/h). Nc thi ra khi h thng c th c tun hon tr li mt
phn, do ti lng ca b EGSB (2-4kgCOD/m
3
.ngy [17]) thp hn so vi b
UASB.
+ u im:
- Gim c chi ph xy dng (do ti trng x l cao);
- n nh cao ngay c vi nhng iu kin hot ng khng thun li, c
th hot ng c nhit thp: 8-120C; c th x l nhiu cht c hi v
nhiu loi acid bo c cu to bn vng;
- Vn tc nc dng ln: 9-12m/h (trong b UASB l 0,6-0,9m/h)
+ Nhc im:
- Tn nng lng do dng tun hon;
- Bn d c kh nng phn tch km hn bn trong h UASB;
- Do tc dng nc ln nn rt kh to bn ht (loi bn c hot tnh cao)
T cc u nhc im trn cho thy h thng EGSB nn p dng cho nc
thi c ti lng COD thp v cha cc cht hu c dng ha tan.


37
2.3. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh
2.3.1. Cc qu trnh trong qu trnh hiu kh
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh bao gm 3 giai on:
- Oxy ha cc cht hu c:
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ O
2

Enzyme
CO
2
+ H
2
O + AH
- Tng hp t bo mi:
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ O
2
+ NH
3

Enzyme
T bo vi khun (C
5
H
7
O
2
N)+CO
2
+ H
2
O -
AH
- Phn hy ni bo:
C
5
H
7
O
2
N + O
2

Enzyme
5CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + NH
3
AH
2.3.2. Cc cng trnh hiu kh c trin vng p dng cho XLNT chn nui
a. Aerotank: H thng x l bng bn hot tnh c pht minh bi Arden v
Lockett nm 1914 ti Anh. Vi khun dnh bm ln cc bng cn c trong nc thi
v pht trin sinh khi to thnh bng bn c hot tnh phn hy cht hu c. Cc
bng bn ny c cp kh cng bc m bo lng oxy cn thit cho hot ng
phn hy v gi cho bng bn trng thi l lng. Cc bng bn ln dn ln do
hp ph cc cht rn l lng, t bo VSV, ng vt nguyn sinh... qua nc thi
c lm sch.
Theo nghin cu ca Lm Quang Ng (1998) tri chn nui 3/2 TP. HCM:
ng vi ti trng 0,6-1,5kgCOD/m
3
.ngy, nng COD u vo 200-500 mg/l v
thi gian lu nc 8-10 gi th hiu qu x l t c 80-85%. Khi tng thi gian
x l ln th hiu qu x l khng tng na.
XLNT chn nui bng b Aerotank c u im l tit kim c din tch v
hiu qu x l cao, n nh nhng chi ph u t xy dng v chi ph vn hnh kh
ln so vi cc phng php x l hiu kh khc nh: ao h sinh hc, mng oxy
ha... Do ty iu kin kinh t, qu t m la chn hnh thc x l ph hp.
b. Lc sinh hc hiu kh: S dng h VSV dnh bm trn cc VLL x l cc
cht hu c trong nc thi. Vi sinh vt c th dnh bm ln gi th v c nhiu loi
VSV c kh nng tit ra cc polyme sinh hc ging nh keo dnh vo gi th, to


38
thnh mng. Lp mng ny dy ln v c kh nng oxy ha, hp ph: cht hu c,
cn l lng hoc trng giun sn.
+ B lc nh git: vt liu lc l si nh, than... ng knh ht 20 - 50 mm.
Chiu dy lp vt liu lc t 1,5 - 2,0 m. B c cp kh t nhin nh cc ca
thng gi xung quanh b hoc cp kh cng bc. Ti trng ca b lc sinh hc nh
git thp 0,1-0,2 kgBOD/m
3
VLL, ti trng thy lc 1-3m
3
nc thi/m
2
b mt
b.ngy. Thng thng hiu qu x l BOD ca b lc sinh hc nh git E=75-90%
[19].
+ B lc sinh hc cao ti: chiu dy lp vt liu lc khong 2,0 - 4,0 m. B
c cp kh cng bc vi lu lng 8-12 m
3
kh/m
3
nc thi. Ti trng ca b
lc sinh hc cao ti 0,2-1,5 kgBOD/m
3
VLL, ti trng thy lc 10-30m
3
nc
thi/m
2
b mt b.ngy. Hiu qu x l BOD ca b lc sinh hc cao ti E=60-85%
[19].
c. H sinh hc: Cc qu trnh din ra trong h sinh hc tng nh qu trnh t lm
sch sng h nhng tc nhanh hn v hiu qu cao hn. Trong h c th nui
trng thy thc vt, to, vi sinh vt, c.... tng hiu qu x l. Qun th ng
thc vt trong h ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ha cc hp
cht hu c ca nc thi. u tin VSV phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp thnh
cc cht n gin, ng thi trong qu trnh quang hp chng li gii phng ra oxy
cung cp cho ng thc vt. C bi khuy trn nc c tc dng tng s tip xc
ca oxy vi nc, thc y s hat ng, phn hy ca vi sinh vt...
Ngoi nhim v x l nc thi, h sinh hc cn c cc li ch: nui trng
thy sn v cy trng, iu ha lu lng, d tr nc cho cc mc ch s dng
nc khc.
Cn c vo c tnh tn ti ca cc nhm VSV v c ch x l m c th chia
ra cc loi h: h hiu kh; h k kh; h ty tin.
+ H hiu kh: L loi h cn, su lp nc trong h 0,4-0,8m cho nh sng
mt tri xm nhp su vo lp nc. Lng oxy cho cc qu trnh sinh ha ch yu
l oxy trong khng kh xm nhp qua b mt v hot ng quang hp ca thc vt
trong nc. Ti lng ca h khong 250-300 kgBOD/ha.ngy; thi gian lu nc


39
khong 3-12 ngy. Do su nh v thi gian lu nc ln do h hiu kh c
th kt hp x l nc thi v nui trng thy sn.
i vi h hiu kh nhn to (cung cp oxy cng bc) th chiu su h c th
2-4,5m; ti lng 400 kgBOD/ha.ngy; thi gian lu nc 1-3 ngy.
+ H ty tin: c s dng rng ri trong XLNT, trong h xy ra song song hai
qu trnh: oxy ha hiu kh cht hu c v phn hy methane cn lng. Chiu su
ca h ty tin thng ly 1,0-1,5m. Theo chiu su ca h phn ra thnh ba vng:
Lp nc pha trn c nhiu oxy ha tan nn qu trnh oxy ha xy ra mi trng
hiu kh; Lp gia l lp trung gian; Lp di cng qu trnh phn hy cc cht
hu c mi trng ym kh.
Hnh 2.3. Cc qu trnh sinh ha XLNT trong h sinh hc

d. X l nc thi chn nui ln bng thu sinh thc vt
Trong XLNT, thc vt thy sinh (TVTS) c vai tr rt quan trng. TVTS tham
gia loi b cc cht bn hu c, cht rn l lng, nit, phtpho, kim loi nng v
2
2
H S
Mat tri
2
CO
Neu khong coO lp
pha tren cua hocothe
sinh ra kh comui
2
O (cac gichieu
sang trong ngay)
Vung
hieu
kh
4 2
Vung
tuy
tien
2
4
2
2
CO
3
NH
PO ,...
3-
Tebao mi
H S + 2O H SO
Vung
k
kh
2 3 2 4
CO + NH + H S + CH
2
O
Tebao chet
Vi khuan
Tebao chet
3-
4
3
Tebao mi
NH
PO ,...
Axit hu c,
ru
Tao
2
O
Lam thoang
Nc thai
Bun ay
Gio(giothuc ay quatrnh
hoa tron valam thoang)
Chat thai hu c
Chat ran co
thelang


40
VSV gy bnh. Trong qu trnh XLNT th s phi hp cht ch gia TVTS v cc
sinh vt khc (ng vt ph du, to, vi khun, vi nm, ng vt nguyn sinh,
nhuyn th, u trng, cn trng) c ngha quan trng. Vi sinh vt tham gia trc
tip vo qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c v to nguyn liu dinh dng (N,
P v cc khong cht khc) cho thc vt s dng. y chnh l c ch quan trng
TVTS loi b cc hp cht v c N, P. Hin nay vic s dng TVTS trong cng
tc bo v mi trng ngy cng c ch hn v chng c nhng u im ni
bt:
- X l c nhiu tc nhn gy nhim;
- Thn thin vi mi trng;
- Tc tng trng sinh khi nhanh: sinh khi ca TVTS sau x l c th s
dng lm thc n chn nui, sn xut kh mtan, phn bn;
- Gi thnh x l thp hn so vi cc phng php sinh hc khc.
+X l nc thi bng to: To c kh nng quang hp, chng c tc sinh
trng nhanh, chu c cc thay i ca mi trng, c kh nng pht trin trong
nc thi, c gi tr dinh dng cao. Do ngi ta li dng cc c im ny
ca to : chuyn i nng lng mt tri v cht dinh dng trong nc thi
thnh nng lng sinh khi to. Thng thng ngi ta kt hp vic XLNT vi sn
xut v thu hoch to loi b cht hu c trong nc thi,
Cc yu t cn thit cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng to:
Dng cht: Ammoni l ngun m chnh cho qu trnh tng hp nn protein
ca t bo thng qua qu trnh quang hp ca to. Cc nguyn t vi lng nh
hng n s pht trin ca to, trong t bo to t l P: Mg: K l 1,5:1:0,5
[18].
su ca to: su ca to c la chn trn c s ti u ha kh nng
s dng nh sng trong qu trnh quang hp ca to, su thng l 40 -
50cm.
Thi gian lu cht thi trong ao: thng chn ln hn 2-8 ngy [18].
Lng BOD np cho h to: nh hng n nng sut to v nu lng BOD
np qu cao mi trng s tr nn ym kh nh hng n qu trnh cng sinh


41
ca to v vi khun. Mt s th nghim Thi lan cho thy trong iu kin
nhit i th lng BOD np vo l 336 kg/ha.ngy (33,6 g/m
2
.ngy) [18].
+ X l bng thc vt thy sinh c kch thc ln: Thc vt thy sinh kch thc
ln c th s dng trong x l nc thi chia lm 3 nhm :
- Nhm ni: bo tm (Lemna minor), bo Nht bn (Eichhornia crassipes),
loi ny c thn, l ni trn mt nc, ch c phn r l chm trong nc.
- Nhm na chm, na ni: sy (Pharagmites communis), lau (Cirpus
lacustris). Loi ny c b r cm vo t, bn cn phn thn chm trong nc,
phn cn li v l pha trn. Mc nc thch hp ca cy l >1,5m.
- Nhm chm: rong xng c (Potamogeton crispus), rong ui ch (Littorella
umiflora), thc vt loi ny chm hn trong nc, r ca chng bm cht vo
bn t, cn thn v l ngp trong nc.
Bng 2.7. Mt s loi thu sinh vt tiu biu
Loi Tn thng thng Tn khoa hc
Thu sinh vt sng chm Hydrilla Hydrilla verticilata
Water milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum
Blyxa Blyxa aubertii
Thu sinh vt sng tri
ni
Lc bnh Eichhornia crassipes
Bo tm Wolfia arrhiga
Bo tai tng Pistia stratiotes
Salvinia Salvinia spp
Thu sinh thc vt sng
ni
Cattails Typha spp
Bulrush Scirpus spp
Sy Phragmites communis

2.4. X l N, P trong nc thi chn nui ln bng phng php sinh hc
Trong nc thi chn nui hm lng cc hp cht N, P trong nc thi l rt
cao (N
tng
= 200-350mg/l; N-NH
4
+
=180-280mg/l; N-NO
2
-
=1-3mg/l; N-NO
3
-
= 15-
60mg/l; BOD
5
=800-1400mg/l; COD=1300-3500mg/l; P
tng
=60-100mg/l). Hp cht
nit bn v khng c hu qu xu vi mi trng l kh N
2
. X l hp cht N trong


42
nc thi vi mc tiu cao nht v phng din cng ngh l chuyn chng v dng
kh nit.
Kh nng loi b N, P qua cc qu trnh XLNT:
- Trong qu trnh x l s b lng nng N gim khong 5-10% do hp cht
N c gi li trong cc hp cht lng.
- Trong qu trnh x l ym kh qu trnh oxy ha amoni hu nh khng din
ra ch mt phn nh tham gia tng hp sinh khi. Trong qu trnh ym kh ch
chuyn ha t dng N-hu c v dng N-v c qua qu trnh thy phn.
- Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh so vi qu trnh phn hy COD th qu trnh
oxy ha N-amoni thnh Nitrit v Nitrat din ra chm hn nhiu. Nh vy i
vi nc thi chn nui ln c hm lng N, P cao thnh phn N, P lun d
so vi nhu cu tng hp t bo. Vy cn c qu trnh thiu kh thc hin
qu trnh kh nitrat.

