Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. T VN
Lch s chng minh, gio dc lun l quc sch. Quc gia no
quan tm n gio dc, a gio dc ln hng u th quc gia pht trin
rt mnh. Do , ngay t khi ginh c ch quyn, ng, nh nc v ton
dn ta rt quan tm n s nghip gio dc, quan tm n vic o to ngun
nhn lc cho t nc v v th v tr ca ngi thy trong x hi ngy cng
c nng cao.
L mt gio vin, lm trong ngnh gio dc, trc tip ging dy, trc
tip truyn t kin thc cho cc em hc sinh, ti lun thy trch nghim cao
c v nng n ca mnh l phi lm sao thc hin nhiu bin php nng cao
cht lng ging dy, cht lng hc tp cao nht cho hc sinh, gp phn nh
b vo s nghip gio dc ca t nc.
Qua nhiu nm ging dy mn Ton lp 6, ti nhn thy cc em hc
sinh t lp 5 ln khi gii bi ton Tm x lp 6 cc em gp rt nhiu kh
khn, thng mc phi rt nhiu sai st khng ng c, cc em ngi gii bi
ton dng ny,... V th, gip cc em hc sinh gii quyt nhng kh khn,
trnh sai st, to hng th hc tp cho cc em khi gii bi ton Tm x, ti
chn ti: Gip hc sinh hc tt ton Tm x lp 6. T , nng cao
cht lng dy hc v cht lng b mn ton lp 6.
Trang 1
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
B. NI DUNG
I. C S V GII HN CA TI
1. C s l lun :
- Trc khi hc tng minh v phng trnh v bt phng trnh, hc
sinh c lm quen mt cch n tng v phng trnh v bt phng
trnh dng ton Tm s cha bit trong mt ng thc, m thng thng
l cc bi ton Tm x.
- Cc bi ton Tm x lp 6, lp 7 v bc tiu hc l c s hc
sinh dn dn hc tt phng trnh v bt phng trnh lp 8.
- ng thi gip cc em lm quen v rn luyn cch gii phng trnh
thng qua cc bi ton Tm x.
- L thuyt phng trnh khng ch l c s xy dng i s hc m
cn gi vai tr quan trng trong cc b mn khc ca ton hc. Ngi ta
nghin cu khng ch nhng phng trnh i s m cn c nhng phng
trnh vi phn, phng trnh tch phn, phng trnh ton l, phng trnh
hm,
- Phng trnh v bt phng trnh chim mt v tr quan trng trong
chng trnh ton hc trng ph thng. Trnh by l thuyt phng trnh
v bt phng trnh mt cch hp l cng l mt yu cu ca ci cch gio
dc.
2. C s thc t
lp 6, phn s hc, trong tt c cc chng I, II, III, cc em hc sinh
thng xuyn gp cc bi ton Tm x t mc d n kh, t n gin
n phc tp v khng t hc sinh gp kh khn trong vic gii cc bi
ton loi ny.
bc tiu hc cc em hc sinh c lm quen vi cc bi ton Tm
x dng n gin.
Trang 2
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 3
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x = 13 + 7
( x l s b tr ( SBT ), 13 l hiu
( H ), 7 l s tr ( ST ) ).
