Chuyen e 1:

PHNG TRNH AI SO & BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
CAC HANG ANG THC C BAN

3. a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

2. (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 2ab a 2 + b 2 = (a b) 2 + 2ab a 3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)

5. (a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3 6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) 7. a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )

4. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

Ap dung:
Biet x + y = S va xy = P . Hay tnh cac bieu thc sau theo S va P a) A = x 2 + y 2 b) B = (x - y) 2 c) C = x 3 + y 3 d) D = x4 + y4

A. PHNG TRNH AI SO
I. Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac nhat: 1. Dang : 2. Giai va bien luan: Ta co : Bien luan: (1) ax = -b (2) ax + b = 0 (1)

x : an so a, b : tham so

b a Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh 0.x = -b * Neu b 0 th phng trnh (1) vo nghiem * Neu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x Tom lai : b a 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat x = a a = 0 va b 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem a = 0 va b = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

Neu a 0 th (2) x =

Ap dung:
V du : Giai va bien luan cac phng trnh sau: mx 2 + 2 = x + 2m 3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh: nh ly: Xet phng trnh ax + b = 0 (1) ta co: (1) co nghiem duy nhat (1) vo nghiem a 0 a = 0 b 0 a = 0 b = 0

(1) nghiem ung vi moi x

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua a, b th phng trnh sau nghiem ung vi moi x a 4 ( x + 1)a 2 + x b = 0 II.Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac hai: 1. Dang:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1)

x : an so a, b , c : tham so

2. Giai va bien luan phng trnh : Xet hai trng hp Trng hp 1: Neu a = 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac nhat : bx + c = 0 b 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat x =
c b

b = 0 va c 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem b = 0 va c = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x Trng hp 2: Neu a 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac hai co Biet so = b 2 4ac Bien luan: Neu < 0 th pt (1) vo nghiem Neu = 0 th pt (1) co nghiem so kep x1 = x2 = Neu > 0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1,2
b 2a

( hoac ' = b '2 ac vi b' =

b ) 2

( x1 = x2 = ( x1,2

b' ) a

b = 2a

b' ' = ) a

Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a) 5 12 x =x 12 x 8

b)

x 2 + 2x 3 = 3 ( x 1) 2

V du 2: Giai va bien luan phng trnh : x 2 2 x = m( x 1) 2 3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai: nh ly : Xet phng trnh : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1)

Pt (1) vo nghiem

a = 0 a 0 b = 0 hoac < 0 c 0 a 0 = 0 a 0 > 0 a 0 0

Pt (1) co nghiem kep Pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet Pt (1) co hai nghiem

Pt (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

Ap dung:

ac biet Neu pt(1) co he so a,c thoa a.c < 0 th pt(1) luon co hai nghiem phan biet.

V du 1: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: 2x 2 x + 1 = mx x 1 V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet: ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2mx + m + 2) = 0 4. nh ly VIET oi vi phng trnh bac hai: nh ly thuan: Neu phng trnh bac hai : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ( a 0 ) co hai nghiem x1, x2 th

b S = x1 + x 2 = a P = x .x = c 1 2 a
nh ly ao : Cho hai so bat ky , . Khi o chung la nghiem cua phng trnh x2 - Sx + P = 0 vi S = + va P = . ( S 2 4 P)

Y ngha cua nh ly VIET: Cho phep tnh gia tr cac bieu thc oi xng cua cac nghiem ( tc la bieu thc cha x1, x2 va 2 x 2 + x2 1 1 + 2 + 2 ) ma khong thay oi gia tr khi ta thay oi vai tro x1,x2 cho nhau .V du: A = 1 x1 x 2 x1 x 2 khong can giai pt tm x1, x2 , tm hai so khi biet tong va tch cua chung . Chu y: Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a+b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la x1 = 1 va x 2 =

c a

Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a-b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la x1 = 1 va x 2 =

Ap dung:
V du 1 : Cho phng trnh: x 2 2 x + m 1 = 0 (1) 2 Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man x12 + x 2 = 4 V du 2: Cho phng trnh: x 2 2mx + 3m 2 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man 5 x1 + 3x2 = 4 5. Dau nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai: Da vao nh ly Viet ta co the suy ra nh ly sau: nh ly: Xet phng trnh bac hai : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1) > 0 Pt (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet P > 0 S > 0 Pt (1) co hai nghiem am phan biet ( a 0)

c a

> 0 P > 0 S < 0

Pt (1) co hai nghiem trai dau

P<0

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem dng phan biet: mx 2 + x + m = 0 II. Phng trnh trung phng: 1.Dang : 2.Cach giai: ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0

(a 0)

(1)

at an phu : t = x2 ( t 0 ). Ta c phng trnh: at 2 + bt + c = 0 (2) Giai pt (2) tm t. Thay t tm c vao t = x2 e tm x Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (2) ma ta suy ra c so nghiem cua phng trnh (1)

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co 4 nghiem phan biet: x 4 2 x 2 3 = m 4

III . Phng trnh bac ba: 1. Dang:

ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 (1)

(a 0)

2 .Cach giai: Ap dung khi biet c mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1) Bc 1: Nham mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1). Gia s nghiem la x = x0 Bc 2: S dung phep CHIA A THC hoac s o HOOCNE e phan tch ve trai thanh nhan t va a pt (1) ve dang tch so : (1) (x-x0)(Ax2+Bx+C) = 0 x = x0 2 Ax + Bx + C = 0 (2) Bc 3: Giai phng trnh (2) tm cac nghiem con lai ( neu co).

Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau: a) 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 = 0 b) x 3 + x 2 x + 2 = 4 x 1 V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet x 3 3 x 2 + 2 = mx + m 2

Chu y

Ta co the ap dung phng phap phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang ky thuat s dung s o HOOCNE, e giai cac phng trnh a thc bac cao (vi ieu kien nham c mot nghiem cua a thc) V du: Giai phng trnh: x 4 5 x 3 + x 2 + 21x 18 = 0

B. BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

I. Bat phng trnh bac nhat: 1. Dang : 2. Giai va bien luan:
ax + b > 0 (1)

(hoac

, <, )

Ta co : Bien luan:

(1) ax > b (2)

b a b Neu a < 0 th (2) x < a Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh : 0.x > b * b 0 th bpt vo nghiem * b > 0 th bpt nghiem ung vi moi x

Neu a > 0 th

( 2) x >

Ap dung:
V du1: Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh : mx + 1 > x + m 2

2 x + 9 0 V du 2: Giai he bat phng trnh sau: 4 x 0 3x + 1 0

II. Dau cua nh thc bac nhat: 1. Dang: 2. Bang xet dau cua nh thc:
f ( x ) = ax + b (a 0)

x
ax+b

b a

+
Cung dau vi a

Trai dau vi a

Ap dung:
V du : Xet dau cac bieu thc sau: A = ( x 3)( x + 1)( 2 3 x ) III. Dau cua tam thc bac hai: 1. Dang: 2. Bang xet dau cua tam thc bac hai:

B=

x+7 ( x 2)(2 x 1)

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

(a 0)

<0 =0

x f(x) x f(x)

Cung dau a

Cung dau a

b 2a 0

+
Cung dau a

= b 2 4ac

>0

x f(x)

x1

x2

Cung dau a 0 Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a

3. ieu kien khong oi dau cua tam thc: nh ly: Cho tam thc bac hai: f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c < 0 f (x) > 0 x R a > 0

(a 0)

< 0 f (x) < 0 x R a < 0 0 f (x) 0 x R a > 0 0 f (x) 0 x R a < 0 6

Ap dung:
V du : Cho tam thc f ( x) = (m 1) x 2 2(m + 1) x + 3(m 2) Tm m e f (x ) > 0 x R IV. Bat phng trnh bac hai: 1. Dang:
ax 2 + bx + c > 0

( hoac

, <, )

Ap dung:

2. Cach giai: Xet dau tam thc bac hai ve trai roi chon nghiem thch hp.
3 x 2 7 x + 2 > 0 2 x 2 + x + 3 > 0

3x 11 > 0 V du1 : Giai cac he bat phng trnh: a) b) 11x 2 + 10 x + 1 > 0 V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: x 2 (2m + 3) x + 2(m + 3) = 0
nh ly:

V. So sanh mot so vi cac nghiem cua tam thc bac hai f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ( a 0 )

Tam th c co hai nghiem x1 < < x2 Tam th c co hai nghiem x1 < x2 <

x 1 , x 2 thoa x 1 , x 2 thoa

[ a.f( ) < 0 ]
> 0 a.f( ) > 0 S < 0 2 > 0 a.f( ) > 0 S > 0 2

Tam th c co hai nghiem < x1 < x2

x 1 , x 2 thoa

Ap dung:
V du 1: Cho phng trnh: x 2 2mx + 3m 2 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem x1, x2 thoa man 1 < x1 < x2 V du 2: Xac nh m e phng trnh : x 2 (m + 5) x + 4 5m = 0 co nghiem x [1;4] BAI TAP REN LUYEN:
x 2x + 4 = mx + 2 2m (1) x2 Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: x 2 ( m + 1) x + 3m 5 = 0 (1)

Bai 1: Cho phng trnh:

(m>1)

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem dng phan biet

Bai 3: Cho phng trnh:
mx 2 + x + m =0 x 1

5 ( < m < 3 m > 7 ) 3

(1) (
1 < m <0) 2

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet

Bai 4: Cho phng trnh: x 4 mx 2 + m 1 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 4 nghiem phan biet Bai 5: Cho phng trnh: ( x 1)( x + mx + m) = 0 (1)
2

(m > 1 m 2)

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet

Bai 6: Cho phng trnh: x 3 + 3x 2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 (1) Tm k e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet Bai 7: Cho phng trnh : mx + (m 1) x + 3(m 1) = 0
2

1 (m < 0 m > 4 m ) 2
( 1 < k < 3 k 0;2)

(1)
1 1 7 + 2 = 2 x1 x 2 9 9 2
1 (m = ) 2

Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa
Bai 8: Cho phng trnh : 2 x 2 + 2(m + 1) x + m 2 + 4m + 3 = 0 (1)

Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa x1 x 2 2( x1 + x 2 ) =
Bai 9: Cho phng trnh: mx + x + m 1 = 0 (1)
2

(m = 4)

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man

1 1 >1 x1 x2
(0 < m < 6 m 1) 5

Bai 10: Cho phng trnh: x + 3 +

3 = 2 x + m (1) x 1 Tm m e pt (1) hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 sao cho bieu thc d = ( x1 x 2 ) 2 at GTNN (m = 0)

x2 x 1 = mx 1 (1) x +1 Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem phan biet nho hn -1 (m ) 1 2 Bai 12: Cho phng trnh: x 3 mx 2 x + m + = 0 (1) 3 3 2 2 2 Tm m e phng trnh (1) co ba nghiemphan biet x1, x2, x3 thoa man x1 + x2 + x3 > 15 (m < 1 m > 1)
Bai 11: Cho phng trnh:

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