Bng 2.8. Hiu qu x l N bng cc cng trnh x l thng thng
n v cng ngh Hiu qu x l (%)
N
ha c
N-NH
4
+
N-NO
3
-
Tng N
Lng 1 10 20 - - 5 10
X l bc 2 10 - 50 <10 t 10 - 30
Tng hp t bo - 40-70 t 3-70
Nitrat ha t ->NO
3
-
t 5-20
Kh Nitrat - - 80-90 70-95
H oxy ha t Bay hi t nitrat 20-90

Trong qu trnh XLNT lun tn ti nhiu chng loi VSV c kh nng cng
sng trong mt mi trng. T l ca cc loi VSV trong qun th ph thuc vo
thnh phn nc thi. Trong cng iu kin hiu kh, t l VSV hiu kh d dng
(oxy ha C
ha c
) v loi VSV hiu kh t dng (oxy ha NH
4
+
), t l cc VSV trn
ph thuc vo t l BOD/N c th hin trong bng sau:



43

Bng 2.9. nh hng ca t l BOD/TKN n (%) VSV t dng trong h hiu kh
T l BOD/TKN Vi sinh vt t
dng (%)
T l BOD/TKN Vi sinh vt t
dng (%)
0,5 35,0 5 5,4
1 21,0 6 4,3
2 12,0 7 3,7
3 8,3 8 3,3
4 6,4 9 2,9

2.4.1. C s l thuyt loi b hp cht N trong nc thi
Qu trnh kh hp cht N c th c s ha nh sau:




Hnh 2.4. S qu trnh kh hp cht N
a. Qu trnh oxy ha amoni
Cng thc tng hp m t s oxy ha v tng hp t bo:
1,02NH
4
+
+1,89O
2
+2,02HCO
3
-
0,021C
5
H
7
NO
2
+ 1,06 H
2
O+ 1,92
H
2
CO
3
+ NO
3
-

C khong 20-40% NH
4
+
c tiu th trong qu trnh tng hp t bo. Phn
ng tng hp sinh khi c th vit nh sau:
4 CO
2
+ HCO
3
-
+ NH
4
+
+ H
2
O C
5
H
7
O
2
N (t bo vi khun)
+ 5 O
2

Oxy ha amoni bao gm 2 phn ng k tip nhau nn tc oxy ha ca qu
trnh b khng ch bi gian on c tc thp hn. Tc pht trin ca
Nitrosomonas chm hn Nitrobacter do nng NO
2
-
thp hn trong giai on
n nh. V vy trong qu trnh ng hc ngi ta ch s dng cc thng s lin
quan n vi khun Nitrosomonas c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Kh nitrat Nitrat ha
Amn
ho
( NO
2
N
2
) ( NO
2
-
NO
3
-
) NH
4
+
nc
NH
4
+
Nc
N-hu c


44
Tc pht trin ca VSV t dng tun theo quy lut ng hc ca Monod.
Yu t nh hng n tc pht trin ca VSV t dng l nng NH
4
+
v DO.
(

+
(

+
=
DO N N
N
m
K DO
DO
K S
S
. .
Trong : : hng s pht trin ring ca VSV t dng

m
: hng s pht trin cc i ca VSV t dng
S
N
: nng NH
4
+

DO: nng oxy ha tan
K
N
: hng s bn bo ha ca NH
4
+
K
DO
: hng s bn bo ha ca oxy
Phng trnh trn c 3 thng s ng hc (
m
, K
N
, K
DO
), cc thng s (K
N
,
K
DO
) c xc nh bng thc nghim K
N
=0,256-1,84mgN-NH
4
+
/l, K
DO
=0,15-2,0
mgO
2
/l. Ti nhit 20
0
C nn chn K
N
=1,0 mgN-NH
4
+
/l, K
DO
=0,4mgO
2
/l [20].
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh pht trin ca VSV t dng:
+ DO: DO cn thit cho qu trnh nitrat ho xy ra t nht l 0,3 mg/l
(Downing v Scragg, 1958). Tc nitrat ho i vi Nitrosomonas khng ph
thuc vo DO nu DO>1mg/l v i vi Nitrobacter khi DO>2mg/l (Schoberl v
Angel, 1964). Theo Boon v Laudeluot (1962) nghin cu tc sinh trng ca
Nitrobacter DO=1 mg/l v DO bo ho nhit 30 - 35
0
C cho thy: DO =
1mg/l tc sinh trng bng 97%, 80%, 70%, 58% DO bo ho; tng ng vi
cc nhit 20; 23,7; 29; 35
0
C. Cc nghin cu trn th hin nh hng ca DO
n qu trnh nitrat ha.
+ Nhit : tc sinh trng ring cc i ca vi khun nitrat ho suy gim
khi gim nhit . Mt s nghin cu xut mi quan h gia nhit v tc
sinh trng ring cc i ca VSV t dng c th hin trong bng sau:
Bng 2.10. nh hng ca nhit n tc sinh trng ca VSV nitrat ha
Ngun

n,max
theo nhit
n,max
theo nhit
10
0
C 15
0
C 20
0
C
Downing (1964) 0,47.e
0,098(T-15)
0,29 0,47 0,77
Hultman (1971) 0,50.e
0,033(T-15)
0,23 0,34 0,50


45
Ngun

n,max
theo nhit
n,max
theo nhit
10
0
C 15
0
C 20
0
C
Barnard (1975) 0,33.(1,127)
T-20
0,10 0,18 0,37
Painter (1983) 0,18.e
0,0729(T-15)
0,12 0,18 0,26

Nhit nh hng n h s bn bo ha Kn ca qu trnh nitrat ha:
- Theo (Knowles v cs..,1965) mi quan h gia Kn v nhit : Kn = 10
(0,051.t-1,148)
- Nhit ti u cho qu trnh nitrat ha trong khong 30 36
0
C, nhng chng c
th pht trin 4 50
0
C (Focht v Chang, 1975; Painter, 1970).
+ pH: gi tr pH thch hp l t 7,6-8,6; khi pH<6,2 hoc pH>10 s c ch
hon ton qu trnh hot ng ca VSV. nh hng ca pH ln tc pht trin
ring cc i ca VSV t dng:
n,pH
=
n,7,2
.[1 0,833(7,2 pH)]
Tc nitrat ho gim tuyn tnh khi pH < 7,2 v t c s nh hng khi pH =7,2
8,0 (Angle v Alexander, 1958; v Downing, 1964). Tc nitrat ho i vi
Nitrobacter pH=6,5 bng 60% tc pH=7,5 (Boon v Laudelout, 1962). Khi
s dng cc m vi sinh nui cy cha thch nghi cho thy tc nitrat ho
pH=6,9 bng 84% tc pH=7,0 20
0
C. Tc nitrat ho pH=6,8 bng 42%
tc pH=7,8 ti 15
0
C, nhit thp hn th nh hng ca pH nhiu hn
(Antoniou v cs.., 1990). Tc sinh trng ring cc i c phc hi sau khi
thch nghi vi pH thp hn v thch nghi hon ton sau 10 ngy khi pH gim t 7
6 trong cc qu trnh sinh trng dnh bm (Stankwich, 1972; Haug v McCathy,
1972).
+ c t: cc hp cht c c t cao vi VSV t dng l: hp cht phenol,
hp cht clo, Cl
-
v cc kim loi nng. i vi VSV c tc pht trin chm th
nh hng ca c t n n l t hn, nh vy trong hai qu trnh th loi
Nitrosomonas t b nh hng bi c t hn Nitrobacter. VSV t dng c sc
chu ng c t km hn VSV d dng, Mt c t rt quan trng l NH
3
v axit
HNO
2
dng trung ha sn phm v nguyn liu ca qu trnh, Nitrobacter b
nh hng nhiu hn (0,1-1,0 mgN-NH
3
/l) so vi Nitrosomonas (5-20 mgN-NH
3
/l).


46
Tuy nhin pH ca nc thi chn nui thng mc trung tnh nn nng NH
3

trong nc thi l thp. Ngc li HNO
2
li tn ti v th hin c tnh pH thp.
+ Thi gian lu bn: thi gian lu bn phi ln m bo cho vi khun
nitrat ho pht trin n nh. Thi gian lu bn rt quan trng i vi nc thi
cha cc hp cht c hi. SRT ln cho vi khun thch nghi dn vi cc cht
c hi. Theo Bridle v cng s cho thy i vi mt s nc thi cng nghip
cha cc hp cht c hi SRT > 160 ngy th hiu qu nitrat ho t > 90%. Thi
gian lu bn nh hng ti nhu cu oxy m loi vi khun nitrat ho nhy cm vi
yu t ny.
b. Qu trnh kh nitrat.
Nitrat l sn phm cui ca qa trnh oxy ha amoni, nitrat cha c xem l
bn vng cng gy c cho mi trng nn cn c kh thnh kh nit.
4NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 5C
hu c
5CO
2
+ 2N
2
+ 2H
2
O
Mt s loi vi khun kh nitrat nh: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Methanomonas,
Paracoccus, Spirillum, Thiobacilus, Micrococcus, Denitrobacillus.. (Painter, 1970).
kh nitrat VSV cn c cht kh, cht kh c th l cc cht hu c hoc cc
cht v c nh (S, Fe
2+
). Phn ln VSV nhm Denitrifier thuc loi d dng
chng s dng C hu c tng hp t bo, ngoi phn s dng cho kh nitrat.
Song song vi qu trnh kh nitrat l qu trnh tng hp t bo, do lng cht
hu c tiu hao cho c qu trnh ln hn nhiu so vi lng cht hu c cn thit
cho kh nitrat.
Qu trnh kh nitrat khng phi l qu trnh ln men ym kh m n ging nh
qu trnh h hp hiu kh nhng thay v s dng oxy chng s dng NO
2
-
v NO
3
-

khi mi trng thiu oxy. Trong h kh nitrat bi VSV, mc tiu hao cht in
t ph thuc vo s c mt ca cht nhn in t (cht oxy ha) trong h: oxy ha
tan, nitrit, nitrat, sunfat. Trong oxy ha tan c kh nng phn ng tt nht vi
cc cht kh v trong h lun c VSV d dng hiu kh. VSV ch s dng n
nitrat v nittrit khi mi trng cn kit oxy ha tan. Mc cnh tranh v phng
din s dng cht cho in t: O
2
> NO
3
-
~ NO
2
-
> SO
4
2-
.


47
Cc cht hu c m nhm VSV kh nitrat s dng: ngun nc thi, cc ha
cht hu c a vo, cc cht hu c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh.
Tc phn ng kh nitrat c th hin qua cng thc sau [20]:
v
i
= 0,03(F:M) + 0,029; v
i
= 0,12.u
c
-0,706
(trong : u - l thi gian lu t bo)
Tc kh nitrat ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ DO: Qa trnh kh nitrat xy ra trong iu kin thiu kh nn nng oxy
ha tan - DO nh hng rt ln n hiu qu qu trnh v oxy trong nc thi c
ch cc enzyme kh nitrat. Oxy c ch cc enzyme nitrit mnh hn cc enzyme kh
nitrat. Theo cc nghin cu ca Skerman v MacRae (1957), Terai v Mori (1975)
cho bit loi Pseudomonas b c ch DO > 0,2mg/l. Theo Nelson v Knowless
(1978) cho bit kh nitrat b dng khi DO l 0,13mg/l. Theo Wheatland v cs..
(1959), tc kh nitrat DO = 0,2mg/l ch bng mt na tc kh nitrat DO
l 0mg/l, khi DO tng ln 2mg/l th tc kh nitrat ch bng 10% DO l 0mg/l.
+ pH: Theo nghin cu ca Dawson v Murphy (1972) cho bit tc kh
nitrat pH=6 v 8 bng mt na pH=7 cho cng mt m nui cy. Theo Nommik
(1956), Wiljer v Delwiche (1954), Bremmer v Shaw (1958) cho thy tc kh
nitrat khng b nh hng khi pH t 7-8, khi pH t 8-9,5 v t 4-7 th tc kh
nitrat ho gim tuyn tnh.
+ Nhit : tc tng ln gp i khi tng nhit ln 10
0
C trong khong
nhit 5-25
0
C [2].
+ Cht hu c: cc cht hu c ha tan d phn hy to iu kin tt thc y
tc kh nitrat. Qu trnh kh xy ra trong iu kin thiu kh v cn ngun C-
hu c (1g N-NO
3
-
cn khong 3g COD).
+ c t v yu t km hm qu trnh kh Nitrat: loi Denitrifier t b c ch
bi cc c t hn nhng vn l vn cn quan tm. Oxy c ch enzym kh nitrit.
Nng oxy ha tan s c ch qa trnh khi t 13% nng bo ha.
H x l nit trong nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c th ring r hoc
t hp hai qu trnh: oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat. Theo L Vn Ct (2007) khi
BOD/TKN>5 nn kt hp hai qu trnh trn, khi BOD/TKN<3 th nn tch ra thnh
2 giai on. i vi nc thi chn nui nn p dng k thut x l 2 giai on


