XC INH KHI LUONG BANG PHUONG PHP

gim nh mn nc
A- C s l lun v phng php tin hnh.
a. C s l lun:
- Quan h cn bng lc Accimet & Trng lc => T draft => Disp.(*)
- Disp = Cargo + Lightship + Const + Oil + BW +FW + Provision + (*)
b. Phng php tin hnh.
1/ Ly mu nc v o t trng nc ni tu ni.
Phi ly c mu nc ni tu ang ni gim nh lng hng xp ln tu hoc d khi
tu. Mun xc nh c t trng nc chnh xc ta khng ly mu nc ti cc l thot nc, hoc l
thng nc, t trng phi c xc nh ti nhit hin ti ca nc.
V tr ly nc mu cch mt nc l 0.5 M, ti su bng na mn ca tu v ti v tr cch
y tu 0.5 M.
Gu ly mu nc l mt loi gu c bit c mt a chn nc vo, np a ny gip ta ly
c mu nc su theo mun. Cc mu nc c ly ti gn ng ti, ly mi, li v
gia tu. Cn thit ta ly mu vi ln ri ly gi tr trung bnh tng chnh xc.
S c t trng t trng k phi chnh xc. Lu , nu ly nhit quan st sai khc vi nhit
60
0
F hoc 15
0
C th ta phi hiu chnh (Tham kho bng hiu chnh trang 571 - Lch thin vn Hng
Hi BROWN'S).
2. Cch c mn nc.
Ta phi c mn nc ca tu ti cc thc nc mi, li v thc nc gia c hai mn tri
v phi.
Nu ni tu ni c sng gi th rt kh c chnh xc mn nc, c th dng ng mn nc
(Draft Tube) c mn nc cho chinh xc.
Trng hp mt mn di gi, c che chn th mn nc c c ti mn ny s chnh xc
hn. Cn mn kia c sng ln c th hiu chnh, ta c nghing trn thc o nghing v xc
nh mn nc ti mn thi tit theo cng thc:
d
1
= d
2
B
tg
Trong : : Gc nghing
B: Chiu rng ca tu.
d: Mn nc c c ti mn di gi (Lee Side)
Ta s c c mn nc mi, li, gia hai mn tri v phi, ng thi hiu chnh do tu
nghing.

2
d d
d
as ap
a
+
=
;
2
d d
df
fs fp
+
=
;
2
' '
' s p
d d
d

+
=

3/ Xc nh mn nc ti cc ng thy trc ca tu.
T mn nc biu kin ta xc nh c mn nc ti cc ng thy trc
T cc cng thc trn ta c:

) (
'
'
F A
F
F F
l l LBP
t l
d d
+

=
Tng t mn nc mi, cng thc hiu chnh mn nc li v mn nc gia nh sau:
) (
) (
'
'
'
'
F A
F A
A
A A
l l LBP
t l
d d
l l LBP
t l
d d
+

=
+

=

Ch : - Vic ly du (+) hay (-) trong cng thc trn tu thuc vo v tr ca thc mn nc
so vi v tr ng thu trc v chiu chi ca tu (chi mi hay chi li)

4/ Xc nh cc thnh phn trng lng: nhin liu, d tr
Nhn vin gim nh phi ly c cc s liu o kt thc t xc nh c nhin liu, nc
ngt, v cc thnh phn d tr khc.
5/ Tm hng s ca tu.
Hng s ca tu l s khc nhau gia lng dn nc mn nc bt k vi cc trng lng
bit bao gm c trng lng tu khng. Hng s m cc nh ng tu xc nh c ghi trong h s
ti chnh l hng s m cc nh ng tu xc nh c c ghi trong h s tu chnh l hng s c
nh (Dead Constant). Gim nh vin cn xc nh li hng s c ca tu ti thi im gim nh.
Cn hiu rng, cho d gi l "hng s" nhng thc cht trng lng ny l i lng bin i.
Trng lng ny l lng d du bi trn, vt t trong cc kho cha, hoc do g st, phn d ca
hng, bn tong cc kt balast, vt liu chn lt, vt liu chng buc, sai s c mn nc, sai s o
kt, du mn nc sai v tr, mt hoc hai neo di y. Nn hiu "hng s " l "nhng trng lng
cha bit v kho cha"
Ta xc nh hng s ca tu theo cng thc:
Const = D - D
0
- D
dt

