I HC QUC GIA TP HCM

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

KHOA MI TRNG
09KMT
----------

CHUYN 2
CC C IM H SINH THI V TIM NNG SINH
HC CA TRM CHIM NG THP

Trng on:

PGS.TS Trng Thanh Cnh

GV ph trch:

ThS. Phm Th Hng Lin

GV hng dn: CN. Nguyn Th Ngc

ThS. Trn Th Dim Thy
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 8

TP. H CH MINH 2012

DANH SCH NHM 8 09KMT

STT

H TN SINH VIN

MSSV

Nguyn Thy Dung

0917039

L Th Khi

0917147

Nguyn Th Lan

0917154

L Th M Li

0917156

Phm Thi H

0917075

Nguyn Quc Hon

0917118

H T Th Khi Mi

0917202

Tr Nguyn Qunh Nga

0917210

L Dng Sang

0917278

10

Nguyn Th Tho

0917307

11

Phm Th Thu Tho

0917310

12

Phan Th nh Th

0917324

13

Trnh Thy Vn

0917402

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

LI CM N
Chuyn thc a t 01/02 05/02/2012 v cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long l
nhng ngy hc tp thc t rt b ch cho sinh vin khoa mi trng. c chuyn i
thnh cng ny, chng em xin gi li cm n n qu thy c trong ban ch nhim, thy
c ging dy v cc cn b tr trong khoa.
Chng em xin gi li cm n n ThS. Phm Th Hng Lin ngi theo st,
chm lo cho nhm trong sut chuyn i v nhng ch dn tn tnh ca c nhm hon
thin bi bo co tng quan hnh trnh.
Sau khi c quan st thc t, bo co chuyn nhm s th hin thnh qu m
chng em hc c. Trong qu trnh thc hin, chng em cn vng nhiu thiu st,
nhng khc phc c phn no nh vo s hng dn tn tnh gio vin ph trch
chuyn . Nhm xin gi li cm n chn thnh n ThS. Trn Th Dim Thy v CN.
Nguyn Th Ngc hng dn v ch bo tn tnh cho nhm hon thnh chuyn .
Chc qu thy c sc khe v t chc thm nhiu chuyn thc t b ch cho sinh
vin khoa mi trng.

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

TM TT
Trong chuyn thc a n cc tnh BSCL ca sinh vin khoa Mi trng, i
hc Khoa hc T Nhin t 1/2 5/2/2012 dng chn ti cc im: VQG Trm Chim,
Vin la BSCL, Ni Dng, Thch ng, Cng ty xi mng Holcim Kin Lng v
Cng ty nui trng thy sn BIM ng Ha.
Chuyn thc a ny gip sinh vin nng cao k nng thc hnh thc t. Ti mi a
im sinh vin s c nghe gii thiu, tho lun, quan st, tm hiu, thu nhn cc thng
tin thc t phc v cho chuyn ca nhm, gip sinh vin nm c mt s c im
c trng ca vng, vn dng c kin thc hc vo gii quyt mt s vn . Bn
cnh cn c ci nhn thc tin v cc vn mi trng v nh hng ca bin i
kh hu ang din ra BSCL.

ii

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

MC LC
LI CM N ........................................................................................................... i
TM TT ................................................................................................................ ii
MC LC ............................................................................................................... iii
DANH MC CH VIT TT ............................................................................. vi
DANH MC BNG .............................................................................................. vii
DANH MC HNH.............................................................................................. viii
PHN A: TNG QUAN .........................................................................................1
GII THIU S LC V NG BNG SNG CU LONG .................................................... 2
1.

Lch s hnh thnh.................................................................................................................. 2

2.

c im v tr a l .............................................................................................................. 2

3.

iu kin t nhin .................................................................................................................. 3

4.

c im kinh t- x hi ........................................................................................................ 3

5.

Tim nng v thch thc ....................................................................................................... 3

CHNG 1: VN QUC GIA TRM CHIM NG THP ...................................................... 6

1.1

Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 6

1.2

Tim nng................................................................................................................................ 6

1.3

Cc vn tn tht ti nguyn v mi trng pht sinh .................................................... 8

1.4

Tc ng ca bin i kh hu n khu vc....................................................................... 10

1.5

Tng kt ................................................................................................................................. 10

CHNG 2: VIN LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG ........................................................ 11

2.1

Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 11

2.2

Thnh tu ca Vin la ....................................................................................................... 12

2.3

Cc nghin cu v ng ph bin i kh hu ..................................................................... 14

2.4

Bi hc nhn thc v kin ngh ........................................................................................... 15

CHNG 3: CNG TY NUI TRNG THY SN BIM NG HA ..................................... 16

3.1

Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 16

3.2

Hin trng sn xut .............................................................................................................. 16

3.3

Cc vn mi trng v cc gii php qun l nhim ................................................. 17

3.4

nh hng ca bin i kh hu n hot ng nui tm v bin php ca cng ty..... 18

3.5

Bi hc nhn thc ................................................................................................................. 19

iii

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Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

CHNG 4: CNG TY HOLCIM KIN LNG ........................................................................ 20

4.1

Gii thiu cng ty Holcim Kin Lng .............................................................................. 20

4.2

Cng ngh sn xut xi mng ca cng ty ........................................................................... 20

4.3

Vn mi trng ca cng ty ........................................................................................... 22

4.4

Bi hc nhn thc ................................................................................................................. 24

CHNG 5: NI VI KIN GIANG ....................................................................................... 26

5.1.

Qu trnh thnh to .............................................................................................................. 26

5.2.

Cc gi tr ca ni vi Kin Giang ............................................................................. 28

5.3

Hin trng khai thc, cc vn v mi trng v kim sot ti nguyn ....................... 30

5.4

Tng kt ................................................................................................................................. 31

PHN B: CHUYN 2 .....................................................................................32

GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................................................................ 33
1.

t vn .............................................................................................................................. 33

2.

Mc tiu nghin cu ............................................................................................................. 33

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN ............................................................................................................... 34

1.1

Khi qut h sinh thi .......................................................................................................... 34

1.2

Khi qut v tim nng sinh hc ca t ngp nc ........................................................ 34

1.3

Tng quan v VQG Trm Chim ng Thp ..................................................................... 34

1.3.1

V tr a l ...................................................................................................................... 34

1.3.2

Lch s hnh thnh ........................................................................................................ 35

1.3.3

c im kinh t - x hi ca vng Trm Chim ng Thp .................................... 36

1.3.4

Tm quan trng ca VQG Trm Chim trong h thng bo tn............................... 36

1.4

Nhng nghin cu thc hin ti VQG Trm Chim ng Thp ................................. 37

CHNG 2: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ................................................... 39

2.1

Ni dung nghin cu ............................................................................................................ 39

2.2

Phng php nghin cu ..................................................................................................... 39

CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU .......................................................................................... 40

3.1

c im h sinh thi ........................................................................................................... 40

3.1.1

Mi trng t nhin...................................................................................................... 40

3.1.2

H thc vt..................................................................................................................... 42

3.1.3

H ng vt .................................................................................................................... 48

3.1.4

Mi quan h trong h sinh thi .................................................................................... 52

iv

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN
3.2

So snh vi h sinh thi ng H Tin ............................................................................... 53

3.3

Tim nng sinh hc............................................................................................................... 55

3.3.1

a dng sinh hoc: .......................................................................................................... 55

3.3.2

Ngn hng gen sng phc v cho nghin cu v bo tn .......................................... 60

3.3.1

Cung cp thc phm, dc liu ................................................................................... 60

3.3.2

Ci to mi trng, phng h ...................................................................................... 61

3.3.3

Du lch, gii tr ............................................................................................................... 62

CHNG 4: KT LUN V KIN NGH ..................................................................................... 63

4.1

Kt lun ................................................................................................................................. 63

4.2

Kin ngh ............................................................................................................................... 63

PHN C: TNG KT CHUYN I V KIN NGH .....................................65

1.

Tng kt ...................................................................................................................................... 66

2.

Kin ngh .................................................................................................................................... 66

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

DANH MC CH VIT TT
BSCL

ng bng sng Cu Long

VQG

VQG

vi

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1 ........................................................................................................................... 52
Bng 2 ............................................................................................................................ 54

vii

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

DANH MC HNH
PHN A
Hnh 0.1 ............................................................................................................................. 1
Hnh 1.1 ............................................................................................................................. 5
Hnh 1.2 ............................................................................................................................. 6
Hnh 1.3 ............................................................................................................................ 9
Hnh 2.1 ........................................................................................................................... 10
Hnh 2.2 ........................................................................................................................... 11
Hnh 2.3 ........................................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 2.4 ........................................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 3.1 ........................................................................................................................... 15
Hnh 3.2 ........................................................................................................................... 16
Hnh 4.1 ........................................................................................................................... 19
Hnh 4.2 ........................................................................................................................... 20
Hnh 4.3 ........................................................................................................................... 21
Hnh 5.1 ........................................................................................................................... 25
Hnh 5.2 ........................................................................................................................... 26
Hnh 5.3 ........................................................................................................................... 28
PHN B
Hnh 1.1 ........................................................................................................................... 33
Hnh 1.2 ........................................................................................................................... 34
Hnh 3.1 ........................................................................................................................... 38
Hnh 3.2 ........................................................................................................................... 39
Hnh 3.3 ........................................................................................................................... 40

viii

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 3.4 ........................................................................................................................... 40

Hnh 3.5 ........................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.6 ........................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.7 ........................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.8 ........................................................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.9 ........................................................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.10 ......................................................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.11 ......................................................................................................................... 43
Hnh 3.12 ......................................................................................................................... 44
Hnh 3.13 ......................................................................................................................... 44
Hnh 3.14 ......................................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 3.15 ......................................................................................................................... 46
Hnh 3.16 ......................................................................................................................... 47
Hnh 3.17 ......................................................................................................................... 48
Hnh 3.18 ......................................................................................................................... 56
Hnh 3.19 ......................................................................................................................... 56

ix

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

PHN A: TNG QUAN

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

GII THIU S LC V NG BNG SNG CU LONG

Hnh 0.1. L trnh chuyn thc a BSCL

1. Lch s hnh thnh

ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) c lch s hnh thnh t 9000 nm v trc, t
nhng trm tch ph sa v bi dn qua nhng k nguyn thay i mc nc bin. Qua
tng giai on ko theo s hnh cc ging ct dc ven bin.
Hot ng hn hp ca sng v bin hnh nhng vt t ph sa ph nhiu dc
theo ven sng ln dc theo mt s ging ct ven bin v Long Xuyn - H Tin, ty
nam sng Hu v bn o C Mau.

2. c im v tr a l
Vng BSCL cn gi l vng ng bng Nam B (min Ty Nam B), gm 12
tnh v 1 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng.
BSCL l mt b phn ca chu th sng M Kng c din tch 39 747 km2, nm
lin k vi vng ng Nam b, pha Bc gip Campuchia, pha Ty Nam l vnh Thi

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Lan v pha ng Nam l Bin ng. BSCL c v tr nh mt bn o vi 3 mt ng,

Ty Nam v Nam gip bin vi ng b bin di trn 700km.

3. iu kin t nhin
Vng BSCL c li th v ti nguyn t ai, sng ngi, bin v thm lc a cng
nh iu kin kh hu.
Tng din tch t ai ca vng cha k hi o xp x 4 triu ha, chim khong
12% din tch c nc, trong loi tt nht l t ph sa chim gn 30%. Hin tng
hng nm b ngp l gn 50% din tch to nn mt c im ni bt ca vng, mt mt
hn ch ln i vi canh tc, trng trt v gy kh khn ln cho i sng dn c.
Sng M Kng chy qua vng BSCL em li mt lng ln ph sa. Sng M
Kng l sng quc t, chy qua lnh th nhiu quc gia, vic khai thc ti nguyn t con
sng ny cn c s hp tc thng nht gia cc quc gia.
Kh hu n nh, nhit trung bnh 28oC, ch nng cao, t xy ra thin tai do
kh hu.
C ng b bin di trn 700km, c khu vc c quyn kinh t, to iu kin rt
thun li trong vic pht trin kinh t bin, khai thc v nui trng thu sn.

4. c im kinh t- x hi
Tnh n cui nm 2010, dn s vng l 17 272 000 ngi.
Dn tc: 80% l dn tc Kinh, ngoi ra c dn tc Kh me, Hoa,
Vn ho: nhiu dn tc cng sinh sng do cng tn ti nhiu phong tc tp
qun ca nhiu dn tc khc nhau, cng tn ti v pht trin.
Kinh t: trong nhng nm gn y, i sng kinh t tng trng ng k, c cu
chuyn dch theo hng tch cc, i sng nhn dn c nng cao.
Nhng sn phm tiu biu: cy la, nui trng thu sn, nui gia sc v gia cm,
cy n qu v nng sn c xem l th mnh ca vng.

5.

Tim nng v thch thc

5.1 Tim nng
5.1.1

Kh hu

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

BSCL c mt nn nhit cao, ch bc x nhit, ch nng cao v n nh

trong ton vng. t xy ra thin tai do kh hu nh bo, thm thc vt, qun th ng vt
phong ph, a dng, nhng c tnh tng i ng nht trong vng, to iu kin thun
li t chc sn xut v pht trin sn xut lng thc - thc phm, nng - thu - hi sn
ln nht c nc.

5.1.2

Ngun nc

BSCL ly nc ngt t sng M Kng v nc ma, c trng theo ma r rt,

ph sa ln, qu trnh bi tch lu di. H thng knh rch ln nh chi cht rt thun li
cung cp nc ngt quanh nm. Ma l ko di theo nh k.

5.1.3 Ti nguyn t
t ph sa sng tp trung trung tm ng bng sng Cu Long, chng c ph
nhiu cao, c th canh tc nhiu loi cy trng.

5.1.4 H sinh thi v ng vt

Sng M Kng to ra nhiu dng sinh cnh t nhin, thay i t cc bi triu,
ging ct v m ly ngp triu vng ng bng ven bin,
Cc vng ngp nc c chc nng kinh t v sinh thi quan trng, mc khc cng
v cng nhy cm, d b tc ng.