48
ring r. Phng php x l ny c u im: linh hot, d ti u ha cc qu trnh,
v gim thiu cc c t vi VSV t dng (do c oxy ha giai on 1).
Trong nc thi chn nui, hm lng COD v nit u cao nn s hot ng
ca VSV t dng s b cnh tranh quyt lit bi VSV d dng, dn n kh nng
x l cc hp cht cha nit tr ln kh khn hn. Do cn phi oxy ha nc
thi theo nhiu giai on, to iu kin cho giai on sau oxy ha cc hp cht
nit c d dng.
2.4.2. Cc dy chuyn x l N, P trong nc thi
Nc thi chn nui cha mt lng ln nit v phtpho do nn p dng
bin php x l kt hp c nit v photpho. Bng cch s dng bn hot tnh, cc
hp cht trong cc qu trnh x l thiu kh, x l hiu kh, x l ym kh kt hp
hoc ring bit thc hin qu trnh kh nit v photpho. Cc cng ngh c s
dng thng dng trn th gii bao gm:
- Quy trnh A
2
/O (k kh thiu kh hiu kh);
- Quy trnh Bardenpho (5 bc);
- Quy trnh UCT;
- Quy trnh VIP;
- B Aeroten hot ng theo m (SBR - Sequencing Batch Reactor);
- Mng oxy ha.
- Quy trnh A
2
/O (K kh thiu kh hiu kh): quy trnh ny c ci
tin t quy trnh A/O v b sung thm ngn thiu kh kh nitrat, thi gian lu
nc trong ngn thiu kh khong 1h. Ti ngn thiu kh VSV ly oxi t nitrat
(NO
3
-
) v nitrit (NO
2
2-
), lng nitrat v nitrit c b sung bi hn hp nc thi
tun hon t sau ngn hiu kh.
Hnh 2.5. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh A2/O
N- c thi tun hon
N- c thi
u vo
k kh
N- c thi sau
x l
Thiu kh Hiu kh
B n tun hon
Bl n g
B n d-


49
- Quy trnh Bardenpho (5 giai on): T b Bardenpho 4 giai on
x l Nit, b sung thm giai on th 5 l qu trnh k kh kh photpho. S sp
xp cc giai on v cch tun hon hn hp nc thi gia cc ngn cng khc
nhau v khc quy trnh x l A
2
/O. H thng 5 bc c cc ngn k kh, thiu kh,
hiu kh kh c Nit, Photpho v hp cht hu c. Ngn thiu kh (giai on 2)
kh nitrat v c b sung nitrat t ngn hiu kh (giai on 3). Ngn thiu kh
cui cng tch kh N
2
ra khi nc v gim hm lng Photpho xung ti a. Thi
gian x l ko di hn quy trnh A
2
/O. Tng thi gian lu nc l 10-40ngy.
N- c thi sau
x l
N- c thi
u vo
N- c thi tun hon
Hiu kh Thiu kh Hiu kh
B n tun hon
Bl n g
B n d- cha P
k kh
Thiu kh

Hnh 2.6. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh Bardenpho 5 giai on
- Quy trnh UCT (University of Cape Town): c thit lp ti trng
i hc Cape Town, ging quy trnh A
2
/O nhng c 2 s khc bit. Th nht, bn
hot tnh c tun hon n ngn thiu kh thay v ngn k kh. Th hai, xut hin
vng tun hon t ngn thiu kh n ngn k kh. Bn hot tnh n ngn thiu kh,
hm lng nitrat trong ngn k kh s b loi b, theo tch c photpho trong
b k kh. Bn cht ca vng tun hon gia cc ngn l cung cp hp cht hu c
n ngn k kh. Hp cht t ngn thiu kh bao gm cc hp cht hu c ha tan
nhng hm lng nitrat rt t, to iu kin tt nht ln men k kh trong ngn k
kh.
N- c thi sau
x l
N- c thi tun hon
Thiu khThiu kh Hiu kh
B n tun hon
Bl n g
B n d- cha P
K kh
N- c thi tun hon

Hnh 2.7. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh UCT


50
- Quy trnh VIP (Virginia Initiative Plant in Norfolk. Virginia): Quy trnh
ny ging A
2
/O v UCT ngoi tr cch tun hon hn hp nc thi gia cc ngn
trong b. Bn hot tnh cng vi nc thi sau ngn hiu kh ( kh nitrat) c
a li ngn thiu. Nc thi t ngn thiu quay tr li u vo ca ngn k kh.
Trn c s nhng d liu kim tra c, xut hin mt s hp cht hu c trong
nc thi u vo, m bo s n nh trong hot ng ca b k kh, lm gim
nhanh chng lng oxi theo yu cu.
N- c thi sau
x l
N- c thi
u vo
N- c thi
tun hon
k kh
Thiu kh Hiu kh
B n tun hon
Bl n g
B n d-
N- c thi
tun hon

Hnh 2.8. S cng ngh x l N, P theo quy trnh VIP
- B Aeroten hot ng theo m - SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor): L
mt dng cng trnh XLNT bng phng php bn hot tnh, hot ng ca b SBR
bao gm cc giai on sau: a nc thi vo b, khuy trn v sc kh, lng
tnh, ln lt x nc thi v x bn d.
N- c thi
u vo
Lm y
Thi kh
Lng X n- c thi X b n

Hnh 2.9. S hot ng ca b SBR
Nn phn b thi gian hot ng ca chu k nh sau: nc chy vo b (25%); sc
kh (35%); lng (20%); tho nc (15%); tho bn (5%).
- Mng oxy ha: c cu to hnh van, chiu su lp nc t 1,0-1,5m,
vn tc nc trong mng 0,1-0,4m/s. m bo lu thng bn, nc, cung cp
oxy ngi ta thng lp t h thng khuy trn dng gung quay trc ngang.


51
N- c thi u vo B n tun hon
Bl n g
B n d-
N- c thi
sau x l
Hiu kh T
h
i

u

k
h

Hiu kh
T
h
i

u

k
h

Hnh 2.10. S cng ngh x l N, P trong mng oxy ha
Ti khu vc hai u mng khi dng chy i chiu, vn tc nc pha
trong nh hn pha ngoi lm cho bn lng li s gim hiu qu x l, do phi
xy dng tng hng dng hai u mng tng tc dng pha trong.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mng oxy ha tun hon l bn hot tnh thi kh
ko di, lng oxy cn cung cp 1,5-1,8 kgO
2
/kgBOD
5
m bo qu trnh kh
nitrat (Gray, 1990). Liu lng bn hot tnh 2.000-6.000mg/l. Thi gian lu nc
24-36gi, thi gian lu bn 15-33 ngy, h s tun hon bn 0,75-1,5. Trong
mng oxy ha c cc vng hiu kh v thiu kh, vng hiu kh (DO>2mg/l) din
ra qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c v nitrat ha, vng thiu kh (DO<0,5mg/l) din ra
qu trnh h hp k kh v kh nitrat. Hiu qu x l BOD t 85-90%, hiu qu x
l N t 40-80%.
2.4.3. Qu trnh mi x l Nit trong nc thi
a. Cng ngh oxy ha k kh Amoni
Phng php x l nit truyn thng da trn s kt hp 2 giai on nitrat ha
v kh nitrat (hnh 3.11). Nm 1995, mt phn ng chuyn ha nit mi c v l
thuyt v thc nghim c pht hin. l phn ng oxy ha k kh ammoni
(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation - Anammox). Trong amoni c oxi ha bi
nitrit trong iu kin k kh, khng cn cung cp cht hu c, to thnh nit
phn t (Strouss v cs.,1995). Qu trnh anammox xy ra theo phng trnh phn
ng di y (Van Der Graaf v cs..,1995-1996, Strous v cs..,1997):
NH
4
+
+ 1.32 NO
2
-
+ 0.066 HCO
3
-
+ 0.13 H
+

1.02 N
2
+ 0.26NO
3
-
+ 0.066 CH
2
O
0.5
N
0.15
+ 2.03 H
2
O


52
T l mol gia NH
4
+
/NO
2
-
= 1/1,32. Cn b sung nitrit vo, hoc l chuyn ho mt
na amni ban u thnh nitrit ri chnh nitrit sinh ra phn ng vi phn na amni
cn li. Hng th hai l nguyn l cho cc ng dng cng ngh anammox.
n nay c 3 chi ca vi khun anammox c pht hin, gm Brocadia,
Kuenenia v Scalindua. V mt phn loi, cc vi khun anammox l nhng thnh
vin mi to thnh phn nhnh su ca ngnh Planctomycetes, b Planctoycetales
(Schmid v cs.., 2005). Mc d vi khun anammox tn ti trong t nhin v trong
mi trng h thng x l nc thi giu ammoni, nhng vic nui cy, phn lp v
lm giu rt kh khn do chng sinh trng chm (thi gian nhn i >10 ngy).
b. u im ca cc qu trnh mi trong x l nit
Qu trnh x l amoni trong nc thi c th hin qua s sau:










Hnh 2.11: S qu trnh x l N-NH4
+


+ Qu trnh loi b amoni thng thng:
Qu trnh Nitrat ha:
2 NH
4
+
+ 4 O
2
2 NO
3
-
+ 4 H
+
+ 2 H
2
O

Qu trnh kh Nitrat:
2 NO
3
-
+ 8g COD + 2 H
+
N
2
+ 3g Bn
2 NH
4
+
+4 O
2
+8 COD N
2
+2 H
+
+3g Bn

+ Qu trnh oxy ha k kh amoni (Anammox):
Qu trnh Nitrit ha bn
phn:
2NH
4
+
+ 1.5O
2
= NH
4
+
+ NO
2
-
+ H
2
O + 2H
+
Qu trnh Anammox: NH
4
+
+ NO
2
-
= N
2
+ 2H
2
O
2NH
4
+
+ 1.5O
2
= N
2
+ 3H
2
O + 2H
+
NH
4
-N NO
2
-N NO
3
-N
N
2
75%O
2
25%O
2
1
0
0
%

C
a
r
b
o
n

K
h

n
i
t
r
a
t


6
0
%

C
a
r
b
o
n

K
h

N
i
t
r
i
t

Nitrit ha

Nitrat ha
NO
2
-N


53
+ Qu trnh SHARON - Single reactor High activity Ammonia Removal Over
Nitrite (Hellinga v cs.., 1998; Van Loosdrecht v Jetten, 1998) nitrit ho hon
ton.
Qu trnh Nitrit ha:
2 NH
4
+
+ 4 O
2
2 NO
2
-
+ 4 H
+
+ 2 H
2
O

Qu trnh kh Nitrit:
2 NO
2
-
+ 4.8g COD + 2 H
+
N
2
+ 1.8g Bn
2 NH
4
+
+3 O
2
+4.8 COD N
2
+2 H
+
+1.8g Bn

+ So snh qu trnh Anammox vi cc qu trnh x l N truyn thng:
- Qu trnh din ra nhanh hn do gim thi gian lu ng ngha vi gim
khi tch cng trnh;
- Gim 62,5% lng xy cung cp;
- Khng cn C hu c;
- Khng c bn sinh ra;
+ So snh qu trnh SHARON vi cc qu trnh x l nit truyn thng:
- Qu trnh din ra nhanh hn do gim thi gian lu;
- Gim 25% lng xy cung cp so vi qu trnh loi b amoni thng thng;
- Gim 40% lng C hu c yu cu;
- Lng bn sinh ra ch bng 40% so vi phng php x l thng thng.
c. Cc gii php to sn phm oxy ha amoni l nitrit
C 2 cch tip cn khc nhau trnh oxy ha hon ton ammoni thnh nitrat
v ngng qu trnh chuyn ha mc nitrit [16]:
- Da vo c im l nhit cao (trn 30
0
C), cc vi khun oxy ho
amni s sinh trng nhanh hn cc vi khun oxy ho nitrit v gim thi gian lu
trong h thng v khng duy tr sinh khi cho vi khun oxy ho nitrit b ra tri
khi b phn ng v qu trnh oxy ho amni ch dng nitrit.
- Khng to iu kin tch ly dng Nitribacter bng cch gim thi gian
lu t bo ngang bng vi thi gian lu nc (khng hi lu bn), kim sot cp
kh trong qu trnh oxy ha (gim cng sut cp kh, b tr cc im cp kh xa
nhau)... nh vy s ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh nitrat, tch ly nitrit trong h.
d. Nghin cu pht trin v ng dng cng ngh anammox Vit Nam


54
Nghin cu v cng ngh anammox v cc ng dng vo x l nit vn cn l
lnh vc kh mi m trn th gii, v vy cng l vn rt mi Vit Nam. Hin
Vit Nam cha c cng trnh no v ng dng cng ngh anamox x l nc thi
chn nui ln. Hin nhm nghin cu Vin Sinh hc Nhit i ti TP H Ch
Minh c cc kt qu ban u v lm giu vi khun anammox t bn k kh ca
b biogas nc thi nui ln [9].
Tuy nhin, k thut ny ch p dng cho x l nc thi giu nit, vi yu cu
nc thi u vo cng trnh: amoni>200mg/l v nng cht hu c thp (t l
C/N<0,15) (Banashri Sinha v Ajit P. Annachhatre, 2005). i vi nc thi chn
nui ln nng N_tng ~ 200mg/l -> COD~200*0,15=30mg/l, gim nng
COD trong nc thi chn nui ln xung di 30mg/l l khng kh thi. Nh vy
cng ngh anammox l mt hng mi x l N trong nc thi, nhng hin ti
khng ph hp vi x l N trong nc thi chn nui ln vi iu kin Vit Nam.
2.4.4. Phng php x l P trong nc thi
Hp cht photpho trong nc thi chn nui tn ti cc dng: P hu c,
photphat n (H
2
PO
4
-
, HPO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
) tan trong nc, poly photphat v photpho
trong t bo. Trong hp cht polyphotphat, hp cht hu c cha photphat chim
t l ln.
Bng 2.11. Hp cht Photpho v kh nng chuyn ha
Hp cht Kh nng chuyn ha
Photpho hu c Phn hy thnh photphat n v trng
ngng
Photphat n Tan, phn ng to mui, tham gia phn
ng sinh ha
Photphat trong t bo Thnh phn ca t bo hoc lng d
trong t bo ca mt s loi VK
X l cc hp cht Photpho da trn cc nguyn tc sau:
- Kt ta cc ion photphat bng cc ion st, nhm, canxi.. Tuy nhin phng
php ny c cc nhc im nh lm cho gi thnh x l nc thi tng ln.