Trong : D: L lng dn nc ca tu.
D
0
: trng lng tu khng
d
dt
: Trng lng cc thnh phn d tr, nhin liu, nc ngt.
6/ S hiu chnh do tu cong, vng: Thng tu c cong vng nht nh no , ta xc
nh c mc nc ca tu khi loi b c sai s do cong vng:

8
6
F A
tb
d d d
d
+ +
=


7/ Hiu chnh lng dn nc do tu c s chnh mn nc mi, li:

Trn hnh v ta thy: t = d
A
- d
F
;
W
1
L
1
l ng song song vi ng nc qua d
C
(gia tu). Nu tm din tch ng nc
pha trc hoc sau mt phng sn gia ca tu. Ta c lng hiu chnh mn nc:
t
LBP
LCF
d =
1

S hiu chnh cho lng dn nc:
. Nu mn nc l mt:

TPC t
LBP
LCF
D . 100
1
=

Nu mn nc l ft:

TPI t
LBP
LCF
D = 12
1

S hiu chnh ph thuc vo hiu s mn nc t ca tu v li hay mi tu v v tr tm din
tch ng nc (LCF) v pha trc hay sau mt phng sn gia. Du ca d
1
(hoc D
1
) c xc
nh theo bng di y:


LCF
Hiu s mn nc(t)
Pha trc mt
phng sn gia
Pha sau mt phng
sn gia
V mi - +
V li + -

8/ S hiu chnh b sung: (S hiu chnh NEMOTO).
Do tu chnh mn nc mi li (thng s hiu chnh ny ng k khi chnh mn nc mi
li t 0.5 mt tr ln). Din tch ca mt phng ng nc i qua tm din tch ng nc F tng
ln lm cho lng dn nc cng tng ln v nh vy th tch ng nc chnh mn nc cng
tng ln.
- Lng hiu chnh mn nc:
a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
TPC
LBP
d
a d a d
2 2
1
2
2
+

|
.
|

\
|
=

Trong :
MTC
d+a
: M men thay i chiu chi 1 CM ti mn nc d + a.
MTC
d-a
: M men lm thay i chiu chi 1 CM ti mn nc d - a.
- Lng hiu chnh lng dn nc.
a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
TPC
LBP
D
a d a d
2 2
1
2
2
+

|
.
|

\
|
=
xTPC.100
a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
a d a d
2
50
2
+

=

Cng thc trn cho mn nc l mt.
Mn nc o bng ft lng hiu chnh s l:
a
MTI MTI
LBP
t
D
a d a d
2
6
2
2
+

=

Lu : thng ngi ta tnh MTC
d + 0.5
ngha l ly MTC ti mn nc d hin ti ca tu cng
thm 0.5 M, MTC
d-0.5

ngha l ly MTC ti mn nc d hin ti ca tu tr i 0.5 M.

V 2a = 0.5 + 0.5
= 1m


V MTI
d+6
v MTI
d-6
ngha l ly MTI ti mn nc d hin ti ca tu cng thm 6 inches v tr
i 6 inches. V 2a = 6 in+6 in = 1 ft.

S hiu chnh NEMOTO mang du (+)
Trong : MTC
d+a
l m men lm thay i chiu chi ca tu ti mn nc hin ti ca tu l d
cng thm 0.5 M (hay a M).
MTC
d-a
l m men lm thay i chiu chi ca tu ti mn nc hin ti ca tu l d tr i 0.5
M (hay a M).
MTC c tra trong bng thy tnh hay bng ng cong thy tnh, i s vo bng l lng
dn nc hoc mn nc ca tu.
MTI
d+6
l m men lm thay i chiu chi 1 inch ti mn nc nc hin ti cng thm 6 inch.
MTI
d-6
l m men lm thay i chiu chi 1 inch ti mn nc nc hin ti tr i 6 inch.
MTI c tra trong bng thy tnh hay bng ng cong thy tnh, i s vo bng l lng
dn nc hoc mn nc ca tu.