5.1.5

Khong sn

C trin vng du kh trong thm lc a tip gip thuc Bin ng, Vnh Thi
Lan v pha Ty Nam.
vi phn b ch yu vng H Tin, Kin Lng vi tr lng ln.

5.2

Thch thc

Hu ht cc th nm ven sng, ng ba sng. Phn ln rc thi, nc thi u

cho xung sng rch, cha ni n vic ln chim sng rch lm cho dng chy b nghn
sinh ra nhim mi trng.
Xy dng cng trnh thu li phn thng lu con sng nh hng n lt v
thiu nc ng bng sng Cu Long, h thng knh o su hn, rng hn v dy c
hn so vi trc kia.

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

t ai km mu m hn. t phn, t nhim mn v nhiu loi t khc: khng

tt lm v c trng nhiu tnh cht xu nh: axit cao, c t, t bn ngho c nn t
yu. Hin tng phn gia tng trong ng rung.
H thng tiu nc nhanh qu v khng c ni tn tr nc ngay u ma h, ng
thi hin tng xm nhp mn trm trng hn xa.
Vic trng la, nui trng thu hi sn hay thnh lp cc nh my khai thc , xi
mng cng gy nhng hu qu nghim trng cho mi trng ti ng bng sng Cu
Long.

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

CHNG 1: VN QUC GIA TRM CHIM NG THP

Hnh 1.1. VQG Trm Chim

1.1

Gii thiu
VQG Trm Chim l mt ng Thp Mi thu hp vi h sinh vt phong ph, a

dng ca vng t ngp nc, l ni c tr gn 200 loi chim nc, chim khong 1/4 s
loi chim c Vit Nam, trong c nhiu loi chim qu him trn th gii, in hnh
nht l su u , mt trong s 15 loi su cn tn ti trn th gii ang c nguy c dit
chng.
Nm 1991 UBND tnh quyt nh thnh lp Trung tm bo v Su v mi trng
thin nhin Trm Chim. Ngy 29 thng 12 nm 1998, theo quyt nh 253/1998/TTg ca
Th tng Chnh Ph ni y chnh thc tr thnh VQG Trm Chim. Vn c thnh
lp vi chc nng chnh: bo tn h sinh thi t ngp nc ca vng ng Thp Mi,
bo tn cc loi chim di tr m c bit l su u (loi c trong sch ), bo tn
ngun gen a phng, phc v cho hc tp v nghin cu.

1.2

Tim nng

1.2.1

Tim nng sinh hc

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

VQG Trm Chim c tim nng sinh hc cao, l ni lu tr nhiu ngun gen qu
him. Thm thc vt c trng l rng kn l rng thng xanh ngp nc theo ma trn
t chua phn vi 130 loi thc vt bc cao v 174 loi thc vt phiu sinh. H ng vt:
c 198 loi chim trong c 16 loi ang b e da tuyt chng quy m ton cu nh:
su u , tc v nhiu loi chim di c khc. Thy sinh: pht hin 195 loi thc vt
ni, 93 loi ng vt ni, 90 loi ng vt y v 55 loi c.
VQG Trm Chim cn c chc nng quan trng ca h sinh thi t ngp nc l
gi cn bng sinh thi, bo v ngun nc ngm, lc sch nc thi, hn ch dng chy
ca nc l v ngn cn gi hi.

1.2.2

Tim nng du lch

VQG Trm Chim t lu ni ting l c o xanh vi cnh quan thin nhin

quyn r, l ni l tng cho pht trin cc loi hnh du lch sinh thi nh i xung quanh
phn khu A1 thm vn, ngm cc loi chim v cc qun x thc vt

Hnh 1.2. Tham quan VQG Trm Chim

1.2.3

Tim nng kinh t - x hi

Hot ng dch v khoa hc, dch v du lch to thm thu nhp v vic lm cho
ngi dn a phng, cc loi ph cho cc hot ng trn s to ngun kinh ph phc v

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

cho cng tc bo tn, ngoi ra cn qung b c hnh nh ca VQG Trm Chim cng
nh vng ng Thp Mi, thu ht c ngun ti tr t cc t chc.

1.3

Hin trng khai thc

Ban qun l vn trin khai m hnh kt hp vi cng ng s dng cc ngun

ti nguyn ca vn mt cch hiu qu v tng hiu qu bo tn.

- Thnh lp cc nhm, t nng dn c giy php khai thc. T thng 8 thng 12,
ngi dn c giy php vo vn khai thc c (v u ma ma nc phn chy v vn
lm cht c v cc loi thy sinh khc). H c php thu gom nhnh cy trm v lm
ci, ct rau c trong vn, gip hn ch c chy rng nh lm gim lng sinh khi
thc vt vo ma kh.
- Nh c li t khai thc cc ti nguyn trong rng, nhn dn c thc hn v
cng tc bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn v tch cc gip ban qun l phng chng chy
rng.

1.3 Cc vn tn tht ti nguyn v mi trng pht sinh

Trm Chim l mt trong nhng h sinh thi ngp nc c o cn gi c nhng
c trng c bn ca vng trng ng Thp Mi. Tuy nhin, hin nay, VQG ny ang
phi i mt vi nhng thch thc ln n t nhiu pha.

1.3.1

Khai thc ti nguyn trong vn ba bi

Hin nay, c khong 7000 nng dn ngho sng xung quanh vn, mu sinh ch
yu bng vic khai thc ti nguyn sinh vt trong vn. Ch bo v nghim ngt trong
nhiu nm qua dn ti xung t gay gt gia ban qun l VQG v cng ng c dn.
Cc hot ng ca ngi dn khai thc trong vn:
Cht trm cy trm, sn by chim th.
Khai thc ba bi tn dit: dng bnh phng in bt c, lm cht cc loi thy
sinh khc.

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Ngoi ra cn c tnh trng cc cn b li dng quyn hn bin t ca vn thnh

t c nhn, lm thu hp din tch vn. Phn t b mt thuc tuyn th trn Trm
Chim - x Ph Hip, tuyn Nam khu A1 v khu A3.

1.3.2

Vn qun l ngun nc

Vic qun l mc nc trong vn hin nay rt kh khn. Nu gi mc nc thp

qu d dn n chy rng; cn nu gi mc nc cao lin tc, rng trm kh chy nhng
cy c nng b ngp nc s khng c c dn d n su.
Tin s Dng Vn Ni, Gim c Trung tm Nghin cu thc nghim a dng sinh
hc Trng i hc Cn Th, cho rng: Cn thay i cch qun l v gi nc
Trm Chim. Nn p dng cch ly la tr la, ch ng t c kim sot vo ma
kh. iu ny, gim nguy c chy rng m cc loi ng thc vt vn pht trin tt.

1.3.3

S xm ln ca cc loi ngoi lai

Hin nay, VQG Trm Chim ang b e da nghim trng bi s xm ln ca cy

mai dng (Mimosa pigra). u thng 01-2006, loi cy ny lan ra gn 2.000 ha, gn
bng 1/3 tng din tch VQG, nh hng hng n vic sinh sng ca cc loi ng
thc vt ni y.
Mt s loi ngoi lai gy hi khc nh c bu vng, sinh sn nhanh ph hoi cc
ng la ma, cc loi rau c; bo ty sng thnh tng m trn mt nc nh hng n
s sng ca cc loi thy sinh bn di (gim lng oxy, nh sng mt tri)

1.3.4

Chy rng

Vic khai thc ba bi ca nhn dn trong vn d gy ra chy vo ma kh. Thng

4/2010, mt trn chy ln bng pht ti khu A1 ca VQG Trm Chim, thiu ri mt phn
khu rng A1, ri lan rng sang cc khu vc xung quanh. Trn chy lm thit hi hn
320 ha rng trm v ng c, trong c 70 ha rng trm lu nm.

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 1.3. Mt gc m chy VQG Trm Chim thng 4/2010

1.4 Tc ng ca bin i kh hu n khu vc

Bin i kh hu lm thay i nhit , to ra s phn tng nhit r rt trong cc
thy vc lm thay i chui thc n, gia tng dch bnh, nh hng n iu kin sng
ca cc loi sinh vt trong vn. Nhit cao nguy c chy rng cng ln.
Bin i kh hu c kh nng lng nc khng cn cn bng, khng
m cho nng kim pht trin, nh hng n ngun thc n ca su. Ngoi ra, cn to iu
kin thun li cho loi ngoi lai (cy mai dng, c bu vng, bo ty) sinh trng
L lt gia tng cng nh hng n ngun thc n ca su, sau trn l ln nm
2000, 2001 phn ln cc bi nng kim b ph hy thay vo l nhng loi cy, c tp
Bin i kh hu gy hn hn lm cho t phn ngy cng kh nt do mc nc
ngm h thp, nhim mn tng lm nh hng trc tip n h sinh thi.

1.5 Tng kt
Bin i kh hu s nh hng nghim trng n a dng sinh hc, nhiu loi ng,
thc vt c hu c nguy c tuyt chng nu khng thc hin cc bin php ph hp v
kp thi. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta c nhng gii php kh thi i ph bin i kh hu v
lm gim tnh trng th cc loi qu him v nhng h sinh thi rng quan trng s c
bo tn v phc hi. Duy tr v phc hi cc h sinh thi rng s lm ti u ha sc chu
ng i vi s tc ng ca kh hu, gi gn ti nguyn thin nhin cho cc th h mai
sau.

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CHNG 2: VIN LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG

Gii thiu

2.1

c thnh lp nm 1977, ban u c t tn l Trung tm k thut Nng nghp

ng bng sng Cu Long, t ti x Thi Thnh, thuc huyn Mn, tnh Cn Th.
Ngy 9/1/1985, Trung tm c i tn l Vin la ng bng sng Cu Long.
Ngy 1/1/2010 gia nhp vo Vin khoa hc Nng nghip Vit Nam - l mt trong 16 vin
v 2 trung tm ton quc nghin cu v nng nghip.

Hnh 2.1. Vin la BSCL

Chc nng, nhim v

Thc hin nghin cu c bn v ng dng v cy la v cc loi cy trng khc

trong h thng canh tc trn nn t la.

Hp tc nghin cu trong v ngoi nc.

Chuyn giao tin b khoa hc k thut nng nghip.

Hun luyn khoa hc k thut cho cn b nng nghip v nng dn trong vng

tham gia o to sau i hc.

Sn xut v cung ng cc ging la cho vng ng bng Sng Cu Long v cc

vng khc.

Mc tiu

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y mnh ng dng cng ngh sinh hc hin i kt hp vi cc phng php

truyn thng trong chn to ging cy trng; tng cng hp tc trong v ngoi nc;
nghin cu v bo v ti nguyn t, nc v mi trng sinh thi nng nghip.

2.2 Thnh tu ca Vin la

T khi thnh lp n nay, Vin ch tr v tham gia 28 ti cp nh nc, 36 ti
cp ngnh v nhiu ti hp tc nghin cu vi cc t chc trong v ngoi nc, gp
phn gii quyt cc vn khoa hc v cng ngh ln ca c nc, trong tp trung
vo cc lnh vc sau:
- Nghin cu v p dng cc bin php tin tin chn to ging cy trng c nng
sut cao, cht lng tt, phc v tiu dng v xut khu.
- Nghin cu pht trin quy trnh cng ngh thm canh, tng nng sut, cht lng
v hiu qu kinh t, sn xut cy trng.
- Nghin cu pht trin nng nghip bn vng trn c s nghin cu, pht trin v
s dng cc cht hu c lm phn bn v cc ch phm vi sinh vt phng tr dch hi cy
trng, ni ting l ch phm tr ry Ometa.
- Nghin cu cc gii php kinh t k thut, chuyn i c cu cy trng theo
hng bn vng v hiu qu kinh t cao.
- Nghin cu cc gii php c gii ha sn xut nng nghip v cng ngh sau thu
hoch.

Hnh 2.2. Khu nh li th nghim 5000 m2

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Trong nhng nm qua, Vin hon thin v chuyn giao nhiu cng ngh vo sn
xut nng nghip trong vng, trong ng ch nht l:
- Ging la mi c nng sut cao, phm cht tt p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong
nc v xut khu. Hin ti, trn 70% din tch trng la ng bng sng Cu Long
ang s dng cc ging la do Vin lai to v chuyn giao. Hng nm, bnh qun c 01 02 ging la ca Vin c cng nhn chnh thc v 04 - 06 ging la c cng nhn
tm thi.
- Hin ti c 62 ging la ang c s dng trong sn xut ng bng sng
Cu Long bao gm c cc ging la ma a phng, trong ph bin nht l cc ging
OM1490, OMCS 2000, VN 95-20, OM576, Jasmine 85, OM2517, IR50404.
- Cc quy trnh thm canh tng hp la tng nng sut, tng cht lng v hiu
qu kinh t c chuyn giao cho nng dn trn nhiu vng sinh thi khc nhau.
- Kt qu ng dng cng ngh ht ging: 20% din tch gieo trng s dng ht
ging la xc nhn, v 34% din tch vng qui hach (1 triu ha la xut khu) s dng
ging xc nhn.
- Chuyn giao cc tin b v c gii ha sn xut nng nghip v cng ngh sau
thu hoch (my gieo hng, my sy la, my nh bn, my tut la, my bc b tch ht
ng,..).
- Vin xy dng 11 quy trnh k thut c cng nhn cp Quc gia.
- Cc gii php k thut Ba gim, ba tng, Mt phi, nm gim, Gieo s ng
lot, n ry, Gieo m mng ang c nng dn trng la p dng rng ri hin nay.

Hnh 2.3. Khu th nghim ng rung 40 ha

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Hnh 2.4. Khu sn xut ging 227 ha

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Cc nghin cu v ng ph bin i kh hu

2.3

Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v bin i kh hu.