x = 20 13 ( x l ST, 20 l SBT, 13 l H )
x = 20 7 ( x l H, 20 l SBT, 7 l ST )
Trang 4
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
th :
x l SHCB
3 l
5 l
SHB
T
x3=5
th :
x l SBT
3 l
ST
5 l
Trang 5
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
8x=5
th :
8 l SBT
x l ST
5 l H
83=x
th :
8 l SBT
3 l ST
x l H
x.3=6
th :
x l TSCB
3 l TSB
6 l T
x:3=6
th :
x l SBC
3 l SC
6 l Th
6:x=3
th :
6 l SBC
x l SC
3 l Th
6:3=x
th :
6 l SBC
3 l SC
x l Th
Trang 6
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 7
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
3 l H bit
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
SBT
M :
ST = H
SBT = H + ST
Ta c :
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 3 + 2
SBT
= H +ST
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
n y ta li phn tch tip :
[(10 - x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
SBC
: SC = Th)
M: SBC = Th . SC
Ta c : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 5 . 3
SBC
= T . SC
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
Tip tc phn tch, ta c :
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
SHCB + SHB = T
M : SHCB = T SHB
Do , ta c :
(10 x) . 2 = 15 5
SHCB
= T SHB
(10 x) . 2 = 10
v :
(10 x) . 2 = 10
TSCB . TSB = Tch
Trang 8
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
TSCB =
T : TSB
10 x = 5
v :
10 x = 5
SBT ST = H
m : ST = SBT H
vy : x = 10 5
ST= SBT H
x=5
* Ngoi ra cc em c th tng bc a bi ton phc tp v bi ton
n gin hn.
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
t : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = X
Ta c bi ton :
X2=3
X=3+2
Do : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 3 + 2
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
t tip : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] = Y
Ta c: Y : 3 = 5
Y=5.3
Nn : (10 x) . 2 + 5 = 5 . 3
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
Tip tc : (10 x) . 2 = Z
Ta c: Z + 5 = 15
Z = 15 5
Nn : (10 x) . 2 = 15 5
(10 x) . 2 = 10
t :
10 x = T
Ta c : T . 2 = 10
Trang 9
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
T = 10 : 2
Nn :
10 x = 10 : 2
10 x = 5 (y l bi ton n gin) ( gii nh trn )
(8x 14) : 2 2 = 11
(Tnh kt qu VP)
(8x 14) : 2 = 11 + 2
(8x 14) : 2 = 13
(Tnh VP)
8x 14 = 13 . 2
8x 14 = 26
(Tnh VP)
8x = 26 + 14
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
8x = 40
(Tnh VP)
x = 40 : 8
x=5
(Kt qu)
- Cc em thng phi t tr li cc cu hi :
+ T dng 1 qua dng 2 ta lm g ?
+ T dng 2 qua dng 3 ta lm g ?
C nh th cho n kt qu cui cng.
V d 2 : Tm x Z, bit :
4 (27 3) = x (13 4)
4 24 = x 9
20 = x 9
(Tnh VT)
x 9 = 20
(p dng: a = b => b = a)
x = 20 + 9 (p dng tm s b tr)
x = 11
(Kt qu)
V d 3 : Tm x Z, bit :
2x 35 = 15
2x = 15 + 35
(p dng tm s b tr)
2x = 50
(Tnh VP)
x = 50 : 2
x = 25
(Kt qu)
Trang 11
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x.3 = 18
x = 18 : 3 (tm TSCB x)
x=6
( kt qu )
Trang 12
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x=52
x=7
Vy : x = 3; x = 7
5.3) Vn dng nh ngha hai phn s bng nhau
Ta c :
Hai phn s
a
c
v gi l bng nhau nu a.d = b.c
b
d
V d : Tm x, y bit :
3 y 36
=
=
x 35
84
36
84
3
3 y 36
Ta c : = =
= 7
x 35
84
=>
3 y 3
=
=
x 35
7
=>
3 3
y 3
=
v
=
x 7
35 7
Gio vin cn gi
Nn a v dng :
a c
= => ad = bc
b d
Tch ring tm x, tm y :
C th :
Ta c :
3 3
=
x
7
3 . 7 = x . ( 3)
21 = x . ( 3)
x . ( 3) = 21
(v a = b th b = a)
x = 21 : ( 3)
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang
Trang 13
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x=7
Hoc c th gii nh th ny :
3
3
=
x
7
=>
3
3
=
x
7
=>
x = 7
y 3
=
35
7
V :
y . 7 = 5 . ( 3)
y . 7 = 105
y = ( 105) : 7
y = 15
Hoc gii bng cch khc :
y
3
=
35
7
=>
y
15
=
35
35
=>
y = 15
Vy : x = 7, y = 15
5.4) Vn dng nh ngha ly tha bc n ca a, hai ly tha bng
nhau
i vi cc bi ton Tm x c cha ly tha th cc em hc sinh lp 6
thng thy kh khn, do ti lun nhc li cho cc em nh nh ngha ly
tha bc n ca a.
