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Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

A. T VN
Lch s chng minh, gio dc lun l quc sch. Quc gia no
quan tm n gio dc, a gio dc ln hng u th quc gia pht trin
rt mnh. Do , ngay t khi ginh c ch quyn, ng, nh nc v ton
dn ta rt quan tm n s nghip gio dc, quan tm n vic o to ngun
nhn lc cho t nc v v th v tr ca ngi thy trong x hi ngy cng
c nng cao.
L mt gio vin, lm trong ngnh gio dc, trc tip ging dy, trc
tip truyn t kin thc cho cc em hc sinh, ti lun thy trch nghim cao
c v nng n ca mnh l phi lm sao thc hin nhiu bin php nng cao
cht lng ging dy, cht lng hc tp cao nht cho hc sinh, gp phn nh
b vo s nghip gio dc ca t nc.
Qua nhiu nm ging dy mn Ton lp 6, ti nhn thy cc em hc
sinh t lp 5 ln khi gii bi ton Tm x lp 6 cc em gp rt nhiu kh
khn, thng mc phi rt nhiu sai st khng ng c, cc em ngi gii bi
ton dng ny,... V th, gip cc em hc sinh gii quyt nhng kh khn,
trnh sai st, to hng th hc tp cho cc em khi gii bi ton Tm x, ti
chn ti: Gip hc sinh hc tt ton Tm x lp 6. T , nng cao
cht lng dy hc v cht lng b mn ton lp 6.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 1

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

B. NI DUNG
I. C S V GII HN CA TI

1. C s l lun :
- Trc khi hc tng minh v phng trnh v bt phng trnh, hc
sinh c lm quen mt cch n tng v phng trnh v bt phng
trnh dng ton Tm s cha bit trong mt ng thc, m thng thng
l cc bi ton Tm x.
- Cc bi ton Tm x lp 6, lp 7 v bc tiu hc l c s hc
sinh dn dn hc tt phng trnh v bt phng trnh lp 8.
- ng thi gip cc em lm quen v rn luyn cch gii phng trnh
thng qua cc bi ton Tm x.
- L thuyt phng trnh khng ch l c s xy dng i s hc m
cn gi vai tr quan trng trong cc b mn khc ca ton hc. Ngi ta
nghin cu khng ch nhng phng trnh i s m cn c nhng phng
trnh vi phn, phng trnh tch phn, phng trnh ton l, phng trnh
hm,
- Phng trnh v bt phng trnh chim mt v tr quan trng trong
chng trnh ton hc trng ph thng. Trnh by l thuyt phng trnh
v bt phng trnh mt cch hp l cng l mt yu cu ca ci cch gio
dc.
2. C s thc t
lp 6, phn s hc, trong tt c cc chng I, II, III, cc em hc sinh
thng xuyn gp cc bi ton Tm x t mc d n kh, t n gin
n phc tp v khng t hc sinh gp kh khn trong vic gii cc bi
ton loi ny.
bc tiu hc cc em hc sinh c lm quen vi cc bi ton Tm
x dng n gin.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 2

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Ln lp 6 cc em gp li loi ton ny ngay t Chng I v xuyn sut


ht c nm hc. Cc bi kim tra v thi v s hc lun lun c bi ton
Tm x. i vi bi ton Tm x, dng n gin, a s cc em hc sinh
u lm c, k c hc sinh trung bnh yu. Nhng dng phc tp v di
dng hn th cc em bt u gp kh khn.
Bng nhng kinh nghim rt ra t bn thn qua nhiu nm dy ton lp
6, ti mun gip cc em hc sinh gii quyt nhng kh khn gp phi khi gii
cc bi ton Tm x, t kt qu cao nht trong hc tp.
Qua thc t nhiu nm, u nm hc lp 6, khi cha c gio vin
gip , cc bi ton Tm x cc bi kim tra ca cc em hc sinh kt qu
t c rt thp. C th :
- Loi gii : 2%
- Loi kh : 10%
- Loi trung bnh : 35%
- Loi yu : 43%
- Loi km : 10%
3. Gii hn ti :
1) Nhc li cc bi ton Tm x n gin.
2) Phn tch cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton Tm x n gin.
3) Phn tch cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton Tm x phc tp.
4) Phn tch tng bc lm mi bi ton Tm x.
5) Vn dng cc quy tc, nh ngha gii bi ton Tm x .
6) Tm nhiu li gii cho mt bi ton Tm x.
7) Hng dn trnh by v lun ch sa sai cho hc sinh trong tng
bi tp.
8) Kim tra kt qu bi lm bng my tnh CASIO fx 500MS.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 3

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

II. CC VN CN GII QUYT

1. Nhc li cc bi ton Tm x n gin


1.1) Tm s hng cha bit trong mt tng:
- Mun tm s hng cha bit trong mt tng, ta ly tng tr i s
hng bit.
V d : Tm x, bit :
x+3=5
th :

x = 5 3 (x l s hng cha bit (SHCB), 5 l tng (T), 3 l


s hng bit ( SHB) )

1.2) Tm s b tr, s tr, hiu trong mt hiu


- Mun tm s b tr, ta ly hiu cng vi s tr
V d : Tm x, bit :
x 7 = 13
th :

x = 13 + 7

( x l s b tr ( SBT ), 13 l hiu
( H ), 7 l s tr ( ST ) ).