S dng cc ging la chng chu vi iu kin bt li (hn, mn, phn, ngp,
ng).
Bin php canh tc lm gim pht thi kh nh knh.
Xy dng cc cng trnh phng trnh bo, l,
Nghin cu lm gim pht thi kh nh knh
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn phi hp vi Qu Bo v mi trng
(EDF), Vin Nghin cu pht trin ng bng sng Cu Long (MDI), i hc Cn Th
v i hc Thy Li H Ni thc hin d n Canh tc la t pht thi kh nh knh ti
ng bng sng Cu Long. D n c thc hin trong 3 nm (2010-2013) vi tng kinh
ph d kin ln gn 1 t USD.
MDI tin hnh 5 m hnh:
(1) M hnh nc 1: ti ngp - kh xen k.
(2) M hnh nc 2: ti m.
(3) M hnh 3: bn phn theo bng so mu l (chia lm 2 m hnh nh bn KCl
hoc KNO3).
(4) M hnh 4: m hnh s dng nm trichoderma, x l rm r v hu c vi sinh
(chia lm 2 m hnh nh: gim 30% phn v c v khng gim phn v c).
(5) M hnh i chng: nc ngp lin tc 5 - 10 cm (canh tc theo tp qun ca
nng dn).
Kt qu t c phn nh giai on pht thi kh cao nht thng l lc t la
ngp nc. M hnh KCl v m hnh nc 2 c lng pht thi CO2 thp v khc bit so
vi i chng khong -19 v -31%. Hu ht m hnh u c li nhun trn 20 triu
ng/ha, c bit m hnh N-KNO3 c li nhun cao nht (nng sut cao nht), k n l
m hnh nc 1, hn 27 triu ng/ha (do chi ph u t thp). Trong c th s dng
phi hp m hnh nc 1 + so mu l + m hnh s dng KCl + Trico cho nng sut cao
v t kh thi.

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2.4

Bi hc nhn thc v kin ngh

Bi hc nhn thc:
Vin la i u cng tc ng ph bin i kh hu trong ngnh nng nghip vi cc

nghin cu v bin php sinh hc v bin php canh tc. Vin to ra nhng ging la,
rau mu thch nghi tt vi bin i kh hu; nghin cu v ng dng cc bin php cng
trnh s dng hp l ngun nc ti, hn ch xm nhp mn. Nghin cu cc bin
php canh tc lm gim thiu lng pht thi kh nh knh, s dng hiu qu phn bn
thuc tr su va gim chi ph sn xut va mang li li ch kinh t cao cho ngi nng
dn.
Kin ngh:
Trong nghin cu ca vin c cp n vic x l v tn dng cht thi t ao nui
c tra lm phn bn cho la. y l mt ti nghin cu rt hay, nu sinh vin c
iu kin tham quan thm cc khu vc nui cng nghip c tra, s pht trin c
tng nghin cu, ng dng sn xut sch hn vo cng tc nghin cu v thc hin
c quy trnh, c th gip ch cho cng tc nghin cu ng dng ca vin.

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CHNG 3: CNG TY NUI TRNG THY SN BIM NG HA

3.1

Gii thiu
Cng ty BIM ng Ha l mt chi nhnh ca tp on BIM vi tr s chnh H

Long. Hin nay, BIM l nh nui trng tm ln nht ti Vit Nam, qun l v pht trin
khong 2000 ha nui tm. Khu nui trng thy sn ca cng ty BIM ng Ha nm
trong khu vc quy hoch nui thy sn cng nghip ca tnh Kin Giang thuc pha Ty
Bc ca tnh, gip Campuchia.

Hnh 3.1. Mt gc khu nui tm ca cng ty BIM ng Ha

3.2

Hin trng sn xut

3.2.1

Quy m

Cng ty nui trng thy sn BIM u t xy dng khu nui tm cng nghip hin
i vi y cc khu nh: m ging, nui trng, ch bin, h thng x l nc thi v
bn thi, Hin nay h thng c a vo hot ng v tng i n nh. Trong h
thng ang vn hnh mt chui tri ging Ph Quc vi din tch l 43 ha. Rch Gi:
khu nui c chia lm 5 khu. Tng din tch khu nui khong 1230 ha, vi s ao nui l
1384 ao, trong :
- Din tch mt nc nui: 693 ha.
- Din tch ao cp: 173 ha.
- Din tch x l nc thi: 103 ha.
- Din tch ao cha bn: 17 ha.
- Khu bi rc: 35 ha.
- Knh, b ao, b knh: 196 ha.

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- M hnh p dng: nui tm th chn trng.

Hnh 3.2. Tm th chn trng c nui ti BIM ng Ha

3.2.2

Quy trnh nui tm

Chun b ao Phi kh y ao Cp nc nui tm Lm ro chn xung

quanh ao Th con ging Cc loi thc n ph hp v cch cho n X l cc vn
thiu v tha thc n X l nc thi, bi thi trong vn nui tm Thu hoch
Ci to h nui tm.

3.3

Cc vn mi trng v cc gii php qun l nhim

3.3.1 Nc, rc thi sinh hot ca khu vn phng v nh cc ln tri

Nc thi sinh hot t cc khu vn phng cha cc cht hu c, cht dinh dng
(P, N), du m, colifom, E.coli.
Rc thi sinh hot: thc phm tha, ti ni-lon, giy bo,..

Gii php
- Thu gom rc thi, a n bi rc x l.
- Nc thi t khu sinh hot a vo knh x l nc thi.

3.3.2

Cht thi t ao nui

- Nc thi t ao nui c cha cc cht hu c, cht rn l lng, to ...

- Bn thi sau mi v nui trong qu trnh ci to ao thng cha cc cht nh
thc n tha phn hy, phn tm, to cht, xc tm, vi, bn phn cha cc c t Fe,
Al, ion Cl-, SO42-, vi khun gy bnh cho tm, to c, nm c, cc kh c tn lu

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trong bn NH3, H2S, CH4,.. Theo tnh ton thc t, sau mi v nui tm th mi ha nui
sinh ra 40 m3 bn thi.
- Rc thi t qu trnh sn sut: v bao thc n, v bao vi, ph liu, bt hng.

Gii php
- i vi nc thi: sau khi thu hoch tm, cng ngh vi sinh c s dng tiu
hy cc cht thi trong nc ao khong 7 n 10 ngy, nc nui tm c a ra knh
x l sinh hc. Ti y c trng cc cy c kh nng lm sch mi trng nc nh c
nng, sen, sng,
- i vi rc: thu gom a ti bi x l, nhng v bao thc n hay v bao vi c
gi li, lm sch v ti s dng.
- Sau khi thu hoch tm, bn thi trong ao c phi kh 2 - 3 tun, ri c s
dng li san lp hoc k b mng, mt phn bn cho cc doanh nghip lm phn
vi sinh.
- Khi pht hin tm b bnh thn, m trng nu khng cha tr c, ao
nui b c lp v tiu hy bng chlorine, mt nm sau nc mi c thi ra v lm v
sinh cho ao tip tc v nui.

3.4 nh hng ca bin i kh hu n hot ng nui tm v bin php

ca cng ty
Hin nay, bin i kh hu ang nh hng n hot ng nui trng thy sn ca
a phng. Trong nhng nm gn y, ma ma v ma kh khng cn phn chia r rt.
Ma kh ko di hn bnh thng gy thiu nc trong vic nui trng thy
sn. Din ra qu trnh bc hi nc, thm thu sang cc ao khc v mt s ni khc
Ma ma: ma ko di thng xuyn c thng tri, ngp lt, gy kh khn
cho vic nui tm nc mn.
V vy cc nh qun l phi a ra nhng bin php qun l tt nhm khc phc
nhng kh khn do bin i kh hu gy ra.
i vi ma kh, nng: phi dng h thng qut nc nhm lm cho nc
mt v cung cp lng oxy cho tm.

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i vi ma ma: thot nc l vn tt yu v phi thm mt lng mui

ln tng mn trong ao.

3.5

Bi hc nhn thc
Cng ty nui trng thy sn BIM ng Ha dn u c nc v nui trng tm v

im ni bt l cng ty p dng cng ngh vi sinh trong x l cht thi, nui trng thy
sn c thc hin theo quan im ca nh mi trng. y l im u im cn c
pht huy, ph bin nhn rng cho vic nui trng thy sn trn ton vng BSCL v c
nc, t s hn ch c dch bnh, gim chi ph sn xut v nh hng ca cc ha
cht c hi mang li cho mi trng, m bo cho pht trin bn vng.

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CHNG 4: CNG TY HOLCIM KIN LNG

4.1

Gii thiu cng ty Holcim Kin Lng

Cng ty Holcim Vit Nam, tin thn l Cng ty xi mng Sao Mai. l mt lin doanh

gia tp on Holcim ca Thy S v cng ty xi mng H Tin 1, c cp giy php vo

thng 2/1994. Vn u t ca cng ty ln n 441 triu USD vi thi gian hot ng 50
nm.

Hnh 4.1. Cng ty xi mng Holcim Kin Lng.

Hn Chng thuc huyn Kin Lng, tnh Kin Giang c chn lm ni xy dng
nh my xi mng, vi din tch 728 ha. Xi mng sau khi c sn xut ti nh my Hn
Chng s c bm xung tu v ch v hai trm Ct Li (qun 2, TP HCM) v Th Vi
(B Ra, Vng Tu) phn phi ra th trng.
Cng sut ca nh my vo khong 1,4 triu tn Clinker/nm, sn lng xi mng
1,8 triu tn/nm (OPC). Dy chuyn vn hnh theo ch t ng iu khin t trung
tm.

4.2

Cng ngh sn xut xi mng ca cng ty

4.2.1 Quy trnh sn xut xi mng

Khai thc m p v trn nguyn liu Nghin th v ng nht Tin
nung/ Nung to Clinker Nghin xi mng ng bao v xut hng.

4.2.2 Cng ngh khai thc vi

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Cng ngh khai thc theo phng php tng: tin hnh khoan v np thuc (thuc
n TNT), water gain. Sau khi n, ri t tng cao xung chn ni, c kch thc >
1500 mm tin hnh khoan t, kch thc < 1500 mm c ch v cc ci p. Kch
thc ra khng ch < 30 mm. thnh phm ri xung bng ti cao su, a v kho,
ri u dc theo chiu di kho nhm ng nht s b v thnh phn.
Ngoi ra, hin ti nh my ang p dng phng php n mn vi sai: l phng
php khoan nhng v tr nht nh v cho mn n p xung di theo tng lp hn ch
bi, ting n v rung.
4.2.3 Cng ngh khai thc t st
Nh my thng khai thc t st m ( m t nhin t 16-20%), khai thc n
su t 18 - 20 m, c gc nghing 40o, khai thc dc theo chiu di tng 500 m.

Hnh 4.2. Hot ng khai thc st.

H thng gin gu mc t st di chuyn dc theo , ri vo bng ti a vo
kho, ti kho c hai bng ti hai chiu hai ng theo chiu di kho, nhm ng nht s
b v thnh phn.
4.2.4 Cng ngh sn xut Clinker
Cc nguyn liu vi, t st, , ct ( vi t st l chnh) t cc kho nh
bng ti chuyn v khu nh lng theo t l nht nh. Sau khi nh lng, bn nguyn
liu c a qua my nghin th. Qu trnh trn c kim sot bng my PGNA. Qu
trnh trao i nhit ngc chiu vi dng kh nng t l quay ra, bt phi liu c sy
nng v tin hnh phn hy gn nh hon ton to cc oxit chnh CaO, Fe2O3, SiO2,

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Al2O3. Phi liu bt u vo l c nhit < 850oC tip tc phn hy phn cn li. Di
tc ng quay v nghing ca l 3%, 5 phi liu di chuyn theo ton b chiu di l
60m v to thnh Clinker nhit 1450oC, to ra cc khong chnh, quyt nh cht
lng Clinker l C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF. Clinker t l chnh xung h thng l cn c
lm ngui nhanh nh khng kh bn ngoi c ht vo bng h thng qut.
Clinker sau khi ngui c tr trong 2 cyclon c tng cng sut l 60 000 tn, trc khi c
a vo hai my nghin ng cng sut 130 tn/gi
mi ngy.
Cng ngh sn xut xi mng
Nguyn liu chnh l Clinker v ph gia
vi, thch cao (iu chnh thi gian ng rn) v mu
ra (Pozzolana) (hot tnh c tc dng ht vi trong
qu trnh ng rn).
Nghin xi mng: Clinker sau khi c
chuyn ti bung cha Clinker s i qua cn

Hnh 4.3: Cyclon cha Clinke

nh lng nhm iu chnh khi lng cn i t l vi cc cht ph gia. Trong giai

on ny, thch cao c b sung vo Clinker v sau c np vo my nghin mn.
Hn hp Clinker v thch cao cho xi mng loi I hoc hn hp Clinker, thch cao v ph
gia Pozzolana cho xi mng loi P u c nghin thnh bt mn theo h thng lun
chuyn kn trong my nghin xi mng c c mn mong mun. Sau , xi mng
c a vo trong cc silo xi mng.

4.3

Vn mi trng ca cng ty

4.3.1 Vn ting n
Ngun pht sinh: Ting n pht sinh t my pht in cc my nn kh, qut gi, t
cc my nghin, qu trnh nghin nguyn liu v cc bng ti vn chuyn, n mn khai
thc vi.
Bin php x l:

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- N mn bng phng php vi sai hn ch c ting n, chn ng v bi.

- Cc thit b nghin, kh nn c t cc nh kn hn ch ting n i vi cc
khu vc xung quanh.
- Lp m chng n cho cc chn qut my, kh nn.
- Trng cy xanh xung quanh khu vc sn xut

4.3.2 Vn bi
Ngun pht sinh:
-

Khai thc, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu.

Tn tr, x l nguyn vt liu, ph gia.