B- Cc bc tin hnh gim nh.
Mun xc nh c lng hng xp (d) xung (khi) tu th phI tin hnh t nht 02 ln
lm gim nh. Ln u v ln cui:
Ta lun ghi nh tng lng dn nc l:
D= Cargo + Lightship + Const + Oil + BW +FW + Provision + (*)
Cargo = (Cargo(i) + Lightship + Const(i)) - (Cargo(f) + Lightship + Const(f))
a. Gim nh ban u (Initial Survey)
Bc gim nh ny nhm xc nh hng s ca tu (Constant).
1. Trc khi xp hng.
Ly mu nc v o t trng nc ni tu xp (hoc d hng).
2. c cc gi tr mn nc biu kin ti cc thc nc.
c mn nc biu kin ti cc thc nc tri mi, li v gia c hai bn mn tri v phi.
Hiu chnh cc mn nc ny (loi tr nh hng do tu nghing).
2
d D
d
as ap
a
+
= ;
2
d d
d
fs fp
f
+
=
;
2
' '
' s p
d d
d

+
=

Trong : d
a
, d
f
,
'

d l mn nc biu kin ti cc thc nc biu kin

3. Hiu chnh mn nc biu kin xc nh mn nc thc t ti cc ng thy trc.
d
A
= d
a
d
a
; dF = df + d
f ;
d =
'

d + d
a
f a
a
l
) l l ( LBP
* t
d
+
=
;
f
f a
f
l
) l l ( LBP
* t
d
+
= ;
m
f a
l
l l LBP
t
d
+
=

) (
*

Trong :
d
A
, d
F
, d l mn nc li, mi ti ng thy trc mi, li, d l mn nc ti mt phng
sn gia.
t*: L hiu chnh s mn nc biu kin t' = d
a
- d
f

l
a
: Khong cch t thc nc li n ng thy trc mi.
l
f
: Khong cch t thc nc mi n ng thy trc mi.
l
m
: Khong cch t thc mn gia n ng thy rc ti mt phng sn gia.
d
a
, d
f
, d , cng c th c tra trong h s tu. V cn xt n theo hiu s mn nc
v li hay mi tu v v tr cc thc nc ly du cho ph hp.
t*: L hiu s mn nc biu kin t* = d
a
- d
f

4. Tnh mn nc trung bnh hiu chnh (Final mean draft).
loi tr cong vng ta tnh mn nc trung bnh:
8
6
F A
tb
d d d
d
+ +
=




5. T mn nc trung bnh ta tra vo bng thy tch hoc bng ng cong thy tnh hay
thc ti ta c lng dn nc D
1

6. Tnh lng hiu chnh do tu chi (Trim Correction)
* S hiu chnh th nht:
- Lng hiu chnh v mn nc
LBP
t LCF
d

=
.
1
Trong :
- t: L hiu s mn nc ti cc ng thy trc t = d
A
- d
F



- Hiu chnh v lng dn nc:
100
1

= TPC
LBP
t LCF
D

Trong :
TPC: S tn lm thay i 1 CM chiu cha ti mn nc cui cng hiu chnh d
tb
. TPC
c tra trong bng thy tnh hoc bng ng cong thy tnh, i s vo bng l mn nc hiu
chnh d
tb
hay lng dn nc ca tu.
Nu mn nc l ft, th hiu chnh lng dn nc la:

TPI . 12
LBP
t . LCF
D
1
=

Trong : TPI l s tn lm thay i 1inch chiu chm ti mn nc d
tb
.
Du ca LCF:

LCF trc x LCF sau x
Tu chi li - +
Tu chi mi + -
* S hiu chnh th hai: (S hiu chnh NEMOTO).
-Hiu chnh v mn nc

a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
TPC
LBP
d
a d a d
2 2
1
2
2
+

|
.
|

\
|
=

- Hiu chnh v lng dn nc trng hp mn nc l mt:
100
2 2
1
2
2

=
+
a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
D
a d a d


a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
D
a d a d
2
50
2
2
+

=

- Hiu chnh v lng dn nc trng hp mn nc l ft:

a
MTI MTI
TPIxLBP
t
d
a d a d
2 2
1
2
2
+

=
TPI
a
MTI MTI
LBP TPI
t
D
a d a d
12
2 2
1
2
2

=
+



a
MTC MTC
LBP
t
D
a d a d
2
6
2
2
+

=
Trong :
MTC
d + a
: L m men lm thay i chiu chi 1 CM ti mn nc d+a.
MTC
d - a
: l m men lm thay i chiu chi 1 CM ti mn nc d-a.
7. Lng dn nc cui cng.
Sau khi hiu chnh do tu chi tra h s tu ta xc nh c lng dn nc theo t trng
m nh ng tu cho trong h s tu thng thng t trng cho trong h s tu l 1,025 tn/m
3
.
D
b
= D
1
D
1
+ D
2

