Nguyn t ca s sng v t tng

Vin s Phec-xman nh ngha: Photpho l nguyn t ca s sng v t tng. C th chng ta trung bnh cha 1 kg P. Vi s lng , nh my dim c th sn xut c hng trm bao dim. S phn b P trong c th chng ta ko u. Cc t chc mm to nn cc c quan cn c 1 gi cng v c th c ng dc l b xng. Tnh rn ca b xng l do photphat canxi, 1 cht kt tinh rn duy nht trong s hng nghn cht cu to nn thn th con ng`. P tp trung nhiu nht trong xng, cn khong 100 g tp trung bp tht v gn 10 g t chc thn kinh. Nu P trong xng mt i th thn th chng ta tr thnh 1 khi ko c hnh dng; nu P trong bp tht mt i th chng ta s mt kh nng c ng v P trong t chc thn kinh mt i th chng ta s ngng suy ngh. Ko c P s ko c t tng. Bn vui mng hay sng st, hoc ny ra 1 ngh mi, hoc st 1 qu bng chnh xc vo li, tt c nhng iu ko thc hin dc nu thiu mt P. Trong t chc thn kinh v trong bp tht ca c th chng ta u c cha nhng hp cht hu c ca P. S hot ng ca no, s co rt ca bp tht chnh l kt qu ca s bin i ca cc hp cht ny. P l 1 nguyn t rt ph bin trong t nhin. Do , nu P trn Tri t mt i th cnh tng duy nht m chng ta c th nhn thy l trn Tri t hon ton ko c s sng. Trong t bt k ni cng c 1 lng nh P. Nu trong t ko c P th ko 1 ngn c no c th mc ln dc. D dng ny hay dng khc, P trong c th chng ta ly dc t u? R rng l ko phi t kh quyn, bi v trong kh quyn ko c hp cht P. V cng ko phi t t, v chng ta ko n t bao h. Hin nhin l t nhng thc n thc vt ( t nhng cy hp th dc P t ) v t trong thc n tht (t nhng ng vt n c hp th dc P ca cy ci). Cho nn, suy n cng, P trong c th mi ng` chng ta u ly dc t t qua mi gii thc vt. Nhng P trong t t u li? Chng ta hy so snh 1 cc hoa cng vi 1 nm t. Mi nhn th tng nh gia chng ko c im no ging nhau c. Th nhng, cch y hng triu nm, bn thn t l hoa cng, cho nn, P trong t chnh l P di dng hp cht cha trong hoa cng phn hy. Sau khi gt la m en, hoa li cng vi P ht t t dc cht ln t nhng toa xe la. S gii phng P ha hp t cc khong cht t nhin thnh 1 dng thch hp cho cy hp th din ra chm hn rt nhiu so vi tc m P b em i cng vi hoa li. Do ny ra 1 d vn : s phn ca nhng v la m en mi gieo s ra sao? Ch c i, cht mn. Nh vy, x hi loi ng` tham gia vo cuc sng ca t nhin vi t cch l 1 k phung ph P phn tn, ko ng rng h ging nh 1 ng` dng ba cht chnh cnh cy m mnh ng ngi. Nhng, cng vi s xut hin ca con ng`, trong thin nhin cng xut hin 1 lc lng v ch mi, l tr tu. Nh bc hc ni ting c V-le ln u tin khm ph ra rng 1 trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho t x xc kinh khng l do thiu P. T v sau, thi ca x hi loi ng` i vi P thin nhin thay di cn bn. Ng` ta ko phi ch phung ph P trong thin nhin m cn tm kim nhng khong thch t nhin c cha P ri en

phn tn vo t di dng phn nhn to. P tp trung t nhin gm c 2 th qung: qung Apatit c dng tinh th mu lc nht, chc, xu x, v photphorit lp mu en, thng c dng hnh cu, ging nh vin n i bc thi c. Thnh phn ha hc ca apatit v photphorit tuy c khc nhau nhng ko pha khc nhau cn bn, cn ngun gc ca chng th khc nhau hon ton. Apatit dc to nn bi nhng dng cht nng chy nh la ca cc phin thch t trong lng tri t phun ra trn mt ri rn li, cn photphorit l di hi ng vt bin ha do nhng lc t nhin. chng minh cho iu ny, trong 1 s trng hp, ng` ta tm dc trong photphorit nhng chic rng cn nguyn, nhng v hn v di hi ca nhng b phn khc ca ng vt v ca loi nhuyn th. Nhng c ng` s hi: thin nhin lm th no li c th tch t dc 1 khi lng ln P ha hp ta nh 1 khu cng nghip sn xut photphorit nh th? mi Ho vng, dng nc nng xut pht t xch o gp dng nc lnh bt ngun t Bc cc. S thay i t ngt v nhit khi 2 dng nc hn hp vi nhau lm cho 1 s lng ln sinh vt y b t vong, xc ca chng cht cao hng my mt di y i dng. l 1 v d 1 m photphorit tng lai hnh thnh trc mt chng ta.