55
- Phng php sinh hc: da trn c im ca mt s loi VK c kh nng
tch ly hp cht photpho nhiu hn kh nng tng hp t bo. Thng thng trong
t bo hm lng photpho chim 1,5-2,5% khi lng t bo kh, mt s loi c
kh nng hp th cao 6-8%. Trong iu kin ym kh chng li thi ra cc phn tch
ly d tha. Photpho c tch ra khi nc thi qua bn d hoc mui kt ta.
X l photpho bng phng php sinh hc thng c kt hp vi oxy ha
BOD v kh hp cht nit. Trong cc h x l N (h A
2
/O, Bardenpho 5 giai
on...) nhm vi khun k kh ty tin Acinetobacter nhm ny c kh nng tch
ly trong sinh khi cao (2-5%). Trong cc cng trnh trn vi khun Acinetobacter
c lun chuyn gia cc iu kin nn kh nng ly P trong nc thi tng ln rt
nhiu, Photpho c loi b trong bn lng.
Mt nghin cu ti i hc Xy dng Mt-xc-va (MGSU), cho php loi b
P ra khi nc thi sinh hot bng h vi sinh bm dnh da trn nguyn tc n mn
sinh hc (hnh 3.12). Vt liu bm dnh c ct st (Fe) c s dng trong b
aeroten. Cc mng sinh hc bm dnh ln b mt kim loi thc hin qu trnh n
mn sinh hc lin tc lm nng st Fe trong aeroten tng t ngt, to iu kin
cho qu trnh keo t ho l phosphate c din ra nhanh chng. Nng bn hot
tnh l lng tng, ng thi ch s bn gim mnh, khi hiu qu loi b P t
100% cho nc thi sinh hot. S lng ct st cn thit c tnh theo cng thc:
A
Fe
=
) ( .
)). ( ) ( .( 319 , 0
3
4
3
4
3
4
+
+ +

PO q D
Q PO C PO C
EX EN

A
Fe
: b mt ct st cn thit (m
2
)
Q: lu lng nc thi gi max (m
3
/h).
) ( ), (
3
4
3
4
+ +
PO C PO C
EX EN
: nng phosphate vo v ra khi cng trnh x l.
D: ng knh si ct thp
) (
3
4
+
PO q : ti trng phosphat trn din tch si thp, ngd m PO g . / ) (
2 3
4
+





1
Nc
thi vo

Nc thi
sau x l

1.Vt liu bm dnh ct st


aerot
en

B Lng

Bn d



56



Hnh 2.12. S x l P bng phng php sinh hc s dng vt liu bm dnh ct
st (Fe) khng c bn hot tnh tun hon
2.4.5. Loi b hp cht N, P trong nc thi bng thc vt thy sinh:
Theo nghin cu nh gi ca L Vn Ct (2007) v
hiu qu x l dinh d-ng ca thu thc vt:
Ng-ng chu nng amoni ca thc vt thu sinh:
Mi loi thc vt thy sinh c th tn ti v pht trin
trong mi tr-ng c nng cht dinh d-ng nht nh.
Nng cht dinh d-ng qu cao gy km hm pht trin
cho cy trng thm ch cn b cht (hin t-ng kh l).
Bo tm nui trong mi tr-ng c nng amoni 200-
350mg/l ch tn ti -c 3 ngy v cht hon ton sau 7
ngy. Rau mung c kh nng pht trin bnh th-ng trong
vng nng amoni 50-350 mg/l. Tc pht trin khng
khc nhau nhiu trong vng nng kho st.
2.5. xut v la chn s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui
ln tp trung ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam
Phng php x l cht thi chn nui ph bin hin nay l s dng b Biogas
cung cp kh sinh hc cho vic un nu, thp sng v chy my pht in... Vic
x dng b Biogas cc trang tri chn nui nhm mc ch x l cht thi v khai
thc ngun nng lng mi. Nhng nc thi sau b Biogas vn cn nhiu cht gy
nhim mi trng cn c x l trc khi thi vo mi trng. Vic la chn
phng php v la chn quy trnh x l nc ph thuc vo cc yu t nh:
- Lu lng nc thi.
- Cc iu kin ca tri chn nui (kh nng u t xy dng, din tch t xy
dng h thng x l nc thi).
- Hiu qu yu cu x l: p dng tiu chun thi i vi ngnh chn nui 10-
TCN 678: 2006.


57
Bng 2.12. c im nc thi chn nui ln
STT
Cc ch
tiu
n v
Kt qu phn tch
10-TCN
678: 2006
Trc Biogas Sau Biogas
1 pH

5.5 7.8 6,9 8,0 5-9
2 TDS mg/l 2000 - 4000 800 1200 -
3 TSS mg/l 800 - 1500 600 900 500
4 COD mg/l 1300 3500 800 1500 400
5 BOD
5
mg/l 800 1400 600 1000 300
6 N-tng

mg/l 200 350 150 250 150
7 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 180 - 280 120 220 -
8 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 1 3 0,5 1,5 -
9 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 15 60 10 - 50 -
10 P-tng mg/l 60-100 40-80 20

Nc thi sau b Biogas c cc yu t c bn: BOD
5
/COD =0,67; BOD
5
: N:
P = 12: 3,5: 1. Cng ngh la chn c th p ng c iu kin ca cc trang
tri chn nui hin nay Vit Nam cn p ng c cc tiu ch quan trng l:
+ Chi ph u t xy dng khng cao;
+ Chi ph vn hnh thng xuyn thp;
+ Nc thi ra mi trng t tiu chun (p dng mc B - tiu chun thi i
vi ngnh chn nui 10-TCN -678: 2006).
Trn c s ti a ra 3 s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui
tp trung:
Dy chuyn cng ngh s 1 c xy dng th nghim ti tri ln nh
ng Thanh x ng Hng - ng Tm Vnh Yn Vnh Phc.
Dy chuyn cng ngh s 2 c xy dng th nghim ti tri ln
Hong Lin x Song An huyn V Th tnh Thi Bnh.
T nh gi kt qu ca 2 dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi trn,
xut dy chuyn cng ngh s 3, thc hin xy dng c s l thuyt
v tnh ton cc cng trnh x l nc thi theo dy chuyn cng ngh
s 3.


58

S dy chuyn cng ngh 1:















Nc thi
chn nui

B Biogas
B phn hy
thiu kh
Chui h
Sinh hc
Ngun tip
nhn
B lc
sinh hc
nh git
My bm
Kh Biogas
N
-

c

t
u

n

h
o

n


B lng 2
Bn d- (ci
to t,
phn bn)


59
S dy chuyn cng ngh 2:






















N-c thi
chn nui

B Biogas
B phn hy
thiu kh
Chui h
Sinh hc
Ngun tip
nhn
B
Aerotank

B lng
My thi
kh
My bm
Kh Biogas
Bn tun
hon
Bn d- (ci
to t,
phn bn)


60
S dy chuyn cng ngh 3:
N-c thi
chn nui

B Biogas

B UASB

Chui h
Sinh hc
Bn d- (ci
to t,
phn bn)
Kh Biogas
My bm

M-ng oxy ha
Ngun tip
nhn

B lng 2

B

n

t
u

n

h
o

n



61
CHNG III. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. Kt qu x l theo s DCCN s 1
nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi chn nui ln tp trung theo s dy chuyn
cng ngh s 1. Xy dng m hnh x l nc thi chn nui ln cng sut 3 5
m
3
/ngy.m ti tri ln nh ng Thanh x ng Hng Vnh Yn Vnh Phc.
3.1.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh













Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh nghin cu theo dy chuyn s 1
- Nc thi t h thng b Biogas c c tch ra mt phn (3-5 m
3
/ngy),
a v b thu gom kt hp b k kh c ngn lc.
- Nc sau b ny c bm ln b lc sinh hc nh git. Nc sau lc sinh
hc nh git c tun hon khong 20-30% lu lng v b k kh vi mc ch
pha long nc thi trc khi vo b lc sinh hc cng nh tng cng kh nng x
l Nit v Phtpho.
- Nc thi cn li sau lc sinh hc nh git t chy sang ao sinh hc v c
x l bi cc qu trnh thu sinh hc t nhin nhm gim thiu cc cht nhim.
3.1.2. Kch thc cc cng trnh
+ B k kh: b k kh kt hp ngn lng, kch thc b 2x2.5x1.5 (m)
Phn hu
thiu kh
Lc sinh
hc nh
git

Bioga
s

N-c tun
hon
1 2
3

H sinh
hc
Thi ra
MT
4
Ghi ch:
1, 2, 3, 4: Cc im
ly mu

B lng
2


62
+ B lc sinh hc: kch thc 1x1x2,5 (m). Vt liu mang s dng l si nh d=15-
30mm, c 4 lp vt liu mang mi lp dy dy 25 cm, gia cc lp c ca thu kh
tng b. Nc thi c ti ln b mt VLL bng ng xng c c l.
+ H sinh hc: Xy dng h sinh hc ty tin kch thc 10x4x1,2 m.
3.1.3. Kt qu v tho lun
Sau khi h thng x l hot ng n nh (30 ngy sau khi h t trng thi lm
vic bnh thng). Tin hnh ly mu nc thi ti cc im (theo s 3.2) phn
tch cc thng s c bn (pH, COD, BOD, NH
4
+
, ...) nh gi hiu qu x l. Kt
qu phn tch cht lng nc thi c th hin trong cc bng (Bng 3.1 n 4.5).
Bng 3.1: Kt qu phn tch mu nc thi sau b Biogas
Stt Ch tiu n v Kt qu phn tch
TCN
678:2006
11/4/2007 19/5/2007 25/6/2007 Ct B
1 pH 7.15 7.21 7.18 5-9
2 TDS mg/l 2011 1879 1946 -
3 TSS mg/l 1330 1188 1295 500
4 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 425 398 413 -
5 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 0.51 0.65 0.77 -
6 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 115 94 101 -
7 N_tng mg/l 568 517 515 150
8 P_tng mg/l 71 65 69 20
9 PO
4
3-
mg/l 0.16 0.19 0.18 -
10 COD mg/l 1267 1195 1211 400
11 BOD
5
mg/l 572 525 565 300

Stt Ch tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch
TCN
678:2006
02/7/2007 11/8/2007 19/9/2007 Gi tr TB Ct B
1 pH 7.11 7.19 7.21 7.18 5-9
2 TDS mg/l 1958 2145 1890 1972 -


63
Stt Ch tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch
TCN
678:2006
02/7/2007 11/8/2007 19/9/2007 Gi tr TB Ct B
3 TSS mg/l 1298 1310 948.8 1228 500
4 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 415 396 385 405 -
5 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 0.85 0.91 1.01 0.78 -
6 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 98 105 113 104 -
7 N_tng mg/l 539 468 499 518 150
8 P_tng mg/l 62 70 66 67 20
9 PO
4
3-
mg/l 0.21 0.19 0.23 0.2 -
10 COD mg/l 1195 1208 1095 1195 400
11 BOD
5
mg/l 538 517 485 534 300
Kt qu trn cho thy nc thi cha hm lng cao cc cht nhim c trng ca
nc thi chn nui (COD cao gp 2.99 ln, BOD gp 1.78 ln, N cao gp 3.45
ln, P cao gp 3.35 ln, TSS cao gp 2.45 ln, ...) so vi tiu chun ngnh. Nu so
vi tiu chun 5945:2005 ct B (BOD 50, COD 100, SS 100, N 60, P 6) v
ngun tip nhn l sng h th cc ch tiu ny cao hn rt nhiu ln {Phn ln cc
trang tri chn nui ng bng th ngun tip nhn thng l sng, ngi ti
tiu}
Bng 3.2: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 2 (sau b thiu kh)
Stt
Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch
10-TCN-
678:2006