- Mun tm s tr, ta ly s b tr tr i hiu


V d : Tm x, bit :
20 x = 13
th :

x = 20 13 ( x l ST, 20 l SBT, 13 l H )

- Mun tm hiu, ta ly s b tr tr i s trhiu


V d : Tm x, bit :
20 7 = x
th :

x = 20 7 ( x l H, 20 l SBT, 7 l ST )

1.3) Tm tha s cha bit trong mt tch


- Mun tm tha s cha bit, ta ly tch chia cho tha s bit
V d : Tm x, bit :
2 . x = 10
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 4

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

th :

x = 10 : 2 ( x l tha s cha bit (TSCB), 10 l tch


(T), 2 l tha s bit (TSB) )

1.4) Tm s b chia, s chia, thng trong php chia:


- Mun tm s b chia, ta ly thng nhn vi s chia.
V d : Tm x, bit :
x : 5 = 30
th :

x = 30 . 5 (x l s b chia (SBC), 30 l thng (Th), 5


l s chia (SC) )

- Mun tm s chia, ta ly s b chia chia cho thng


V d : Tm x, bit :
150 : x = 30
th :

x = 150 : 30 (x l SC, 150 l SBC, 30 l Th )

- Mun tm thng, ta ly s b chia chia cho s chia


V d : Tm x, bit :
150 : 5 = x
th :

x = 150 : 5 (x l Th, 150 l SBC, 5 l SC )

2. Phn tch cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton Tm x n gin


Ngay t u nm hc lp 6, ti lun tp cho hc sinh c thi quen i
vi mi bi ton Tm x n gin cc em phi phn tch cc thnh phn v
mi quan h gia chng trong bi ton . Ta xt cc v d di y :
V d : Tm x N, bit :
x+3=5
th :

x l SHCB
3 l
5 l

SHB
T

x3=5
th :

x l SBT
3 l

ST

5 l

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 5

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

8x=5
th :

8 l SBT
x l ST
5 l H

83=x
th :

8 l SBT
3 l ST
x l H

x.3=6
th :

x l TSCB
3 l TSB
6 l T

x:3=6
th :

x l SBC
3 l SC
6 l Th

6:x=3
th :

6 l SBC
x l SC
3 l Th

6:3=x
th :

6 l SBC
3 l SC
x l Th

3. Phn tch cc thnh phn trong bi ton Tm x phc tp


Khi cc em phn tch thnh tho cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton
Tm x n gin v xt tt cc mi quan h gia chng, th ti cho cc em

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 6

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

bt u tp phn tch cc thnh phn v mi quan h gia chng nhng bi


ton Tm x phc tp hn.
V d : Tm x N, bit :
541 + (218 x )= 735
bi ny cc em thng hay nhm ln x l s tr trong c bi ton, v
hay trnh by nh th ny :
541 + (218 x) = 735
x = 735 541
Cho nn ti phi hng dn cho cc em hy phn tch t t, bi ton
Tm x th x lun lun l s cha bit, ko theo (218 - x) l s hng cha
bit, 541 l s hng bit, 735 l tng. Do , ta c :
541 + (218 x) = 735
SHB + SHCB = Tng

M : SHCB = Tng SHB


T ta gii nh sau :
541 + (218 x) = 735
218 x = 735 541
218 x = 194
n y ta tr v bi ton Tm x n gin, x l s tr cha bit, gii
nh trn.
Cho bi ton:
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
i vi bi ny, rt nhiu hc sinh gp kh khn, cc em khng bit bt
u t u. Ti li hng dn cho cc em hy bt u t s x.
V x cha bit => (10 x) cha bit => (10 x) . 2 cha bit
=> [(10 x) . 2 + 5] cha bit => [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 cng cha bit.
n y ta xt php tr ngoi du ngoc :
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 l SBT cha bit
2 l ST bit
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 7

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

3 l H bit
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
SBT

M :

ST = H

SBT = H + ST

Ta c :
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 3 + 2
SBT

= H +ST

[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
n y ta li phn tch tip :
[(10 - x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
SBC

: SC = Th)

M: SBC = Th . SC

Ta c : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 5 . 3
SBC

= T . SC

(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
Tip tc phn tch, ta c :
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
SHCB + SHB = T

