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Chuyen e 4:

PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH CHA CAN THC


TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. Cac ieu kien va tnh chat c ban :


*
*

A co ngha khi A 0
A 0 vi A 0

A2 = A

*
*
*

( A)

&

=A

A neu A 0
A =
- A neu A < 0

vi A 0

khi A , B 0
A.B = A. B khi A , B 0
A.B =

A. B

15

II. Cac nh ly c ban :


a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th :
b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th :
c) nh ly 3 : Vi A, B bat ky th :

A=B
A>B
A=B
A>B

A2 = B2
A2 > B2
A3 = B3
A3 > B3

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh can thc c ban & cach giai :
* Dang 1 :
* Dang 2 :

* Dang 3 :

* Dang 4:

A 0
A= B
A = B
B 0
A = B
2
A = B
A 0

A < B B > 0

2
A < B
A 0

B < 0
A >B
B 0

A > B2

16

(hoac B 0 )

IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh can thc thng s dung :
* Phng phap 1 :
Bien oi ve dang c ban
V du 1: Giai phng trnh sau :
1) x 2 = x 4
2)

(x=6)

1
(x = )
2

3x 2 9 x + 1 + x 2 = 0

3) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4

V du 2:

Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet

x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1
Bai tap ren luyen:

2) 2 x 2 x 1 = 7

14
)
5
(x =5)

3)

x2 2x + 3 = 2x + 1

(x=

4)

1)

(x=3)

x2 + 4x 3 = 2x 5

9
(m )
2

(x=

x2
x2
=
4
4 2

3 15
)
3

( x = 2 2 )

5) Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet:

17

2 x 2 + mx 3 = x + 1

* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
1)

2 x + 9 = 4 x + 3x + 1

(x = 0x =

2)

5 x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0

(x=2)

Bai tap ren luyen:


1) 3 x 2 x + 7 = 1
2) x + 8 x = x + 3
3)

x + x +1 = x + 2

4)

x +1 = 3 x + 4

(x =9)
( x = 1)

3+ 2 3
)
3
(x = 0)
(x =

* Phng phap 3 :
at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh hoac he pt ai so
V du :
Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) ( x + 5)( 2 x) = 3 x 2 + 3 x

(x = 1 x = 4)

2)

x + 1 + 4 x + ( x + 1)(4 x) = 5

(x = 0 x = 3)

3)

2 x 1 + x 2 3x + 1 = 0

(x = 1 x = 2 2)

2 x = 1 x 1

(x = 1 x = 2 x = 10)

4)

Bai tap ren luyen:


1)

x + 2 + 5 x + ( x + 2)(5 x) = 4

2)

x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x 12 + 2 x 2 16

18

(x=

33 5
)
2

(x=5)

11
)
3

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so : A.B = 0 hoac A.B.C = 0
V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
x2
3x 2 = 1 x
3x 2

* Phng phap 5 : Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh nghiem duy nhat
* Ta thng s dung cac tnh chat sau:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b).
( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) .
( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = g(x))
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) x + 9 = 5 2 x + 4

2) 4 x 1 + 4 x 2 1 = 1
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) x + 1 4 x = 1
(x=3)
(x=4)
2) x + 5 + 2 x + 8 = 7

19

V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh can thc thng s dung :
* Phng phap 1 :
Bien oi ve dang c ban
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1)

x 2 4x + 3 < x + 1

2)

x 2 4x + 5 + 2x 3

3) x + x 2 + 4 x < 1
4)

( x + 1)(4 x) > x 2

Bai tap ren luyen:


1)

x2 + x 6 x + 2

( x 3 )

2)

2( x 2 1) x + 1

( x = 1 1 x 3 )

3)

x 2 x 12 < x

(x 4)

4)

2 x 2 + 5x 6 > 2 x

( x 10 x 1 )

* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau :
x + 3 2x 8 + 7 x

Bai tap ren luyen:


1) x + 11 x 4 + 2 x 1
2) 3 x 5 x + 5 > 1
3)

(4 x 5)
( x > 4)
(x

x + 2 x +1 x

20

3+ 2 3
)
3

* Phng phap 3 :
at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so
V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
1) x 2 + 2 x + 5 4 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3

2) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 3 2 x x 2 > 1
Bai tap ren luyen:
1)

( x 3 x 1 )

5 x 2 + 10 x + 1 7 x 2 2 x

(-9<x<4)

2) ( x + 1)( x + 4) < 5 x 2 + 5 x + 28

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so hoac thng so


V du :

Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :


1) ( x 2 3 x ) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0
2)

Bai tap ren luyen:


1)
2)
3)

x+5 3
<1
x4

1 1 8x 2
<1
2x
1 1 4x
<3
x
x7

4 x 2 19 x + 12

1
2 2

1
1
x < 00< x )
2
2
3
(x< 4< x<7)
4

(
<0

x < 00< x <

21

1
)
3

BAI TAP REN LUYEN


DANG1: Cac bai toan giai phng trnh va bat phng trnh
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh
1.

2 x 2 + 8x + 6 + x 2 1 = 2 x + 2

( x = 1 )

2.

x( x 1) + x( x + 2) = 2 x 2

( x = 0; x =

3.

x + 8 + 2 x + 7 + x +1 x + 7 = 4

4.

x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 = 2

(x=2)
1
( x 1)
2

5.

x 2 3x + 3 + x 2 3x + 6 = 3

( x = 1; x = 2 )

6.
3x 2 + x 1 = 4 x 9 + 2 3x 2 5 x + 2
Bai 2: Giai cac bat phng trnh
1.

2( x 2 16)
x3

+ x3 >

9
)
8

7x
x3

(x=2)
( x > 10 34 )

2. x( x 4) x 2 + 4 x + ( x 2) 2 < 2
1
1
3.
>
2
2 x + 3x 5 2 x 1
2x
4.
> 2x + 2
2x + 1 1
5. (2 x 2) 2 x 1 6( x 1)

(2 3 < x < 2+ 3 )
5
3
( x < 1 < x < x > 2 )
2
2
1
( < x < 0)
2
(1 x 5 )

DANG 2: S dung cac phep bien oi giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Giai va bien luan phng trnh
1. x 2 x = a x
2. x + a = a a x
Bai 2: Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh:
1. 2 x a x
2. x a x 2a > x 3a
(a>0)

Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: x m = 2 x 2 + mx 3

22

( m 1)

DANG 3: S dung ao ham giai cac bai toan co cha tham so


Bai 1: Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co nghiem:
1)

7 x + 2 + x (7 x)(2 + x) = m

2)

1 + x + 8 x + (1 + x)(8 x) = m

3)

3 + x + 6 x (3 + x)(6 x) = m

9
x 3)
2
3
( 3 m 3( + 2 ) )
2
9
(3 2 x 3)
2
(3 2

Bai 2: Tm m e bat phng trnh:


1)
2)

1
(1 + 2 x)(3 x) > m + (2 x 2 5 x + 3) nghiem ung vi moi x ;3
2
2
(2 + x)(4 x) x 2 x + m
nghiem ung vi moi x [ 2;4]

----------------Het--------------

23

(m<-6)
(m 4)

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