Nghin liu, nung clinker, tn tr, bc xp clinker.

Nghin, pha trn, ng bao xi mng.

Xut xi mng

Vn chuyn xi mng

X l: phng php n mn vi sai, khai thc st m, thit b vn chuyn c che kn,

thit b x l bi ca nh my tch hp hon ton trong dy chuyn cng ngh, khng th
tch ri. Ngoi ra, nh my cn s dng cng ngh x l bi hin i nh lc bi tnh
in, lc bi ti,

4.3.3 Vn kh thi
Ngun pht sinh:
-

Kh thi t l nung xi mng.

Kh thi t qu trnh t chy nhin liu.

Kh thi t ng c xe chuyn ch nguyn nhin liu v sn phm.

X l:
- S dng h thng SNCR x l NOx t TCVN trc khi thi ra mi trng.
- S dng dung dch Ur 40% phun vo dng kh thi gim lng NOx.
- H thng ny c kh nng gim c 45% NOx.

4.3.4 Vn cht thi rn

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Cht thi sinh hot: k hp ng thu gom vi Cng ty cng trnh th huyn Kin
Lng.
Cht thi nguy hi: t ti l nung Clinker, hp ng vi cng ty TNHH Sao Mai
Xanh x l.
Cht thi c th ti ch: bn cho nh thu ti ch.
Mi nm nh my gim 20% s dng nng lng than nh t cc rc thi.

4.3.5 Kim tra gim st

-

S dng h thng o bi v kh thi lin tc ti ng khi ca nh my.

Gim st mi trng 4 ln/nm.

Gim st mi trng lao ng 1 ln/nm.

Gim st pht thi kim loi nng testing 1 ln/nm.

H thng qun l ISO 14001:

H thng qun l mi trng ISO 14001 gip cng ty qun l mt cch c h thng
cc du n mi trng cc tc ng nh hng xu n mi trng lin quan vi cc
hot ng sn xut, sn phm hay dch v ca cng ty. H thng ny gip cng ty ch
n trch nhim php l, c nh hng trong cc vn khng c quy nh bi php
lut nh hiu sut s dng nng lng v bo tn ngun lc.
Nu h thng qun l mi trng ISO 14001 p dng mt cch hp l s gip tch
hp cc trch nhim mi trng vo cng vic hng ngy. Nh my tin hnh kim tra
mi trng thng xuyn, gim st lng bi kh thi ra m bo tiu chun cht
lng.

4.4 Bi hc nhn thc

Hot ng khai thc, ch bin khong sn mt mt mang li hiu qu kinh t, mt
khc c th gy ra nhng tc ng nht nh n mi trng v ti nguyn.
Nhng im mnh ca cng ty l ch trng n vn x l cc cht thi c lin
quan n qu trnh khai thc, p dng h thng ISO 14000, gp phn x l cht thi nguy
hi t Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

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Tuy nhin vn cn nhiu vn mi trng m cng ty cn phi gii quyt trit

nh cn ch trng cng tc hon nguyn mi trng sau khi khai thc vi, t st; s
dng nng lng trong sn xut v h thng x l bi, ting n. Hn na khu t m cng
ty ang khai thc tng l ni ng ca n su u . C nn tip tc cho m rng din
tch khai thc na hay khng? Tnh hnh hin nay l su b bi ng ny, mt bi n
su s i tm bi n khc nhng mt bi ng th kh gi chn c n su.

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CHNG 5: NI VI KIN GIANG

Cc ni vi H Tin Kin Lng (tnh Kin Giang) cha ng ti nguyn
sinh hc phong ph v c ngha rt ln v vn ha, quc phng, lch s v kinh t.

Hnh 5.1. Ni vi Kin Lng.

5.1.

Qu trnh thnh to
Ni vi ti Vit Nam c hnh thnh c tnh vo khong Lin i Nguyn sinh

n K T (khong 2500 triu nm n 2.6 triu nm trc y).

Kin Giang l tnh duy nht ng bng sng Cu Long c l thin, chng l
nhng khi thp phn b ring l trn ng bng thp ven bin v ngoi khi. H
thng ni vi Kin Lng H Tin nm trong qun th ni vi ko di t Kin
Giang Vit Nam sang Kampot Campuchia. Tuy din tch ch 3,6 km2 nhng tnh a
dng sinh hc cc k quan trng.
c c cnh quan hin nay, phi mt n 400 triu nm hot ng v kin to
ca v Tri t, qu trnh tch ly canxi ca cc sinh vt v cc yu t v kh hu, nc.
Cc hang ng hnh thnh do 2 qu trnh:

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Qu trnh ni lc Tri t

Hnh 5.2. S thnh to ni vi do ni lc tri t

Qu trnh ngoi sinh (xi mn, st l, karst)

Qu trnh Karst:

Kh cacbonic CO2 trong khng kh ha tan vo nc to thnh axit cacbonic

(H2CO3). Axit ny chnh l tc nhn n mn vi. Kt qu ca qu trnh karst trong t
nhin l nhng hang ng tuyt p vi nh v mng .
Din bin qu trnh phong ha theo phng trnh phn ng:
H2O(lng) + CO2(kh) H2CO3 (axit yu)
Axit ha tan vi, to thnh dung dch mui bicacbonat canxi (Ca(HCO3)2). T
hnh thnh nhng khe , hang ng k v.
CaCO3(rn) + H2CO3(axit yu) Ca(HCO3)2(dung dch) (trong vi).
Ca(HCO3)2(dung dch) CaCO3(rn) + H2O(lng) + CO2(kh) (nh , mng , ct )
Bin tin bin li

27

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

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Vo gia Th Holocene, khong 4.500 nm trc y, mc nc bin dng cao

khong 5 m so vi mc nc bin hin ti. tc ng ca sng bin ln cc ni vi
trong thi gian di hnh thnh nn h thng hang chn sng rt c sc hu ht cc
ni vi Hn Chng Kin Lng.
Xi mn, st l
nhng vng ni vi phn lp nghing v pha bin, nt n mnh v b ct ra
thnh nhiu khi nh, nu b mi mn phn chn vch s to nn nhng hang chn
sng n khuyt vo nh cc ni ven bin Cha Hang hay hang C su, cc khu vc
vi gn b rt d xy ra hot ng ri, trt, sp (hoc ri do trng lc).
S hnh thnh hang ng din ra bi 2 qu trnh xi mn. Nc ngm gy ra s xi
mn l qu trnh bt u s hnh thnh cc hang ng, khi cc ni vi v cc i th
nm di mc nc ngm. Qu trnh xi mn theo trng lc ca nc (VADOSE) din
ra sau khi m cc l hng c m rng.

Cc gi tr ca ni vi Kin Giang

5.2.
5.2.1

Gi tr kho c hc

Cc lp tch t trong hang ng lun l bng chng ca thi xa cung cp thng tin
qu gi cho kho c hc. Nhiu di ch ca nn vn ha Ph Nam c tm thy ti cc
hang ng nh Hang Tin v Cha Hang.

5.2.2

Gi tr vn ha

Kin Giang l ni giao thoa nn vn ha ca nhiu dn tc anh em Kinh, Hoa, Kh

Me. Cc ni vi thng c xem nh l ni thing ling c ngha rt ln trong i
sng tm linh ca ngi dn bn a, nht l Pht t.

5.2.3

Gi tr lch s

28

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hang Tin gn lin vi di tch ca vua Gia Long (1762 - 1820), ni y c cho l
ni ng tr n trc s truy lng ca Nh Ty Sn.
Trong hai cuc khng chin chng Php v M, hang ng ni vi vng H Tin
l cn c a bt khut v kin cng cho lc lng du kch v b i ta xut n bt thn
nh vo k ch.
Nhiu cnh quan ni vi tr thnh biu tng c cng nhn l di tch lch
s nh Mo So, Cha Hang, Hang Tin.

5.2.4

Gi tr du lch sinh thi

vi Kin Giang c hnh thnh t cc

trm tch bin hng triu nm trc. qu trnh phong
ha kin to nn nhng kit tc thin nhin k
th: vch ni thng ng, nhng hang ng thch
nh vi hnh dng c o, hp dn khch tham
quan trong v ngoi nc.
Hnh 5.3. Tham quan ni Dng

5.2.5

Gi tr a dng sinh hc

Ni vi Kin Giang c nh gi l mt trong nhng khu vc c tnh a dng

sinh hc vi t l cc loi c hu rt cao, t ni no snh c.
Thc vt: ghi nhn c 322 loi thc vt cho khu vc ny, trong mt s loi
c tn trong Sch Vit Nam (chng hn nh loi Thin Tu, ch c ti vng vi
Kin Giang) v Danh lc Th gii. Cc loi thc vt thch nghi cao vi iu kin
khc nghit nh khng c t, nng, nhit cao, tc ng mnh ca gi Chng thc
y cho qu trnh phong ha vi.
ng vt: h ng vt phong ph vi t nht 155 loi ng vt c xng sng, trong
mt s loi chim, th qu him ang c nguy c tuyt chng v cn c bo v.

29

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

c cn v nhm chn t l hai nhm c th nht ca h sinh thi ni vi. Khu

h c cn vi 65 loi c ghi nhn, trong c n 36 loi mi cho khoa hc v c
hu cho vng ny..
ghi nhn t nht c 13 loi lng c, 32 loi b st, 144 loi chim (6 loi c
cp trong sch Vit Nam v danh lc Th gii), 31 loi th trong c nhiu
loi cha bit tnh trng qun th, 9 loi di sng khu vc vi,. c bit, Voc
bc m pht hin ti y c a vo nhm cc k e da.
Trong 60 loi b nhy (Collembola), c 3 loi c hu cho vng ni vi ny, 24
loi c th l loi mi cho khoa hc v l loi c hu, 15 loi ang cn trong qu trnh
phn tch v c nhiu kh nng nm trong nhm c hu.

5.3 Hin trng khai thc, cc vn v mi trng v kim sot ti nguyn

5.3.1

Pht trin du lch, nghin cu

Cc ni vi vi h thng hang ng c o, cnh quan t nhin p gn vi

nhiu di tch lch s, v i sng tm linh ca nhn dn to iu kin thun li cho pht
trin du lch, tham quan, cng bi, l hi Pht trin du lch tham quan, leo ni ti Ni
Dng, Thch ng
H thng cc hang ng y cn lu gi nhiu du n, bng chng v cc nn vn
ha c, cc sinh vt c i, cc du n a cht thu ht c nhiu nh kho c hc,
a cht, sinh vt hcn hc tp v nghin cu.
Cc hot ng tham quan du lch, l hi, cng bi hang ng gy nhiu nh
hng n v m quan v mi trng. Du khch khng c thc bo v mi trng, vt
rc ba bi, v by ln vch , ph hoi cc loi thc vt cc hang. Hot ng leo ni
tham quan t nhiu lm mt i v hoang s y. Pht trin du lch lm mt mi
trng sng ca mt s loi.

5.3.2

Khai thc vi lm vt liu xy dng

30

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Cc ni vi y c khai thc lm xi mng, vi, phn bn...Vic khai thc

ni vi t nh hin nay s dn n mt cnh quan v sinh cnh sng ca mt s loi
c hu ca khu vc.
H thng ni vi ni y cn c chc nng phng h, hn ch gi mnh, chn
sng Nu khai thc ht cc dy ni vi ni y s nh hng n cuc sng ca
ngi dn khi c ma bo, nht l trong tnh hnh bin i kh hu hin nay cc cn bo
c xu hng di chuyn vo nam.

5.4 Tng kt
H thng ni vi Kin Giang c tnh a dng sinh hc cao, phong cnh k v,
gn lin vi cc gi tr v lch s v kho c thun li cho pht trin du lch. Tuy nhin,
cc hot ng du lch v khai thc vi lm vt liu xy dng c nh hng ln n cc
h thng ni vi ny. Vn t ra l lm th no m bo s cn bng gia pht trin
kinh t v bo tn a dng sinh hc, bo v mi trng.
Hin nay, nhiu nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc, cng vi doanh nghip, chnh
quyn a phng, cng ng v cc thnh phn lin quan khc ang c nhiu n lc
nhm a ra gii php nhm t c mt s cn bng hp l.
Do kh nng gim thiu tc ng t khai thc vi rt hn ch, IUCN ang hp
tc vi CBD/ITB c gng b p phn no s mt mt mt s ni vi thng qua thc
y cc bin php bo tn cc khu vc tng t.
.

31

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

PHN B: CHUYN 2
CC C IM H SINH THI V TIM NNG
SINH HC CA VN QUC GIA TRM CHIM
NG THP

32

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GII THIU CHUNG

1.

t vn
VQG Trm Chim l h sinh thi t ngp nc in hnh ca vng BSCL ni

chung v vng ng Thp Mi ni ring. Ni tn nhng gi tr c o v sinh hc,

vn ha, lch s, nghin cu v ng gp vo bo v mi trng sinh thi chung ca
vng ng Nam .
Tuy nhin, VQG Trm Chim ang chu nh hng ca cc tc ng tiu cc t
nhng quy hoch, khai thc ca con ngi v bin i kh hu. Vic cha nh gi ng
cc tim nng, gi tr ca vn to iu kin cho con ngi khai thc khng hp l. V
vy, vic tm hiu v nghin cu v h sinh thi cng nh tim nng sinh hc ca VQG
Trm Chim l yu cu bc thit. Nhng nghin cu ny gip chng ta nhn thc ng gi
tr v ti nguyn, sinh vt ca vn, t phc v cho cng tc bo tn c hiu qu, v
khai thc c cc tim nng ca vn mt cch hp l m khng phng hi n h sinh
thi ca vn.

2.

Mc tiu nghin cu
Nghin cu ny nhm tm ra nt c trng ca h sinh thi ca VQG Trm Chim

v nh gi c tim nng sinh hc ca vn.

