Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LNG GIAC
TOM TATGIAO KHOA
2. Radian: (rad)
180 o
y O
3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung: o Radian 00 0 300 6 450 4 600 3 900 2 1200 2 3 1350 3 4 1500 5 6 1800 3600 2
II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac: 1. nh ngha: (tia ngn) y
+
(im ngn)
x
A (im gc)
(Ox , Oy ) = + k 2 (k Z)
(tia gc)
AB = + k 2
A B C D A, C B, D
2k 2
y
B
+ 2k
C O
+ x
+ 2k - + 2k + k
2
33
A D
2 k
y u' B 1
u +
1 A
t'
1. ng tron lng giac: A: iem goc x'Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh ) y'Oy : truc sin ( truc tung ) t'At : truc tang u'Bu : truc cotang
x'
1 C
R =1 O
1 D
y'
2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac: a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= . Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x'Ox va y'Oy T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t'At va u'Bu Ta nh ngha: t y t Trc sin Trc cotang
u'
B Q
M
u + x
t
x' O
1
cos = OP sin = OQ tg = AT
cot g = BU
Trc tang
t'
y'
tg xac nh
+ k 2 cotg xac nh k
34
IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet: Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet
y t
3
- 3
-1
- 3 /3
2/3 3/4
u'
B
1
3 /2 2 /2 1/2
/2
3 /3
/3 /4
u
/6
5/6
3 /3
+
x
x'
- 3 /2 - 2 /2 -1/2
1/2
2 /2
3 /2
-1
1 A (iem goc)
O
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2 -/4 -/6
- 3 /3
-1
-/2
-/3
-1
y'
t'
- 3
00 0 0 1 0 kx
300 6 1 2
3 2 3 3 3
450 4 2 2 2 2 1 1
600 900 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 2
3
3 3
1200 2 3 3 2 1 2 3
3 3
kx 0
1350 3 4 2 2 2 2 -1 -1
1500 5 6 1 2
3 2 3 3 3
1800 3600 2 0 -1 0 kx 0 1 0 kx
35
V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet: o la cac cung :
: va - : va -
(Vd: (Vd:
6 6
& &
,)
5 ,) 6
: va
( tong bang
(Vd:
&
,)
4. Cung hn kem
: va
(Vd:
&
2 ,) 3 7 ,) 6
5. Cung hn kem : va +
1. Cung oi nhau:
cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g
(Vd:
&
2. Cung bu nhau :
cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g
oi cos
Bu sin
4. Cung hn kem
= cos = cotg
Phu cheo
Hn kem
= cos = cotg
cot g( ) = t g 2
5. Cung hn kem :
cos( + ) = cos sin( + ) = sin tg( + ) = tg cot g cot g( + ) =
cot g( + ) = t g 2
36
V du 1: Tnh cos(
11 21 ) , tg 4 4
V du 2: Rut gon bieu thc: A = cos( VI. Cong thc lng giac: 1. Cac he thc c ban:
+ x) + cos( 2 x) + cos(3 + x)
1 + tg2 =
cos( + ) = cos .cos sin .sin cos( ) = cos .cos + sin .sin sin( + ) = sin .cos + sin .cos sin( ) = sin .cos sin .cos tg +tg tg( + ) = 1 tg .tg tg tg tg( ) = 1 + tg .tg
V du: Chng minh rang:
1.cos + sin = 2 cos( ) 4 2.cos sin = 2 cos( + ) 4 3. Cong thc nhan oi:
cos 2 =
1 + cos 2 2
1 cos 2 2
cos 2 = cos2 sin 2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2sin = cos4 sin 4 sin 2 = 2sin .cos tg2 = 2tg 1 tg2
sin cos = 1 sin 2 2
2
sin 2 =
37
cos 3 =
sin 3 =
tg 2 =
1 cos 2 1 + cos 2
sin =
2t 1 t2 2t ; cos = ; tg = 2 2 1+ t 1+ t 1+ t2
1 [ cos( + ) + cos( )] 2 1 sin .sin = [ cos( ) cos( + )] 2 1 sin .cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )] 2 cos .cos =
V du: 1. Bien oi thanh tong bieu thc: A = cos 5 x. cos 3x 5 7 2. Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc: B = cos sin 12 12 8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :
cos + cos = 2 cos
2 2 + cos cos = 2 sin .sin 2 2 + sin + sin = 2 sin .cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos .sin 2 2 sin( + ) tg + tg = cos cos sin( ) tg tg = cos cos
.cos
38
V du: Bien oi thanh tch bieu thc: A = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x 9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:
cos + sin = 2 cos( ) = 2 sin( + ) 4 4 cos sin = 2 cos( + ) = 2 sin( ) 4 4
cos 4 + sin 4 =
1. sin 3 x = sin( 2 x ) 4
2. cos( x
3. cos 3x = sin 2 x
II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban: 1. Dang 1: sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tgx = m ; cotgx = m * Gpt : sinx = m (1)
( m R )
x = +k2 (2) cosx=cos x = +k2 * Gpt: tgx = m (3) ( pt luon co nghiem m R ) at m = tg th (3) tgx = tg x = +k ( pt luon co nghiem m R )
+ k 2
V du:
c) 2 sin( 2 x
)+ 3 =0 6 e) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
2) Giai cac phng trnh: a) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos2 x b) sin6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x