an = a . a .. a
n tha s a
v :am = an => m = n
V d : 25 = 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 = 32
V
=>
3x = 35
x = 5
Trang 14
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Ta xt cc v d c th sau :
V d : Tm x N, bit :
2x = 8
Cch 2 :
Nn 23 = 8
2x = 23
x = 3 (cch ny thng c cc em s dng)
(PP : a v hai ly tha bng nhau, c c s bng nhau, suy ra s m
bng nhau)
2x : 2 = 16
2x = 16 . 2
2x = 32
2x = 25
x=5
x4 = 625
2 x 5 = 16
Trang 15
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x=9
Trang 16
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
(a = b => b = a)
x = 20 + 9
x = 11
- Cch 2 : 20 = x 9
20 + 9 = x
11 = x
x = 11
- Cch 3 : 20 = x 9
x = 9 + 20
x = 11
x = 11
- Cch 4 : 20 = x 9
9 11 = x 9
11 = x
x = 11
( 20 = 9 11)
(a + c = b + c => a = b)
(a = b => b = a)
Trang 17
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
- Cch 2 : Xem (x 7) l s tr :
x 7 = 15 ( 21)
6.3) Tm x Z, bit :
15 x + 7 = 21
- Cch 1 : (15 7) x = 12 (giao hon, kt hp)
22 x = 21
- Cch 2:
6.4) Tm x, bit :
2
3
.x=1
4
- Cch 1 : x = 1 : 2
3
4
x=1:
11
4
x=1.
4
11
x=
4
11
3
4
- Cch 2 : 2 . x = 1
11
.x=1
4
x=
4
11
Trang 18
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 19
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
2 (x + 2) = 24 : 6 + 5
C em trnh by nh th ny :
2 (x + 2) = 2x + 4 = 24 : 6 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
i vi li ny ti thng ch ngay cho cc em thy bt thng trong
cch trnh by. C th theo v d trn th ta c : 735 = 194 (iu ny khng
th).
Cn v d di ti thng nhc cc em khng nn vit nh vy m
nn vit tch thnh tng dng.
2(x + 2) = 24 : 6 + 5
2x + 4 = 4 + 5
2x + 4 = 9
2
( sai )
3
Vit li :
1
2
(s 1 cng dng vi gch phn s)
3
Trang 20
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
(1)
(2) (sai)
x 11 73
+
=
3 18 24
C em trnh by nh sau :
x 11 73
+
=
3 18 24
x 73 11
=
3 24 18
x 73 33
=
3 24 24
x 40
=
3 24
Trang 21
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x
bng bao nhiu.
3
Do cc em cn gii tip :
x 40
=
(trc ht phi rt gn phn s)
3 24
x 5
=
3 3
x=5
Hoc cho bi ton : Tm x :
x + | 2| = 0
C em lm nh sau :
x + | 2| = 0
x = | 2| (xong, khng lm na)
y ti gii thch : cc em xem gi tr tuyt i ca 1 s c th nh l
1 php tnh, tnh c.