33

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1

Khi qut h sinh thi

H sinh thi l ng t hp ca mt qun x sinh vt vi mi trng vt l xung

quanh ni m qun x tn ti, trong cc sinh vt, mi trng tc vi nhau to

nn chu trnh vt cht v s chuyn ha ca nng lng [3].
H sinh thi t ngp nc theo cng c Ramsar (nm 1971): t ngp nc
c coi l cc vng m ly, than bn hoc vng nc d l t nhin hay nhn to, ngp
nc thng xuyn hoc tng thi k, l nc tnh, nc chy, nc ngt, nc l hay
nc mn, bao gm c nhng vng bin m su mc nc thy triu mc thp nht
khng vt qu 6 m.

Khi qut v tim nng sinh hc ca t ngp nc

1.2

a dng sinh hc: "a dng sinh hc" c ngha l tnh (a dng) bin thin

gia cc sinh vt sng ca tt c cc ngun bao gm cc h sinh thi tip gip, trn cn,
bin, cc h sinh thi thu vc khc v cc tp hp sinh thi m chng l mt phn. Tnh
a dng ny th hin trong mi b loi, gia cc loi v cc h sinh hc (theo Cng c
a dng sinh hc 1992).

Gi tr a dng sinh hc l thuc tnh c bit v quan trng ca t ngp

nc. Nhiu vng t ngp nc l ni c tr rt thch hp ca cc loi ng vt hoang d,

c bit l cc loi chim nc, trong c nhiu loi chim di tr. Gi tr sinh hc ca t
ngp nc bao gm c gi tr vn ha, n lin quan n cuc sng tm linh, cc l hi
truyn thng phn nh c vng ca ngi dn a phng sng trong v cc hot ng
du lch sinh thi [4].
1.3

Tng quan v VQG Trm Chim ng Thp

1.3.1

V tr a l

VQG Trm Chim nm h lu sng M Kng v trung tm ca ng Thp Mi,

gn bin gii Campuchia, c ta a l:

34

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

10o37 n 10o46 v Bc
105o28 n 105o36 kinh ng.
Tng din tch ca VQG Trm Chim l 7 313 ha nm trong a gii ca 5 x (Ph
c, Ph Hip, Ph Thnh B, Ph Th, Tn Cng Sinh) v Th trn Trm Chim thuc
ng Thp.
1.3.2

Lch s hnh thnh

Nm 1985, Trm Chim c y ban Nhn dn tnh ng Thp thnh lp vi tn

gi l Cng ty Nng Lm Ng trng Trm Chim, vi mc ch l trng trm v khai
thc thy sn, v va gi li c mt phn hnh nh ca ng Thp Mi xa xa.
Nm 1986, loi su u (chim hc, su c tri), c ti pht hin Trm Chim.
Nm 1991, Trm Chim tr thnh Khu Bo tn Thin nhin Trm Chim cp tnh,
nhm bo tn loi su u (Grus antigone sharpii).
Nm 1994, ni y tr thnh Khu Bo tn Thin nhin Trm Chim, cp quc gia,
theo Quyt nh s 47/TTg ngy 2 thng 2 nm 1994 ca Th tng Chnh ph km theo
thng t s 4991/KGVX, vi din tch 7.500 ha. Vo thng 9 nm 1998, din tch ca
VQG Trm Chim c iu chnh li l 7.588 ha.
Nm 1998, ni y tr thnh VQG Trm Chim theo Quyt nh s 253/1998/QTTg, ngy 29 thng 12 nm 1998 ca Th tng Chnh ph.
VQG Trm Chim c chia thnh 5 phn khu: A1, A2, A3, A4 v A5.
Trm Chim l khu Ramsar vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t v mt
a dng sinh hc v bo tn, l mt trong tm khu vc bo tn cc loi chim quan trng
nht ca Vit Nam hin nay.

35

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 1.1. S 5 phn khu ca VQG Trm Chim

1.3.3

c im kinh t - x hi ca vng Trm Chim ng Thp

ng Thp c nn nng nghip pht trin, l va la ln th 3 ca Vit Nam, l

tnh c tc tng trng kinh t v ch s nng lc cnh tranh cao. ng Thp ang
thc hin y mnh chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo hng tng t trng khu vc cng
nghip v dch v. Hot ng thng mi ca ng Thp trong nhng nm gn y pht
trin kh mnh [8].
Hin nay, trong phm vi VQG c khong 30.000 ngi sinh sng. a s h u l
nhng nng dn ngho, mu sinh ch yu bng vic khai thc ngun li t VQG.
1.3.4

Tm quan trng ca VQG Trm Chim trong h thng bo tn

Vo ngy t ngp nc th gii 2/2/2012 va qua, Ban th k Cng c Ramsar

gi thng bo n B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, chnh thc cng nhn VQG Trm
Chim l khu Ramsar. y l khu Ramsar th t ca Vit Nam sau Xun Thy, Bu Su
v Ba B v l khu Ramsar th 2000 c cng nhn trn ton th gii. Trm Chim
t c 5 trn 9 tiu ch nh gi ca Cng c Ramsar: tnh i din ca cc qun x
sinh vt, tm quan trng ca cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng ton cu, ni tp trung cc
loi chim nc, v vai tr cung cp thc n cho h ng vt di nc.

36

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 1.2 Chng nhn ca Ban th k Cng c Ramsar cng b VQG Trm Chim l khu
Ramsar th 2000.
Ngoi ra, Trm Chim cng c xc nh l mt trong 63 vng chim quan trng ca
Vit Nam theo BirdLife International vo nm 2002. Ti y, cc nh khoa hc ghi
nhn hn 10 loi chim ang hoc gn b e da tuyt chng cp ton cu. [10]

1.4 Nhng nghin cu thc hin ti VQG Trm Chim ng Thp

Nghin cu ca Nguyn Th Lan Thi v S xm ln ca cy mai dng (Mimosa
Pigra L.) VQG Trm Chim, tnh ng Thp. Vi nghin cu in hnh l kho st
mc xm nhim ca cy mai dng VQG Trm Chim v xy dng chng trnh
kim sot cy mai dng cho vn. Kt qu kho st mc xm nhim cho thy mai
dng Trm Chim vo tnh trng rt nguy him. N hin din khp cc b knh
trong VQG Trm Chim, bao vy VQG. S xm ln ca cy mai dng chuyn sang
giai on bnh trng vt qu kh nng kim sot ca VQG. Nghin cu cn nh gi
v mt sinh hc, k thut, kinh t ca cc chi ph tiu dit mai dng. C 3 phng php
a ra : phng php c hc l cht, phng php sinh thi l t v phng php tng
hp bao gm cht + t + hoc cht + ngp l. Nghin cu cho thy phng php cht,
phng php t chi ph cao, cn phng php cht + ngp l t c hiu qu sinh hc
cao. T a ra k hoch ph hp kim sot loi thc vt ngoi lai gy hi ny. [5]
Nghin cu ca Nguyn Trn Thy Thanh Mai v S a dng b nhn (Araneae,
Arachnida) trn t ngp nc ca VQG Trm Chim, tnh ng Thp. Kho st thnh
phn loi thuc b nhn (Araneae, Arachnida) hin din trn t ngp nc VQG Trm

37

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Chim theo ma. Tim hiu s bin ng thnh phn loi nhn gia cc kiu sinh cnh
ngp nc theo ma chim u th y. Kt qu nghin cu ghi nhn c 100 loi
(taxa) nhn thuc 43 ging, 12 h trong 168 mu ti 14 v tr thu mu 4 sinh cnh c
ng, ng c hn giao, nn v rng trm thuc phn khu A1, A2 v A4. [6]

38

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

CHNG 2: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Ni dung nghin cu
Xc nh nt c trng ca h sinh thi VQG Trm Chim:

Phn tch c im h sinh thi VQG Trm Chim

Mi trng vt l
Khu h thc vt
H ng vt, khu h chim.

So snh VQG Trm Chim vi vng ng H Tin mt trong nhng vng

t ngp nc rng ln ca ng bng sng Cu Long, v c s xut hin ca mt

s loi chim qu nht l Su u phng ng.
Tim nng v a dng sinh hc ca VQG

2.2 Phng php nghin cu

2.2.1

Thu thp thng tin

thc hin nghin cu ny nhm sinh vin tin hnh thu thp thng tin v c
im h sinh thi v tim nng sinh hc ca VQG Trm Chim thng qua cc ngun nh
lun vn, sch, bo, cc trang web ng tin cy trn Internet, nghe thuyt trnh gii thiu
ca Ban Qun L VQG Trm Chim.

2.2.2

Kho st thc a

Tham quan, nhn nhn thc t phn khu A1 bng xung my, nghe hng dn
vin thuyt trnh v cc ni sinh sng v c tnh ca cc loi.

39

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1 c im h sinh thi
3.1.1

Mi trng t nhin
3.1.1.1

Kh hu

Trm Chim c ch nhit i gi ma trn nn nhit cao quanh nm, ma

nhiu v phn ha mnh m theo ma.
Nhit trung bnh khu khong 27oC, cao nht 37o 38oC, thp nht 16o 18oC.
Nhit cao nht l 37C vo thng t v thp nht l khong 16C.
m trung bnh hng nm khong 82 83%, cao hn 3 4% trong cc thng ma
v thp hn 4 5% trong cc thng ma kh.
Tng s gi nng trong nm ca khu khong 2600 gi, ma kh s gi nng trung
bnh t 8.5 9 gi, ma ma t 5 5.5 gi
Ch gi: Tc gi trung bnh khong 1.4 m/s, tc ln nht xp x 20 m/s.
T thng 5 n thng 11, hng gi thnh hnh vng ny l hng TyNam, tc
gi trung bnh l 3 m/s mang theo nhiu hi nc v gy ma. T thng 12 n thng 4
c gi ngBc, tc gi trung bnh khong 2 m/s. Bo hu nh khng nh hng
n Trm Chim v v th, gi vi tc ln trong cn ma cha tng xy ra.
Lng ma: Lng ma phn b theo ma r rt, tng lng ma hng nm
khong 1400 mm, ma ma tp trung t thng 5 n thng 11, hn 90% lng ma tp
trung vo khong thi gian ny. Trong khi , thng 1, 2, 3 li l nhng thng kh hn
nht, thi tit hu nh khng c ma. S ngy ma trung bnh o c ti VQG Trm
Chim khong 110-160 ngy/nm.
3.1.1.2

Th nhng

t Trm Chim l t rt chua ca vng trng nht ng Thp Mi. nhng

vng t phn hot ng pH lp mt t 3 n 4, cn pH lp di bin thin t 2.2
n 4, lp jarosite nm cai hn vo 0.5 m cch mt t.

40

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Tuy rng trong vng ng bi thp nhng do gn vi sng Tin v nm trn lng
sng c nn a hnh khu Trm Chim khng bng phng v ng nht, b bao bc bi cc
di t cao pha ty bc ca bc thm ph sa c, pha ty bi cc ging ct ven sng
Tin, pha ng v pha ng nam vi du tch ca cc ging ct. [5]
3.1.1.3

Ch thy vn

VQG Trm Chim c cao 1m so vi mc thy chun nm cch sng M Kng 19

km v pha ng v chu nh hng thy vn ca vng chu th sng M Kng, nhn
ngun nc trc tip t sng M Kng thng qua h thng kinh thy li (knh Hng Ng
Long An, ng Tin, An Ha v Ph Hip) trn vo ni ng v b ngp l hng nm
t thng 8 n thng 12. VQG Trm Chim c chia thnh 5 vng qun l khc nhau
(A1 - A5), mi khu vc c bao bc xung quanh bi h thng knh v vi tng chiu
di ln n 59 km.

Hnh 3.1. H thng knh rch va l ni bo v vn, va l ni i li bng ng thy

Trm Chim chu nh hng mnh m ca ch thy vn v cht lng nc t
sng M Kng. Knh ng Tin v knh Hng Ng l hai h thng knh ln c nh
hng n ch thy vn ca khu vc. Cc knh nh ct ngang khu vc Trm Chim
nh rch Ph Thnh, Ph Hip, Tn Cng Sinh cng trc tip a nc qua khu vc ny.
Trc y, c nhiu sng sui t nhin chy t ty sang ng dn ngun nc t
sng M Kng vo vng ng Thp Mi. Ngy nay, cc h thng knh rch nhn to
thay th cho chng v mt s chy thng xuyn qua VQG.

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Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

+ Trc khi knh mng ha: ngp l theo ma vi mc nc n nh trong c thi

gian di n thng 7 hng nm.
+ T khi c knh mng ha: nc l thot nhanh hn, thi gian ngp hng nm
ch ko di n di thng 6. Vo gia thng 9 v thng 12, mc nc trong VQG t 2
4 mt, nh l cao nht vo thng 10.
3.1.2

H thc vt

Khu h thc vt y c nhiu trng c ngp nc theo ma, rng trm ti sinh v
m ly trng. Trm Chim l mt trong rt t vng ng Thp Mi hin vn cn c
kiu qun x c nng v la tri Oryza rufipogon.
Cc loi u th qun x ny l Eleocharis dulcis v la tri, xen k vi cc
khonh trm non. Cc loi tham gia c Cyperus halpan, Philydrum lanuginosum, Xyris
indica v Phragmites vallatoria. i vi qun x nng n Eleocharis ochrostachys th
loi ny mc gn nh c 100% din tch t vi cc m Eleocharis dulcis (him) Pseudoraphis brunoniana, Eriocaulon setaceum, Blyxa aubertii v Eleocharis retroflexa.
Qun x u th c ng Panicum repens, c mm u Ischaemum rugosum hay c s
Vossia cuspidata th c trng u th mt trong cc loi trn v c s tham gia ca mt
s loi nh Eleocharis dulcis, E. retroflexa, Xyris indica, Lepironia articulata, Melastoma affine v Paspalum vaginatum.[1]

42

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 3.2. Bn cc kiu sinh cnh VQG Trm Chim

3.1.2.1

6 qun x thc vt chnh

Qun x trm l thm thc vt thn g c din tch ln nht, din tch
khong 2968 ha. Do tc ng con ngi, hu ht nhng cnh rng trm nguyn sinh
bin mt v hin nay ch cn li l nhng cnh rng trm trng, thuc loi Melaleuca
cajuputi (h Myrtaceae), nhng do c bo tn nhiu nm nn c nhng cm trm phn
b theo kiu t nhin. Hai kiu phn b c ghi nhn: tp trung (khong 1.826 ha) v
trm phn tn. Trm phn tn c s hin din thm c xen k gm cc loi nng ng, c
mm, hong u n, nh cn vng, c ng, sng, c mui cho bo, vnh khuyn, chim
s, n, r qut, chch che

43

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 3.3. Qun x Trm

Qun x c nng (Eleocharis sp.) chim din tch khong 2.968 ha, to thnh
mt trong nhng thm c rng ln; bao gm ng c nng kim (Eleocharis atropurpurea) - y l bi n ca loi chim su khong
235 ha, nng ng (Eleocharis dulcis) 1.277 ha.
C nng ng, nng kim mc sng ring l hoc
xen k nhau, hoc c xen ln vi hong u n,
c ng, la ma v c ch. Nhng ni c a hnh
thp v ngp nc quanh nm th xen ln trong
qun x nng l nhng loi thc vt thy sinh
Hnh 3.4. Qun x C nng

nh nh cn vng, sng, rong ui chn.