Pht minh ra photpho

Mt thng nhn dc knh trng thnh ph Hm-bua l B-rng cng vi nhng nh gi kim thut ng thi tin chc chn rng trn th gii c hn trit l (Cc nh gi kim thut cho rng nu c hn trit l th c th bin nhng kim loi ko qu thnh vng). B-rng cho rng, tc dng tiu tr bch bnh, ci lo hon ng ca th vt cht cng ko thua g cng dng bin bt k 1 th kim loi xu no thnh vng. Theo B-rng, phng php ch th trit l rt n gin, ch cn nung nng th vt cht trong c th trit l l dc. Nhng ri thay, cha h ai nhn thy trit l nh th no, v cng chng ai bit trong vt cht no c trit l. B-rng lnh mnh trong 1 cc hm ti v bun thm, l, tm cch rt ra trit l t tt c nhng vt g m ng c trong tay, nhng ko thnh cng. Mt hm, bp u suy ngh v vn cn c nhng g che giu trit l th B-rng ngh n nc tiu. ng ta nu bay hi nc tiu ri nung kh cht rn cn li. Thnh lnh, bnh cha y 1 th khi lp lnh pht sang l k. Sau khi lm lnh bnh ng, B-rng thu dc 1 ming ging nh sp; trong bng ti, cht ny pht ra nhng tia mu xanh nht tng i sang, s vo n cho tao c cm gic lnh. Cht l photpho. Nguyn t P, hoc ni ng hn, ht nhn nguyn t P dc bao bc bi 3 lp in t: lp in t u tin chuyn ng gn ht nhn, c 2 in t; lp gia xa ht nhn gp 4 ln so vi lp trn, c 8 in t; lp ngoi cng xa gp 9 ln so vi lp u, c 5 in t. Cng ging nh nguyn t N, nguyn t P c th chim thm in t hoc c th nhng i 1 s in t. Khi P kt hp vi kim loi th n thu thm in t v tr thnh ion mang 3 n v in tch m , phm vt to ra gi l photphua. Gii thch tc dng tng h gia P vi kim, nh oxi chng hn, th phc tp hn. Chng ta hy nh li 1 phn ng rt p mt. a 1 tha nh ng y P ang chy trong ko kh vo trong 1 bnh cha y oxi. Ngn la ti bng tr nn sng, n ni lm la mt . Lc ny, trong bnh cha y 1 th khi dy c n ni ci tha ng P ang chy cng ko nhn thy. Th nghim nh to ra trong bnh 1 mn khi da vo s chy ca P c ng dng trong chin tranh v trong phng ng, th d, ng` ta bn nhng vin n m nhm

lm cho ha im ca i phng mt mc tiu ri tha th xung phong. Khi trng chnh l nhng ht ca hp cht P vi oxi, tc l anhidrit photphoric. Nhng ht nh n ni c th bay l lng rt lu trong ko kh m ko ri xung. Trong trng hp ny, nguyn t P kt hp vi nguyn t O nh th no? A kim kt hp vi kim, nh P vi oxi trong trng hp ca chng ta, th phc tp, bi v c 2 nguyn t P v O u ht in t ch ko phi ch 1 nguyn t trong s ht in t nh trng hp tng hp photphua. hon thnh lp in t ngoi, nguyn t O cn thiu 2 in t v nguyn t P cn thiu 3 in t. Nguyn t O ra sc ly in t ha tr ca nguyn t P hon thnh lp in t ca mnh, cn nguyn t P th cng ra sc ly in t ha tr ca nguyn t O. Trong bng tun hon, O gc trn pha phi P. Bi vy phn thng thuc v O. S di chuyn in t xy ra ko phi t nguyn t O ti nguyn t P, m ngc li, t nguyn t P ti nguyn t O. Do , ta ko c photbua oxit m c anhidric photphoric TO BE CONTINUE......... .