M : SHCB = T SHB
Do , ta c :
(10 x) . 2 = 15 5
SHCB

= T SHB

(10 x) . 2 = 10
v :

(10 x) . 2 = 10
TSCB . TSB = Tch

M : TSCB = Tch : TSB


Vy : 10 x = 10 : 2
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 8

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

TSCB =

T : TSB

10 x = 5
v :

10 x = 5
SBT ST = H

m : ST = SBT H
vy : x = 10 5
ST= SBT H
x=5
* Ngoi ra cc em c th tng bc a bi ton phc tp v bi ton
n gin hn.
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
t : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = X
Ta c bi ton :
X2=3
X=3+2
Do : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 3 + 2
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
t tip : [(10 x) . 2 + 5] = Y
Ta c: Y : 3 = 5
Y=5.3
Nn : (10 x) . 2 + 5 = 5 . 3
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
Tip tc : (10 x) . 2 = Z
Ta c: Z + 5 = 15
Z = 15 5
Nn : (10 x) . 2 = 15 5
(10 x) . 2 = 10
t :

10 x = T
Ta c : T . 2 = 10

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 9

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

T = 10 : 2
Nn :

10 x = 10 : 2
10 x = 5 (y l bi ton n gin) ( gii nh trn )

Cui cng cc em t trnh by bi gii hon chnh :


[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 2 = 3
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 3 + 2
[(10 x) . 2 + 5] : 3 = 5
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 5 . 3
(10 x) . 2 + 5 = 15
(10 x) . 2 = 15 5
(10 x) . 2 = 10
10 x = 10 : 2
10 x = 5
x = 10 5
x=5
4. Phn tch tng bc lm mi bi ton Tm x
- Ti thng tp cho cc em c thi quen trc v sau khi gii xong
mt bi ton Tm x u phi phn tch k mi dng, mi bc gii ta
lm g ? thc hin nh vy ng cha ?
C th :
V d 1 : Tm x N, bit :
[(8x 14) : 2 2] . 31 = 341
(8x 14) : 2 2 = 341 : 31

(TSCB = Tch : TSB)

(8x 14) : 2 2 = 11

(Tnh kt qu VP)

(8x 14) : 2 = 11 + 2

(SBT = Hiu + ST)

(8x 14) : 2 = 13

(Tnh VP)

8x 14 = 13 . 2

(SBC = Thng x SC)

8x 14 = 26

(Tnh VP)

8x = 26 + 14
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

(SBT = Hiu + ST)


Trang 10

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

8x = 40

(Tnh VP)

x = 40 : 8

(TSCB = Tch : TSB)

x=5

(Kt qu)

- Cc em thng phi t tr li cc cu hi :
+ T dng 1 qua dng 2 ta lm g ?
+ T dng 2 qua dng 3 ta lm g ?
C nh th cho n kt qu cui cng.
V d 2 : Tm x Z, bit :
4 (27 3) = x (13 4)
4 24 = x 9

(Tnh gi tr trong ngoc ca VT v VP)

20 = x 9

(Tnh VT)

x 9 = 20

(p dng: a = b => b = a)

x = 20 + 9 (p dng tm s b tr)
x = 11

(Kt qu)

V d 3 : Tm x Z, bit :
2x 35 = 15
2x = 15 + 35

(p dng tm s b tr)

2x = 50

(Tnh VP)

x = 50 : 2

(p dng tm tha s cha bit)

x = 25

(Kt qu)

5. Vn dng cc quy tc, nh ngha gii bi ton Tm x


5.1) Vn dng quy tc chuyn v
C nhng bi ton Tm x nu s dng quy tc chuyn v gii th
vic gii ton s n gin hn cch a v bi ton c bn rt nhiu, k c
vic trnh by.
V d : x 8 = 10 2x
Nu gii bng cch a v bi ton c bn cc em s lng tng khng
bit chn php tr no gii quyt trc.
Cc em c th chuyn tng v
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 11

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

hoc chuyn mt lc c 2 v t VT sang VP v t VP sang VT.