Ta phi tnh | 2| trc
C th :
x + | 2| = 0
x+2=0
x=02
x=2
Hoc cc em thng vit du = trc mi dng ca php tnh, v
vit du ngoc khng cn thit:
V d : Tm x :
(2,8x 32) :
2
= 90
3
2
3
Trang 22
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
= 2,8x 32 = 60
=
2,8x = 60 + 32
2,8x = 28
x = ( 28) : 2,8
x = 10
x = 341 31
2= 5 3
3=52
5=3+2
(x v tr ca s 2)
x= 5 3
x=2
Nu : 2 + x = 5
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang
(x v tr s 3)
Trang 23
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Th :
x=52
x=3
Nu : 2 + 3 = x
Th :
(x v tr s 5)
x=3+2
x=5
i vi php tr
Cho ng thc :
10 7 = 3
th :
10= 3 + 7
7 = 10 3
3= 10 7
(x v tr ca s 10)
x=3+7
x = 10
Nu : 10 x = 3
Th :
(x v tr ca s 7)
x = 10 3
x=7
Nu : 10 7 = x
Th :
(x v tr ca s 3)
x = 10 7
x=3
i vi php nhn
Cho ng thc :
3 . 4 = 12
Th:
3= 12 : 4
4= 12 : 3
12= 3 . 4
(x v tr ca s 3)
Trang 24
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Th :
x = 12 : 4
x=3
Nu : 3 . x = 12
Th :
(x v tr s 4)
x = 12 : 3
x=4
Nu : 3 . 4 = x
Th :
(x v tr s 12)
x=3.4
x = 12
Tr v v d lc ny :
Th li ta c :
x . 31 = 341
11 . 31 = 341 (ng)
Th : x = 341 : 31
(x v tr s 11)
x = 11
i vi php chia
Cho ng thc :
20 : 5 = 4
Th:
5 = 20 : 4
20 = 4 . 5
4 = 20 : 5
(x v tr ca s 20)
x=4.5
x = 20
Nu : 20 : x = 4
Th :
(x v tr s 5)
x = 20 : 4
x=5
Nu : 20 : 5 = x
Th :
(x v tr s 4)
x = 20 : 5
x=4
Trang 25
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
4x + 15 : 3 = 21
4x + 15 = 21 . 3
(sai)
4x + 15 = 63
4x = 63 15
4x = 48
x = 48 : 4
x = 12
Do cc em nhm ln (4x + 15) l s b chia, 3 l s chia nn gii sai.
C 2 cch khc phc :
Cch 1 : Cho hc sinh th li :
4 . 12 + 15 : 3 = 21
48 + 5 = 21
53 = 21 (v l)
V cho cc em gii li cho ng.
Cch 2 : Gio vin cho hai bi :
4x + 15 : 3 = 21
(4x + 15) : 3 = 21
(4x + 15) : 3 = 21
4x + 15 = 21 . 3
4x + 15 = 7
4x = 7 15
4x = 8
x = ( 8) : 4
x=2
Trang 26
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
x5 khc x . 5
V d :
23 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8
2.3=6
45 = 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 256
4 . 5 = 20
x5 = 3125
2x = 25
x5 = 55
x=5
x=5
Trang 27
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
3 y 36
= =
x 3
84
Sau khi tm c : x = 7 v y = 15
Cho cc em thay 7 v 15 vo v tr x, y u bi v kim tra bng
my tnh xem 3 phn s c bng nhau khng.
Ngoi ra ti cn hng dn cc em i t phn s ra hn s, ri ra s
thp phn rt tin li.
Nhng lc nh th ny ti thy cc em rt thch th, nht l sau khi
kim tra bng my tnh thy kt qu trng khp vi bi lm ca mnh.
Trang 28
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
C. KT LUN
C.1) NHN NH KT QU
Nh thc hin nh trn m sau nhiu nm dy ton lp 6, i vi dng
ton Tm x (cng chnh l phng trnh bc nht cc lp trn), cc em hc
sinh khng cn thy s khi gii chng.
Kt qu cc bi thi, cc bi ton Tm x cc em t im rt cao.
Cc em bit trnh by chnh xc, cht ch v r rng hn.
i vi hc sinh kh gii cc em c th gii c nhng bi ton Tm
x phc tp v kh i vi lp 6.
i vi hc sinh trung bnh yu cc em c th gii c cc bi ton
Tm x c bn. y l ngun ng vin to ln i vi ti, v ti thy rt
hnh phc. Hnh phc v mnh c lm gio vin, c ng trn bc ging,
c dych cho cc em tng bc, tng bc hc ht chng trnh ton lp
6 mt cch vng vng.