Cc dng th hnh ca Photpho

c tm in t lp ngoi, nguyn t P cng ging nh nguyn t N, cn cn c thm 3 in t na. Bi vy, khi tn ti dng ring bit, c 2 nguyn t ny u ko bn.. Khi iu ch 2 nguyn t ny trng thi t do, cc nguyn t ca chng kt hp vi nhau sao cho s thiu in t lp ngoi ca cc nguyn t ny c b sung bi 3 in t ly t nguyn t khc. Tr nhng im ra, P v N ko ging nhau na. c s in t lp ngoi, nguyn t N ny kt hp vi nguyn t N khc bng mi lien kt 3 (gm 1 lin kt xchma v 2 lin kt pi). Cn nguyn tr P th ko c khuynh hng to ra lin kt 3: n ko kt hp vi 1 nguyn t, m vi 3 nguyn t, mc vo nhau nh nhng mt xch bng nhng mi lin kt ha tr 1. Bi vy, mi 1 trong 3 nguyn t P ny vn cn d 2 n v ha tr, ha tr ny cn c bo ha. iu ny c th thc hin theo nhiu cch. Phn t P trng c tng trng bng 1 hnh t din gm 4 nguyn t. Mi nguyn t ca chng kt hp vi 3 nguyn t cn li bng nhng lin kt ha tr, tc l lin kt bi nhng cp in t. nhit ko qu cao, hi P trng do nhng phn t to nn. Khi lm lnh hi ny, lc ht yu gia cc phn t lm cho chng kt hp c vi nhau. Nh th l to thnh tinh th P trng. Theo hnh dng v v sng mnh, tinh th P trng rt ging tinh th kim cng mi. Ging nh kim cng, n hon ton ko c mu sc, v ra ngoi nh sng mt tri th cho hin ln cc mu sc cu vng. Nhng, tinh th P trng ch ging kim cng im thi. Cn ngoi ra kim cng rn chc l thng, cn P trng c th dung dao ct c. Kim cng rt kh nng chy, cn P trng nng chy nhit hi ln hn nhit thn th con ngi. Kim cng ko tan trong bt k 1 dung mi no, cn P trng tuy rt t tan trong nc nhng d tan trong dung mi hu c. S d c nhng im khc nhau l do, khc vi kim cng, P trng c mng li tinh th phn t. Mng li tinh th phn t to nn t nhng phn t ring bit lin kt yu vi nhau: s lin kt ny d dng b ph khi nu nng (do c tnh d nng chy, v bay hi) hoc khi c tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi. Ngoi mng li phn t cn c mng li nguyn t na. Chnh mng tin th ny to

nn tinh th kim cng cng nh tinh th P en bn vng nht 1 dng th hnh ca P. Cng nh quyn sch to nn bi nhng t giy, tinh th P en to nn bi nhng lp nguyn t. y, cng ging nh trong phn t P trng, mi 1 nguyn t lin kt vi 3 nguyn t khc, nhng nu ta ko xem mi lp nguyn t ly ring ra l 1 phn t th y ko c phn t. Cc nguyn t cng 1 lp kt hp vi nhau bng 1 lc ha hc rt mnh, cn gia cc lp vi nhau th cng ging nh cc phn t trong tinh th P trng, kt hp vi nhau bng nhng lc vt l yu. Do , P en c dng ging nh nhng vy c, d tch ra thnh tng l mng tng t nh mi-ca. Hin tng nng chy, bay hi, ha tan ca nhng cht rn chnh l s tch nhng tinh th ca chng thnh nhng tinh th ring bit. V, chnh v trong P en ko cha nhng phn t nh th cho nn n hon ton ko bay hi, nng chy v ha tan trong bt k 1 dung dch no. Nhng khi nu nng mnh ko c ko kh lt vo th mi lin kt gia nhng nguyn t b t v nhng nguyn t ny li kt hp vi nhau tng bn nguyn t 1, to thnh nhng phn t P trng hnh t din ca chng ta. Di p sut cc ln, P trng bin thnh P en. iu kin bnh thng, b ngoi nh sng hoc khi nu nh, tinh th P trng ha , c i, cui cng r ra thnh bt P . cng l 1 dng th hnh ca P, cu to phn t ca n n nay vn cha r.