C th :
( Hc sinh phi nh v vn dng tt quy tc chuyn v)
x 8 = 10 2x
x + 2x = 10 + 8 (chuyn 8 sang VP v 2x sang VT)
x ( 1 + 2 ) = 18

( p dng t/c phn phi ca PN i vi PC


VT v tnh VP )

x.3 = 18

(tnh gi tr trong ngoc VT )

x = 18 : 3 (tm TSCB x)
x=6

( kt qu )

5.2) Vn dng nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ca mt s nguyn a


mc lp 6, cc em ch lm quen vi gi tr tuyt i ca mt
s nguyn a dng c th, nn bi ton Tm x c cha gi tr tuyt i cng
mc n gin.
Phng php chung l nn a v bi ton c bn :
|x|=a
x = a hoc x = a
V d : Tm x :
|x + 2| = 5
Gio vin t cu hi gi tr tuyt i ca my th bng 5 v gi
cho hc sinh t x + 2 = X th ta c bi ton :
|X| = 5 (y l bi ton c bn)
X = 5, X = 5
Vi X = 5, ta c :
x+2=5
x=52
x=3
Vi X = 5, ta c :
x+2=5
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 12

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

x=52
x=7
Vy : x = 3; x = 7
5.3) Vn dng nh ngha hai phn s bng nhau
Ta c :
Hai phn s

a
c
v gi l bng nhau nu a.d = b.c
b
d

V d : Tm x, y bit :
3 y 36
=
=
x 35
84

i vi bi ny cc em c th vn dng nh ngha hai phn s bng


nhau gii.
Trc ht cn rt gn phn s

36
84

3
3 y 36
Ta c : = =
= 7
x 35
84

=>

3 y 3
=
=
x 35
7

=>

3 3
y 3
=
v
=
x 7
35 7

Gio vin cn gi
Nn a v dng :

a c
= => ad = bc
b d

Tch ring tm x, tm y :
C th :
Ta c :

3 3
=
x
7

3 . 7 = x . ( 3)
21 = x . ( 3)
x . ( 3) = 21

(v a = b th b = a)

x = 21 : ( 3)
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 13

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

x=7
Hoc c th gii nh th ny :
3
3
=
x
7

=>

3
3
=
x
7

=>

x = 7
y 3
=
35
7

V :

y . 7 = 5 . ( 3)
y . 7 = 105
y = ( 105) : 7
y = 15
Hoc gii bng cch khc :
y
3
=
35
7

=>

y
15
=
35
35

=>

y = 15

Vy : x = 7, y = 15
5.4) Vn dng nh ngha ly tha bc n ca a, hai ly tha bng
nhau
i vi cc bi ton Tm x c cha ly tha th cc em hc sinh lp 6
thng thy kh khn, do ti lun nhc li cho cc em nh nh ngha ly
tha bc n ca a.
an = a . a .. a
n tha s a
v :am = an => m = n
V d : 25 = 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 = 32
V
=>

3x = 35
x = 5

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 14

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Ta xt cc v d c th sau :
V d : Tm x N, bit :

2x = 8

Cch 1 : Theo nh ngha ta c :


23 = 2.2.2 = 8
Ta c : 2x = 8
M : 23 = 8
Vy : x = 3
Ta c : 8 = 23

Cch 2 :

Nn 23 = 8
2x = 23
x = 3 (cch ny thng c cc em s dng)
(PP : a v hai ly tha bng nhau, c c s bng nhau, suy ra s m
bng nhau)

2x : 2 = 16
2x = 16 . 2
2x = 32
2x = 25
x=5

x4 = 625

y ta phi vit 625 di dng mt ly tha c s m bng 4


x4 = 54
x=5

2 x 5 = 16

Ta phi vit 16 di dng mt ly tha c c s l 2


2 x 5 = 24
x5=4
x=4+5
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 15

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

x=9

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 16

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

6. Tm nhiu cch gii cho mt bi ton Tm x


Khi dy ton cho cc em, ti lun khuyn khch cc em sau khi gii
xong mt bi ton cc em phi lun t t ra cu hi nh : Cn cch gii no
na khng ? Bi ny c my cch gii ? Cch gii no hay nht ?
Ta xt cc v d sau y :
6.1) Tm x Z, bit :
20 = x 9
- Cch 1 : 20 = x 9
x 9 = 20

(a = b => b = a)

x = 20 + 9
x = 11
- Cch 2 : 20 = x 9
20 + 9 = x
11 = x
x = 11

(Chuyn - 9 sang VP)


(Tnh VT)
(a = b => b = a)

- Cch 3 : 20 = x 9
x = 9 + 20

(Chuyn x sang VT, - 20 sang VP)

x = 11
x = 11
- Cch 4 : 20 = x 9
9 11 = x 9
11 = x
x = 11

( 20 = 9 11)
(a + c = b + c => a = b)
(a = b => b = a)

- Sau gi cho cc em tm ra cch no hay nht v sng to


nht
6.2) Tm x Z, bit :
15 (x 7) = 21
- Cch 1 : B du ngoc ng trc c du tr :
15 x + 7 = 21
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 17

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

- Cch 2 : Xem (x 7) l s tr :
x 7 = 15 ( 21)
6.3) Tm x Z, bit :
15 x + 7 = 21
- Cch 1 : (15 7) x = 12 (giao hon, kt hp)
22 x = 21
- Cch 2:

x = 21 15 7 (chuyn 15 v 17 sang VP)

6.4) Tm x, bit :
2

3
.x=1
4

- Cch 1 : x = 1 : 2

3
4

x=1:

11
4

x=1.

