Chuyen e 5:

PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG

CO CHA MU VA LOGART
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO MU

1. Cac nh ngha:

an = a.a...a


(n Z+ , n 1, a R)

n thua so

a = a a
a 0 = 1 a 0
1
a n = n
(n Z+ , n 1, a R / { 0})
a

m
an

a n

= am

1
m
an

( a > 0; m, n N )

1
n m

2. Cac tnh chat :

am .an = am+ n

am
n

= am n

a
(am )n = (an )m = am.n

(a.b)n = an .b n

a
an
( )n = n
b
b

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3. Ham so mu:
Dang : y = ax ( a > 0 , a 1 )
Tap xac nh : D = R
T = R + ( a x > 0 x R )
Tap gia tr :
Tnh n ieu:
*a>1
: y = ax ong bien tren R
* 0 < a < 1 : y = ax nghch bien tren R
o th ham so mu :

y=ax

y=ax
1

a>1

0<a<1

Minh hoa:
y
3.5

1
y=
2

f(x)=2^x

y=2x

3
2.5

y
3.5

1.5

1.5

f(x)=(1/2)^x

2.5

0.5

0.5

x
-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

-4.5

4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5

-2

-2

-2.5

-2.5

-3

-3

-3.5

-3.5

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1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

II. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO LOGART

1. nh ngha:
Vi a > 0 , a 1 va N > 0

log a N = M

ieu kien co ngha:

dn

log a N co ngha khi

aM = N
a > 0

a 1
N > 0

2. Cac tnh chat :

log a 1 = 0

log a a = 1

log a aM = M

aloga N = N
log a (N1 .N 2 ) = log a N1 + log a N 2

log a (

log a N = . log a N

N1
) = log a N1 log a N 2
N2

ac biet : log a N 2 = 2. log a N

3. Cong thc oi c so :

log a N = log a b. log b N

log b N =
* He qua:

log a b =

log a N
log a b

1
log b a

va

log

ak

N=

1
log a N
k

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4. Ham so logart:

Dang y = log a x ( a > 0 , a 1 )

Tap xac nh : D = R +
T=R
Tap gia tr
Tnh n ieu:

: y = log a x ong bien tren R +

*a>1

* 0 < a < 1 : y = log a x nghch bien tren R +

o th cua ham so logart:

y=logax

y=logax
O

a>1

0<a<1

Minh hoa:
y
3.5

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(2)

y=log2x

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

0.5

-3.5

y = log 1 x

2
1.5

-4

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/2)

2.5

1.5

-4.5

y
3.5
3

2.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

0.5

4.5

x
-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-1

0.5
-0.5
-1

-1.5
-1.5

-2
-2

-2.5
-2.5

-3
-3

-3.5

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1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5. CAC NH LY C BAN:
1. nh ly 1: Vi 0 < a 1 th :

aM = aN

2. nh ly 2: Vi 0 < a <1 th :

aM < aN M > N (nghch bien)

3. nh ly 3: Vi a > 1 th :

aM < aN M < N (ong bien )

M=N

4. nh ly 4: Vi 0 < a 1 va M > 0;N > 0 th : loga M = loga N M = N

5. nh ly 5: Vi 0 < a <1 th :

loga M < loga N M >N (nghch bien)

6. nh ly 6: Vi a > 1 th :

loga M < loga N M < N (ong bien)

III. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:

1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM = aN (ong c so)
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
16

x + 10
x 10

= 0,125.8

x+ 5
x 15

Bai tap ren luyen:

x +5

x +17

(x=10)

32 x 7 = 0,25.128 x 3

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2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 32x+ 8 4.3x+ 5 + 27 = 0 2) 6.9 x 13.6 x + 6.4 x = 0
2

3) ( 2 3 )x + ( 2 + 3 )x = 4

4) 2 x x 2 2+ x x = 3
5) 3.8 x + 4.12 x 18 x 2.27 x = 0
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) (2 + 3 ) x + (2 3 ) x = 4
( x 1)
2) 8 x + 18 x = 2.27 x
3) 125 x + 50 x = 2 3 x +1
4) 25 x + 10 x = 2 2 x +1

(x=0)
(x=0)
(x=0)

5) ( 3 + 8 )x + ( 3 8 )x = 6

( x = 2)

6) 27 + 12 = 2.8

(x=0)

6) 2.2 2 x 9.14 x + 7.7 2 x = 0

3. Phng phap 3: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so A.B = 0 ...

V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
1) 8.3x + 3.2x = 24 + 6x
Bai tap ren luyen:

2) 2 x

2+x

4.2 x

( x = log 3

12.3 x + 3.15 x 5 x +1 = 20

25

2 x

5
)
3

22x + 4 = 0

4. Phng phap 4: Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh

nghiem duy nhat (thng la s dung cong cu ao ham)
* Ta thng s dung cac tnh chat sau:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho
f(x0) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la ham mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . (
do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = g(x))
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
x
1
1) 3x + 4x = 5x
2) 2x = 1+ 32
3) ( )x = 2x + 1
3
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) 2.2 x + 3.3 x = 6 x 1
(x=2)
x
2) 2 = 3 x
(x=1)

IV. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : log a M = log a N (ong c so
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) log x (x + 6) = 3

2) log 2 (4 x + 4) = x log 1 (2 x +1 3)
2

1
3) log 2 ( x 1) 2 + log 1 ( x + 4) = log 2 (3 x)
2
2

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( x = 11; x = 1 + 14 )

2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so.