Sau khi p dng cc bin php trn, bi ton Tm x cc bi kim
tra, bi thi hc k ti v cc em hc sinh gt hi c kt qu rt cao:
- Loi gii t : 52%
- Loi kh t : 28%
- Loi trung bnh t : 20%
- Loi yu : 0%
C.2) BI HC KINH NGHIM BN THN
Sau khi p dng phng php ny ti rt ra c mt s kinh nghim
cho bn thn :
1. Phi lun tm hiu k cc em hc sinh khi gii bi ton Tm x tht
s a s cc em gp kh khn ch no. T , gip cc em tng bc gii
quyt kh khn, cui cng gii c bi ton Tm x.
Trang 29
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 30
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
2. i vi ph huynh hc sinh
C gng to iu kin hc tp tt nht cho con em mnh nh, nn
mua cho mi em mt ci my tnh b ti, kim tra v hc hng ngy ca cc
em, nhc nh cc em lm bi tp v nh y , theo di vic i hc u n
ca con em mnh.
3. i vi nh trng
a) Th vin
B sung thm sch tham kho v mn ton lp 6, sch bi tp trc
nghim, s tay ton hc
b) Thit b
Nn mua thm my tnh CASIO fx- 570 MS sao cho nhng hc sinh
kh khn khng mua c my, c to iu kin mn my hc.
Qua qu trnh dy cc em ti thy cc em c my tnh hc thun li
hn cc em khng c my tnh rt nhiu.
4. i vi ngnh
ng vin gio vin hng ng li ku gi ca B trng BGD
Nguyn Thin Nhn Gim bnh thnh tch trong hc ng.
Hy cho cc em hc sinh c quyn hc li nhng kin thc m
mnh cha nm vng, tc l hc yu th phi li lp, hc tip thu kin
thc ch khng phi hc ln lp. (V c em ln lp 6 ri m cha thuc
c bn cu chng, cha c tri chy mt ton, cha chia c cho
mt s c ba ch s, )
V v i vi c th ca mn ton, nm nay cc em cha nm vng
kin thc c bn, th nm sau (v c th vi nm sau na) cc em s kh m
hc v tip thu tt c cc kin thc v cng rng ln v quan trong ca
ton hc.
Trang 31
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
C.4) KT LUN
- Nh ni trn, dng ton Tm x lp 6 s l dng ton gii
phng trnh sau ny khi hc cc lp trn.
Nu lp 6 cc em c hng dn v c rn luyn tht vng v
gii thnh tho bi ton Tm x th sau ny cc em s t c im rt cao
cc bi gii phng trnh.
Do , khng nn xem nh vic gii cc bi ton Tm x tri li cn
coi chng l nhng vin gch xy p cho hc sinh kh nng gii phng
trnh sau ny.
Trn y l mt vi kinh nghim ca bn thn ti trong vic ging dy
b mn ton lp 6 trong thi gian qua.
Rt mong s gp ca lnh o v ng nghip.
V xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c c ti liu v ng gp
kin cho ti.
Ph Li, ngy 15 thng 01 nm 2011
Ngi vit
Trang 32
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
MT S HNH NH CA HC SINH LP 6
Trang 33
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 34
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
Trang 35
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
A. T VN ..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
B. NI DUNG...................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
I. C S V GII HN TI..............................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
1. C s l lun............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2. C s thc t............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
3. Gii hn ti.........................................................................................
II. CC VN CN GII QUYT .........................................................
1. Nhc li cc bi ton tm x n gin ...................................................
2. Phn tch cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton Tm x n gin .............
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang
Trang 36
Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6
C. KT LUN.......................................................................................
C1. NHN NH KT QU......................................................................
C2. BI HC KINH NGHIM BN THN...........................................
C3. KIN XUT...............................................................................
C4. KT LUN...........................................................................................
Trang 37