4
11

x=

(TSCB =Tch : TSB)

4
11

3
4

- Cch 2 : 2 . x = 1
11
.x=1
4

x=

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

4
11

(Tch ca hai s nghch o bng 1)

Trang 18

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Hc sinh lp 6 ang gii bi ton Tm x


7. Hng dn trnh by v lun ch sa sai cho hc sinh trong tng bi
tp
Ti thng tp cho cc em thi quen sa ngay nhng sai lm ph bin
v cch trnh by bi gii khng chnh xc ca cc em hc sinh. Ngay t lp
6, nu khng c sa sai kp thi, sau ny ln lp trn cc em s rt kh
khc phc.
Ti xin a ra y vi sai lm m cc em lp 6 thng mc phi.
(khng nhng s hc m k c hnh hc).
7.1) Trnh by bi gii
Ti c bit ch trong cc li trnh by ca cc em hc sinh.
V d : gii bi ton : Tm x bit
541 + (2518 x) = 735
C em trnh by nh th ny
5411 + (2518 x) = 735 = 735 541 = 194
(li ny rt nhiu em mc phi)

Hoc cho bi ton tm x :


GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 19

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

2 (x + 2) = 24 : 6 + 5
C em trnh by nh th ny :
2 (x + 2) = 2x + 4 = 24 : 6 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
i vi li ny ti thng ch ngay cho cc em thy bt thng trong
cch trnh by. C th theo v d trn th ta c : 735 = 194 (iu ny khng
th).
Cn v d di ti thng nhc cc em khng nn vit nh vy m
nn vit tch thnh tng dng.
2(x + 2) = 24 : 6 + 5
2x + 4 = 4 + 5
2x + 4 = 9

Ngoi ra ti c gng gi cc em nn trnh by bi ton Tm x sao


cho cc du = ca tng dng c thng hng t trn xung di
th bi gii s r rng v c thm m hn.
Hoc bi ton c cha phn s, c em thng vit sai l :
1x = 3
. 4
2
i vi ti sai lm ny khng th chp nhn c m phi vit l :
1
3
x = (sao cho : ch x; du =, gch phn s phi thng
2
4

hng; u gch phn s phi v tr ngang gia du =)


Hoc khi vit hn s c em vit nh th ny :
1

2
( sai )
3

Vit li :
1

2
(s 1 cng dng vi gch phn s)
3

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 20

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Hoc khi gii ton c du gi tr tuyt i c em trnh by nh th


ny
|x| = 2
x=2=2;
hoc : x = 2 v 2
Vit nh vy l sai, phi sa li l :
x = 2 hoc x = 2
* Hoc khi vit du ngoc cc em vit rt ty tin
V d : (10 x) . 2 = 10
(10 x) = 10 : 2

(1)
(2) (sai)

Do cc em khng hiu k khi no dng du ngoc, khi no khng


Ti gi : du ngoc dng 1 dng lm g ? ( cho ta bit php
tr lm trc, php nhn lm sau)
Vy : du ngoc dng 2 dng lm g ? (khng lm g c)
Do du ngoc dng 2 khng cn thit, ngha l d.
Dng hai vit ng l :
10 x = 10 : 2
7.2) Mt s sai lm cc em thng mc phi khi gii ton Tm x
V d :

x 11 73
+
=
3 18 24

C em trnh by nh sau :
x 11 73
+
=
3 18 24
x 73 11
=

3 24 18
x 73 33
=

3 24 24
x 40
=
3 24

(n y cc em xem l bi gii xong)


GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 21

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

i vi sai lm ny ti thng nhc cc em : y bi ton yu cu ta


tm x bng bao nhiu ch khng phi l tm

x
bng bao nhiu.
3

Do cc em cn gii tip :
x 40
=
(trc ht phi rt gn phn s)
3 24
x 5
=
3 3

x=5
Hoc cho bi ton : Tm x :
x + | 2| = 0
C em lm nh sau :
x + | 2| = 0
x = | 2| (xong, khng lm na)
y ti gii thch : cc em xem gi tr tuyt i ca 1 s c th nh l
1 php tnh, tnh c.
Ta phi tnh | 2| trc
C th :
x + | 2| = 0
x+2=0
x=02
x=2
Hoc cc em thng vit du = trc mi dng ca php tnh, v
vit du ngoc khng cn thit:
V d : Tm x :
(2,8x 32) :

2
= 90
3

= (2,8x 32) = ( 90) .

2
3

(du ngoc ca v tri khng cn thit, v du = ng trc sai)


GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 22

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

= 2,8x 32 = 60
=

2,8x = 60 + 32

2,8x = 28

x = ( 28) : 2,8

x = 10

y cc em b ln ln vi dng ton tnh gi tr biu thc.