Ngy 12 -
18/12/2007
Ngy 19 -
25/12/2007
Ngy
26/12/2007 -
5/1/2008

1 pH 7.45 7.58 7.62 5-9
2 TSS mg/l 1085 945 830 500
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 385 345 323 -
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 4.23 3.65 3.23 -
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 145 138 141 -
6 N_tng mg/l 484 461 431 150


64
Stt
Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch
10-TCN-
678:2006

Ngy 12 -
18/12/2007
Ngy 19 -
25/12/2007
Ngy
26/12/2007 -
5/1/2008

7 P_tng

mg/l 55 48 44 20
8 COD mg/l 1089 921 850 400
9 BOD
5
mg/l 485 461 475 300

Bng 3.3: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 3 (sau b lc SH)
Stt Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch 10-TCN-
678:2006
(ct B)
Ngy 12/12/2007
-18/12/2007
Ngy 19/12/2007
-25/12/2007
Ngy
26/12/2007 -
5/1/2008
1 pH 7.75 7.65 7.76 5-9
2 TSS mg/l
615 472 465 500
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 305 267 228 -
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 25.5 4.6 0.98 -
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l
215 189 185 -
6 N_tng mg/l 457 342,20 288,86 150
7 P_tng

mg/l 53,5 42 35 20
8 COD mg/l
684 559 428 400
9 BOD
5
mg/l 225 198 201 300


65
Nhn xt:
Kt qu cho thy sau khong 3 tun hot ng th b hot ng n nh, cc qu
trnh din ra ti y l tng i chm mc d thi gian lu nc ti y l kh ln
(ngn c khuy trn- thi gian lu khong 4-6 gi). Cc gi tr nhim trong nc
thi sau b k kh gim ng k: TSS gim 32%, COD gim 28.87%, N gim
16.7%, P gim 16.4%, v sau b lc sinh hc nh git cc gi tr ny gim ln lt
l 62%, 64%, 44.2% v 48%. Thi im u (tun u) c s gia tng mnh nng
nitrit, sau nng nitrit gim nhanh chng, l do qu trnh nitrat ha din
ra v nng nitrat tng t ngt. y % cc gi tr c loi b cho thy
chiu hng tt ca qu trnh x l nu c s tun hon nc sau x l.
Bng 3.4: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 2 (tun hon 20%)
Stt Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch 10-TCN-
678:2006

Ngy 5-
12/01/08
Ngy 13 -
19/01/08
Ngy 20-
26/1/08

1 pH
7.75 7.68 7.71
5-9
2 TSS mg/l
741 682 665
500
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l
325 275 263
-
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l
2.01 1.89 1.54
-
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l
175 211 179
-
6 N_tng mg/l
398 367,13 350,94
150
7 P_tng

mg/l
49 45 46
20
8 COD mg/l
989 921 935
400
9 BOD
5
mg/l
415 394 405
300
Bng 3.5: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 3 (tun hon 20%)
Stt Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch 10-TCN-
678:2006
(ct B)
Ngy 5-
12/01/08
Ngy 13 -
19/01/08
Ngy 20-
26/1/08
1 pH 7.91 7.85 8.01 5-9
2 TSS mg/l
345 298 314 500


66
Stt Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch 10-TCN-
678:2006
(ct B)
Ngy 5-
12/01/08
Ngy 13 -
19/01/08
Ngy 20-
26/1/08
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l
198 205 189 -
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 0.43 0.32 0.21 -
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 245 255 238 -
6 N_tng mg/l
248 235 237 150
7 P_tng

mg/l 35 31 32 20
8 COD mg/l 331 335 322 400
9 BOD
5
mg/l
155 138 125 300

Nhn xt: Lng nc tun hon lm qu trnh oxy ha cc cht din ra tt hn, mc d
cha kho st c chi tit nh hng ca t l tun hon nhng theo cc ti liu th y l
mt t l kh ti u. Nng cc cht nhim cn li l TSS 25%, COD 27%, N 46%,
P 47%.


67
Bng 3.6: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 4 (Sau h sinh hc)
Stt Tn ch tiu n
v
Kt qu phn tch TCN
678: 2006
Ngy 12-
18/12/07
Ngy 19 -
25/12/07
Ngy 26/12/07
-5/1/08
Gi tr
TB

1 pH 7.89 7.98 8.01 5-9
2 TSS mg/l
165 113 108 500
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l 175 138 118 -
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 55 11 3 -
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l
255 131 75 -
6 N_tng mg/l 265 191 168 150
7 P_tng

mg/l 38,2 36,5 32,4 20
8 COD mg/l
515 458 352 400
9 BOD
5
mg/l 165 157 146 300

Bng 3.7: Kt qu phn tch mu nc ti im ly mu s 4 (tun hon 20%)
Stt Tn ch
tiu
n
v
Kt qu phn tch TCN 678:
2006
Ngy 5-
12/01/08
Ngy 13 -
19/01/08
Ngy 20-
26/1/08

1 pH 8.02 8.14 8.11 5-9
2 TSS mg/l 165 113 108 500
3 N-NH
4
+
mg/l
152 138 118 -
4 N-NO
2
-
mg/l 0.25 0.15 0.21 -
5 N-NO
3
-
mg/l 87 69 65 -
6 N_tng mg/l
222,45 199,93 185,65 150
7 P_tng

mg/l 28,2 26,5 22,4 20
8 COD mg/l 275 298 252 400
9 BOD
5
mg/l
135 127 116 300


68
Bng 3.8: nh gi tng hp hiu qu x l v kt qu sau cc qu trnh
Ch
tiu
u
vo
(mg/l)
B thiu kh c
ngn lng

B lc sinh hc
nh git

H sinh hc

Hiu
sut x
l
(% )
Hiu
sut
(%)
Cn li
(mg/l)
Hiu
sut
(%)
Cn
li
(mg/l)
Hiu
sut
(%)
Cn li
(mg/l)

TSS 1228 45.85% 665 52.78% 314 65.61% 108 91.21%
N-
NH
4
+

405 35.06% 263 28.14% 189 37.57% 118 70.86%
N_tng 518 32.25% 350,94 32.47% 237 21.67% 185,65 64.16%
P_tng 67 31.34% 46 30.43% 32 30.00% 22,4 66.57%
COD 1195 21.76% 935 65.56% 322 21.74% 252 78.91%
BOD
5
534 24.16% 405 76.54% 125 7.20% 116 78.28%










Hnh 3.2. Nng cc cht nhim ti tng giai on thi gian
- Chi ph u t xy dng thp (tng chi ph: 27.000.000, sut u t
khong 9triu/1m
3
). Chi ph x l 1 m
3
nc thi l: 1.800
- Cng ngh khng phc tp, vn hnh n gin, din tch xy dng t;
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 2 3 4
TSS
NH4
NH4
P
COD
BOD


69
- Trong thi gian th nghim c lc nhit ngoi tri xung thp hn 10
0
C
trong mt khong thi gian kh di (cui thng 12 n gia thng 01/2008) do
hiu qu x l khng cao, vi iu kin thi tit bnh thng c th cho hiu qu x
l cao hn.
- Theo bng 3.1: cho thy nc thi sau Biogas cha nhiu cht hu c v cc
cht khc c nng cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu ln. Cht lng nc thi
sau b Biogas c cht lng kh n nh.
- Kt qu cho thy nc thi sau khi x l: COD 288,33mg/l (400mg/l); BOD
5

102,67mg/l (300mg/l); TSS 128,67mg/l (500mg/l) (trong ngoc l gi tr tiu
chun cho php 10 - TCN- 678:2006).
- i vi cc ch tiu v N, P cn vt xa tiu chun TCN 678:2006: N
tng
=
202,68mg/l (150mg/l), P = 35,7mg/l (20mg/l). Kt qu ny cng nm trong d on
khi a ra dy chuyn cng ngh, nhng chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh thp
cng l tiu ch la chn ca cc trang tri nui ln.
3.2. Kt qu x l theo s DCCN s 2
nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi chn nui ln theo s DCCN s 2,
thc hin ly mu, phn tch nh gi kt hp vi d n xy dng h thng x l
nc thi tri ln cng sut 30m
3
/ng ti x Song An huyn V Th tnh Thi
Bnh.
Gii thiu trang tri:
- Tng din tch 30.000 m
2
, trong khu nui ln 14.000 m
2
, tng din tch
cc ao 10.000 m
2
, din tch cn li l nh iu hnh, vn cy,
- Hin ti tri ln ging c 300 con ln ni sinh sn, khong 1000 con ln tht
v khong 4000 n 5000 con ln hu b.
- H thng Biogas hin ta gm 2 hm, th tch mi hm 30 m
3

- Tng s lao ng thng xuyn khong 20 ngi
- Nc cp cho sinh hot v chn nui l nc ging khoan ly trc tip ti
tri (nc y b nhim mn, amoni cao, clorua cao) v ch c x l bng cc
h thng lc thng thng.
Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c th hin trong cc bng sau:


70
Bng 3.9. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi trc v sau Biogas

TT
Thng s n v
Kt qu phn tch
10-TCN 678:2006
(Loi B)
Trc
Biogas
Sau Biogas
1 pH 7.1 7.5 5 9
2 Tng N

mg/l 684 650 150
3 Tng P mg/l 109 54 20
4 COD mg/l 3250 1250 400
5 Kim ton phn mg/l 2835 2060 -
6 Hm lng SS mg/l 2655 1070 500
7 TDS mg/l 3250 2150 -

Nhn xt: Nc thi sau x l Biogas y cng c cc ch tiu nhim c
trng ca nc thi chn nui, th hin qua cc ch tiu TSS, COD, BOD, N, P
v cn tip tc x l trc khi c th thi ra mi trng.
3.2.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh
S cng ngh h x l













Hnh 3.3. S cng ngh nghin cu theo dy chuyn s 2
Phn hu
thiu kh

Aeroten
Biog
as
1
2

Ao sinh hc
Thi ra MT
3

B lng 2
B

n

t
u

n

h
o

n



71
Cc thng s ca h thng nh sau:
+ B Biogas:
H thng b Biogas hin c vn hot ng tt, s dng b hin c, lng
nc thi trung bnh khong 50-60 m
3
/ ngy, v tp trung vo cc thi im
v sinh chung tri (sng, tra, chiu).
+ B thiu kh:
Th tch b 12,6 m
3
; kch thc b: BxLxH = 2,0 x 1,8 x 3,5 (m)
Thi gian lu nc 4,0 h.
+ B Aeroten:
Kch thc b: BxLxH = 3,6x2,0x3,5m; lp nc trong b l 3,1m.
Thi gian lm thong 7-8 gi.
+ B lng:
Thi gian lng 1,5h (trong b c b tr bm bn tun hon)
3.2.2. Vn hnh cng trnh
Qu trnh nui cy nh sau:
- Ly mm vi sinh t nc thi ra sau Biogas ca nc cn x l.
- Cung cp khng kh v cc dng cht da trn kt qu phn tch nc thi:
thnh phn dng cht phi tng ng vi thnh phn ca nc thi.
Qu trnh cho vi sinh thch nghi vi nc thi c tin hnh nh sau:
- Tun 1: bm nc thi vi lu lng 1 m
3
/h, chu k bm: bm 1h, ngng
2h.
- Tun 2: bm nc thi vi lu lng 1 m
3
/h, chu k bm: bm 1h, ngng
1h.
- Tun 3: bm nc thi vi lu lng 1 m
3
/h, bm lin tc.
- Sau tng dn lu lng nc thi vo h ln 1,5 - 2 - 2,5 m
3
/h v cui
cng l 3 m
3
/h cc tun th 4 v 5.
3.2.3. Kt qu v nhn xt
Tng hp kt qu phn tch cht lng nc cc tun th 6, 7 v 8 c cho
trong cc bng 3.8, bng 3.9 v 3.10.