8. Tnh lng dn nc ca tu ti t trng mc thc t m tu ang ni :
b
b
D
D

=

Trong :
: T trng nc thc t ni tu ni.

b
: T trng cho trong h s tu khi thit lp li bng thy tnh hoc bng ng cong thy tnh
hay thc ti trng, thng cho trong h s tu l
b
=1,025.
9. Tin hnh o cc kt nhin liu, kt nc ngt v xc nh d tr khc c trn tu:
10. c lng hng s ca tu (Constant)
Const = D - D
0
- D
dt

Trong :
D
0
: Trng lng tu khng
D
dt
: Trng lng d tr.
11. (Cargo(i) + Lightship + Const(i)) = ?

b-Gim nh cui cng (Final survey)
Tng t nh ln u v ta tm : (Cargo(f) + Lightship + Const(f))= ?

D. cc ch khi tin hnh gim nh



















Bi 3: CC TNH TON LIN QUAN N MN NUC CUA TU

1. Quan h gia t trng nc bin v mn nc ca tu
Theo nh lut Ac si mt, khi tu ni cn bng trn mt nc lc y ca nc tc dng
vo tu cn bng vi trng lng tu v bng ng trng lng th tch nc m tu chim ch.
Gi th tch nc tu chim ch l V, t trng nc l ta c lc y ca nc tc dng vo tu
l:
= V F
n

Tu ni cn bng, lc ni F
n
cn bng vi trng lng tu D
F
n
= D
Khi tu vng nc c t trng
1
th tch chim ch ca tu l V
1


1 1
V D =
Khi tu vng nc c t trng
2
th tch chim ch ca tu l V
2


2 2
V D =
Vy:

1
2
2
1
V
V

=
Ta bit th tch ngm nc ca tu t l vi mn nc ca tu nn:

1
2
2
1
~
d
d

Vy mn nc ca tu t l nghch vi t trng nc ni tu hot ng.
Ta thy vi cng mt lng dn nc, nu tu hot ng vng nc c t trng ln hn
th s c mn nc nh hn v ngc li. Trong thc t khi tu xp hng trong sng v chy ra
bin, t trng nc sng nh hn t trng nc bin nn mn nc ca tu khi cu tu s ln
hn mn nc ca tu khi tu chy ra ngoi bin. Ngc li, nu mt tu chy t ngoi bin vo
trong sng, mn nc ca tu s tng nn so vi khi tu ngoi bin. Khi tnh ton mn nc
ca tu cn quan tm n t trng nc ni tu hot ng.

2. Tnh mn nc tng ng ca tu
tnh mn nc tng ng ca tu cn phi xc nh tng trng lng tu, hng ho
trn tu, lng d tr v cc thnh phn khc ca tu:
D = D
o
+ P
hng
+ P
d tr
+ P
balst
+ Const
T gi tr D tra vo ct Lng dn nc (Disp.) trong bng thu tnh ca tu ta xc nh
c mn nc tng ng ca tu. Tuy nhin, h s tu c xy dng vi iu kin t trng
nc bin l =1.025. Vy khi tu hot ng trong vng nc c t trng 1.025 ta phi tin
hnh hiu chnh t trng nc bin. Cng thc hiu chnh nh sau:

=
025 . 1 D
D
1

Ly gi tr D
1
tra vo bng thu tnh ca tu ta s xc nh c mn nc ca tu ti
vng nc c t trng .