Qun x mm mc (Ischaemum spp.); chim din tch kh nh so vi cc

cng ng thc vt khc, khong 41,8 ha. Bao gm mm n thun v qun x mm - c
ng. Phn b hin din ch yu trn nhng di lip, b t c a hnh cao cc b trong
mt vng a hnh thp.

Qun x c ng (Panicum repens); c ng phn b trn mt din rng,

chim din tch khong 958,4 ha, dng n thun vi mt ln n 98% hoc cng
xut hin vi cc loi thc vt thn tho khc: c ng - c s, khong 23 ha, ch yu trn
t ging c; c ng la ma, khong 268 ha; c ng - c ch, khong 50 ha; c ng
mai dng, khong 86 ha, y l khu qun x c ng b mai dng xm hi.

44

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 3.5. Qun x c ng

Hnh 3.6. Qun x mm mc

Qun x la ma (Oryza rufipogon); phn b kh rng, chim din tch

khong 824 ha. Tuy nhin, cnh ng la ma n thun c din tch kh nh, khong 33
ha, din tch cn li c s hin din ca la ma l s kt hp vi nhng loi thc vt khc
to thnh nhng qun x thc vt c trng cho vng t ngp nc: la ma - c ng,
khong 544 ha; la ma - c bc khong 160 ha; la ma - c ng - c ch khong 83 ha.

Hnh 3.7. Qun x la ma

Qun x sen, sng: Hi on sen sng (Nelumbium nelumbo Nymphaea

spp.) ch yu trn cc vng m ly ngp nc quanh nm, dc theo khu trng thp ca
dng sng c, chim din tch khong 158 ha. Cc loi sen, sng c Trm Chim ng
Thp: Sen trng, sen hng, sng trng, sng

45

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hnh 3.8. Qun x sen, sng

Ngoi ra cn c cc loi thc vt khc

Lc nc (Cyperus malaccensis) phn b ri rc dc theo kinh o v dc

theo ng rch c, din tch tp trung ch khong 2 ha.

Ngh (Polygonum tomentosum) phn b nhng ni a hnh trng thp,

khong 159 ha. Trong , ngh n thun chim khong 138 ha, phn cn li hin din
chung vi loi thc vt khc nh la ma (O. rufipogon), rau da (Jussiaea repens), nh
cn vng (Utricularia aurea).

Hnh 3.10. Lc nc

Hnh 3.9. Ngh

Nh cn vng thuc h Rong ly Lentibulariaceae. Cy tho ni trn mt

nc; thn b di v mnh, t phn nhnh. nc ta, cy mc cc rung nc v cc

m kh khp ni.

46

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Hong u n (Xyris indica) thuc

H Hong u hay h Tho vng, H Hong nhn
hoc h C vng (danh php khoa hc: Xyridaceae) l mt h thc vt ht kn, a iu kin m
ly, a m va phi hay chu hn, sng lu nm.
Hnh 3.11. Hong u n
3.1.2.2

Phiu sinh thc vt

174 loi thc vt ni, ngnh to lc Chlorochyta chim u th khong 49.05%, to

mt Euglenophyta chim 19.81%, to Silic chim 18.87%, cn li l cc loi khc.[2]
3.1.2.3

Thc vt ngoi lai

Cy mai dng:
Ln u c ghi nhn VQG Trm Chim trong nhng nm 1984 - Cy mai dng
ln u c ghi nhn VQG Trm Chim trong nhng nm 1984-1985. n thng 5
nm 2000, din tch b xm ln ln n 490 ha, v tng n 1.846 ha vo thng 5 nm
2002 (Trn Trit et al. 2004) ch yu ti cc vng ng c ngp nc theo ma. Mi e
da ln nht m cy mai dng gy ra cho cc vng t ngp nc VQG Trm Chim l
kh nng xm ln nhanh v chim lnh thay th dn cc thm thc vt t nhin, gy ra tc
ng tiu cc n cc qun th ng vt ti ch, ng ch nht i vi khu h chim.
cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra hu qu l s lng Su u , loi
chim b e da ton cu Trm Chim gim mnh t 600 800 c th vo gia nhng
nm 1990 n nay ch cn t hn 100 c th vo nm 2003 (theo Trn Trit v Nguyn
Phc Bo Ha). [12]
Ni m cy mai dng mc dy c vi che ph 100% th khng loi cy no
khc mc di gc ca n ngoi tr loi dy leo l hc su (Merremica), rau kim (Aniseia martinicensis). Din tch vng cy Mai Dng xm chim tng rt nhanh Cy
Mai Dng lm gim gi tr bo tn ca vng ng c t ngp nc c trng cn li

47

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

duy nht ca vng ng Thp Mi, lm gim gi tr du lch sinh thi ca VQG Trm
Chim. [5]

Hnh 3.12. Cy mai dng (Mimosa pigra)

Bo ty
Cn c gi l lc bnh, lc bnh hay
bo Nht Bn l mt loi thc vt thy sinh,
thn tho, sng ni theo dng nc, thuc v chi
Eichhornia ca h Bo ty (Pontederiaceae).
Cy Bo ty sinh sn rt nhanh nn lm nghn
ao h, knh rch. Mt cy m c th cy con,
tng gp i mi 2 tun. Khi mt s cy bo
ty qu nhiu s c hin tng bo ty b cht
vi s lng ln gy nhim mi trng nc,

Hnh 3.13. Bo ty pht trin rng khp

cc knh rch trong VQG Trm Chim

nh hng n h ng vt trn sng.

3.1.3 H ng vt
3.1.3.1 C
Trong s cc loi sinh sng ti Trm Chim, c 9 loi c tn trong Sch Vit
Nam l c h, t mi, lc bng, tr vng, c dung bay, c dung xanh, mang r, c cm

48

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

v nga nam. Kho st cho thy vo ma l, c 62 loi c, 7 loi gip xc t bn ngoi di

chuyn vo Trm Chim v 41 loi c di chuyn ra, a s c ln u mang trng. Vo ma
kh, c 49 loi c v 2 loi gip xc di chuyn ra ngoi vn.

Hnh 3.14. 9 Loi c Trm Chim c trong Sch Vit Nam

VQG Trm Chim c khong 130 loi c (chim 40% s loi c ca BSCL) thuc
15 h, h c chp 24 loi, h c cht 17 loi, h c r 5 loi, h c nheo 4 loi, cn li l
cc h c khc. Trong c khong 28 loi c c gi tr kinh t.
Qun x c khu bo tn Trm Chim c th chia thnh cc nhm dinh dng sau
y:

Nhm n nhiu b hu c v phiu sinh vt: Linh ong, Linh Tha, Linh

Bn, M Li,

Nhm c n to thin v thc vt: c Chi, M Vinh, He Vng.

Nhm c n ng vt nh v u trng cn trng: c Sc, R ng, R bin,

Tht Lt.

Nhm c n c con v ng vt: c Lc, c Treo, Trn Chng.

Nhm n ng vt thi ra: c Tr, c Cht

C th phn chia 130 loi c khu bo tn Trm Chim thnh 2 nhm sinh thi
chnh:

Nhm c nc tnh (nhm c ng) bao gm cc loi c ngun gc ti ch,

t di chuyn nh c Lc, c Tr, c R, c Tht Lt

49

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Nhm c nc chy (c sng): c sng cc con sng, knh, rch,

3.1.3.2 Chim nc
VQG Trm Chim c 198 loi chim thuc 49 h, chim khong 1/4 s loi chim
Vit Nam, trong c 16 loi ang b e da quy m ton cu bao gm: Ngan cnh
trng, tc, Su u , Choi choi lng en, Te vng, i bng en, ing ing, C
trng Trung Quc, Dic Sumatra, C qum u en, C tha, B nng chn xm, C lao
n , C nhn, Gi y Java, Gi y ln (Lng et al., 2006). [7]

Hnh 3.15. Mt s loi chim qu VQG Trm Chim

Sau ma nc l rt v u ma nng, s lng chim, c v VQG Trm Chim ngy
cng ng, s lng ln n hng triu con, c hn 1.000 con c c v 700 con giang
sen, y l 2 loi chim qu v y sinh sng. Do VQG Trm Chim to mi trng tt,
mc nc cc khu vc trong VQG c m bo theo chun nn cc loi thy sinh, thy
sn pht trin nhanh.

3.1.3.3

Phiu sinh ng vt

50

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

nh danh 110 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Protozoa chim khong 5%, Nemathelmintes (29%), Annelida (1.5%), Mollusca (1.5%), Arthopoda (63%)

3.1.3.4

ng vt y:

nh danh c 23 loi thuc 5 lp ca 3 ngnh. Trong , ngnh Mollusca

chim u th. Cc loi ng vt y y ch yu sng trong h r Trm nh s, vp,
cua [2]

3.1.3.5 Cn trng thy sinh:

C rt nhiu loi cn trng thy sinh sng khu bo tn Trm Chim.
Kt qu ghi nhn c 100 loi nhn thuc 43 ging, 12 h trong 168 mu thu ti
14 v tr thu mu 4 sinh cnh c ng, ng c hn giao, nng v rng trm thuc phn
khu A1, A2 v A4. [6]

Hnh 3.16. Mt vi loi nhn trong VQG Trm Chim

3.1.3.6 ng vt ngoi lai

S gia tng vt tri ca c bu vng ang gy ra
nhiu tc ng dy chuyn n h sinh thi t ngp nc
ca VQG Trm Chim. Cc vng ng c c sc bn trong
Trm Chim nh la ma, mm mc, nng, c bc b tn ph
bi s sinh sn nhanh ca chng.

Hnh 3.17. c bu vng v bi trng

51

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

c bu vng cng s cnh tranh quyt lit vi cc loi c nc ngt bn a, dn

n vic gim s lng v thnh phn loi ca cc loi c ny.
Vic dit tr c bu vng trong VQG Trm Chim rt kh bi v khng th ty tin
p dng bin php phng tr. Vic gi mc nc cao thng xuyn trong khu A1 cng
to iu kin thun li cho c bu vng bnh trng (theo TS Trn Trit, Trng H
Khoa hc T nhin - H Quc gia TP.HCM). [11]

3.1.4

Mi quan h trong h sinh thi

Vi cc yu t t nhin: trm tch, a mo v c tnh t kh a dng, t t xm

pht trin trn nn trm tch c Pleistocen, n nhng nhm t ph sa mi v t phn
pht trin trn trm tch tr Holocen gp phn lm a dng cc qun x thc vt t
nhin. Thm thc vt c trng l rng kn l rng thng xanh ngp nc theo ma trn
t chua phn.
Thm thc vt cng c phc hi v pht trin nhanh trong ma l l iu kin
thch hp cc loi chim v y qun t kim n sau khi nc l rt. Qun x la ma,
qun x c nng di do l thc n a chung ca loi su u , nh thu ht loi
su u di tr v y. Hot ng nng nghip trng la nc pht trin nn din tch
la ma b thu hp.VQG Trm Chim l mt trong s t khu vc vng ng Thp
Mi c la ma cn tn ti trn din rng, y l mt trong nhng ni quan trng nht
bo v loi thc vt ny.
Mc nc trong khu vc c m bo theo chun to iu kin cho thm thc vt
Trm Chim pht trin rt a dng, bao gm ng c ngp nc theo ma, rng trm ti
sinh v cc m nc trng l cho cc loi thy sinh, thy sn.
Trm Chim l ni c tr ca hng trm loi chim, sau ma nc l rt v u ma
nng s lng chim, c bay v Trm Chim ngy cng ng. Ngoi nhng loi qu him
cn c nhiu chng loi khc nh c trng, le le, chchdo cc loi thy sinh, thy sn
pht trin l ngun thc n chnh cho cc loi chim. Trm Chim cng c xc nh l
mt trong 63 vng Chim Quan trng ca Vit Nam theo BirdLife International vo nm
2002 [9]. Cc loi chim qu him c 42% loi s dng dm ly nc ngt, 10% s dng