x e) cot gx + sin x(1 + tgx.tg ) = 4 2
40
2. Dang 2:
Cach giai:
at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tgx; t = cotgx) Ta c phng trnh : at 2 + bt + c = 0 (1) Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)
V du :
b) cos 2 x 4 cos x +
2 x) = 0
2 2 sin x
=0
l) 5(sin x +
( a;b 0)
(2)
= cos va
b a2 + b 2
41
Chu y :
(a;c 0)
(1)
Cach giai 1:
1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x va cos2 x = 2 2 1 va cong thc nhan oi : sin x.cos x = sin 2 x thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3 2
Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho cos2 x ta c pt: atg2 x + btgx + c = 0 ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai
Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x =
+ k co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong? 2
(1)
Cach giai :
at t = cos x + sin x = 2 cos( x ) vi - 2 t 2 4 t2 1 Do (cos x + sin x )2 = 1 + 2sin x.cos x sinx.cosx= 2 Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh : t2 1 at + b + c = 0 (2) 2
42
2 cos( x ) = t tm x. 4
4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :
a. Phng phap 1: Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng giac c ban a biet V du: Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin 2 x = 0 2 b. Phng phap 2: Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:
hoac
A.B.C = 0
b. sin2 3x cos2 4 x = sin2 5 x cos2 6 x d. sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x + ) + 3 = 0 c. 2sin3 x + cos2 x cos x = 0 4 c. Phng phap 3: Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu Mot so dau hieu nhan biet : * Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha)
V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. cos 3x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0 b. 4 cos 3 x cos 2 x 4 cos x + 1 = 0 1 c. 2 cos 2 x 8 cos x + 7 = cos x 4 2 d. sin x + cos 2 x = 2 * Phng trnh co cha (cos x sin x ) va sinx.cosx 3 V du : Giai phng trnh : a. 1 + sin3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x 2 3 3 b. sin x + cos x = 2(sin x + cos x) 1
43
3) cos 2 ( x + 4)
cos 4
) + cos 2 ( 2 x +
) + cos 2 (3 x
) = 3. cos
x x sin 4 2 2 = sin 2 x
1 + sin 2 x 2 sin ( x +
2
DANG 2: Phng trnh lng giac co cha tham so S dung phng phap sau Chon an phu thch hp va tm ieu kien ung cho an phu va chon (tuy thuoc vao x) Chuyen phng trnh ve phng trnh ai so Lap luan e chuyen bai toan a cho theo an phu va chon S dung phng phap giai tch hoac ai so e tm tham so theo yeu cau cua e bai Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 1 sin 4 x + cos 4 x cos 2 x + sin 2 2 x + m = 0 4 1 1 1 Bai 2: nh m e phng trnh : sin x + cos x + 1 + (tgx + cot gx + + )=m 2 sin x cos x
x x 8. sin 2 ( ).tg 2 x cos2 = 0 2 4 2 2 cos x(cos x 1) 9. = 2(1 + sin x ) sin x + cos x 1 10. tg2 x tgx = cos x.sin 3 x 3 1 11. 2 cos 2 x 8 cos x + 7 = cos x cos 2 x 1 12. cot gx 1 = + sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 + tgx 2 2 13. cot gx tgx + 4 sin 2 x = sin 2 x x 14. tgx + cos x cos2 x = sin x.(1 + tgx.tg ) 2
44
co nghiem x 0; 2 4 2 Bai 3: Cho ham so: 2( + cos 2 x) + m( cos x) = 1 2 cos x cos x Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thuoc (0; ). 2 3 Bai 4: Cho phng trnh : + 3tg 2 x + m(tgx + cot gx ) 1 = 0 2 sin x Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh co nghiem. Bai 5: Xac nh m e phng trnh :
Bai 6: Cho phng trnh : sin 2 x 4(cos x sin x) = m (1) Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem.
2(sin 4 x + cos4 x) + cos 4x + 2sin 2x m = 0 co t nhat mot nghiem thuoc oan [0; ] 2
Bai 7: Tm m e phng trnh : 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x) 4(sin6 x + cos6 x) sin2 4x = m co nghiem. Bai 8: Cho phng trnh cos 4 x + 6sin x cos x m = 0 nh m e phng trnh co nghiem x 0; . 4 Bai 9: Tm m e phng trnh : 2 cos 2 x + (sin x. cos x m)(sin x + cos x ) = 0 co nghiem tren oan 0; 2
cos 6 x + sin 6 x = mtgx cos 2 x sin 2 x Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem Bai 11: Cho phng trnh: sin 4 x + (sin x 1) 4 = m Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem
Bai 10: Cho phng trnh:
--------------------------Het--------------------------
45