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
4
1) log 2 3 x + 3 log 2 x =
2) log 32 x + log 32 x + 1 5 = 0
3

3. Phng phap 3: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so A.B = 0 ...

V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
log 2 x + 2. log 7 x = 2 + log 2 x. log 7 x
Bai tap ren luyen:
2. log 92 x = log 3 x. log 3 ( 2 x + 1 1)

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(x=1;x=4)

4. Phng phap 4: Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh nghiem duy nhat.
(thng la s dung cong cu ao ham)
* Ta thng s dung cac tnh chat sau:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho
f(x0) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la ham mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . (
do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = g(x))
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
log 2 (x 2 x 6) + x = log 2 (x + 2) + 4

V. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:

1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM < aN ( , >, )
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
2
1 x x 1
1
1) 3 x 2 x ( )
2)
2 x 1
2

x
2
x
3
2
Bai tap ren luyen:
2 x + 2 x +1 3 x + 3 x 1

(x2)

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2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so.

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 2 2 x 3.(2 x + 2 ) + 32 < 0

2) 2 x + 2 3 x 9

4)

8 + 21+ x 4 x + 21+ x > 5

( 0 < x 2)

5)

15.2 x +1 + 1 2 x 1 + 2 x +1 ( x 2 )

Bai tap ren luyen:

2.14 x + 3.49 x 4 x 0

1 2
1 1 +1
3) ( ) x + 3.( ) x > 12
3
3

( x log 2 3 )
7

VI. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : loga M < loga N ( , >, )
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) log x (5x 2 8x + 3) > 2

2) log 2 log 3 x 3 < 1

3

3) log 3x x2 (3 x) > 1

4) log x (log 9 (3 x 9)) 1

5) log 5 (4 x + 144) 4 log 5 2 < 1 + log 5 (2 x 2 + 1)

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2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so.

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) log 2 (3 x + 2) + 2. log 3x + 2 2 3 > 0
2) log 2 x 64 + log x2 16 3

(log 2 x) 2 + 3
>2
3)
log 2 x + 3

1
1
( <x< )
8
2

30

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

DANG 1: Cac bai toan giai phng trnh va bat phng trnh
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh
1
12
1) 2 3 x 6.2 x 3( x 1) + x = 1
(x=1)
2
2
2) log 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 2 = log 2 4 x + log 8 ( 4 + x 3 )
( x = 2; x = 2 2 6 )
3) log 7 x = log 3 ( x + 2)

(x=49)

4) log 5 x = log 7 ( x + 2)

(x=5)

5) 5.2

3 x 1

3.253 x + 7 = 0

(x=1)
5
(x= )
2

1
6) log 2 x 1 2 x 3 = 2 log 8 4 + log 2 3
2
2
3
log x log x3 1
2
=
7) x 2
x
3log8 x
log x
8) 2 x 2 + 2 x
5 = 0

(x=1,x=2,x=4)

1
( x = ,x = 2)
2
1
( x = ,x = 2)
4

9) log 22 x + ( x 1) log 2 x = 6 2 x
10) 1 + 2 log x 2. log 4 (10 x) =

2
log 4 x

(x=2,x=8)

Bai 2: Giai cac bat phng trnh

1) 32 x 8.3 x + x + 4 9.9 x + 4 > 0
2) 9

x2 2 x x

x 6 2 x3 +1

1
3)
2
1
4)
4

7 .3

3x

1

8

x 2 2 x x 1

1 x

1
<
2

( x < 1 0 < x < 1 x > 1 )

x 1

4
(x )
3
2
1
( < x < )
5
2
1
( x < 2)
4
( x > log 3 10 )
2
( < x < 1)
3

128 0

5) log 5 (1 2 x) < 1 + log

6)

(x>5)
1
( x 0 x 2 )
4

( x + 1)

2 log 2 x > log 2 x

7) log x log 9 (3 x 9) < 1

1
1
8)
<
2
log 4 ( x + 3 x) log 2 (3 x 1)

log 1 ( x + 3) 2 log 1 ( x + 3) 3
9)

x +1

(-2 < x <-1)

>0

31

Bai 3 : Tm tap xac nh cua cac ham so sau:

1. y = log 1
2

3 2x x2
x+2

2. y = 2

x 3 8 x

log 0,3 ( x 1)
x2 2x 8

DANG 2: S dung cong cu ai so giai cac bai toan co cha tham so

Bai 1: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co nghiem: 4 x 4m.( 2 x 1) = 0

(m < 0 m 1 )

Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: 4 x m.2 x+1 + 2m = 0

Tm m e phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet x1 x2 sao cho x1 + x2 = 3

(m=4)

Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem trai dau: (m + 3).16 + (2m 1)4 + m + 1 = 0
x

3
( 1 < m < )
4

32

DANG 3: S dung cong cu ao ham giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau vo nghiem: 5.16 x + 2.81x = m.36 x

( m < 2 10 )

Bai 2: Tm m sau cho bat phng trnh: 1 + log 5 ( x + 1) log 5 ( x + 4 x + m) > 0

2

co nghiem x [2,3]
( 21 m 29 )
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh: 31 x +

1
1 x

+ 2m = 0 co nghiem

Bai 4: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 161

1 x 2

(m + 5)41

( m 2 )
1 x 2

+ 4 + 5m = 0

----------------------Het----------------------

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