52

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

ng c, 48% cn li s dng dng rng ngp nc, cc con knh, cy, bi rm v s

dng tng hp. Ti VQG Trm Chim, qun th chim nc phn ln di c, tr ng sut
ma ng. c bit, qun th loi Su c tri thng xuyn di tr n kim n trong
vn vo ma kh. Qun x c nng v la ma l ngun thc n chnh ca loi Su.
Tng kt:
Mi trng v t nhin ca VQG Trm Chim tiu biu cho vng t ngp nc ngt
ni a. y l mi trng l tng cho nhiu loi ng thc vt a t ngp nc sinh
sng. H thng knh rch nhn to lm mt tnh c th v ph v vng li ca VQG.
Hin nay, mi trng t nhin ca VQG Trm Chim ang c ci thin ng k, mc
nc cc khu vc m bo theo chun thun li hn cho cc loi ng thc vt m c
bit l cc loi thy sinh, thy sn pht trin, thu ht cc loi chim v y qun t kim
n.
H ng thc vt ca VQG Trm Chim rt a dng v phong ph. H thc vt gp
phn to nn c o xanh vi cnh quan thin nhin c trng cho vng trng ng
Thp Mi. H ng vt a dng c nhiu loi qu him, l t lnh i vi loi Su
u phng ng.
Tuy nhin h ng thc vt bn a ang b e da bi s xm nhp v bnh trng
ca cc loi ngoi lai. Yu cu cp thit t ra cho Ban qun l vn l phi c bin
php thch hp v trit dit tr cc loi ngoi lai ny m bo s a dng sinh hc
ca vn

3.2 So snh vi h sinh thi ng H Tin

ng H Tin l vng trng c ngp nc theo ma rng ln cui cng li BSCL. Bao gm mt vng rng khong 6981 ha pha Ty Bc th x H Tin l vng
trng c hn giao vi trm gi ti sinh t nhin trn t phn v trm tch ph sa c.
Vng th hai rng khong 7 624 ha huyn Kin Lng l trng c c mt vi loi c
trng nc l trn t phn. ng H Tin b chia ct ng k bi hng lot cc knh

53

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

mng nhng vn l ni tr ng ca nhng qun th ng k ca mt vi loi chim nc

ang b e da.
Khu h thc vt bao gm hn hp cc trng c, trm gi v m da nc Nypa
fruticans.
Cc trng gp ch yu l qun x t loi u th nng ngt (Eleobaris dulcis) chim
hu ht din tch ca vng. E. dulcis i khi l loi duy nht c th thy, tuy vy l t vn
c s tham gia ca C cm (Cypenrus balpan), C. polystacbyos, Philydrum lanuginosum
v Murdannia giganteum. Cc qun x Lepironia articulata cng xut hin i ch vi
s tahm gia ca mt s loi nh Eleocbaris ochrostacbys, E. dulcis, Scleria poaeformis
v Ischaemum rugosum. Qun x nhiu loi u th bi Eragrostis atrovirens v Setaria
viridis cng vi s tham gia ca Eragrostistremula, E malayana, Setaria pallide-fusca,
Panicum repens, Hemarthria longiflora,Mnesithea laevis, Paspalum commersonii, P.
longifolium, Rhynchospora rubra, v Desmodium triflorum. Mt qun x nhiu loi khc
cng thy xut hin l qun x u th Mnesithea laevis v Ischaemum rugosum. Qun x
u th Zoysia matrella phn b mt vi vng nh dc theo b bin. Cc loi tham gia
l Cyperus arenarius, C. bulbosus, Scirpus juncoides, Xyris pauciflora v Paspalum vaginatum.
Cc bi trm thng cao t 2 6 m, i ch cao n 10 12 m. Thm thc vt st
t bin i ph thuc vo iu kin th nhng v nc nhng thng c cc loi nh
Eleocharis dulcis, Phragmites vallatoria, Xyris indica, Melastoma affine,Flagellaria indica. i ba ch, Paspalum vaginatum, Pandanus kaida v Acrostichum aureum cng
tm thy vi Eleocharis dulcis.
Ti vng Kin Lng, thm thc vt u th bi nng n (Eleocharis ochrostachys).
Ngoi ra c nhng khonh rng ca cc loi E. dulcis, E. retroflexa, Xyris indica, Scleria
poaeformis, Melastoma affine, Scirpus grossus, Fimbristylis

sp., Pseudoraphis

brunoniana, Cyperus spp., v c bng Lepironia articulata cng c mt.

Khu h chim. Mt trong nhng iu ng quan tm nht cho cng tc bo tn l
vic pht hin mt n t nht l 135 Su c tri phn loi phng ng sharpii. Tng s
qun th ca phn loi ny c khong 500 1500 c th, a s chungsinh sng trong ma

54

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

kh ti VQG Trm Chim. T trc n nay, Trm Chim vn l im tr chn ma kh

duy nht c bit ca phn loi ny ti Vit Nam. Do , H Tin c l l ni c ng
ca khong mt phn t qun th ca phn loi ny. Vai tr c bit trong vic gi gn a
dng sinh hc: ba loi nh c (C qum cnh xanh, a a, Sn ca Thi Lan) v mt loi
tr ng (S bi u en Saxicola torquata). y cn thy s c mt ca C qum cnh
xanh, Giang Sen, Chng b chn xm, hc c trng, tc. Mt s lng ng k cc loi
chim sng trng c cng c tm thy trong c a a Francolinus pintadeanus ,
Sn ca Thi Lan Mirafra assamica, y cng l vng duy nht ghi nhn s c mt ca
cc loi ny. [1]
Tm li, h sinh thi ng H Tin v h sinh thi Trm Chim u l khu h chim
quan trng ca Vit Nam, l ni c tr ca nhiu loi chim qu, c bit l Su u
phng ng. Tuy nhin, mi h sinh thi c nhng nt c trng ring v th nhng,
a hnh, mc a dng ca cc qun x ng, thc vt v s phn b cc loi trong
qun x .
3.3 Tim nng sinh hc

3.3.1

a dng sinh hoc:

H ng thc vt vi s lng loi ln, nhiu h, ngnh khc nhau vi hn 130

loi thc vt bc cao, 198 loi chim trong c 16 loi ang b e da tuyt chng quy
m ton cu, 231 loi chim nc, 174 loi phiu sinh thc vt, 110 loi phiu sinh ng
vt, 23 loi ng vt y, 130 loi c
Mi trng sng a dng, ni l tng cho cc loi thc vt a ngp nc sinh
sng gm c 6 qun x thc vt c trng (trm, nng, mm mc, c ng, sen sng, la
ma). Rng trm l ni sinh sng ca nhiu loi ng vt, l ni lm t ca cc loi chim
nc.
S a dng sinh hc ca vn mang li nhiu gi tr to ln.

55

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Bng 3.1. Danh lc thc vt VQG Trm Chim

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

H, Chi v Loi
Hygrophyla incana
Nelsonia campestris
Stenochlaena palustris
Glinus hernarioides
G. lotoides
A. sessilis
Amaranthus spinosus
Centrostachys aquatica
Annona glabra
Centella asiatica
Pistia stratiotes
Strepocaulon juventas
Adenostemma macrophyllum
Eclipta prostrata
Enydra fluctuans
Grangea maderaspatana
Sphaeranthus africanus
S. indicus
Sphaeromorpha australis
Spilanthes iabadacensis
Azolla pinnata
Hydrocera trifolia
Coldenia procumbens
Heliotropium indicum
Limnochais flava
Canna glauca
Ceratophyllum demersum
Combretum acuminatum
C. longifolia
C. paldusa
Aniseia martinicensis
Ipomoea aquatica
Merremia hederaceae
C. digitatus
C. halpan

STT
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

56

H, Chi v Loi
C. javanicus
C. polystachyos
C. procerus
Eleocharis atropurpurea
E. dulcis
E ochrostachys
E. retroflexa
Fuirena umbellata
Lepironia articulata
S. grossus
Elaeocarpus hygrophilus
Bergia ammanioides
Eriocaulon setaceum
E. sexangulare
Phyllanthus reticulata
Aeschynomene americana
A. aspera
A. indica
Cassia grandis
Centrosema pubescens
Mimosa pigra
Neptunia oleacera
S. sesban
Scolopia macrophylla
Flagellaria indica
Blyxa aubertii
Hydrilla verticillata
Nechamandra alternifolia
Ottelia alismoides
Hydrolea zeylanica
Lemna aequinoxialis
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Wolffia globosa
Utricularia aurea
U. gibba

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

STT
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105

H, Chi v Loi
U. punctata
U. stellaris
Dendrophtoe pentandra
Viscum articulatum
Lagestroemia speciosa
Rotala indica
R. wallichii
Sida javensis
Schumannianthus dichotomus
Marsilea quadrifolia
O. cochinchinensis
Nymphoides hydrophyllaceum
N. indica
Ficus microcarpa
Myriophyllum dicoccum
Melaleuca cajuputi
S. cumini
Naias indica
Nymphaea lotus
N. nouchali
Ludwidgia adscendens
L. hyssopifolia
Ceratopteris thalictroides
Philydrum lanuginosum
Peperomia pellucida
B. mutica
B. ramosa
Coix aquatica
Cynodon dactylon
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum
E. crus-galli
Eleusine indica
Eragrostis atrovirens
Erianthus arundinaceus
Eriochloa polystachya

STT
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139

57

H, Chi v Loi
Hygroryza aristata
Hymenachne acutigluma
I. indicum
I. rugosum
Leersia hexandrra
Oryza rufipogon
P. repens
Paspalidium flavidum
P. conjugatum
Phragmites vallatoria
Pseudoraphis brunoniana
S. indica
Scleroschya milroyi
Sorghum propinquum
Vossia cuspidata
P. tomentosum
Eichhornia crassipes
M. hastata
M. ovata
M. vaginalis
H. heynii
Mitragyna speciosa
Morinda persicaefolia
Nauclea orientalis
Salvinia cucullata
Limnophila heterophylla
Lindernia antipoda
L. micrantha
Lymnophila indica
Sphaenoclea zeylanicum
Cyclosorus gongylodes
Trapa bicornis
Gmelina asiatica
Xyris indica

Thc a Min Ty BSCL

Nhm 8_09KMT_KHTN

Bng 2. Danh lc chim VQG Trm Chim

STT
B, H, Ging v Loi
STT
B, H, Ging v Loi
1
Dendrocygna javanica
26 Gallinula chloropus
2
Nettapus coromandelianus
27 T. glareola
3
Anas poecilorhyncha
28 Actitis hypoleucos
4
Turnix sp.
29 Rostratula benghalensis
5
Alcedo atthis
30 Hydrophasianus chirurgus
6
H. smyrnensis
31 Metopidius indicus
7
Ceryle rudis
32 Himantopus himantopus
8
Merops orientalis
33 Vanellus cinereus
9
M. philippinus
34 V. indicus
10 Cacomantis merulinus
35 Glareola maldivarum
11
Eudynamys scolopacea
36 Elanus caeruleus
12 Phaenicophaeus tristis
37 Circus aeruginosus
13 Centropus sinensis
38 Accipiter badius
14 C. bengalensis
39 Tachybaptus ruficollis
15
Cypsiurus balasiensis
40 Anhinga melanogaster
16 T. capensis
41 Phalacrocorax niger
17 Caprimulgus macrurus
42 P. fuscicollis
18 Streptopelia chinensis
43 Egretta garzetta
19 S. tranquebarica
44 Ardea cinerea
20
Treron vernans
45 A. purpurea
21 Houbaropsis bengalensis
46 Casmerodius albus
22 Grus antigone
47
Mesophoyx intermedia
23 Porzana fusca
48 Bubulcus ibis
24 Gallicrex cinerea
49 Ardeola bacchus
25 Porphyrio porphyrio
50 Butorides striatus

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STT

B, H, Ging v Loi

STT

B, H, Ging v Loi

51 Nycticorax nycticorax
70
P. inornata
52 Ixobrychus sinensis
71
Zosterops palpebrosus
53
I. cinnamomeus
72
Locustella lanceolata
54 Dupetor flavicollis
73
L. certhiola
55 Gerygone sulphurea
74
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
56 Lanius cristatus
75
A. orientalis
57 Crypsirina temia
76
Orthotomus sutorius
58 Coracina polioptera
77
Megalurus palustris
59 Rhipidura javanica
78
Macronous gularis
60 Dicrurus macrocercus
79
Alauda gulgula
61 Aegithina tiphia
80
N. jugularis
62 Copsychus saularis
81
Passer flaveolus
63 S. caprata
82
P. montanus
64 Riparia riparia
83
A. rufulus
65 Hirundo rustica
84
Ploceus manyar
66 Pycnonotus goiavier
85
P. philippinus
67 P. blanfordi
86
P. hypoxanthus
68 Cisticola juncidis
87
Lonchura striata
69 P. flaviventris
88
L. malacca
Ngun: iu tra ca Birdlife/Vin STTNS, thng Hai Ba v By Tm nm 1999
Ban qun l VQG Trm Chim, Danh lc thc vt ti VQG Trm Chim
Anon (1998)
Trn Trit et al.
Safford et al. [1]

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3.3.2 Ngn hng gen sng phc v cho nghin cu v bo tn

S a dng sinh hc c ngha ln trong pht trin nghin cu khoa hc. Trm
Chim l ni nghin cu khoa hc ca nhiu nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc. Cc nh
nghin cu n y tm hiu cc c tnh ca cc loi, bo v mi trng sng ca
chng duy tr s a dng sinh hc.
S a dng ngun gen, to iu kin cho nghin cu to ra nhiu ging loi mi
mang phm cht tt ca cc loi c sn trong t nhin. Chng hn, vic nghin cu ra
mt s ging la cao sn gi l chu phn tha hng gen chu phn ca la ma,
thng qua k thut cy - ghp gen. V loi la ma c bit c b r c kh nng kh cc
cht gy chua, ht cht dinh dng trong nc v t sinh trng v sng vt ln
trn mt nc trong ma l, trong khi nhiu loi thc vt khc khng th sinh trng
trong iu kin . La ma c c tnh chu phn, chu hn, vt nc, chn nhanh v ht
gi c sc ny mm lu u khng c cc ging la cao sn ang canh tc.
Bo tn cc loi ng thc vt bn a, cc ngun gen qu him v duy tr nhng
iu kin thch hp cho vic nghin cu mi trng t nhin v bo v ti nguyn thin
nhin l nhim v hng u ca VQG Trm Chim.