72

Bng 3.10:Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 6
Ch
tiu
Sau b
thiu
kh
Sau aerotenk Sau ao sinh hc
Hiu sut
x l (% )
TCN:
678:
2006

Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)
Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)

pH 7.65 7.85 7.41 5-9
TSS 655.00 67.18% 215.00 62.79% 80.00 87.79% 500.00
N-
tng
598.00 29.77% 420.00 70.24% 125.00 79.10% 150.00
P-
tng
47.00 25.53% 35.00 71.43% 10.00 78.72% 20.00
COD 985.00 43.76% 554.00 70.22% 165.00 83.25% 400.00
BOD
5
354.00 36.44% 225.00 60.44% 89.00 74.86% 300.00
Ghi ch: 1- sau b k kh ; 2- sau h x l; 3-sau h sinh hc s 3

Bng 3.11:Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 7
Ch
tiu
Sau b
thiu
kh
Sau aerotenk Sau ao sinh hc
Hiu sut
x l (% )
TCN:
678:
2006

Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)
Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)

pH 7.71 7.95 7.51 5-9
TSS 538.00 71.19% 155.00 58.06% 65.00 87.92% 500.00
N-
tng
521.00 26.30% 384.00 65.89% 131.00 74.86% 150.00
P-
tng
42.00 19.05% 34.00 73.53% 9.00 78.57% 20.00
COD 891.00 74.41% 228.00 35.09% 148.00 83.39% 400.00
BOD
5
279.00 62.37% 105.00 38.10% 65.00 76.70% 300.00
Ghi ch: 1- sau b k kh ; 2- sau h x l; 3-sau h sinh hc s 3


73
Bng 3.12. Hiu qu x l sau cc qu trnh tun th 8
Ch
tiu
Sau b
thiu
kh
Sau aerotenk Sau ao sinh hc
Hiu sut
x l (% )
TCN:
678:
2006

Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)
Hiu
sut (%)
Cn li
(mg/l)

pH 7.68 8.01 7.65 5-9
TSS 541.00 68.21% 172.00 58.72% 71.00 86.88% 500.00
N-
tng
509.00 57.76% 215.00 32.56% 145.00 71.51% 150.00
P-
tng
43.00 18.60% 35.00 68.57% 11.00 74.42% 20.00
COD 805.00 70.81% 235.00 49.36% 119.00 85.22% 400.00
BOD
5
265.00 64.15% 95.00 31.58% 65.00 75.47% 300.00
Ghi ch: 1- sau b k kh ; 2- sau h x l; 3-sau h sinh hc s 3

Di y l th din bin cc thng s nhim theo thi gian, qua tng
cng on:
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1 2 3 4
TSS
N-tng
P-tng
COD
BOD5


Hnh 3.4. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti b thiu kh



74
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1 2 3 4
TSS
N-tng
P-tng
COD
BOD5

Hnh 3.5. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti b aerotenk
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1 2 3 4
TSS
N-tng
P-tng
COD
BOD5

Hnh 3.6. Din bin qu trnh phn hy theo thi gian ti ao sinh hc
Nhn xt:
- Nc thi sau x l theo dy truyn 2 t tiu chun TCN-678:2006. Tuy
nhin do h thng ao y rt ln (15.000m
3
) so vi lng nc thi ra trong ngy
(50-60 m
3
) nn lng nc thi ra b pha long l chnh. Vi thi gian trn l
cha nh gi kh nng x l ca h thng ao sinh hc, cn tip tc nghin
cu nh gi.
- Chi ph x l theo dy truyn ny cao hn so vi x theo theo kiu dy
truyn 1, c tnh chi ph x l khong 3.500 /m
3
.
3.3. C s l thuyt v tnh ton cc cng trnh theo s DCCN s 3


75
3.3.1. B Biogas
Theo nghin cu ca Nguyn Th Hoa L (1994) nc thi chn nui sau khi
qua Biogas, BOD gim khong 79-87%, Coliform gim 98-99.7%, trng giun sn
gim 95,6-97%. Phn ln c t l C/N=2025 thch hp cho x l k kh bng b
biogas.
Bng 3.13. Tnh ton lng thi v xc nh dung tch b Biogas
Ni dung thng s VT S lng
1. S ln ni: Con N
1

Nhu cu thc n kg/con/ngy 5
Nhu cu nc ung, nc tm, nc ra chung lt/con/ngy 40
Lng phn to ra (30% lng thc n) kg/con/ngy 1,5
Lng nc thi to ra (70% lng nc s
dng)
lt/con/ngy 28
Tng lng phn to ra tn/ngy 1,5*N
1

Tng lng nc thi to ra m
3
/ ngy 0,028*N
1

Tng lng cht thi (phn + nc thi) m
3
/ ngy 1,528*N
1

2. S ln ging, ln tht: Con N
2

Nhu cu thc n kg/con/ngy 2,5
Nhu cu nc ung, nc tm, nc ra chung lt/con/ngy 40
Lng phn to ra (30% lng thc n) kg/con/ngy 0,75
Lng nc thi to ra (70% lng nc s
dng)
lt/con/ngy 28
Tng lng phn to ra tn/ngy 0,75* N
2

Tng lng nc thi to ra m
3
/ ngy 0,028* N
2

Tng lng cht thi (phn + nc thi) m
3
/ ngy 0,778* N
2

Tng lng cht thi (1+2) m
3
/ ngy Q=1,528*N
1
+0,778*N
2

Thi gian lu tr trong b Ngy 15
Tng th tch hu ch b cha M
3
V=15*Q
Vy dung tch phn cha nc trong ngn phn hy ca b Biogas:
V
nc
= 15*(1,528. N
1
+ 0,778. N
2
) = 22,92. N
1
+ 11,67.N
2
(m
3
)


76
Trong : N
1
: s lng ln ni
N
2
: s lng ln ging, ln tht
Nc trong b chim ch khong 2/3 chiu cao b cn li dung tch cha kh.
Dung tch ca ngn phn hy ca b Biogas:
V
phn hy
= 3/2*(22,92. N
1
+11,67. N
2
) = 34,38. N
1
+ 17,505. N
2

Kim tra ti trng th tch:
phanhuy
v
V
S Q
L
0

= (nm trong khong 1-6 kgCOD/m

3
.ng)
Trong : Q
v
: lu lng nc thi vo b mi ngy, m
3
/ng
S
0
: nng COD u vo, mg/l
Lng kh sinh ra mi ngy:
Thng thng 1m
3
nguyn liu (phn v nc thi) trong b Biogas c th sinh ra
khong 0,45m
3
kh Biogas mt ngy, trong CH
4
chim 65% [6].
Lng kh sinh ra mi ngy: V V
kh
= 45 . 0 (m
3
/ngy)
Lng kh CH
4
sinh ra mi ngy:
V V V V
kh CH
. 2925 , 0 45 , 0 65 . 0 % 65
4
= = = (m
3
/ngy)
Cu to ca b biogas thnh 3 vng chnh:
- Ngn tip nhn, lng ct: l ni tip nhn phn v nc thi, ng thi l
ngn lng ct.
- Ngn phn hu: l ni m phn v nc thi c phn hy k kh v sinh
kh Biogas. Ngn ny phi m bo hon ton kn, c vm c nh thu kh.
- Ngn p lc: cha cn lng v nc thi sau b Biogas. Khi s dng kh gas,
cc cht cn lng dng lng trong ngn p lc s chy ngc li vo ngn phn
hu y kh Biogas ra.
Trong hn hp kh Biogas c ln cc thnh phn: hi nc, CO
2
, H
2
S v mt s kh
khc. s dng kh sinh hc t nhit tr cao v trnh nhim th cp t t kh
sinh hc cn loi b cc tp cht kh trn (lm giu kh sinh hc).
- Loi b hi nc: hi nc trong hn hp kh c th lm tc ng dn kh do
ngng t, do ng dn kh cn trnh im t nc. Loi b hi nc bng cch
sc hn hp kh biogas qua bnh nc.


77
- Loi b CO
2
: kh CO
2
tan tt trong nc nn c th dng nc loi b
CO
2
. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l cn mt lng nc ln (trong
kh sinh hc chim 35% kh CO
2
v khi lng ring ca CO
2
l 1,84kg/m
3
th cn
mt lng nc l 429l ra 1m
3
kh sinh hc). Kh CO
2
c hp ph bi nhng
dung dch kim (NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
,..) cc phng trnh phn ng:
2NaOH + CO
2
---> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O ---> 2NaHCO
3

Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
----> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Dung dch kim thng c s dng thng l nc vi trong, 1kg vi sng s
dng c th loi tr 300l CO
2
tng ng vi 860l hn hp kh biogas.
- Loi b H
2
S: dng dung dch Na
2
CO
3
qu trnh trn c th dng loi
H
2
S trong kh Biogas: H
2
S + Na
2
CO
3
---> NaHS + NaHCO
3

C th cho Biogas i qua mt st trn ln vi dm bo:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
S -----> Fe
2
S
3
+ 3H
2
O
Sau khi s dng oxyt st c ti sinh bng cch em Fe
2
S
3
phi nng trong khng
kh, ta c:
2Fe
2
S
3
+ 3O
2
-----> 2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3S
2

3.3.2. B UASB
a. Cc thng s k thut tnh ton b UASB:
- Vn tc nc thi a vo b duy tr trong khong 0,6-0,9m/h;
- pH duy tr trong khong 6,6-7,6 (pH<6,2 th vi khun chuyn ha methane
hot ng hiu qu km);
- Thi gian lu l 6 ngy cho vng kh hu nhit i, chiu cao b 4-6m [22].
b. Tnh ton cc thng s k thut b UASB trong s dy chuyn cng ngh
Cc thng s kch thc b:
- Th tch phn x l ym kh cn thit: ) (
3
m
L
G
V =
G: lng COD cn kh trong ngy ) / ( ngd kg COD Q G =
Q: lu lng nc thi cn x l, m
3

COD: lng COD cn kh %) % 100 ( * E COD COD
v
= (mg/l)


78
E%: hiu qu x l ca b UASB
L: ti trng x l trong b UASB, ngd m kgCOD . /
3

- Din tch b mt cn thit ca b: ) (
2
m
v
Q
F =
v: vn tc nc dng trong b, gi cho lp bn hot tnh trng thi l lng, tc
nc dng trong b phi gi trong khong 0,60,9m/h.
H

t
h

n
g

n
g

k
i

m

t
r
a
Tm chn kh
v h- ng dng
T

m

c
h

n

k
h

Hthng phn phi

n- c thi
Hthng
thu khbiogas

Hnh 3.7. Cu to b UASB

- Tng chiu cao ca b:
3 2 1
H H H H + + =
H
1
: chiu cao phn x l ym kh. ) (
1
m
F
V
H =
H
2
: chiu cao vng lng. m bo khng gian an ton cho bn lng xung
pha di th chiu cao vng lng phi ln hn 1,0m [2]. Chn H
2
=1,1m
H
3
: chiu cao d tr, chn H
3
=0,5m


79
b
2
tam chan 1
r
y
1
b
1
tam chan 2
x
1
x
2
h
1
H
n
g
l
a
n
g
- Kim tra li thi gian lu trong b trong khong 4-10h
Tnh ton ngn lng:
- Tng chiu cao ca ton b ngn lng (k c chiu cao vng lng v chiu cao d
tr):
3 nglang
2
H
tg a
H

=
o
> 30% H
b
.
a: cnh ca mt bng b UASB hnh vung (m)
o: gc nghing gia cc tm chn kh so vi phng ngang, o = 45
0
60
0

- Thi gian lu trong ngn lng phi ln hn 1 gi:
Tm chn kh:








Hnh 3.8. Tm chn kh trong b UASB
- Khe h gia cc tm chn kh v gia tm chn kh vi tm hng dng l bng
nhau. Tng din tch gia cc khe h trn f=(1520%) tng din tch n nguyn.
- Din tch mi khe h (trong b thng c tng s n khe h): ) (
2
m
n
S f
S
dng
khe

=
- B rng ca khe h: ) (m
a
S
r
khe
khe
=
- Tnh ton tm chn s 1:
Chiu di: a l =
1
; Chiu rng: o sin / ) (
2 1
H H b
nglang
= ; Chiu cao: o sin
1 1
= b y
- Tm chn 2: Chiu di: a l =
2
; Chiu rng:
2 1 2
x x b + =
mm x 400
1
=
;
( ) ( )
o sin
1 1 3 nglang
2
y h H H
x
+ +
= ; ( ) o =
0
1
90 sin
khe
r h
Tm hng dng :


80
D
L
a1 a2
h
1
r

Hnh 3.9. Tm hng dng trong b UASB
Tm hng dng cng c t nghing mt gc o = 40-60
o

so vi

phng ngang
cch tm chn kh mt khong r
khe
.
Khong cch t nh tam gic ca tm hng dng n tm chn 1:
( ) o
=
0
90 cos
khe
r
l
u u o o = = = = = 2 180 ; ; sin ; ; cos
0
2
1 2 1
a
h
tg r h a l a m r a
khe khe

on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 1020cm. Chn mi bn
nh ra 15cm. Chiu rng tm hng dng: 150 2 2 + = l D
Chiu di tm hng dng:
o sin
2
D
L =
c. Tnh ton lng kh v bn sinh ra trong h thng UASB:
Tnh lng kh sinh ra trong b:
- Th tch kh sinh ra i vi 1kgCOD b kh l 0,5m
3
[5]. Tng th tch kh sinh
ra trong mt ngy: G V
kh
= 5 , 0 (m
3
/ng)
- Tnh lng kh CH
4
sinh ra: trong hn hp kh sinh ra CH
4
chim 70%, vy th
tch kh CH
4
sinh ra:
kh CH
V V = 7 , 0
4
(m
3
/ng)
Tnh lng bn sinh ra:
- Lng bn do VSV sinh ra t 0,10,5kg/kgCOD c loi b.
- Bn c x nh k t 16 thng nh p lc thy tnh ca nc trong b. ng
thu bn c t dc theo chiu di b v cch y 1m.
d. Mt s c im khi vn hnh b UASB:


