Chuyen e 7:

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

BAT ANG THC

I. So thc dng, so thc am: Neu x la so thc dng, ta ky hieu x > 0 Neu x la so thc am, ta ky hieu x < 0 Neu x la so thc dng hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong am, ky hieu x 0 Neu x la so thc am hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong dng, ky hieu x 0 Chu y: Phu nh cua menh e "a > 0" la menh e " a 0 " Phu nh cua menh e "a < 0" la menh e " a 0 " II. Khai niem bat ang thc: 1. nh ngha 1: So thc a goi la ln hn so thc b, ky hieu a > b neu a-b la mot so dng, tc la a-b > 0. Khi o ta cung ky hieu b < a a > b ab > 0 Ta co: Neu a>b hoac a=b, ta viet a b . Ta co: a b a-b 0 2. nh ngha 2: Gia s A, B la hai bieu thc bang so Menh e : " A ln hn B ", ky hieu : A > B " A nho hn B ", ky hieu :A < B " A ln hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B " A nho hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B c goi la mot bat ang thc Quy c : Khi noi ve mot bat ang thc ma khong ch ro g hn th ta hieu rang o la mot bat ang thc ung. Chng minh mot bat ang thc la chng minh bat ang thc o ung III. Cac tnh chat c ban cua bat ang thc : a > b a>c 1. Tnh chat 1: b > c 2. Tnh chat 2: He qua 1: He qua 2: 3. Tnh chat 3: 4. Tnh chat 4: He qua 3: He qua 4:

a > b a+c > b+c a > b ac > bc a+c > b a > bc a > b a+c > b+d c > d
ac > bc neu c > 0 a>b ac < bc neu c < 0 a > b a < b a b c > c neu c > 0 a>b a < b neu c < 0 c c 29

5. Tnh chat 5: 6. Tnh chat 6: 7. Tnh chat 7: 8. Tnh chat 8: He qua 5:

a > b > 0 ac > bd c > d > 0 1 1 a>b>00< < a b * n a > b > 0, n N a > b n
a > b > 0, n N *
n

a >nb

Neu a va b la hai so dng th : a > b a2 > b2 Neu a va b la hai so khong am th : a b a2 b2 IV. Bat ang thc lien quan en gia tr tuyet oi : x neu x 0 ( x R) 1. nh ngha: x = x neu x < 0 2. Tnh chat : x 0 ,
x = x 2 , x x , -x x
2

3. Vi moi a, b R ta co :

a+b a + b ab a + b a + b = a + b a.b 0 a b = a + b a.b 0

V. Bat ang thc trong tam giac : Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th : a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C VI. Cac bat ang thc c ban : a. Bat ang thc Cauchy: Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b Tong quat : Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :

a+b ab 2

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an b. Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski : Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx

a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1 .a2 ...an n

(ax + by )2 (a 2 + b2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) 30

Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so (a1 , a2 ,...an ) va (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta co :
(a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn )2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )

a a1 a2 = = ... = n vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang b1 b2 bn 1 1 1 1 c) Bat ang thc c ban: Cho hai so dng a,b ta luon co: ( + ) a+b 4 a b Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi

Cac phng phap c ban chng minh bat ang thc :

Ta thng s dung cac phng phap sau 1. Phng phap 1: Phng phap bien oi tng ng Bien oi tng ng bat ang thc can chng minh en mot bat ang thc a biet rang ung . V du1: Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau: 1. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca vi moi so thc a,b,c 2. a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b vi moi a,b V du 2: Cho hai so a,b thoa ieu kien a+b 0 , chng to rang: V du 3: Chng minh rang neu x>0 th ( x + 1) 2 ( 2. Phng phap 2:
1 2 + + 1) 16 x2 x

a3 + b3 a+b 3 ( ) 2 2

Phng phap tong hp

Xuat phat t cac bat ang thc ung a biet dung suy luan toan hoc e suy ra ieu phai chng minh. V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC co cac canh a,b,c, chng minh : a2 + b2 + c 2 < 2(ab + bc + ca) 5 V du 2: Cho x, y la cac so thc dng thoa man ieu kien x + y = . Chng minh rang: 4 4 1 + 5 x 4x V du 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng. Chng minh rang: 3x + 2 y + 4 z xy + 3 yz + 5 zx 1 1 V du 4: Chng minh rang vi moi moi x,y dng ta co: x 2 + y 2 + + 2( x + y ) x y 31

V du 5: Cho tam giac ABC co cac canh a,b,c, chng minh : ab ( a + b 2c ) + bc (b + c 2a ) + ca (c + a 2b) 0 V du6: Cho x,y,z va xyz=1. Chng minh rang : x 3 + y 3 + z 3 x + y + z V du 7: Cho x, y, z > 0 va x+y+z=xyz. Chng minh rang : xyx 3 3 a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c V du 8: Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh rang : + + 9 a b c V du 9: Cho ba so dng x,y,z thoa man x + y + z 1 . Chng minh rang : 1 1 1 x + y + z + + + 10 x y z V du 10: Cho a,b,c >0 va abc=1. Chng minh rang : b+c c+a a+b + + a + b + c +3 a b c

3. Phng phap 3: S dung ao ham xet cac tnh chat cua ham so
V du 1: Chng minh bat ang thc: sinx < x vi moi x > 0 x2 V du 2: Chng minh bat ang thc: cos x > 1 vi moi x > 0 2 V du 3: Chng minh bat ang thc: V du 4: Vi 0 < x <

sin x + tgx > 2 x vi moi x (0; ) 2

2 sin x

, chng minh 2

+2

tgx

>

3 x +1 22

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho cac so dng x,y,z thoa man xyz=1. Chng minh rang 1 + x3 + y3 1+ y3 + z3 1 + z 3 + x3 + + 3 3 xy yz zx Khi ang thc xay ra?
12 15 20 Bai 2: Chng minh rang vi moi x R , ta co: + + 3 x + 4 x + 5 x 5 4 3 Khi nao ang thc xay ra? 1 1 1 Bai 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng thoa man + + = 4 . Chng minh rang : x y z 1 1 1 + + 1 2x + y + z x + 2 y + z x + y + 2z
x x x

Bai 4: Vi a,b,c la ba so thc dng thoa man ang thc ab + bc + ca = abc , chng minh rang: b 2 + 2a 2 c 2 + 2b 2 a 2 + 2c 2 + + 3 ab bc ca 32