3. Tnh hiu s mn nc mi li ca tu

Hnh 12: Cn bng dc ca tu

Xt trong h qui chiu gn vi tri t, khi tu ni cn bng, lc y ca nc tc dng vo
thn tu cn bng vi trng lc tri t tc dng vo cc thnh phn trng lng ca tu. Lc ni
F
B0
v trng lc P
0
l hai vc t lc ngc chiu cng ln v nm trn cng mt ng thng
ng. Khi tu cn bng mi li honh trng tm tu v honh tm ni bng nhau (xG
0

=xB
0
). Gi s dch chuyn hng ho v pha li tu, trng tm tu dch chuyn v pha li (t
im G
0
dch chuyn n im G). Lc ni F
B0
v trng lc P
0
khng cn nm trn cng mt
ng thng ng na, chng to thnh mt ngu lc c tc dng lm li tu chm xung. Khi
li tu chm xung phn th tch ngm nc pha li tu tng ln, tm ni dch chuyn v pha
li (t v tr B
0
dch chuyn v v tr B). Tm ni B s dch chuyn n khi vc t lc ni F
B
v
vc t trng lc P nm cng trn mt ng thng ng th tu xc lp c cn bng mi.
Xt trong h qui chiu gn lin vi con tu Oxyz, m men gy chi ca cp ngu lc "lc
ni-trng lc" bng M
c
= P H.BG. Trong H.BG = xB - xG v P chnh l lng dn nc D
ca tu. Vy M
c
= D (xB - xG)
Ti mt mn nc nht nh, hiu s mn nc mi li t l vi m men chi. Gi tr m
men lm thay i 1cm chiu chi ca tu ti tng mn nc (M.C.T.C) c cho trong h s
tu. Vy khi bit m men gy chi M
c
ta d dng xc nh c mc thay i hiu s mn
nc mi li ca tu nh sau:
M
c
= M.C.T.C t
D(xB-xG) = M.C.T.C t

Vy

( )
C T C M
xG xB D
t
. . .

=
Trong cng thc trn, cc gi tr xB, M.C.T.C c tra t h s tu. Gi tr D, xG do tnh
ton c thng qua s xp hng m c.

D
xG P xG D
xG
Const P P P D D
i i 0 0
tr d lt ba hng 0

+
=
+ + + + =



4. Xc nh mn nc mi, li ca tu thng qua mn nc tng ng v hiu s mn
nc
Vic tnh ton thng qua h phng trnh sau:

=
= +
t d d
2d d d
F A
binh trung F A

Khi lp s xp hng ta d dng xc nh c lng dn nc D ca tu. T lng dn
nc D tra vo bng thu tnh (Hydro Static Table) c mn nc tng ng d ca tu. T
mn nc tng ng tnh c mn nc trung bnh thng qua cng thc sau:
= tg xF d d
binh trung

Gii h phng trnh trn ta xc nh c mn nc mi, li ca tu. Ch rng cc mn
nc ny l mn nc o ti cc ng thu trc. c c mn nc biu kin (mn nc
c ti thc mn nc khc trn mn tu) ta phi tin hnh hiu chnh.
Hnh 13: Xc nh mn nc mi li tu
Ta cng c th xc nh c mn nc mi li theo cch lm nh sau:
Trn hnh 13 c:
t
F

d

xF
L.B.P
L.C.F
Thu trc mi
Thu trc li
d
A
d
F
A

B

M

C
d
A
= d + AM
M ABC ng dng vi AFM nn:
P . B . L
F . C . L
t
BC
MF
AB AM = =
Vy
t d d
t
P . B . L
F . C . L
d d
A F
duong tuong A
=
+ =

L.C.F chnh l khong cch o t tm mt phng ng nc ti ng thu trc li. Mt
s tu t gc h trc to ti ng thu trc li. Vi nhng tu ny honh tm mt phng
ng nc cho trong h s chnh l gi tr L.C.F ni trn. Vi nhng tu h trc to c
gc t ti mt phng sn gia ta bin i cng thc c cng thc sau:
t d d
t
P . B . L
xF
2
1
d d
A F
duong tuong A
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =


5. Xc nh mn nc khi dch chuyn hng
Khi dch chuyn mt khi hng c trng lng p i mt khong cch l theo chiu dc tu,
m men gy chi ca tu thay i mt lng l:
l p = M
T lng dn nc ca tu, tra vo bng thu tnh xc nh c m men lm thay i 1cm
chiu chi ca tu M.C.T.C. Vy hiu s mn nc ca tu s thay i mt lng l:

C . T . C . M
t
M
=
Ta bit, khi dch chuyn hng trn tu, lng dn nc ca tu khng i nn mn nc
tng ng ca tu cng khng i. Tu ch quay xung quanh tm mt phng ng nc F.
Lng thay i ca mn nc mi d
F
, mn nc li d
A
t l vi khong cch ca ng thu
trc mi, thu trc li n tm mt phng ng nc. Xem hnh v 13, xt cc tam gic ng
dng ABC v AFM ta d dng c c cng thc sau:
A F
A A
d t d
P . B . L
xF
2
1
t d hoc
P . B . L
F . C . L
t d
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =

Mn nc sau khi dch chuyn hng s bng:
d
A mi
= d
A c
+ d
A

d
F mi
= d
F c
- d
F


6. Xc nh lng thay i mn nc khi tu nhn (hoc d) mt lng hng nh
Mt lng hng c xem l nh nu khi nhn n xung tu, n ch lm thay i chiu
chm ca tu mt vi cm. Vi lng thay i chiu chm nh nh vy, cc thng s: T.P.C,
M.C.T.C, xF ca tu coi nh khng i. Khi nhn mt lng hng nh vy xung tu ta chia
lm hai bc tin tnh ton:
- Bc 1: Nhn lng hng xung ng v tr tm ni F. Khi nhn mt lng hng vo
ng v tr tm ni F th hiu s mn nc mi li t ca tu khng thay i. Tu ch chm u
xung mt khong d
C . P . T
P
d =
Trong P l trng lng hng nhn xung tu. Tt nhin, khi ny c mn nc mi v
li u tng thm mt gi tr l d.
Bc 2: Dch chuyn hng n v tr xp hng. Trng hp ny ta c bi ton dch chuyn
hng trn tu gii phn trc. Ta d dng xc nh c thay i mn nc mi v li khi
dch chuyn hng t tm mt phng ng nc F n v tr xp hng. Ch , m men gy chi
ca khi hng tnh bng cng thc M = P l, trong l l khong cch tnh t tm mt phng
ng nc F n v tr xp hng.

C . T . C . M
l P
t

=
A F
A A
d t d
P . B . L
xF
2
1
t d hoc
P . B . L
F . C . L
t d
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =

Tnh tng cc gi tr thay i ca mn nc mi v li trong cc bc 1 v bc 2 ta c
mn nc mi ca tu.
d
A mi
= d
A c
+ d
A
+ d
d
F mi
= d
F c
- d
F
+ d

Trng hp d hng ta cng lm tng t nh trn. Bi ton gm hai bi ton nh: Dch
chuyn hng t v tr ban u ca n n tm mt phng ng nc F v d khi hng khi tu
t tm mt phng ng nc F.
Ngoi ra ta c th dng th hay bng cho sn trong h s tu (Bng TRIMMING
TABLE - LOADING WEIGHT = 100 t). Cch s dng bng, th xem phn 8 bi 2 chng
III.

7. Xc nh v tr xp hng khng lm thay i mn nc li
gii quyt bi ton ny ta lm nh sau: Chia qu trnh nhn hng xung tu lm hai
bc:
-Bc 1: Nhn khi hng xung ng v tr tm ni F. Tu s chm u xung mt
khong
C . P . T
P
d =
Tt nhin mn li cng s tng mt gi tr l d
-Bc 2: Dch khi hng v pha mi mt on l cho phn li tu ni ln mt on
ng bng d. Ta bit khi dch chuyn hng mt on l mn li ca tu thay i nh sau:
C . t . C . M
l P
t

=
P . B . L
F . C . L
t d
A
=
P . B . L
F . C . L
C . t . C . M
l P
d
A

=
Vy : d = d
A
th:
P . B . L
F . C . L
C . t . C . M
l P
C . P . T
P

=
hay:
C . P . T F . C . L
C . T . C . M P . B . L
l

=
Trong cng thc trn L.C.F l khong cch t tm mt phng ng nc n ng thu trc
li. Nu trong h s tu ch cho gi tr honh tm mt phng ng nc xF (tnh t mt
phng sn gia ca tu) ta c th tnh gi tr L.C.F nh sau:
xF
2
P . B . L
F . C . L + =