Ti thng nhn mnh cc em vit nh vy l sai.
Cc em thng mc sai lm nh sau :
x . 31 = 341
x = 341 . 31
hoc

x = 341 31

Nguyn nhn sai lm :


Do cc em cha nm vng cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong
cc php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia.
Bin php khc phc :
Gio vin nhc li kin thc v cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn
trong cc php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia. ( ni phn u)
7.3) Ngoi ra d nh cc em c th vn dng nh sau
i vi php cng
Cho ng thc :
2+3=5
Ta c :

2= 5 3
3=52
5=3+2

Thay i v tr ca x trong ng thc


Nu : x + 3 = 5
Th :

(x v tr ca s 2)

x= 5 3
x=2

Nu : 2 + x = 5
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

(x v tr s 3)
Trang 23

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Th :

x=52
x=3

Nu : 2 + 3 = x
Th :

(x v tr s 5)

x=3+2
x=5

i vi php tr
Cho ng thc :
10 7 = 3
th :

10= 3 + 7
7 = 10 3
3= 10 7

Thay i v tr ca x trong ng thc


Nu : x 7 = 3
Th :

(x v tr ca s 10)

x=3+7
x = 10

Nu : 10 x = 3
Th :

(x v tr ca s 7)

x = 10 3
x=7

Nu : 10 7 = x
Th :

(x v tr ca s 3)

x = 10 7
x=3

i vi php nhn
Cho ng thc :
3 . 4 = 12
Th:

3= 12 : 4
4= 12 : 3
12= 3 . 4

Thay i v tr ca x trong ng thc


Nu : x . 4 = 12
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

(x v tr ca s 3)
Trang 24

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Th :

x = 12 : 4
x=3

Nu : 3 . x = 12
Th :

(x v tr s 4)

x = 12 : 3
x=4

Nu : 3 . 4 = x
Th :

(x v tr s 12)

x=3.4
x = 12

Tr v v d lc ny :

Th li ta c :

x . 31 = 341

11 . 31 = 341 (ng)

Th : x = 341 : 31

(x v tr s 11)

x = 11
i vi php chia
Cho ng thc :
20 : 5 = 4
Th:

5 = 20 : 4
20 = 4 . 5
4 = 20 : 5

Thay i v tr ca x trong ng thc :


Nu : x : 5 = 4
Th :

(x v tr ca s 20)

x=4.5
x = 20

Nu : 20 : x = 4
Th :

(x v tr s 5)

x = 20 : 4
x=5

Nu : 20 : 5 = x
Th :

(x v tr s 4)

x = 20 : 5
x=4

7.4) Hc sinh thng mc sai lm khi gii bi ton Tm x sau :


GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 25

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

4x + 15 : 3 = 21
4x + 15 = 21 . 3

(sai)

4x + 15 = 63
4x = 63 15
4x = 48
x = 48 : 4
x = 12
Do cc em nhm ln (4x + 15) l s b chia, 3 l s chia nn gii sai.
C 2 cch khc phc :
Cch 1 : Cho hc sinh th li :
4 . 12 + 15 : 3 = 21
48 + 5 = 21
53 = 21 (v l)
V cho cc em gii li cho ng.
Cch 2 : Gio vin cho hai bi :
4x + 15 : 3 = 21

(4x + 15) : 3 = 21

V cho cc em t tm ra s khc nhau gia hai bi, bi bn tri


php chia thc hin trc, php cng thc hin sau, bi bn phi php
cng thc hin trc, php chia thc hin sau :
Gii ng l :
4x + 15 : 3 = 21
4x + 5 = 21
4x = 21 5
4x = 16
x = 16 : 4
x=4

(4x + 15) : 3 = 21
4x + 15 = 21 . 3
4x + 15 = 7
4x = 7 15
4x = 8
x = ( 8) : 4
x=2

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 26

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

T cho hc sinh thy c s khc nhau gia hai bi dn n hai


kt qu khc nhau v thy c sai lm ca mnh rt kinh nghim cho
nhng bi sau.
7.5) i vi bi ton Tm x c cha ly tha, cc em thng sai lm
nh sau :
2x = 32
x = 32 : 2
x = 16
hoc : x5 = 3125
x = 3125 : 5
x = 25
Nguyn nhn l do cc em cha nm chc nh ngha ly tha bc n
ca a v nhm ln 2x vi 2 . x; x5 vi x . 5

Cch khc phc :


Gio vin nhc li : an = a . a .. a
n tha s a
v cho v d c th hc sinh thy
2x khc 2 . x ;

x5 khc x . 5

V d :
23 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8

2.3=6

45 = 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 256

4 . 5 = 20

T a ra cch gii ng cho hai v d trn l :