3.3.1

Cung cp thc phm, dc liu

VQG Trm Chim cung cp ti nguyn cho hot ng sng ca ngi dn sinh
sng xung quanh. Trong khong thi gian t thng 8 thng 2 trong nm nhn dn c
vo vn khai thc c nn kh, sen sng, rau mung, rau trai, cht n cy mai dng v
cc cy trm ng, cht v lm ci, nh bt thy sn.

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Hnh 3.18. Ly tn ong

Hnh 3.19. Hi sng

Li ch t rng trm, hng nm cy trm ra hoa t thng 1 n thng 5, n r t

thng 3 n thng 4, hoa trm th phn nh ong v cn trng. Ma hoa trm r cng l
ma xut hin ong mt t nhin, nhn dn vo khai thc mt ong. Tinh du trm c
dng rng ri trong thc phm, m phm, nng dc, Tinh du trm (Eucalypton): vi
cc thnh phn ch yu l cineol, eucalyptol..c tc dng st trng mnh i vi nhiu
loi vi khun gy bnh v n l mt nguyn liu an ton khng lm nhim mi trng.

3.3.2

Ci to mi trng, phng h

H sinh thi ngp nc Trm Chim gi cn bng sinh thi, bo v ngun nc

ngm, lc sch nc thi, hn ch dng chy ca nc l v ngn gi hi.
Vi thm thc vt b mt v ch nc thch hp gim lng bc hi b mt
v tng lng nc ngm trong khu vc. Ngoi ra, lng nc b mt y gip m
phn, gim din tch t phn hot ng gi ph ca t VQG Trm Chim.
VQG Trm Chim l ni lu tr ngun nc trong thi gian l v gi cho l thot ra
mt cch chm chp, gim nh nh hng xu ca l i vi cc vng t nng nghip
xung quanh.
Cy Trm c th chu ngp nc trong nhiu thng, chu c iu kin phn gay
gt v chu mn mt mc nht nh. Chc nng sinh thi ca rng trm l ngn cn
s chua ha lp t mn v nc mn, tr nc ngt iu ha kh hu, bo tn tnh a
dng sinh hc Rng Trm rt quan trng i vi vic n nh t, thu vn v bo tn

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cc loi vt. Rng Trm thch hp nht cho vic ci to cc vng t hoang v nhng
vng t khng ph hp i vi sn xut nng nghip nh vng m ly than bn v t
phn nng.

3.3.3

Du lch, gii tr

Vi h sinh thi c trng, l m hnh thu nh ca vng ng Thp Mi c s a

dng sinh hc cao, ng thc vt phong ph l ni thng xuyn di tr ca su u ,
mt loi chim qu him nm trong sch Vit Nam v trn th gii, Trm Chim thu ht
s lng ln khch du lch trong v ngoi nc.
Loi hnh du lch Trm Chim ni bt l du lch sinh thi kt hp tham quan
nghin cu khoa hc. VQG Trm Chim cn l mt trong nhng ni pht trin tt v
ni ting v du lch sinh thi vng BSCL.
VQG Trm Chim l mt vng t ngp nc c tim nng sinh hc ln, s a
dng sinh hc cao, phong ph v s loi ng thc vt v mi trng sng, a dng v
ngun gen, c nhiu vn gen qu phc v cho nghin cu v bo tn. H sinh thi Trm
Chim c vai tr quan trng trong vic gi cn bng sinh thi, ci to, bo v mi trng,
bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc, cung cp mt lng ln ti nguyn phc v cho i sng
ca ngi dn quanh vng. Vi h sinh thi c trng ny, Trm Chim c tim nng ln
v du lch, thu ht lng ln khch du lch trong v ngoi nc.

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CHNG 4: KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1 Kt lun
H sinh thi VQG Trm Chim l khu t ngp nc tiu biu cho vng ng Thp
Mi, cn lu gi nhiu gi tr v mt sinh hc, lch s v kinh t - x hi. y l mt
trong nhng sn chim quan trng ca nc ta, ni c tr ca nhiu loi chim qu, trong
c nhiu loi ang b e da nh Su u , tc
H sinh thi y c tnh a dng sinh hc cao vi s lng loi ln, nhiu h,
ngnh khc nhau vi s sinh sng ca hn 130 loi thc vt bc cao, 174 loi thc vt
phiu sinh, 198 loi chim trong c 16 loi ang b e da tuyt chng quy m ton
cu, 231 loi chim nc, 174 loi phiu sinh thc vt, 110 loi phiu sinh ng vt, 23
loi ng vt y, 130 loi c
VQG Trm Chim l vng ng lt kn ni a nc ngt, vi 6 qun x thc vt c
trng: trm, c ng, nng, mm mc, sen sng v la ma. y l mt trong t ni cn
nhng ng la ma mc trn din rng, ging la ny c cc u im cn thit cho vic
nghin cu to ra nhng ging la mi c kh nng chng chu tt hin nay. Cc qun x
thc vt a dng hn so vi ng H Tin nhng trng c theo ma.

4.2

Kin ngh
Chy rng v ang l mi e da ln i vi vn, v th ban qun l cn

hn ch n mc ti a him ho ny. Song cng cn cn nhc gia li ch ca vic gi

mc nc cao hn ch chy rng vi vic lm ngp ng cc qun x thc vt, nh
hng n ngun thc n v mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt, nht l s suy gim
ca qun x c nng lm gim thiu s lng Su u v y kim n. Theo Tin s
Dng Vn Ni Cn thay i cch qun l v gi nc Trm Chim. Nn p dng cch
ly la tr la, ch ng t c kim sot vo ma kh. iu ny, gim nguy c
chy rng m cc loi ng thc vt vn pht trin tt. Bo tn v pht trin bi nn
gi li su. [14]

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Tng cng chuyn mn nghip v cho i ng cn b, nhn vin bo v

vn. Tng thm s lng nhn vin tun tra kim sot vn. Tng cng cng tc kim
tra gim st vn, hn ch s khai thc ba bi tn dit cc ti nguyn trong vn ca
ngi dn.
Tng cng tuyn truyn gio dc nng cao thc cng ng v gi tr ca
vn. Nhn rng v tip tc pht huy hnh thc phi hp vi nhn dn khai thc ti
nguyn trong vn, t tranh th c sc dn trong cng tc bo tn.
Ch trng trin khai ng lot cc bin php dit tr cc sinh vt ngoi lai trit
(nht l mai dng) nu khng s nguy hi n h sinh thi bn a.
Pht trin du lch sinh thi l hot ng em li li ch khng ch v kinh t m
cn tng cng cng tc bo v vn. Tuy nhin, cn phi cn nhc k gia li ch kinh
t v cng tc bo tn. V pht trin du lch trong vn s pht sinh nhiu vn mi
trng nh rc nc thi, mm mng bnh tt, sinh vt ngoi lai, khuy ng, ph v
mi trng sng t nhin ca cc loi sinh vt
hot ng du lch sinh thi khng gy nh hng xu n cng tc bo tn,
cn c k hoch nh hng ng n, c s tham vn ca chuyn gia cc ban ngnh
c ci nhn tng qut v li ch cng nh cc tc ng c th xy ra. Cn ch trng ci
thin c s h tng phc v cho hot ng du lch, o to i ng hng dn vin c
trnh chuyn mn nghip v cao, tng cng kt hp gio dc mi trng trong du
lch sinh thi, khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng ng vo hot ng ny.

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PHN C: TNG KT CHUYN I V KIN NGH

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1.

Tng kt
5 ngy trn hnh trnh v t ph sa ng bng sng Cu Long l nhng ngy hc

tp hu ch cho sinh vin khoa mi trng ni chung v lp 09KMT ni ring. Hc phi

i i vi hnh, nhng chuyn thc a gip sinh vin c xt thc t, hc hi c nhiu
iu m nu ch ngi trn ging ng th khng th bit c.
Hnh trnh bt u dng chn ti Trm Chim ng Thp, VQG ni ting vi s c
mt ca Su u , c cng nhn l khu Ramsar th 2000 ca th gii v l Ramsar
th 4 ca Vit Nam.
n vi BSCL l n vi va la ln nht c nc, do khng th khng n
tham quan hc tp Vin La BSCL. Ti y sinh vin c nghe thuyt trnh nhng
thnh tu v nng nghip, cng tc ng dng khoa hc k thut vo canh tc. Quan st v
c gii thiu v ni th nghim to ging mi, khu sn xut ging 227 ha. Ni bt l
thnh tu v nhng ging la mi thch nghi vi bin i kh hu, v nhng nghin cu
v gim pht thi kh nh knh trong sn xut la.
BSCL ch yu l vng t thp, tng i bng phng. Tuy nhin, ring vng
Kin Giang c nhng ni vi k v, c o. Sinh vin c tham quan Ni Dng,
Thch ng, tm hiu v cc qu trnh thnh to a cht v ang din ra thng qua
cc vt tch v du hiu trn h thng ny.
H thng ni vi y c khai thc cho hai mc ch chnh l du lch v khai
thc lm vt liu xy dng. Hot ng khai thc lm xi mng tiu biu l nh my xi
mng Holcim Kin Lng. Nhng ngn ni vi ln lt b bc t. Cc hot ng khai
thc vi cng gy ra nhiu h ly n mi trng. Phi mt hng triu nm mi c
c nhng ni vi nh hin nay nhng ch mt vi nm l c th khai t ht chng.
im n cui cng trong hnh trnh l khu nui tm ca cng ty BIM ng Ha.
Ti y sinh vin c hc tp m hnh nui tm nc mn vi im ni bt l p dng
cng ngh vi sinh trong x l cht thi ao nui.
2.

Kin ngh

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Sau chuyn i, sinh vin c m mang tr thc, tng cng kh nng quan st thc
t, hiu v vn dng c nhng kin thc vo thc t, v nh hng c ti nghin
cu cho bn thn. Tuy nhin cn mt s bt cp m sinh vin nhn thy c trong
chuyn i.
Th nht, thi gian i l sau Tt nguyn n nn tm l chung ca sinh vin l cha
sn sng, tuy c ti liu trc nhng a s sinh vin u khng tham kho v chun b
trc khi i thc t.
Th hai, s thiu thc ca mt s sinh vin lm chm tr hnh trnh v cng vic
chung ca ton on. V vy, cn c bin php k lut i vi nhng tc phong thiu
thc .
Th ba, do hnh trnh i lin tc nn cng nh hng n sc khe ca sinh vin,
dn n thiu tp trung trong khi nghe ging hay nghe gii thiu. Hn na vi s lng
sinh vin ng m lc lng bo co vin v thy c ging dy c hn nn khng trnh
khi tnh trng sinh vin b khng nghe.
Cui cng, sau khi i thc t sinh vin vn cn nhiu vng mc trong vic vit bo
co cho chuyn nghin cu. Nu c th, khoa nn cho sinh vin bt tay vo lm
cng chi tit trc khi i, khi sinh vin s nh hng tt c nhng g mnh phi
thu thp trong chuyn i.
Trn y l mt s kin ng gp ca nhm sinh vin qua chuyn i thc a, hi
vng nhng ng gp ny s c ch cho cng tc t chc cc chuyn thc a ln sau ca
khoa.
Chc khoa s c nhiu chuyn thc a thnh cng hn na!

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
[1] TS. Sebastian T. Buckton, 2000. Bo co bo tn s 13, Bo tn vng ngp nc
quan trng ng bng sng Cu Long
[2] Bi Vit Hng, 2012. Khoa Mi trng, 2012. Gio trnh thc tp mi trng
cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long. Khoa Mi trng, i hc Khoa hc T
Nhin, i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh
[3] L Vn Khoa v cng s, 2001. Khoa hc mi trng. Nh xut bn Gio dc
[4] L Vn Khoa, 2008. t ngp nc. Nh xut bn Gio dc.
[5] Nguyn Th Lan Thi, 2000. S xm ln ca cy mai dng (Mimosa Pigra L.)
VQG Trm Chim, tnh ng Thp. Lun vn tt nghip Thc s Sinh hc, i hc
Khoa hc T Nhin, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, b.
[6] Nguyn Trn Thy Thanh Mai, 2007. S a dng b nhn (Araneae, Arachnida)
trn t ngp nc ca VQG Trm chim, tnh ng Thp. Lun vn tt nghip
Thc s Sinh hc, i hc Khoa hc T Nhin, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit
Nam.
[7] Nguyn Trng Nhn, L Thng, 2011. Nghin cu pht trin du lch sinh thi
VQG Trm Chim ng Thp. Tp ch khoa hc 18a: 228-239

Website
[8] http://dongthap.gov.vn/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/sitchinhquyen/sitatongquan/sita
tiemnangphattrien/20110124+tiem+nang+phat+trien
[9] http://moitruongxanhhcm.org.vn/index.php/Toan-canh/tram-chim-chinh-thc-trthanh-khu-ramsar-th-t-ca-vit-nam.html)
[10] http://sotainguyenmt.angiang.gov.vn/indexLink.aspx?thamso=1888
[11] http://tuoitre.vn/Chinh-tri-xa-hoi/Moi-truong/36845/Oc-buou-vang-da-tancong-vuon-quoc-gia-Tram-Chim.html

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[12] http://vea.gov.vn/vn/truyenthong/sukienngayle/hoinghimttq/khoahocchuyende/Pages/H%E1%BB%99ingh%E1%BB%8B
Khoah%E1%BB%8Dcv%E1%BB%81%C4%90ad%E1%BA%A1ngsinhh%E1%
BB%8DcHi%E1%BB%87ntr%E1%BA%A1ngv%C3%A0suytho%C3%A1i%C4
%91ad%E1%BA%A1ngsinhh%E1%BB%8Dc%E1%BB%9FVi%E1%BB%87tN
am.aspx]

[13] http://www.baomoi.com/Oc-dao-xanh-Tram-Chim-tro-thanh-khu-Ramsar-thu4/79/6489084.epi
[14] http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Gianh-dat-voi-seu-dau-do/45205363/157/

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