Chuyen e 9:

HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. Cac ky hieu: A, B, C: la cac goc nh A, B, C a, b, c : la o dai cac canh oi dien vi cac nh A, B, C ha, hb, hc : la o dai cac ng cao ha t cac nh A, B, C ma, mb, mc : la o dai cac ng trung tuyen ke t A, B, C la, lb, lc : la o dai cac ng phan giac trong ke t A, B, C R : la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC r : la ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC 1 p = (a+b+c) : la na chu vi tam giac ABC 2 S : la dien tch tam giac ABC
A

c ha B H la D ma M

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac vuong : Trong tam giac vuong ABC . Goi b', c' la o dai cac hnh chieu cac canh goc vuong len canh huyen ta co cac he thc: & c 2 = a.c ' 1. b 2 = a.b ' 2. 3. 4. 5. a2 = b2 + c2 h 2 = b ' .c ' 1 1 1 = 2 + 2 2 h b c a.h = b.c 6. b = a. sin B = a. cos C c = a. sin C = a. cos B 7. b = c.tgB = c. cot gC c = b.tgC = b. cot gB

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c h c' B H a

b' C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac thng 1. nh ly ham so COSIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
A

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, bnh phng moi canh bang tong bnh phng hai canh kia tr i hai lan tch hai canh ay vi cosin cua goc xen gia chung. He qua: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co : b2 + c2 a2 a2 + c2 b2 a2 + b2 c2 cos A = , cos B = , cos C = 2bc 2ac 2ab 2. nh ly ham so SIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C

He qua: Vi moi tam giac ABC, ta co:

a = 2 R sin A, b = 2 R sin B, c = 2 R sin C

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c O

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, ty so gia mot canh cua tam giac va sin cua goc oi dien vi canh o bang ng knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac. 3. nh ly ve ng trung tuyen: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
b2 + c2 a2 2 4 2 2 a +c b2 2 mb = 2 4 2 2 a +b c2 mc2 = 2 4
2 ma =

c ma B M

4. nh ly ve dien tch tam giac: Dien tch tam giac ABC c tnh theo cac cong thc sau:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

S=

1 1 1 aha = bhb = chc 2 2 2 1 1 1 S = ab sin A = ac sin B = bc sin A 2 2 2 abc S= 4R S = pr S= p ( p a )( p b)( p c)

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ha

5. nh ly ve ng phan giac:

la =

2bc. cos

A B C 2ab cos 2ac. cos 2 2 ;l = 2 ;l = b c b+c a+c a+b

Dang 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC e chng minh ang thc lng giac A=B ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau Phng phap 1: Bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia Phng phap 2: Xuat phat t mot mot he thc ung a biet e suy ra ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: A B C a) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4.cos .cos .cos 2 2 2 2 2 2 b) sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 + 2 cos A.cos B.cos C V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: a) tgA + tgB + tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC ( ABC khong vuong) A B B C C A b) tg .tg + tg .tg + tg .tg = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dang 2: CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC

CAC DANG TOAN C BAN

I. Bat ang thc trong tam giac : Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th : a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C

II. Cac bat ang thc c ban : 1. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

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Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

a+b ab 2

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :
a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1 .a2 ...an n

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an

2 . Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski : Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

(ax + by )2 (a 2 + b2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx

Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so (a1 , a2 ,...an ) va (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta co :
(a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn )2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi

3) Bat ang thc c ban:

a a1 a2 = = ... = n vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang b1 b2 bn

a) Cho hai so dng x, y ta luon co: Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y

1 1 1 1 ( + ) x+y 4 x y

b) Vi moi so thc x, y ta luon co:

x 2 + y 2 2 xy

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y III. Bat ang thc JENSEN : 1) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) < 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham loi) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co:

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

2) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) > 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham lom) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co: 50

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

e chng minh ang thc lng giac A < B (>, , ) ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau: Phng phap 1: Bien oi bat ang thc can chng minh en en mot bat ang thc hien nhien ung Phng phap 2: S dung cac bat ang thc c ban a biet (Co si, BCS,...) e suy ra bat ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: A B C 1 V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: sin . sin . sin 2 2 2 8 V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos + cos + cos 2 2 2 2 3 3 b) sin A + sin B + sin C 2 A B C c) tg + tg + tg 3 2 2 2 V du 3: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos . cos . cos 2 2 2 8 b) tgA + tgB + tgC 3 3 A B C 1 c) tg .tg .tg 2 2 2 3 3 Dang 3: KIEU E TOAN 1:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam giac vuong can ABCla tam giac can la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

NHAN DANG TAM GIAC

TH

KIEU E TOAN 2:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam giac vuong can ABCla tam giac can la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

CAN VA U

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"ieu kien cho trc" co the la: ang thc lng giac ve goc ang thc lng giac + o dai (canh, trung tuyen, phan giac,...) ang thc o dai He ang thc 1) Nhan dang tam giac vuong Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 2) Nhan dang tam giac can Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 3) Nhan dang tam giac eu Ngoai phng phap a neu tren ta co the giai quyet bai toan theo cach sau Phng phap s dung bat ang thc: Gom 2 bc (ap dung khi "ieu kien cho trc" co dang ang thc A = B Bc 1: CM bat ang thc A B hoac A B (1) Bc 2: Lap luan e ang thc (1) xay ra ma khi ang thc (1) xay ra th tam giac ABC eu V DU MINH HOA: sin A + cos B V du 1: Tam giac ABC co = tgA . Chng minh rang ABC vuong sin B + cos A V du 2: Chng minh rang neu ABC thoa man ieu kien cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C + 1 = 0 th tam giac o la tam giac vuong V du 3: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac can C sin A + sin B + sin C A C 2) 1) tgA + tgB = 2.cot g = cot g .cot g 2 sin A + sin B sin C 2 2 V du 4: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac eu A B C cos cos cos 1 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 1) cos A.cos B.cos C = 2) 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C 8 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 3) cos A + cos B + cos C = sin + sin + sin 4) + + = + + 2 2 2 cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B sin C 2 2 2 V du 5: Xac nh dang cua tam giac ABC biet: C 1) a + b = tg (a.tgA + b.tgB) 2 b c a 2) + = cos B cos C sin B.sin C b+c 3) cos B + cos C = a a.cos A + b.cos B + c.cos C 1 4) = a+b+c 2 V du 6: Hay tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC neu trong tam giac o ta co : 9 sin2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = + 3 cos C + cos2 C 4 52

V du 7: Tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC biet rang 4 p( p a) bc A B C 2 3 3 sin sin sin = 2 2 8 2 a+b+c trong o BC = a, AB = c, p = 2

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