2x = 32

x5 = 3125

2x = 25

x5 = 55

x=5

x=5

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 27

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

8. Kim tra kt qu bi lm bng my tnh CASIO fx 500MS


i vi hc sinh lp 6 ti thng khuyn khch cc em nn s dng
my tnh b ti kim tra li kt qu bi lm, v my tnh gip ta kim tra li
kt qu bi lm rt nhanh (nht l nhng bi ton phc tp).
V d : Ly v d trn
[(10 x) . 2 + 51] : 3 2 = 3
Cc em tm c : x = 28
Kim tra li gi tr tm c ca x
Ti ch cho cc em ly s 28 thay vo v tr ca x u bi v s dng
my tnh tnh xem 2 v c bng nhau khng.
- C 2 cch bm my :
+ Tun t bm du ngoc v php tnh y nh bi ( VT)
+ Thay x = 28, ta tnh 10 28, ri nhn vi 2, cng vi 51, ri chia 3,
xong tr i 2 xem c bng 3 khng.
Hoc bi :

3 y 36
= =
x 3
84

Sau khi tm c : x = 7 v y = 15
Cho cc em thay 7 v 15 vo v tr x, y u bi v kim tra bng
my tnh xem 3 phn s c bng nhau khng.
Ngoi ra ti cn hng dn cc em i t phn s ra hn s, ri ra s
thp phn rt tin li.
Nhng lc nh th ny ti thy cc em rt thch th, nht l sau khi
kim tra bng my tnh thy kt qu trng khp vi bi lm ca mnh.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 28

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

C. KT LUN
C.1) NHN NH KT QU
Nh thc hin nh trn m sau nhiu nm dy ton lp 6, i vi dng
ton Tm x (cng chnh l phng trnh bc nht cc lp trn), cc em hc
sinh khng cn thy s khi gii chng.
Kt qu cc bi thi, cc bi ton Tm x cc em t im rt cao.
Cc em bit trnh by chnh xc, cht ch v r rng hn.
i vi hc sinh kh gii cc em c th gii c nhng bi ton Tm
x phc tp v kh i vi lp 6.
i vi hc sinh trung bnh yu cc em c th gii c cc bi ton
Tm x c bn. y l ngun ng vin to ln i vi ti, v ti thy rt
hnh phc. Hnh phc v mnh c lm gio vin, c ng trn bc ging,
c dych cho cc em tng bc, tng bc hc ht chng trnh ton lp
6 mt cch vng vng.
Sau khi p dng cc bin php trn, bi ton Tm x cc bi kim
tra, bi thi hc k ti v cc em hc sinh gt hi c kt qu rt cao:
- Loi gii t : 52%
- Loi kh t : 28%
- Loi trung bnh t : 20%
- Loi yu : 0%
C.2) BI HC KINH NGHIM BN THN
Sau khi p dng phng php ny ti rt ra c mt s kinh nghim
cho bn thn :
1. Phi lun tm hiu k cc em hc sinh khi gii bi ton Tm x tht
s a s cc em gp kh khn ch no. T , gip cc em tng bc gii
quyt kh khn, cui cng gii c bi ton Tm x.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 29

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

2. i vi hc sinh lp 6, cc em mi bc ra t bc tiu hc, cn


nhiu thi quen ca hc sinh cp I nh : Vit chm, trnh by bi gii cha
hay, thch chm im trong v bi tp, thch hc mn ca c ch nhim, quen
hc theo kiu c chp
Cho nn ti phi t t gip cc em phi lm quen dn vi phng php
hc cp II nh : Nghe ging bi t rt ra v ghi vo v nhng chnh ca
mnh, tp vit nhanh, hng hi pht biu kin sau gio vin cho im ti
ch v thng bo im ngay cho cc em, gy s hng th hc ton cho cc
em, v mi bi gii ti u nhn mnh phn trnh by nh th no cho chnh
xc
3. i vi bi ton Tm x ngay t bi u tin ti phi gy s ch
cho hc sinh bng nhng bi ton trc nghim l th, nhng v d d lm cho
hc sinh trung bnh yu, nhng v d to tnh hung c vn cho hc sinh
kh gii,
ng thi ch dn dt hc sinh gii t dng ton c bn n phc
tp, sa ngay nhng sai lm ca hc sinh, cho cc em lm nhiu dng bi tp
Tm x.
C.3) KIN XUT
1. i vi hc sinh
Ngay t bc tiu hc, cc em phi c gng hc cho vng cc kin thc
c bn ca ton hc, c bit l cc bi ton c dng Tm s a bit .
V cc em cng c gng rn ch sao cho vit c nhanh nhng r v
p (iu ny i hi cc em phi rn luyn nhiu nh) tranh th thi
gian nghe thy c ging bi.
V i vi nhng em hc sinh hc vng kin thc c bn ca mn
ton bc tiu hc th ln lp 6 cc em hc v tip thu mn ton kh d dng,
c bit l ton Tm x.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 30