81
- Khi ng b, bn nui cy ban u phi c hot tnh methane. hot
tnh methane cng cao th thi gian khi ng cng ngn. Bn ht hoc bn ly t
mt b k kh hot ng l tt nht. Ngoi ra, c th s dng bn cha nhiu cht
hu c nh bn t b t hoi, phn gia sc hoc phn chung.
Bng 3.14. Cc loi bn nui cy ban u b UASB
STT Loi bn Hot tnh Methane
(kg CH
4
-COD/kg VSS)
Hm lng VSS
(kg/m
3
)
1 Bn ht 0.80-1.50 15-35
2 Bn t cc b k kh khc 0.4-1.20 10-25
3 Bn cng rnh 0.02-0.10 8-20
4 Phn chung 0.02-0.08 20-80
5 Bn b t hoi 0.01-0.02 15-50
6 Phn gia sc khc 0.001-0.004 30-100
- Nng bn cung cp ban u cho b UASB ti thiu l 10kg VSS/m
3
.
- Lng bn cho vo b khng nn nhiu hn 60% th tch b.
- Trong giai on khi ng vn tc vn tc nc i ln l rt quan trng,
nu vn tc nc dng qu ln bn trong b s b cun tri ra ngoi.
- B phi khi ng ti trng thp hoc nng COD thp. Khi b hot
ng cn theo di lng kh sinh hc sinh ra, hiu qu x l hoc cht lng nc
u ra. Ch tng ti trng khi mi th hot ng tt v khng c mt tr ngi no.
- Khi c loi bn nui cy tt, b UASB c th vn hnh ti trng 3kg
COD/m
3
/ngy v thi gian lu nc khong 24 gi.
- giai on ny cn to iu kin cho vi khun methane pht trin do bn nui
cy ban u thng c rt t lng vi khun. V vy, giai on khi ng thng
mt rt nhiu thi gian.
- Ly mu phn tch nh k trong qu trnh vn hnh b: bit c s hot
ng bn trong b, dc theo chiu cao b ta t cc van ly mu. Vi cc mu thu
c cng mt van, ta c th c on lng bn cao t van . S c
on ny rt cn thit khi mun bit ti trng thc s ca bn v thi gian lu bn
hin trong b l bao nhiu, t m c s iu chnh thch hp.


82
Trong iu kin n nh, ti trng ca bn gn nh khng i, do mt bn
tng ln u n. Nhng ngay trong nhng trng hp , vic ly mu vn c
ngh thc hin u n.
Khi m van, cn iu chnh sao cho bn ra t t m bo thu c bn gn
ging trong b v nu m ln qu th nc s thot ra nhiu hn. Thng thng ly
50-150 ml mu vo 2 ln cch nhau t nht 1h.
3.3.3. Mng oxy ha:
Mt bng mng oxy ha hnh van, c h thng gung quay trc ngang cung cp
oxy cho qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c. Th tch mng oxy ha l tng th tch ca
vng hiu kh kh BOD
5
v oxy ha N-NH
4
+
; vng thiu kh kh NO
3
-
thnh kh
N
2
:
- Th tch mng oxy ha: V = V
1
+ V
2

+ Th tch vng hiu kh (V
1
):

=
|
.
|

\
|
= =

;
). .(
;
.
max
3
0
5 1
N DN
NO BOD
X
Q N m
V
X
M
F
S Q
V V

Trong : Q: lu lng nc thi, m
3
/ngy
So: BOD
5
u vo mng oxy ha, mg/l
F/M: t s hm lng BOD
5
/bn hot tnh
X: nng bn hot tnh l lng, mg/l
X
N
: nng bn hot tnh i vi vi khun oxy ha amoni
m: t l kh NH
4
+
thnh NO
3
-

(N): tng hm lng nit trong nc thi, mg/l

DN
: tc kh NO
3
-
thnh N
2
, mgNO
3
-
/mg bn hot tnh
+ Th tch vng thiu kh kh nitrat (V
2
):
X
Q NO n
V
DN
.
) .(
3
2

=
Trong : n: t l kh NO
3
-
thnh N
2

NO
3
-
: hm lng NO
3
-
, mg/l

DN
: tc kh NO
3
-
thnh N
2
, mgNO
3
-
/mg bn hot tnh


83
- Cc thng s tnh ton cu to mng oxy ha [17]:
- Chiu su lp nc trong mng t 1,0-1,5m;
- Vn tc trong mng 0,1-0,4m/s.
- Lp t h thng khuy trn dng gung quay trc ngang, tc quay
n=60-110 vng/pht.
Thi gian lu nc 24-36gi, thi gian lu bn 15-33 ngy, h s tun hon bn
0,75-1,5. Sau qu trnh x l bng mng oxy ha, hiu qu x l BOD t 85-
90%, hiu qu x l N t 40-80%.
3.3.4. B lng 2
B lng t 2 sau mng oxy ha c thit k vi cc ch tiu [8]:
- Ti trng b mt 8-12m
3
/m
3
b.ngy
- Chiu su b lng: 3-4m
- Thi gian lng: 6-12h
3.3.5. H sinh hc
Theo iu tra nh gi hin trng mi trng ti cc c s chn nui (Vin
Chn nui, 2006) cho thy: ti cc c s chn nui hu ht s dng h sinh hc
x l nc thi. Mt khc h sinh hc cn to cnh quan, d tr nc cc hot ng
nng nghip v nui trng thy sn. Nc thi sau cc cng trnh x l COD (b
Biogas, UASB, mng oxy ha) hm lng cht hu c c th t tiu chun
thi (COD=400mg/l). Vn chnh trong nc thi chn nui l cc hp cht N, i
vi x l nc thi giu hp cht N th x l cht hu c l vn th yu. x
l nc thi tip theo s dng chui h sinh hc: H ty tin -> h hiu kh, ngoi
ra tng cng hiu qu x l nc thi trong h sinh hc bng cch kt hp nui
trng mt s loi thc vt thy sinh (mc 3.4.5). Cc thng s thit k h sinh hc
c th hin trong bng sau [17].
Bng 3.15. Cc thng s thit k h sinh hc
Cc thng s n v H hiu kh H ty tin H k kh
Chiu su m 1,0-1,5 1,0-2,5 2,5-5,0
Thi gian lu nc ngy 2-6 7-50 30-50
Ti trng BOD
5
g/m
2
.ngy 10-20 2-10 -


84
Hiu qu x l BOD % 80-95 70-95 50-70
Hm lng cn l lng
trong nc thi ra khi h
mg/l 150-350 100-350 -
+ H ty tin:
+ Thi gian lu nc trong h, theo Mara DD.., 1976 thi gian lu nc trong h
ty tin c xc nh theo cng thc:
K L
L
t
t
a
1
. 1
(

=
Trong : K
T
= K
20
.(1,06)
T-20
; K
20
= 0,3 ngy
-1

+ Din tch xy dng h:
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
.
.
t
a
L
L
K H
Q
F o (m
2
)
Trong : Q lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy
H chiu su trung bnh ca h, m
o h s ph thuc vo chiu rng (B) v chiu di h (L). Vi cc t l
B/L khc nhau thc hin ni suy theo bng sau:
B/L 1/1 1/3 1/10 1/30
o
2,85 2,50 1,80 1,25
Trn c s xc nh trn thc hin kim tra li cc gi tr trong bng 3.11.
+ H hiu kh: trong h hiu kh cc qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c din
ra theo phn ng bc 1:
t K
a
t
L
L
.
10

=
Trong : K
T
= K
20
.(1,06)
T-20
; K
20
= 0,25 ngy
t thi gian lu nc trong h, ngy
T phng trnh trn xc nh c thi gian lu nc trong h, sau kim tra li
cc gi tr trong bng 4.11.
3.4. So snh la chn cng ngh ti u cho x l nc thi chn nui ln
Trn c s nghin cu v phn tch cc s dy chuyn cng ngh x l
nc thi chn nui ln, thc hin so snh v nh gi u nhc im ca tng s
dy chuyn t xut dy chuyn cng ngh ph hp vi iu kin Vit
Nam.


85
Bng 3.16. So snh cc s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui ln
G.on Dy chuyn 1 Dy chuyn 2 Dy chuyn 3
X

Biogas:
Hu ht cc trang tri
hin c v xy dng mi
u s dng b Biogas,
ngoi nhim v x l s
b nc thi n cn cho
mt lng kh gas tng
i ln
(0,45m
3
kh/1m
3
nc
thi). Do Biogas l s
la chn u tin trong x
l nc thi chn nui.
Biogas:
(Nh dy chuyn 1)
Biogas:
(Nh dy chuyn 1)


86
G.on Dy chuyn 1 Dy chuyn 2 Dy chuyn 3
X

k
h

B thiu kh c ngn
lng:
+ u im:
- Ti trng cao, thi gian
lu bn ln.
- n gin trong vn hnh
- Lng bn sinh ra t
+ Nhc im:
- Kh kim sot lng
bn
- Ngn lc d tc, kh
kim sot.

B thiu kh c ngn
lng:
(Nh dy chuyn 1)
B UASB:
+ u im:
- Ti trng cao, c kh
nng chu bin ng ca
nc thi u vo.
- C th thu c mt
lng kh Biogas ng
k.
- Lng bn sinh ra t
(bng 20% so vi qu
trnh hiu kh).
- Gim din tch xy
dng
+ Nhc im:
- Yu cu trnh vn
hnh cao.
- Cc yu t kim sot
nghim ngt,



87
G.on Dy chuyn 1 Dy chuyn 2 Dy chuyn 3
X

h
i

u

k
h

B lc sinh hc nh git:
+ u im:
- Hiu qu x l cao, c
th cp kh cho h thng
bng thong kh t nhin
+ Nhc im:
- Ti trng b mt thp,
dn n din tch cng
trnh ln;
- Khng chu c nc
thi c hm lng BOD
cao, do cn phi pha
long dn n tng dung
tch cng trnh v tng
nng lng bm.
- Tn nng lng cho qu
trnh bm nc thi t b
k kh ln b lc sinh hc.


B Aeroten:
+ u im:
- Ti trng cht hu c
cao
+ Nhc im:
- Khng x l c N, P
(ch mt lng nh i
vo sinh khi);
- Bn sau x l c tnh
n nh thp, do cn
c bin php x l bn;
- Tn nng lng cho sc
kh (cng sc ln);
Mng oxy ha:
+ u im:
- Kt hp x l C, N
v P.
- Cng tc qun l vn
hnh n gin, ph
hp vi x l nc
thi chn nui.
- Thi gian lu bn di
do bn sinh ra t
qu trnh x l c tnh
n nh cao.
- Nng lng cn cung
cp t hn cng trnh
hiu kh khc.
- Nc t b UASB t
chy sang mng oxy
ha, do khng cn
nng lng bm
(phng n 1 v
phng n 2 cn nng
lng bm).
+ Nhc im:
- Din tch xy dng
ln.
- Ngn lc d tc, kh
kim sot.


88
G.on Dy chuyn 1 Dy chuyn 2 Dy chuyn 3
B

n
g

2

u im : Sau qu trnh
lc sinh hc nh git, bn
d lng nn d kim sot
v khi tch cng trnh
nh.
Nhc im: bn sau
aeroten hay b hin tng
kh lng nn b lng 2
hot ng km hiu qu,
khi tch cng trnh ln
u im : Sau mng
oxy ha, bn d lng
nn d kim sot v
khi tch cng trnh
nh.
X

n
g

c

n
g

Ao sinh hc:
Sau cc qu trnh k kh,
lc sinh hc hiu qu x
l N(21,6%), P(30%),
hm lng N (186mg/l),
P(22,4mg/l) gn t n
ngng tiu chun. C
th gim xung di mc
tiu chun nu rng ao
sinh hc
Ao sinh hc:
Sau cc qu trnh x l
ni chung nc thi t
tiu chun TCN-678:
2006. Tuy nhin cn phi
kho st thm.
H sinh hc:
Sau cc qu trnh
UASB, mng oxy
ha. Hiu qu x l N,
P cao hn s 1 v
s 2 (do hiu qu
ca cc cng trnh
UASB v mng oxy
ha x l N, P).
Xy dng h kt hp
d tr nc, nui
trng thy sn v n
nh nc thi.