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

2. i vi ph huynh hc sinh
C gng to iu kin hc tp tt nht cho con em mnh nh, nn
mua cho mi em mt ci my tnh b ti, kim tra v hc hng ngy ca cc
em, nhc nh cc em lm bi tp v nh y , theo di vic i hc u n
ca con em mnh.
3. i vi nh trng
a) Th vin
B sung thm sch tham kho v mn ton lp 6, sch bi tp trc
nghim, s tay ton hc
b) Thit b
Nn mua thm my tnh CASIO fx- 570 MS sao cho nhng hc sinh
kh khn khng mua c my, c to iu kin mn my hc.
Qua qu trnh dy cc em ti thy cc em c my tnh hc thun li
hn cc em khng c my tnh rt nhiu.
4. i vi ngnh
ng vin gio vin hng ng li ku gi ca B trng BGD
Nguyn Thin Nhn Gim bnh thnh tch trong hc ng.
Hy cho cc em hc sinh c quyn hc li nhng kin thc m
mnh cha nm vng, tc l hc yu th phi li lp, hc tip thu kin
thc ch khng phi hc ln lp. (V c em ln lp 6 ri m cha thuc
c bn cu chng, cha c tri chy mt ton, cha chia c cho
mt s c ba ch s, )
V v i vi c th ca mn ton, nm nay cc em cha nm vng
kin thc c bn, th nm sau (v c th vi nm sau na) cc em s kh m
hc v tip thu tt c cc kin thc v cng rng ln v quan trong ca
ton hc.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 31

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

C.4) KT LUN
- Nh ni trn, dng ton Tm x lp 6 s l dng ton gii
phng trnh sau ny khi hc cc lp trn.
Nu lp 6 cc em c hng dn v c rn luyn tht vng v
gii thnh tho bi ton Tm x th sau ny cc em s t c im rt cao
cc bi gii phng trnh.
Do , khng nn xem nh vic gii cc bi ton Tm x tri li cn
coi chng l nhng vin gch xy p cho hc sinh kh nng gii phng
trnh sau ny.
Trn y l mt vi kinh nghim ca bn thn ti trong vic ging dy
b mn ton lp 6 trong thi gian qua.
Rt mong s gp ca lnh o v ng nghip.
V xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c c ti liu v ng gp
kin cho ti.
Ph Li, ngy 15 thng 01 nm 2011
Ngi vit

Trn Th Thu Trang

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 32

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

MT S HNH NH CA HC SINH LP 6

Lp 61 trong gi luyn tp gii ton Tm x

Lp 62 trong gi luyn tp gii ton Tm x


GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 33

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

Lp 63 trong gi luyn tp gii ton Tm x

Lp 63 trong gi luyn tp gii ton Tm x

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 34

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

TI LIU THAM KHO


SGK Ton 6 Tp I, Tp II, NXB Gio dc.
Phng php dy hc MN TON Nguyn B Kim, NXB i
Hc S Phm.
Phng php dy hc mn ton Nguyn B Kim inh Nho
Chng Nguyn Mnh Cng V Dng Thy Nguyn Vn
Cng NXB Gio dc 1994.
Phng php dy hc TON HC Hong Chng NXB Gio
dc.
Phng php dy hc S HC & I S - Hong Chng NXB
Gio dc.

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 35

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

A. T VN ..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
B. NI DUNG...................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
I. C S V GII HN TI..............................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
1. C s l lun............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2. C s thc t............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
3. Gii hn ti.........................................................................................
II. CC VN CN GII QUYT .........................................................
1. Nhc li cc bi ton tm x n gin ...................................................
2. Phn tch cc thnh phn trong mi bi ton Tm x n gin .............
GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 36

Gip HS hc tt Ton Tm x lp 6

3. Phn tch cc thnh phn trong bi ton Tm x phc tp ....................


4. Phn tch tng bc lm mi bi ton Tm x ...................................
5. Vn dng cc quy tc, nh ngha gii bi ton Tm x ...................
6. Tm nhiu cch gii cho mt bi ton Tm x........................................
7. Hng dn trnh by v lun ch sa sai cho hc sinh trong tng bi tp........
8. Kim tra kt qu bi lm bng my tnh Casio F(x) 500MS ..............:

C. KT LUN.......................................................................................
C1. NHN NH KT QU......................................................................
C2. BI HC KINH NGHIM BN THN...........................................
C3. KIN XUT...............................................................................
C4. KT LUN...........................................................................................

GV : Trn Th Thu Trang

Trang 37

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