89
G.on Dy chuyn 1 Dy chuyn 2 Dy chuyn 3
S
o

s

n
h

c

c

p
h

n
g

n

- Hiu qu x l khng
cao (thp hn phng n
3)
- Khi tch cng trnh ln
(b lc nh git)
- Tn nng lng trong
qu trnh vn hnh (bm
nc t b k kh ln b
lc, tun hon nc thi)
- Hiu qu x l COD
cao hn phng n 1
nhng thp hn phng
n 3; hiu qu x l N, P
thp nht trong 3 phng
n.
- Tn nng lng cp kh
trong b aeroten.
- Bn sau qu trnh x l
c n nh thp, nn
tn chi ph cho b lng 2
v x l n nh bn.
- Hiu qu x l COD,
N, P cao nht trong c
3 phng n.
- B UASB kim sot
c lng bn, hiu
qu x l cao do
gim c chi ph xy
dng cng trnh v
din tch t xy dng.

Trn c s phn tch nh gi theo bng trn v qua thc t tm hiu cc trang tri
chn nui ln tp trung, da trn cc yu t kinh t - x hi v bo v mi trng
cc tri chn nui. Trong lun vn tt nghip, tc gi xut: p dng s dy
chuyn cng ngh s 1 cho x l nc thi tri chn nui ln tp trung Vit Nam.
Dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi la chn p ng y cc yu t: chi ph
u t xy dng khng cao, cng tc qun l vn hnh n gin, chi ph vn hnh
thng xuyn thp, tha mn cc tiu chun v mi trng i vi ngnh chn
nui. Tuy nhin, cn phi c thm cc kho st tnh ton cho ph hp vi iu kin
ca tng trang tri
Cng trn c s cc phn tch nh gi trn tc gi xut nghin cu cng ngh x
l nc thi chn nui ln sau Biogas theo dy truyn sau: Nc thi B Biogas
H sinh hc mi trng. Ni dung cc tnh ton (xem ph lc 2). ng thi
xut nghin cu tip theo hng m hnh 3.


90
CHNG IV. KT LUN
Trong nhng nm gn y chn nui ln pht trin rt nhanh: tng trng
bnh qun 8,9%/nm; s trang tri chn nui ln nm 2006 (113.730) tng gp 2 ln
so vi nm 2000 (57.069 trang tri). Cng vi s pht trin trn ngnh chn nui
ln thi ra mi trng mt lng ln cht thi (75-85 triu tn phn), trong khi
cng tc qun l v x l mi trng gn nh cha c quan tm. Hu ht cc
trang tri chn nui ln cha c h thng x l nc thi, nu c th ch l h thng
x l nc thi n gin (mc ch chnh l thu kh sinh hc): Nc thi B
Biogas H sinh hc mi trng.
Trong khun kh lun vn thc s tc gi thc hin c cc vn :
- nh gi tng quan ngnh chn nui ln Vit Nam;
- Hin trng mi trng chn nui ln v nh hng n sc khe vt nui,
con ngi v mi trng;
- Xy dng m hnh thc tin nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi chn nui
ln trn dy chuyn cng ngh s 1 v s 2.
1. Dy truyn cng ngh s 1
Biogas --> B thiu kh --> Lc sinh hc nh git --> H sinh hc
Kt qu nc sau x l: TSS- 108 (mg/l); BOD- 116 (mg/l); COD- 252 (mg/l);
Tng N- 186 (mg/l); Tng P- 22 (mg/l).
2. Dy truyn cng ngh s 2
Biogas --> B thiu kh --> B Aeroten --> H sinh hc
Kt qu nc sau x l: TSS- 71 (mg/l); BOD- 65 (mg/l); COD- 119 (mg/l);
Tng N- 145 (mg/l); Tng P- 11 (mg/l).
- Trn c s phn tch nh gi cc tiu ch v k thut, kinh t, tiu chun
thi tc gi xut, la chn v xy dng c s l thuyt cho s dy chuyn
cng ngh s 3 ph hp vi iu kin x l nc thi chn nui Vit Nam: Nc
thi chn nui Biogas UASB Mng xy ha H sinh hc.


91
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit

1. Antoine Pouilieute, Bi B Bng, Cao c Pht: Bo co Chn nui
Vit Nam v trin vng 2010; n phm ca t chc PRISE ca Php;
2. Bi Xun An: Nguy c tc ng n mi trng v hin trng qun l cht
thi trong chn nui vng ng Nam B, i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch
Minh, 2007;
3. Nguyn Vit Anh: B t hoi v b t hoi ci tin, NXB Xy dng 2007
4. L Vn Ct: X l nc thi giu hp cht Nit v, Phtpho Nh Xut
bn Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh 2007
5. Nguyn Hoi Chu: An ton sinh hc yu t quan trng hng u trong
chn nui tp trung, 2007;
6. Nguyn Phc Dn: Bo ging tp hun Bo v mi trng Cc phng
php x l nc thi chn nui ln, 2007;
7. Hong Kim Giao: Pht trin chn nui vi vn bo v mi trng, 2007;
8. Trn c H: Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi th, Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 2006;
9. Trn Th Hin Hoa: Phng php mi loi b amoniac khi cht thi ca
ng vt bng vi khun Anammox, 2005.
10. H Th Kim Hoa, L Thanh Hin, Trn Th Dn: Tnh hnh qun l cht
thi chn nui mt s huyn TP.H Ch Minh v 3 tnh ln cn, 2005;
11. Lng Ngc Hunh: V sinh mi trng trong chn nui, 2005;
12. Lng Ngc Khnh: X l nhim nc bng vi khun Anammox, 2005;
13. ng nh Kim: Bo co tng quanng dng phng php sinh hc x l
cht thi hu c sinh ra t mt s ngnh cng nghip trn th gii v kh
nng ng dng ti Vit Nam, 2002.
14. Trnh Xun Lai: Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, Nh xut
bn Xy dng H Ni, 2000;
15. Tn Tht Lng: Bn ht v nhng phng php y nhanh qu trnh to
bn ht, 2004;


92
16. Tn Tht Lng: M hnh x l k kh tc cao v ng dng trong x l
nc thi, 2005;
17. Tn Tht Lng: Bn ht v nhng ph-ng php y
nhanh qu trnh to bn ht, 2004;
18. Phm Khc Liu, Trn Th Hin Hoa, L Cng Nht Phng, Lng
Ngc Khnh, Trn Hiu Nhu, Kenji Furukawa: Oxy ha k kh amni
ng dng x l nit trong nc thi Vit Nam, Tp ch Xy dng, nm
2005, s 10, trang 41-45.
19. Nguyn Th Hoa L: Mt s vn lin quan n vic x l nc thi chn
nui, l m, Tp ch khoa hc nng nghip, nm 2005, s 5;
20. Nguyn Vn Phc: Cc phng php x l nc thi chn nui heo, 2007;
21. L Cng Nht Phng: Nghin cu trin khai ng dng x l ammonium
trong nc thi nui heo vi cng sut 20 m
3
/ngy v nui dng sinh khi
c nhm vi khun Anammox, 2007;
22. Tiu chun xy dng hm Biogas, Vin Nng lng - B Cng nghip,
2001.
23. Tng cc thng k: Bo co thng k s trang tri chn nui theo a
phng, 2007;
24. Phng Th Vn: Xy dng m hnh chn nui ln trong nng h nhm gim
thiu nhim mi trng v nng cao nng sut chn nui, Bo nng
nghip s 123;
25. Vin chn nui: iu tra nh gi hin trng mi trng tri chn nui ln,
2006;
26. Vin chn nui: Bo co hin trng mi trng chn nui mt s tnh,
2006;
27. Vin Cng ngh mi trng. Bo co ti Nghin cu nh gi hiu
qu s dng dung dch hot ha in ha phng chng bnh v tng hiu
qu chn nui gia cm. 2005.
28. Vin kinh t nng nghip: Bo co tng quan Cc nghin cu v ngnh
chn nui Vit Nam, thng 8 2005;


93

Ting Anh
29. A.C.Van Haandel,G.Lettinga: Anaerobic sewage: established technologies
and perspectives. Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol.45.No.10, (2002) pp181-186]
30. Ahn TH, Min KS, Speece RE: Full scale UASB reactor performance in
brewery industry, Environ Technol, 2001 Apr, 22(4): 463-76.
31. Bileen Wolmarans and Gideon H de Villiers: Start-up of a UASB effuent
treatment plan on distellery wastewater, Water South Africa Vol.28 No.1
January 2002.
32. Greenway M2003:. Water Science and technology Vol 48 No2: 121-128
33. Joseph F. Malina: Design of Anaerobic Process for the Treatment of
Induatual and municipal
34. Jens Rjbye Schmidt and Birgitte Kiar Ahring: Treatment of waste water
from a multi product food-processing company, inflow anaerobic sludge
blanket (UASB) reactors: The effect of sesonal variation, Pure & Appl.
Chem, Vol.69, No. 11, pp. 2447-2452, 1997.
35. Mecalf & Eddy: Wastewater engineering, 2005;
36. Seabloom R.W.et al., 2003: Constructed Wetland. University of
Washington: 1-31
37. W. Gujer, A. J. B. Zenhnder. Conversion process in anaerobic digestion,
Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol. 15. No.1, (1982) pp.127-135.
38. Mark Rice, Assistant Director: Solid Separation/Constructed Wetland
System for Swine Wastewater Treatment, 2005
39. Dr. Leonard S. Bull, PI: Innovative Sustainable systems Utilizing
Economical Solutions (ISSUES), 2005
40. Dr. Leonard S. Bull, PAS: For the NC Attorney General-Smithfield
Foods/Premium Standard Farms/Frontline Farmers Agreements, 2004
41. Viney P. Aneja: An Integrated Study of the Emissions of Ammonia, Odor
and Odorants, and Pathogens and Related Contaminants from Potential
Environmentally Superior Technologies (ESTs) for Swine Facilities, 10/2004


94
42. (EPA) United States Environmental Protection Agency: Managing
Manure with Biogas Recovery Systems Improved Performance at
Competitive Costs, 2002
43. EAS - Manure management technologies Advanced manure treatment
techology for Deerboine Colony, 2007
44. Matias B. Vanotti and Patrick G. Hunt: Amonium removal from swine
wasterwater using immobilized nitrifiers, 2008
45. The Society for engineering in agricultura, food and biological systems:
Comparison of Plastic Trickling Filter Media for the Treatment of Swine
Lagoon Effluent, 2001
46. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff: Handbook of wtare and wastewater treatment
technologies
47. N. Cicek: A review of membrane bioreactors and their potential application
in the treatment of agricultural wastewater; Volume 45 2003
48. Greg Johnsona, Dr. Brad Culkin Ph.D. a, Larry Stowella: Membrane
Filtration of Manure Wastewater, Vol 45, 2003
49. S.Y. Sheen, C.M. Hong, M.T. Koh, and C.C. Su: Swine Waste Treatment
in Taiwan, 1993
50. Sebasti PUIG BROCH: Operation and Control of SBR Processes for
Enhenced Biological Nutriel Remove from wastewater, 2008
51. Dr. Arux Chaiyakul: Thailand Country Profile(Agriculture Segment), 2007
52. Y. Harada: Treatment and utilization of Animal Waster in Japan, 1993
53. D.I. MASS and L. MASSE: Treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater in
anaerobic sequencing batch reactors, 2006
54. Liangwei Deng
a,b
, Ping Zheng
a,*
, Ziai Chen
b
, Qaisar Mahmood
a
:
Improvement in post-treatment of digested swine wastewater, 5/2007


95
PH LC
Ph lc 1: Mt s hnh nh v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 1





96





97
Ph lc 2: Mt s hnh nh v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 2




3
2 1


98




99
Ph lc 3: Mt s hnh nh v bn v h thng x l p dng dy chuyn 3



3 4 5 6 8 9
c
b
a
1 2
3 2
7
c
b
a
1
1
c
b
a
3 2
mt bng c m b bio g as





3 4 5 6 8 9
1
2
mt c t 1-1
m1
m2
1
2
t
7
3 4 5 6 8 9
c
b
a
1 2
mt bng
3
3
2
2
1 1
7





a b
mt c t 2-2
t
1
b a
t
1
b a
t
1




PVCD50/60
PVCD50/60 PVCD50/60
100 400 300 4350 300 4350 300 4350 300 4350 300 400 100
9000 300 9000 800 800
+3.20
+2.80
0.00
+6.50
+5.05
+4.82
INOX D50 INOX D50
TAM INOX
DAY 5MM
BON
HAP
THU
KH
350
+4.90
-0.20
+0.25
4
26
27
0.80
BULONGN
INOX D10
BULONGINOX M10
0.00
+0.20 +0.20
19900
-0.30
+5.70

Mt ct b UASB
INOX D50
-0.70
0.00
-0.50
+0.30
+0.25 +0.25
+4.35
BON
HAP
THU
KH
300 250 650
1500
700
I
N
O
X

D
5
0
-0.30
+5.70
+3.20
+2.80
+6.50
+5.05
+4.85
300 4350
800
300 400 100
11300
300 4350
9000
INOX D50
PVCD50/60

Mt ct b UASB